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1
McCraven, Elizabeth Kathleen. "Electro-disinfection of Ballast Water". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2009. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1095.
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This research validates electro-disinfection as a potential secondary ballast water treatment technology. Electricity applied to bacteria laden water produced bactericidal effects, reactive oxygen species and chlorine generation which annihilated bacteria. Evaluation of electro-disinfection experiments showed titanium electrodes had the maximum kill efficacy while disinfection with aluminum and stainless steel electrodes had lesser kill efficacy. A continuous flow electro-disinfection reactor was evaluated utilizing artificial brackish and fresh ballast water. Brackish water had a 100% bacteria kill efficiency utilizing titanium electrodes at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Fresh water was augmented with the addition of salt to increase its electrical conductivity from 232 μS/cm to 873 μS/cm to ascertain 100% bacteria kill efficiency with titanium electrodes and a current density of 9.8 mA/cm2.
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Duncan, Judy Lee-Ann. "Ballast Water: Extremely Convenient for the Shipping Industry but Disastrous for Coastal Waters and the Environment: A Study on the Effect of Ballast Water on Various Coasts and the Laws and Regulations in Place Regarding Ballast Water". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4599.
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Wennberg, Aina Charlotte. "PCR-detection of Vibrio cholerae in ballast water". Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-6883.
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Pam, Eugene Dung. "Risk-based framework for ballast water safety management". Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2010. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5986/.
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Ballast water has been identified as a major vector for the translocation of Non- Indigenous Invasive Species (NIS) and pathogens across zoogeographical regions and subsequent discharged into recipient port states/regions. This is bound to increase given factors like the globalization of trade and the economy of scale of the ship size. Established NIS has posed significant threat to the human health, economy, finances and marine bio-diversity of recipient regions and port states. The risks associated with the discharged NIS are uncertain and difficult to assess due to the stochastic nature of species assemblages and dispersal mechanism. The safest control measure advocated by the IMO is the conduct of ballast water exchange at sea while appropriate and effective proto-type treatment technologies are being developed and approved for future application. This study has been conducted while recognizing the inability of probabilistic approaches applied in ballast water risk management to addressing uncertainty and inadequacy of data. A qualitative approach using powerful multi-criteria decision making techniques and the safety principles of the Formal Safety Assessment framework have been utilized in this research to develop three generic models for ballast water hazard estimation, risk evaluation and decision-making analysis respectively. The models are capable of being modified and utilized in the industry to address the problems of uncertainty and inadequacy of data in ballast water management. This is particularly useful as an interim measure for port states in developing economies (with insufficient data and technology) to developed robust ballast water management plans. While recognising the huge impact of ballast water pollution in recipient regions this study recommends that ballast water management programmes be given due recognition as an important element of sustainable development programmes at national and international levels. The non-availability of a benchmark based on previous research on which to fully validate the research outcome was identified as a major limitation of this research study. The models developed will therefore be subject to modifications as new data become available.
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Pazouki, Kayvan. "Inferential measurement and control of ballast water treatment system". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1433.
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As a result of interaction with the surrounding environment, shipping has become one of the vectors of bio-invasion across the globe. Ballast water is one of the means of bio-invasion from shipping through which microorganisms break through natural barriers and establish in a new location. Shipboard treatment systems are predominately considered as mitigating measures for bio-invasion via a ballast water system. Currently shipboard performance monitoring of ballast water treatment systems, and thus assessment of discharge quality of ballast water as required by the Convention, depends on off-line laboratory assays with long delay analysis. Lack of online measurement sensors to assess the viability of microorganisms after treatment has made monitoring and thus control of ballast water treatment systems difficult. In this study, a methodology was developed, through a mathematical algorithm, to provide an inferential model-based measurement system in order to monitor and thus control non-observable ballast water systems. In the developed inferential measurement the primary output of the treatment system is inferred by using easy to measure secondary output variables and a model relating these two outputs. Data-driven modeling techniques, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), were used to develop an estimator for the small scale UV treatment system based on the data obtained from conducted experiments. The results from ANN showed more accuracy in term of Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Linear Correlation Coefficient (LCC) when compared to the other techniques. The same methodology was implemented to a larger scale treatment system comprising micro-filter and UV reactor. A software-based inferential measurement for online monitoring of the treatment system was then developed. Following monitoring, inferential control of the treatment setup was also accomplished using direct inverse control strategy. A software-based “Decision Making Tool” consisted of two intelligent inverse models, which were used to control treatment flow rate and maintain the effective average UV dose. The results from this study showed that software-based estimation of treatment technologies can provide online measurement and control for ballast water system.
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Hayes, Keith Robert. "Quantitive ecological risk assessment a ballast-water case study". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1230.
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Humphrey, Donald B. "Characterizing ballast water as a vector for nonindigenous zooplankton transport". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2391.
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The global movement of aquatic non-indigenous species can have severe ecological, environmental and economic impacts emphasizing the need to identify potential invaders and transport pathways. Initial transport is arguably the most important stage of the invasion process owing to its role in selectively determining potential invasion candidates. This study characterizes a well defined human-mediated dispersal mechanism, ballast water transport, as a vector for the introduction of non-indigenous zooplankton. Ballast water exchange in the open ocean is the most widely adopted practice for reducing the threat of aquatic invasions and is mandatory for most foreign vessels intending to release ballast in Canadian waters. Ships entering Canadian ports are categorized into the following three shipping classes based on current regulations: overseas vessels carrying exchanged ballast water, intra-coastal vessels carrying exchanged ballast water or intra-coastal vessels carrying un-exchanged ballast water. This study characterizes zooplankton communities associated with each of these shipping classes sampled from ports on Canada’s Pacific coast, Atlantic coast and the Great Lakes Basin. Ballast water samples were collected and analyzed from 77 vessels between 2006 - 2007. The ballast water environment was found to be diverse, with over 193 zooplankton taxa, 71 of which were non-indigenous to their receiving environments. Intracoastal vessels containing un-exchanged coastal water transported the greatest density of non-indigenous zooplankton into Canadian ports. Total zooplankton density was found to be negatively correlated with ballast water age The absence of mandatory ballast water exchange and the younger ballast water age of coastal un-exchanged vessels is likely responsible for the higher density of non-indigenous zooplankton in intracoastal un-exchanged vessels. Propagule pressure, invasion history and environmental suitability are all useful in evaluating invasion potential and all suggest that intracoastal un-exchanged vessels pose the greatest invasion threat to Canadian aquatic ecosystems. In conclusion, although the risk of primary introductions from overseas ports may have been reduced through open-ocean exchange of ballast water, secondary introductions from previously invaded ports in North America may be the primary threat to Canadian aquatic ecosystems via this transport vector.
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Berntzen, Magnus. "Guidelines for selection of a ship ballast water treatment system". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11440.
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The purpose of the thesis was to develop a decision support system for ballast water treatment systems, considering both technical and economical aspects of the system. This was done by developing a two part model, which considers both physical constraint given by the ship, and KPI analysis. In order to test the model, it was applied on two vessels from KGJS fleet; MV Corrella Arrow, a 72.000 DWT general cargo ship, and a cement carrier that is currently being built in Vietnam. For both these ships the model identified 6 – 8 systems that were applicable, but by applying ship specific constraints and additional knowledge of the systems it was possible to eliminate several other systems. As a means to further eliminate systems, a detailed analysis was required. When analysing the operational costs, it was found that installing a treatment system will increase the daily operational costs with $1 - $30, and increase the annual fuel consumption with 1 – 20 tons. This is negligible when compared to the installation and investment cost. For the cement carrier it was that two systems were applicable to the ship; OptiMarin Ballast System and Hyde Guardian. Where Hyde Guardian be too large, OptiMarin Ballast system will have a higher cost. Simplicity have to be considered against cost. For MV Corrella Arrow, WSE Unitor was found to be the best option. However, it should be noted that as the reactor unit is located before the ballast pumps, the negative effects it might have on the ballast pumps should be closely monitored after installation.
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QuiÌlez-Badia, Gemma. "Alien invasions : the introduction of zooplankton via ships' ballast water". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424152.
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Wu, Tongyu. "Investigation of the fracture behaviour of epoxy-based water ballast". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9574.
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The fracture of water ballast tank (WBT) coatings due to thermal stresses is widely recognised as an issue. Upon coating fracture, rapid corrosion of the tanker steel structure will occur, leading to expensive structure repairs or even tanker scrapping. In this project, the fracture behaviour of two experimental WBT coatings, referred to as A and B, in the forms of free film and substrated coatings was investigated. Static tensile tests and fatigue tests of the substrated coatings were performed. A finite element model of coating cracking was developed. Thermal stress and J-integral of surface cracking defects in substrated coatings were calculated using the model, in which the effects of defect size, coating thickness, and thermal strain on coating fracture were investigated. For the first time, fracture mechanics was used to explain WBT coating fracture behaviour. The J-integral of surface defects was used to predict the onset strain of coating cracking under mechanical strains in laboratory and under thermal strains in service. A theoretical comparison between the cracking drive forces in terms of J - integrals in WBT coatings under thermal strains and mechanical strains was performed.
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杜家敏 y Ka-man Tootsie To. "The environmental impacts of port and harbour activities: ballast water management". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255334.
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Tavares, Joana Flor R. "Assessing the importance of biological uncertainties to the control of species introductions via ballast water /". Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 90 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654487631&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Chang, Lydia y 張麗迪. "Transport of dinoflagellate cysts through ballast water and its implications for marine water monitoring in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252795.
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Chang, Lydia. "Transport of dinoflagellate cysts through ballast water and its implications for marine water monitoring in Hong Kong /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13813481.
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Moloney, Shane Richard. "The design, build and preliminary testing of a ballast water treatment plant prototype". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580318.
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Ballast water is indispensable for maritime trade as it is required to operate ships successfully and safely through its various evolutions over the course of a voyage. Ships taking on ballast water also take on the marine organisms present in the water such as phytoplankton, zooplankton and micro organisms. It is estimated that 10 billion tonnes of ballast water is transferred around the world annually and ballast water has been identified as one of the key vectors for the introduction of non-indigenous species The introduction of non-indigenous species can have critical economic, industrial, human health and ecological consequences. Invasive aquatic species are classified as one of the four greatest threats to the world's oceans. The preferred solution is to treat or manage the water itself. The International Maritime Organisation's Ballast Water Management Convention details a performance standard to which ballast water must be treated to. The variability of seawater around the world (e.g. salinity, turbidity) as well as the organisms that are required to be inactivated makes achieving this performance standard technologically challenging. The primary aim of the European Union, Framework Programme 6 funded Sustainable Ballast Water Treatment Plant (BaWaPla) project was "To provide a safe, economically viable, and technically competitive alternative for onboard ballast water management". The concept was to create a hybrid treatment plant utilising filtration, ultraviolet light and an electrochemically generated chlorine based active substance. To investigate the feasibility of the system concept a prototype was developed and tested. The development of the design was aided by the application of engineering design methods. These methods guided the decision making process and made the reasoning behind these decisions traceable. 3-dimensional surface modelling software was used to develop the engineering design, and to reduce the time required for design and construction. The prototype was tested to measure its biological efficacy. The electrochemical system was not included in these tests. Testing was conducted using sea water from the North Sea to mimic the conditions encountered by ships pumping ballast water on board. The results of the tests were inconclusive primarily due to the low number of organisms present in the water. This is believed to be a result of the tests being conducted in winter. However, the data and subsequent statistical analysis indicate that the treatments have an effect on the organisms present and encourage further testing.
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Al, Hababi Hani H. M. H. "Development of decision support tool for advising on selecting ballast water treatment system". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2015. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24978.
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In general, for shipping companies or any organisation the important decisions are made to deal with the selection of a particular alterative. This thesis presents a decision support tool for selecting a Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) for a given ship. A single decision has to be made between a number of given BWTS alternatives for a VLCC tanker under its voyage in the presence of a single decision maker. The decision support tool was developed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, in order to help decision makers in shipping companies to select the most feasible BWTS for their ships. The ultimate aim of the developed decision support tool is to aid decision makers in shipping companies to make the right decisions when selecting between numbers of BWTS alternatives for their ships. In order to achieve the aim of this thesis several objectives were identified as follows: (1) To identify the influencing parameters and/or criteria related to both ballast water treatment system and ships parameters; (2) To evaluate the importance of the selected criteria for both BWTS and ship parameters/criteria; (3) To apply an appropriate Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique along with the above points; (4) To validate the develop decision support tool and investigate its applicability in actual case studies. The criteria were identified through the literature review and the semi-structured interviews with twelve senior staff or experts from three different trade shipping companies. The latter was an important step in finalising the new decision support tool, to evaluate the importance of the selection issues in shipping companies, and to evaluate the importance of the criteria used by the developed model. In addition, it helped framing the hierarchy structure of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a new model to support the selection of BWTS for ships. The comparisons between the case study, derived results, sensitivity analysis, robustness test, case study two and the validation interview with two experts from a well-known shipping company have supported the applicability and the validity of the model to help decision makers in shipping companies to select the most feasible BWTS for their ships. The model has also demonstrated its ability to aid decision makers or researchers in understanding the relationships between the different processes and their consequences on their BWTS selection.
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Badeau, Allen E. "A droplet formation and entrainment model for stratified liquid-liquid flows". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1737.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 150 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 140-144).
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Wolfson, Dianna. "A solution to the inherent list on Nimitz class aircraft carriers". Thesis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37784.
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CIVINSNimitz class aircraft carriers possess an inherent list to starboard that their list control systems (LCS) are typically unable to correct while under Combat Load Conditions. As a result, it has become necessary to use fresh water ballast in a number of inner bottom voids and damage control voids to augment the LCS. Maintaining liquid ballast in damage conrol voids in unacceptable, as it reduces the design counter flooding capability of the ship, and thus reduces ship survivability. In order to restore the ships operational flexibility and achieve the necesssary/desired list correction, this study determines the effect of adding solid ballast to a series of voids/tanks identified on the 2nd, 4th, and 8th descks. Based on this ballast density, tank location and capacity, ease of ballast installation, minor tank structural modifications, and a decision making cost analysis, solid ballast was determined to be the most advantageous for use in correcting the inherent list on the Nimitz class aircraft carriers. Fresh water ballast was also examined as a possible alternative, but not as extensively due to the large quantity of water required and its limited ability to achieve a list correction. Nimitz class aircraft carriers currently have an average list of 1.5 degrees and a KG of 47 feet. Since their allowable KG cannot exceed 48.5 feet, the average service life allowance (SLA) for KG is approximately 1.5 feet. This study shows that by adding approimately 400 Iton of solid ballast, list can be corrected by 1.5 degrees with only a 0.1 percent increase of KG. Thus, to permanently fix the average Nimitz class aircraft carrier starboard list, their would be a 0.05 foor increase in KG, which in all cases is within the SLA. Additionally, this study shows that this 1.5 degree list correction can be accomplished at a low cost of approximately $1,200 per Iton. Considering the reduction in operational constraints and the benefits to ship survivability, this is truly an inexpensive proposition.
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Liebich, Viola [Verfasser] y Justus van [Akademischer Betreuer] Beusekom. "Invasive plankton : Implications of and for ballast water management / Viola Liebich. Betreuer: Justus van Beusekom". Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1036729524/34.
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Carney, Katharine. "Marine bioinvasion prevention : understanding ballast water transportation conditions and the development of effective treatment systems". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1246.
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Man’s impact on the Earth is constantly increasing due to ever progressing technological developments. One of our major impacts is the transportation of organisms to new habitats, leading to alterations of existing ecosystems. Mechanisms responsible for the transportation of marine organisms are mainly associated with the shipping industry e.g. hull fouling, sea chests and ballast water. Ballast water has long been recognised as one of the major mechanisms by which aquatic organisms are transported to new environments. In 2004 the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted and measures were implemented to reduce and control the number of future invasions. This thesis has addressed aspects relevant to the future prevention of organism transport via ballast water. Firstly, during ballast water uptake organisms are exposed to potential damage whilst passing through a centrifugal pump. Upon reaching the ballast tanks they are stored in dark, confined conditions. These processes are not intended to damage individuals, but both could potentially kill organisms and reduce the discharge of live individuals. Both processes were examined in isolation to determine their effect on plankton survival. To manage ballast water introductions water treatment technologies have been investigated to determine their ability to kill plankton. This study assessed three technologies: a stainless steel 40μm screen filter, a UV light and a chlorine based chemical, for their potential in ballast water treatments. A further challenge facing researchers involved in developing ballast water treatment systems is accurately assessing the resulting mortality in plankton from treatments. Five common viability assessment methods were investigated and their application on test organisms and natural populations examined. This thesis concludes that no significant mortality was caused to plankton by a centrifugal pump, and phytoplankton are able to survive long periods in dark confined conditions. Thus these processes will not prevent viable organisms reaching new destinations. The three treatments assessed were all effective on two iii test species and could be utilised in large scale treatment systems on board vessels to minimise introductions. Finally, while viability is difficult to assess in plankton using viability stains it is possible to obtain accurate information if the methods used are properly optimised prior to use.
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Sliwinski, Kristoffer. "A Machine Learning Approach to Predictively Determine Filter Clogging in a Ballast Water Treatment System". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263931.
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Since the introduction of the Ballast Water Management Convention, ballast water treatment systems are required to be used on ships for processing the ballast water to avoid spreading bacteria or other microbes which can destroy foreign ecosystems. One way of pre-processing the water for treatment is by straining the water through a filtration unit. When the filter mesh retains particles, it begins to clog and could potentially clog rapidly if the concentration of particles in the water is high. The clog jeopardises the system. The thesis aims at investigating if machine learning through neural networks can be implemented with the system to predictively determine filter clogging by investigating two popular network structures for time series analysis. The problem came down to initially determine different grades of clogging for the filter element based on sampled sensor data from the ballast water treatment system. The data were then put through regression analysis through two neural networks for parameter prediction, one LSTM and one CNN. The LSTM predicted values of variable and clogging labels for the next 5 seconds and the CNN predicted values of variable and clogging labels for the next 30 seconds. The predicted data were then verified through classification analysis by an LSTM network and a CNN. The LSTM regression network achieved an r 2 -score of 0.981 and the LSTM classification network achieved a classification accuracy of 99.5%. The CNN regression network achieved an r 2 -score of 0.876 and the CNN classification network achieved a classification accuracy of 93.3%. The results conclude that ML can be used for identifying different grades of clogging but that further research is required to determine if all clogging states can be classified.Sedan Ballast Water Management-konventionen introducerades har fartyg behövt använda barlastvattensystem för att behandla barlastvattnet i ett försök att hämma spridningen av bakterier och andra mikrober som kan vara farliga för främmande ecosystem. Ett sätt att förbehandla vattnet innan behandling är genom att låta det passera genom ett filter. När filtret samlar på sig partiklar börjar det att klogga och kan potentiellt klogga igen snabbt när koncentrationen av partiklar i vattnet är hög. Kloggning kan äventyra systemets säkerhet. Det här examensarbetet ämnar att undersöka om maskininlärning genom neurala nätvärk kan implementeras i systemet för att prediktivt bestämma filtrets kloggningsgrad genom att undersöka lämpligheten hos två populära nätverksstrukturer för tidsserieanalys. Problemet handlade initialt om att bedömma olika kloggningsgrader för filterelementet baserat på samplade sensordata från barlastvattensystemet. Datan kördes sedan för regressionsanalys genom två neurala nätverk, ett av typen LSTM och ett av typen CNN för att prediktivt bestämma paramterarna. LSTM-nätvärket uppskattade variabelvärden och kloggningsgrad för de kommande 5 sekundrarna medan CNN:et uppskattade variabelvärden och kloggningsgrad för de kommande 30 sekunderna. Den uppskattade datan verifierades sedan genom klassificering av ett LSTM nätverk och två CNN. LSTM nätverket för regression uppnådde ett r 2 -resultat på 0.981 och LSTM nätverket för klassificering uppnådde en klassificeringsgrad på 99.5%. CNN:et för regression uppn˚adde ett r 2 -resultat på 0.876 och CNN:et för klassificering uppnådde en klassificeringsgrad på 93.3%. Resultatet visar att ML kan användas för att identifiera olika kloggningsgrad men ytterligare forskning krävs för att bestämma om alla kloggningsstadier kan klassificeras.
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McCluskey, D. K. "On the application of detached eddy simulation turbulence modelling to hydrocyclonic separators for shipboard ballast water treatment". Thesis, Coventry University, 2009. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/cf872aaa-ff59-d20c-fbdb-75f55773e213/1.
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There is significant worldwide environmental concern related to the transportation of Invasive Aquatic Species (IAS) by ships ballast water into non-native environments. This has given rise to the development of a vast array of technological ballast water treatment systems. The complex environmental challenges and tight operational characteristics of marine vessels limits the scope of the technologies used for Ballast Water Treatment (BWT). As a result few technologies have progressed beyond the research and development stage; however one of the most promising technologies for ship board use is the cyclonic separator, or hydrocyclone. Despite the use of hydrocyclones in a wide variety of engineering applications they have yet to be successfully adapted towards the removal of suspended sediment and marine organisms from large volumes of ballast water. The following primary objectives of this study have been met: • Via critical review identify the technological solutions for treating ballast water best suited to onboard use. • Define the critical flow regimes evident within hydrocyclonic separators. • Establish a series of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, evaluating standard turbulence models in order to determine the capacity for commercial CFD to model hydrocyclonic flow. This study has detailed the operational characteristics of ballast water hydrocyclones with the aim of enabling hydrocyclones to be optimised for individual ship configurations. Flow simulations have been conducted using CFD, and in particular the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) turbulence model. Finally the DES model is shown to be a legitimate turbulence model for hydrocyclonic flow regimes, validated against empirical and experimental data.
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Zhang, Fangzhu. "Harmful algae from container ship ballast water taken from the open ocean and from Oakland, California (May, 1996 to April, 1997) /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19589049.
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Pavlíčková, Veronika. "Ballast water management - current trends and economic impact of recently adopted regulations on the seafreight transportation market". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262336.
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This master thesis deals with the very current topic of ballast water management, a very specific field in the maritime shipping industry. The aim of the thesis is to introduce the subject clearly and to sum up the main issues which restrain a smooth implementation of new regulations that emerged from a recently adopted international treaty. This treaty, the so-called Ballast Water Management Convention, will possibly have immediate impact on the seafreight market rates and thus on the entire international trade. So purpose of this thesis is to estimate what the result might be like.
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Broderick, Darren Raymond. "A structural design methodology to reduce structural complexity to improve coating application and performance in water ballast tanks". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3213.
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The introduction of the IMO Performance Standard for Protective Coatings (PSPC) for dedicated water ballast tanks (WBT) has increased the importance of the coatings applied in these tanks. Typical structural configurations within Water Ballast Tanks (WBTs) have a high degree of complexity; these spaces contain a large extent of edges, corner details and welds, which are commonly cited as areas most likely to suffer coating failure. However there is no quantitative measure of complexity as an indicator of how difficult a structure is to coat reliably. The concept of ‘structural complexity’ is considered with the intention of improving the in-service performance of applied coatings by proposing ships structures that include the coating process as a design consideration. As a means to try and provide a quantitative measure indicative of how easy a structure is to coat, the idea of ‘structural complexity’ is developed based on fundamental structural features. This measure is then used to understand the influence that different stiffener profiles and stiffener spacing may have on the coating process if structural configurations are sought that have reduced complexity. Investigation of the principal developments of the coating process indicates that any improvement is unlikely to be driven by coating technology or process alone. If improvements are to be made the suggestion here is that they should be driven by improving the design of the structure to be coated. The intention is to promote a ‘design for the coating process’ methodology to achieve this. The global ship and structural design process have been reviewed, where the classical approach looked at the relationship between weight and strength. This work concurrently considers the implications of different structural configures on not only weight and strength but also ease of coating. The relationship between the topology of the structure and the physical task of applying paint to it has formed the foundation of a ‘design for coating’ methodology, where the influence of structural complexity on all aspects of performance is considered with equal merit. A coating cost estimator has been developed in order to demonstrate the potential savings that could be realised by considering the coating process during the design phase. A simple optimisation routine has been used to seek solutions for minimum, complexity, weight, steelwork and coating costs. This allowed the balance to be explored between the completing aspects of the steelwork and coating processes. These alternative design solutions have been assessed using mathematical computational methods to ensure that the designs provide adequate structural performance.
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Temitope, Kadiri Emmanuela. "The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments 2004: A Critical Appraisal". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4495.
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Arena, Courtney Campbell. "Electro-Ionization Technology as a Treatment for Ballast Water with a Review of Methods Used to Determine Treatment Effectiveness". NSUWorks, 2005. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/128.
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This study addresses the topical issue of ballast water discharge. There is a need for best management practices to minimize the release of non-indigenous (or exotic) organisms contained in ballast tanks. The release of such biota originating from foreign ports has been shown to have significant health, ecological and economic impacts on receiving waters. One hope for the future is to develop effective treatment systems to disinfect the water prior to discharge. A preliminary study of cruise ship ballast water was conducted to assess the concentrations of in situ microorganisms (bacteria and protists) and macroinvertebrates contained in a typical ballast tank. Chemical and physical parameters were also monitored as part of this investigation. This was the first reported study of the constituents of ballast water from a cruise ship and provided valuable baseline information about the scale of treatment that would be required to reduce the number of organisms to acceptable discharge levels.
A local company (Marine Environmental Partners [MEP] Inc., Florida) embarked on the development of a novel ballast water treatment system. Research reported here focused on assessing the effectiveness (in terms of biotic kill or inactivation) of various configurations of treatment components. In this way, the company was guided towards the most effective full-scale system. Treatment options investigated included chlorination/bromination, gas ionization, filtration and coagulation in either a closed, recycling system, or via a one-pass system. The bacterial and protistan (algae and protozoa) counts in both control and treated water samples were routinely monitored by laboratory enrichment cultivation methods. Techniques appropriate for viruses and macroinvertebrates were also investigated. Since these enumeration methods are all time consuming, indirect counting methods were also investigated in an attempt to identify useful rapid detection methods for ballast treatment assessment. Methods evaluated included ATP analysis, Biological Oxygen Demand studies and epifluorescence microscopy using a commercially available fluorescent stains to distinguish live from dead bacteria.
After laboratory trials identified the most promising combination of system components, a pilot ballast water treatment system was constructed (by MEP) and installed on-board a Carnival Cruise ship, the Elation. Using enumeration methods similar to those used in the laboratory experiments, the efficacy of this novel treatment system was assessed. These shipboard tests, which were conducted over a 5 d period, showed that the complete system was capable of killing or inactivating around 95% of the indigenous bacteria in a ballast tank and slightly less of the protists (90%). Perhaps more importantly, this testing highlighted the difficulties of assessing treatment systems on board a ship. Accurate assessment of treatment technologies may require land-based testing, and discussion of this option is included.
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Kvistad, Jake T. "Modeling Ballast Water Management Strategies for Slowing the Secondary Spread of Aquatic Invasive Species on the Laurentian Great Lakes". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1533328303491667.
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Zhang, Fangzhu y 張芳珠. "Harmful algae from container ship ballast water taken from the open ocean and from Oakland, California (May, 1996 to April, 1997)". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31220277.
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Yahyai, Sadaf. "Optimization of a method for testing ballast water for enterococci and an investigation on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in vibrio cholerae". Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1552707.
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Several methods of enumerating Enterococci in water are suggested in the literature, notably membrane filtration and mEA plating. To establish optimal growth conditions, including incubation time, (24 and 48 hr) and temperature (35°C and 41°C), samples of 0.1 mL, 1 mL and 10 mL filtered water collected from Lake Artemisia, MD, USA were amended with known concentrations of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), filtered using 0.45 µm membrane filters, and incubated on mEA agar under different conditions: 35°C/24h, 35°C/48h, and 41°C/48h, following U. S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Results demonstrated no significant difference among the volume and time of incubations used but a significant difference in the temperatures employed. Being the etiological agent of cholera, V. cholerae is a major public health problem in several developing countries. The prevalence of β-lactamase-producing strains and their isolation from life-threatening infections as well as the environment is alarming and presents a major therapeutic challenge for clinicians. The extended-spectrum β-lactamase profile of a collection of 210 V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from clinical and water samples was investigated. The strains were collected during ongoing epidemiological and ecological cholera surveillance in the provinces of Chhatak and Mathbaria in Bangladesh, between March 2009 and April 2012. Resistance to penicillins, monobactams, carbapenems, second-, third- and fourth- generation cephalosporins were tested by disk diffusion. Genotypic analysis of the resistance determinants was performed by PCR to detect ESBL (blaCTX, blaTEM, blaSHV), carbapenemases (blaIMP, blaSPM, blaVIM, blaBIC, blaNDM, blaKPC, blaAIM, blaSIM, blaDIM, and blaGIM). All strains were sensitive to the 4th-generation beta-lactam cefepime. This is the first report documenting such extensive resistance to monobactams and third-generation cephalosporin in V. cholerae.
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Fartouna-Bellakhal, Mouna. "Distribution spatiale des kystes de résistance des Dinoflagellés au niveau du sédiment superficiel de la lagune de Bizerte : cas de l’espèce invasive Alexandrium pacificum R.W. Litaker, 2014". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2081/document.
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Les rejets des eaux de ballast dans le port de Bizerte et les fermes conchylicoles installées au niveau de la lagune de Bizerte peuvent constituer des sources potentielles ayant un impact sur l’introduction des espèces de Dinoflagellés nuisibles, en particulier celles qui sont potentiellement toxiques telles que A. pacificum, A.pseudogonyaulax, A.minutum, A. affine et Polysphaeridium zoharyi, sans pour autant négliger le rôle des courants dans la distribution des kystes. L’étude du trafic maritime sur les 7 années précédant notre prospection a révélé que 14 % de la flotte qui accoste au port de Bizerte est en provenance de la voie maritime d’origine Pacifique. Afin d’identifier les espèces de Dinoflagellés produisant des kystes à l’origine des efflorescences potentiellement toxiques, un échantillonnage à grande échelle spatiale au niveau des sédiments superficiels a été effectué pour relever les densités des kystes en fonction des caractéristiques sédimentaires à savoir la teneur en eau, la matière organique, la granulométrie, l’abondance des formes végétatives ainsi que les facteurs environnementaux. Cette étude a permis l’identification de 48 morphotypes de kystes de Dinoflagellés, principalement dominés par Brigantidinium simplex, Votadinum spinosum, Alexandrium pacificum, Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax, et Lingulodinum machaerophorum. La densité des kystes a varié de 1276 à 20126 kystes g-1 sédiment sec. Des différences significatives portant sur la distribution des kystes ont été enregistrées, ce qui nous a permis de faire la distinction de deux zones dans la lagune de Bizerte. Un intérêt particulier a été porté au complexe Alexandrium tamarense dont fait partie l’espèce A. pacificum connue pour être à l’origine des efflorescences nuisibles (HABs). En outre, l’examen morphologique et le ribotypage des formes végétatives d’A. pacificum en provenance de cultures microalgales obtenues à partir de l’extraction, l’isolement des kystes de résistance en provenance du sédiment, et leur germination ont été réalisés pour l’obtention d’une culture cellulaire monospécifique ABZ1 qui se caractérise par un taux de croissance de µ= 0.33j-1 et un temps de génération T=2.1j. Le profil toxinique obtenu à partir d’un extrait de culture ABZ1, en phase exponentielle a révélé la présence de N-sulfocarbamoyl toxine C1 (9.82 pg toxin cell_1), la GTX6 (3.26 pg toxine cell_1) et la carbamoyl toxine Neo-STX (0.38 pg toxin cell_1), représentant 2,8% du total des toxines de cette souche. Une corrélation entre l’abondance des kystes d’Alexandrium pacificum et le pourcentage en eau ainsi que la matière organique a été relevée. Par ailleurs, la fraction sédimentaire <63µm s’est avérée potentiellement favorable à l’initiation des efflorescences du dinoflagellé Alexandrium pacificum au niveau de la lagune de Bizerte. Une différence significative dans le schéma de la distribution des kystes a été illustrée, mettant en évidence un zonage de la lagune avec une abondance plus importante au niveau des zones conchylicolesThe ballast water discharges in Bizerte harbor and shellfish aquaculture farms in Bizerte lagoon can be potentials sources with an interest in the introduction of harmful species, especially those that are potentially toxic like A. pacificum, A. pseudogonyaulax, A.minutum, A.affine and Polysphaeridium zoharyi, without neglecting the role of currents in the distribution of cysts. The study of the vessel traffics for 7 years before our prospection in Bizerte harbour have showing that the percentage of vessels coming from the Pacific road is around 14%. In order to identify species of Dinoflagellates producing resting cysts incriminated on potentially toxic blooms, a high spatial resolution sampling of the surface sediment for the identification and counting of resistance cysts was carried out to estimate the cyst density based on sedimentary characteristics, water content, organic matter, granulometry, abundance of vegetative forms and environmental factors. This study allowed the identification of 48 morphotypes of dinoflagellate cysts, mainly dominated by Brigantidinium simplex, Votadinum spinosum, Alexandrium pacificum, Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax and Lingulodinum machaerophorum. The density of cysts ranged from 1276 to 20126 cysts g-1 dry sediment. Significant differences between cyst distributions were recorded, which enabled us to distinguish two areas in the Bizerte lagoon. Particular attention was given to the complex Alexandrium tamarense (HABs). In addition, morphological examination and ribotyping of vegetative cells obtained from microalgal cultures following extraction process, isolation of resistance cysts from sediment, and their germination led to the production of monospecific culture: ABZ1 characterized by a μ (growth rate) = 0.33 day-1 and a generation time T = 2.1 day. These reviews have confirmed the newly identified genus and species in the Mediterranean sea and mentioned specifically in the lagoon of Bizerte: Alexandrium pacificum. The toxin profile obtained from an extract of ABZ1 culture in exponential phase revealed the presence of N-sulfocarbamoyl toxin C1 (9.82 pg toxin Cell-1), the GTX6 (3.26 pg toxin Cell-1), carbamoyl and the Neo-STX toxin (0.38 pg cell toxin-1), representing 2.8% of total toxins of this strain.A correlation between the abundance of cysts of Alexandrium pacificum and water percentage well as organic matter was found. Moreover, sediment fraction <63μm proved potentially favorable to initiate Alexandrium pacificum blooms in Bizerte lagoon. A significant difference in the cyst distribution diagram was shown, highlighting a zoning of the lagoon with a greater abundance in shellfish farm areas
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Nolting, Janine. "Proposed South African management framework for the implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003907.
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South Africa, strategically situated at the southern tip of Africa, is edged on three sides by almost 3000 km of coastline surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean (South African Tourism, 2011). This vast ocean expanse is responsible for conveying approximately 96% of South Africa’s exports (Brand South Africa, 2011). Despite the positive economic effects of the shipping industry, translocation of harmful organisms and pathogens via ballast water and sediments inside ballast water tanks has far reaching global environmental (and economic) impacts (Oliviera, 2008:1; David and Gollasch, 2008:1966). Ballast water is the water that is taken on in order to manage the draft of the ship, to help with propulsion, manoeuvrability, trim control, list and stability (Oliviera, 2008:2). The discharge of ballast water into the world’s oceans has resulted in the transfer of ecologically harmful sea-life into non-native environments (IMO, 2011), resulting in major environmental threats to our oceans (Bax, Williamson, Aguero, Gonzalez and Geeves, 2003:313). Various international documents have been developed to deal with the ballast water issue, culminating in the introduction of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (“the Convention”) in 2004. The Convention aims at achieving a reduction in the transfer and subsequent impacts of aquatic organisms via the ballast water and sediment of ships. On a local level, South Africa does not have direct legislation or regulations dealing with ballast water (Duncan, 2007:34) and relies on the combination of a number of pieces of legislation relating to environmental management, coastal management, biodiversity, alien invasive species control, port control and ship safety (National Environmental Management Act, 1998, National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004, National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 2009, National Ports Act, 2005 and Merchant Shipping Act, 1951). Although the Convention was ratified by South Africa in 2008 (Department of International Relations and Cooperation, 2011) it is still not in force and there still exists no other consolidated legal mechanism through which ballast water is managed. This research has investigated the various roles, responsibilities and mandates of South African competent authorities under the aforementioned legislation in managing ballast water, and has determined that there is definite legislative and institutional fragmentation as well as overlaps. A comparative analysis of management frameworks developed both locally and internationally was conducted in order to develop a management framework for ballast water management in South Africa. Various legislative, institutional and functional aspects were identified and adapted for inclusion in a South African management framework. A co-ordinated approach to ballast water management has been developed in the management framework which is anticipated to result in more definitive roles and responsibilities of the various South African departments involved in the management of ballast water and implementation of the Convention.
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Riley, Scott. "Measuring Viability of the Red-Tide Dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra Following Treatment with Ultraviolet (UV) Light". NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/4.
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Harmful algae blooms (HABs) have caused millions dollars in annual losses to the aquaculture industry, inhibited beach recreation, and have threatened marine and human health. HABs and red tides can develop suddenly and their frequency, geographic range, and intensity have increased over the past decade. A possible source for spreading and seeding new areas expanding the geographic range of HABs is ballast water. The process of ballast water discharge has been identified as a primary vector for the translocation of non-indigenous species (NIS) and invasive species. National and international efforts are currently underway to address the impact of NIS and invasive species. Policy is being developed detailing stringent rules to kill, remove, or otherwise inactive organisms in ballast water prior to or upon discharge. Currently, vendors are developing technologies to treat ballast water and U.S. and international facilities are testing these technologies to verify their efficacy. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is commonly employed in ballast water treatment technologies. Previous studies have shown that UV light is effective for disinfecting drinking water, but the response of non-pathogenic and marine organisms is largely unknown.
The purpose of this research was to measure the viability of the durable red-tide forming dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium polyedra following UV treatment. Two methods were used to measure the viability signal; manual epifluorescence microscopy with correlated viability stains and Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry to measure the physiological state of the organism following UV treatment. The number of cysts was also enumerated. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the number of living L. polyedra cells following a UV treatment of more than 100 mWs cm-2. The results also have showed a significant increase in the number of L. polyedra cysts following UV treatment as low as 50 mWs cm-2.
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Jönsson, Mattias [Verfasser]. "Particle image velocimetry of the undercarriage flow of downscaled train models in a water-towing tank for the assessment of ballast flight / Mattias Jönsson". München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1126298352/34.
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Pettersson, Daniel y Fanny Wallerstein. "IMO:s barlastkonventions konsekvenser för sjöfarten inom Östersjön". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan, SJÖ, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-18558.
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Arbetet behandlade vilka konsekvenser inom driften (ekonomiska kostnader och teknologi) som rederier kommer att drabbas av när IMO:s barlastkonvention träder i kraft då barlastvattnet måste renas innan inträde i Östersjön. Arbetets syfte var att få fram vilka konsekvenser det blir för rederier när IMO:s barlastkonvention träder i kraft. Resultatet skulle jämföra skillnaden mellan lag och rekommendation då Helsingforskonventionens rekommendationer baseras på IMO:s barlastkonventions krav. En kvalitativ metod valdes för att komma fram till resultatet, i form av en öppen intervjustudie, där fyra olika företag har intervjuats. Syftet med intervjuerna var att se ifall de följde Helsingforskonventionens rekommendationer och vilka konsekvenser det skulle innebära och skulle komma att krävas då Barlastkonventionen träder i kraft. Resultatet visade att kostnaderna kommer att bli omfattande vid installation samt att det kommer att krävas teknologiska åtgärder. Vidare visade undersökningen att inköpskostnaden endast utgör en liten del av fartygets investering och att barlastreningsanläggningar är tämligen underhållsfria.The task discussed the consequences within the ship’s operation (economical costs and technology) companies will be affected with when IMO’s Ballast Water Convention enters into force and ballast water has to be treated before entrance to the Baltic Sea. The purpose with the task was to find out which consequences companies will be forced with when IMO’s Ballast Water Convention enters into force. The result compares the difference between law and recommendation because HELCOM’s recommendations are based on IMO’s Ballast Water Convention’s laws. A qualitative method has been used, such as an open interview form, where four different companies were interviewed. The purpose with the interviews was to see if the companies followed HELCOM’s recommendations and which consequences it would lead to and would be necessary when the Ballast Water Convention enters into force. The results showed that the costs would be extensive when installation takes place and it will require technical arrangements. The task also shows that the purchase cost only makes a small part of the vessel’s investment and ballast water treatment systems are almost totally maintenance-free.
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Umbel, Matthew R. "Prediction of Turbulent Mixing at the Interface of Density Stratified, Shear Flows Using CFD". Ft. Belvoir : Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA477048.
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Dohnal, Radek. "Odkanalizování odpadních vod z průmyslového areálu ve městě Hulín". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227735.
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The subject of this thesis is to implement the passport of sewer system installation, technical assessment and evaluation of the technical condition of the entire sewer network in the industrial area, along with focus and plotting the current leadership of the sewerage system. It was also developed a hydraulic model of the entire solution sewer system. In the second part of the study is a proposal for an appropriate treatment system of wastewater. It was also developed a hydraulic model of the entire solution sewer system. In the second part of the study is a proposal for an appropriate treatment system of wastewater. In conclusion there is a financial assessment and comparison of different variants cleaning system in terms of investment and operating costs.
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Jönsson, Mattias [Verfasser] y Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Rung. "Particle image velocimetry of the undercarriage flow of downscaled train models in a water-towing tank for the assessment of ballast flight / Mattias Jönsson ; Betreuer: Thomas Rung". Hamburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Hamburg-Harburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1127744097/34.
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Linck, Rosenhaim Ingrid [Verfasser], Rüdiger [Akademischer Betreuer] Gerdes, Laurenz [Gutachter] Thomsen, Ralf [Gutachter] Brauner, Andreas [Gutachter] Herber, Hiroshi [Gutachter] Sumata y Kathrin [Gutachter] Riemann-Campe. "Modelling the ballast water distribution in the Arctic Ocean / Ingrid Linck Rosenhaim ; Gutachter: Laurenz Thomsen, Ralf Brauner, Andreas Herber, Hiroshi Sumata, Kathrin Riemann-Campe ; Betreuer: Rüdiger Gerdes". Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238897991/34.
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Sieracki, Jennifer L. "Spatial Modeling as a Decision-making Tool for Invasive Species Management in the Great Lakes". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1408630726.
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Einarsson, Thorhallur y Martin Carlstedt. "Barlastvattenkonventionen : Hur svenska tankrederier har hanterat konventionens krav". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-74461.
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Främmande organismer i fartygs barlastvatten har med sjöfarten spridits runt världen med förödande konsekvenser. För att reglera denna spridning infördes Barlastvattenkonventionen av IMO, som innebär att fartyg inom en viss tid måste investera i godkända barlastreningssystem. Konventionens implementering har skapat ett visst huvudbry och rederier har ställts inför utmaningen att välja system som passar deras fartyg och fartområden. En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes med representanter från svenska tankrederier för att få en bild av hur de har hanterat konventionen. Vidare undersöktes på vilka beslutsgrunder olika reningstekniker valdes samt hur eventuellt installerade system har levt upp till förväntningar. Intervjustudiens resultat visade att samtliga rederier har påverkats ekonomiskt och upplever problem med att hantera konventionens implementering samt att hitta tillförlitliga barlastreningssystem. En rapport kom även fram under intervjuerna där Saudiarabien hade gjort omfattande provtagningar på fartygs barlastvatten som visade att ett anmärkningsvärt stort antal fartyg med IMO-godkända barlastreningssystem inte klarade utsläppskraven. Intervjustudien indikerar påtagliga brister i barlastreningssystemen som Saudirapporten även bekräftar.Aquatic invasive species have spread around the world in ships’ ballast water tanks with dire consequences. To regulate this spreading, the International Maritime Organization implemented the Ballast Water Management Convention which forces ships to, within a certain time frame, install approved ballast water treatment systems. The implimentation of the Convention has been complex and shipping companies have had to face challenges of choosing suitable treatment systems for their ships and trading areas. For this study, qualitative interviews were conducted with representatives from Swedish tanker shipping companies to examine how the Convention has affected them. On what grounds different treatment techniques were chosen was also examined, as well as if installed treatment systems have met expectations. Results from the study show that companies have suffered economical impacts, have had difficulties handling the implementation of the Convention as well as difficulties finding reliable treatment systems. Furthermore, one respondent referred to a report submitted by Saudi Arabia where extensive ballast water sampling had been conducted on ships calling their ports. The report showed that a considerable amount of ships with approved ballast water treatment systems did not meet the required levels of organisms in the treated ballast water. The interviews confirm the report’s description of the treatment systems’ fundamental flaws.
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Sheldon, Todd August. "Control Method for Invasive Aquatic Species introduced via Ballast Water: Effects of Carbon Dioxide Supersaturation on Survivorship of Digesia tigrina (Planaria: Maculata) and Lirceus brachyurus (Isopoda: Crustacea) and Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing on Freely Suspended and Shellfish Associated T7 Bacteriophage". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41294.
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Control Method for Invasive Aquatic Species introduced via Ballast Water: Effects of Carbon Dioxide Supersaturation on Survivorship of Digesia tigrina (Planaria: Maculata) and Lirceus brachyurus (Isopoda: Crustacea)
Survivorship of an aquatic species of planaria (Digesia tigrina) and isopods (Lirceus barchyurus) to elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) was determined. Both planaria and isopods were exposed to levels of freshwater supersaturated with carbon dioxide, and percent mortality was calculated for various exposure durations, and at various pressure levels. The data collected were graphically analyzed to determine the time necessary to produce mortality in 50% (LT50) of any given sample of specimens tested at a certain pressure level. At 38.6 kPa, 103.4 kPa and 172.4 kPa, the LT50 for planaria was calculated to be 150.3 ± 10.1, 58.6 ± 11.1, and 27.8 ± 6.2 minutes, respectively. At 38.6 kPa, 103.4 kPa and 172.4 kPa , the LT50 for isopods was calculated to be 181.1 ± 52.5, 79.7 ± 21.9, and 40.5 ± 17.0 minutes, respectively. These results suggest that CO2 supersaturation may be an easily applied, efficient method that would end the unwanted introduction of nonnative aquatic species to habitats via ballast water released from shipping vessels.
Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing on Freely Suspended and Shellfish Associated T7 Bacteriophage
The effectiveness of hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) for inactivating viruses has only been evaluated in a limited number of studies and most of the work has been performed with freely suspended viruses. In this work, the inactivation of freely suspended, as well as shellfish associated bacteriophage T7, by HPP was studied. T7 was selected in hopes that it could potentially serve as a model for animal virus behavior. Both clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were homogeneously blended separately and inoculated with bacteriophage T7. The inoculated shellfish meat, as well as freely suspended virus samples, were subjected to HPP under the following conditions: 2, 4 and 6 min durations; 241.3, 275.8 and 344.7 Megapascals (MPa) pressure levels; and temperature ranges of 29.4 â 35, 37.8 â 43.3 and 46.1 â 51.7Ë C. Plaque forming unit (PFU) reductions of 7.8 log10 (100% inactivation) were achieved for freely suspended T7 at 344.7 MPa, 2 min and 37.8 â 43.3Ë C. At 46.1 â 51.7Ë C, T7 associated with either clams or oysters was inactivated at nearly 100% (> 4 log10) at all pressure levels and durations tested. The results indicated that T7 is readily inactivated by HPP under the proper conditions, may be protected or made more susceptible by shellfish meat, and may serve as a viable model for the response of several animal viruses to HPP.Master of Science
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McGivney, Eric. "Comparison of UV-C and Vacuum- UV induced AOT on the acute mortality of microalgae". Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171839.
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Advanced oxidation technology (AOT) has been used to destroy microorganisms in ballast water by breaking down the cell membranes. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects of a ballast water treatment system that uses a combination of UV-C (λ=254 nm), Vacuum-UV (VUV; λ=185 nm) and photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO2) on a freshwater algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and a marine algae, Tetraselmis suecica. The coupling of a semiconductor, such as TiO2, with a UV source is known as an advanced oxidative technology (AOT). To test the effects of TiO2 and wave length on algae, dose-response experiments were conducted to determine the species median lethal dose (LC50) for each of the following treatments: UV-light emitted at 254 nm (UVλ=254 nm), UV-light emitted at 254 nm in the presence of TiO2 (AOTλ=254 nm), and UV-light emitted at λ=254 nm (90 %) and 185 nm (90 %) in the presence of TiO2 (AOTλ=185 + 254 nm). In both species, TiO2 significantly increased mortality, most likely due to the biologically harmful radicals generated at the TiO2 surface. The addition of the 185 nm wavelength significantly increased cell mortality in P. subcapitata, but not in T. suecica. Across all three treatments, P. subcapitata was more sensitive than T. suecica. The secondary purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of ImageJ, an image analysis software, for highthroughput data to analyze the effectiveness of ballast water treatment. ImageJ has been used to rapidly and accurately perform cell Live/Dead analysis; however, several hurdles were identified.
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Gover, Rory Benjamin. "Experimental impact and finite element analysis of a composite, portable road safety barrier". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/62339/7/Rory_Gover_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis provides an experimental and computational platform for investigating the performance and behaviour of water filled, plastic portable road safety barriers in an isolated impact scenario. A schedule of experimental impact tests were conducted assessing the impact response of an existing design of road safety barrier utilising a novel horizontal impact testing system. A coupled finite element and smooth particle hydrodynamic model of the barrier system was developed and validated against the results of the experimental tests. The validated model was subsequently used to assess the effect of certain composite materials on the impact performance of the water filled, portable road safety barrier system.
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Albertini, Lílian Sauer. "Ecologia, fatores associados à virulência e diversidade de Escherichia coli isolados de amostras de água de lastro, água de regiões portuárias e moluscos bivalves no Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-10022010-092618/.
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Escherichia coli foi isolado de amostras de água de lastro, água de regiões portuárias e de bivalves. 49,6% (164/331) apresentaram múltipla resistência variando de 2 a 8 antibióticos. Dos sete fatores associados à virulência pesquisados: Toxina termoestável (ST), Toxina termolábil (LT), Adesão agregativa (EAEC), Fator de invasão (INV), Toxina Shiga-like I (stx-1), Toxina Shiga-like II (stx-2), e o gene intimina (eae): 4 isolados continham genes homólogos para EAEC, 3 para eae, 3 para ST e uma para stx-2. Um total de 80,0% (24/30), 72,3% (68/94) e 75,3% (55/73) dos isolados de E. coli de amostras de água de lastro, água de regiões portuárias e moluscos bivalves apresentaram plasmídeos, respectivamente. O método ERIC-PCR apresentou melhor desempenho para a análise de agrupamentos. Os isolados de E. coli, com as características encontradas, nos permitirá avaliar o perigo de sua presença no ambiente marinho costeiro e na água de lastro e programas de vigilância sanitária devem ser implementadas para proteger a saúde humana, animal e do ecossistema marinho.Escherichia coli was isolated from ballast water, port areas water and bivalves samples. 49.6% (164/331) had multiple antibiotics resistant varied from 2 to 8 antibiotics. From seven virulence associated factors investigated: heat stable toxin (ST), heat labile toxin (LT), aggregative adhesion (EAEC), invasion factor (INV), Shiga-like I toxin (STx-1), Shiga-like II toxin (STx-2), and the gene that codify for intimin (eae): 4 isolates had homology to the EAEC, 3 for eae gene, 3 for ST and one for stx2. A total of 80.0% (24/30), 72.3% (68/94) and 75.3% (55/73) of E. coli isolates from ballast water, port area water and bivalves samples had plasmids, respectively. The ERIC-PCR was more efficiency to analyze the groups. The presence of E. coli isolates with the characteristics found will allow evaluate the hazard present at the coast area ecosystem and ballast water samples and sanitary surveillance programs must be implemented for human, animal and aquatic ecosystem health protection.
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Ramírez, Cabrales Fabián. "El régimen internacional de la bioinvasión marina causada por agua de lastre: especial referencia a la República de Colombia". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/311418.
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El agua de lastre de los buques es considerada como el más importante vector para el desplazamiento transoceánico de especies marinas propias de aguas superficiales a nuevos ambientes marinos. Se ha estimado que anualmente se transfieren de 3 a 5 billones de toneladas de agua de lastre a nivel global. Ello plantea un serio riesgo ambiental internacional. Las especies invasivas están extendiendo sus ámbitos naturales a nivel global y cada nueve semanas se notifica una nueva invasión biológica marina. Los efectos en la salud pública, en el medio ambiente y en las actividades socioeconómicas son extremadamente severos. La investigación discute cómo la sociedad internacional ha reaccionado delante de los riesgos que comporta la bioinvasion marina, en especial ante los efectos perjudiciales que conlleva el agua de lastre de los buques.
De igual forma, identifica los intereses que determinan la conducta de los Estados y actores que participan de la construcción del régimen de la bioinvasion marina. Su aportación se enfoca primordialmente en analizar las condiciones políticas y jurídicas de la República de Colombia para insertarse de manera eficaz en el régimen internacional de agua de lastre. Se combinan por tanto doctrinas jurídicas con diversas ciencias (Comercio internacional, Ciencias del mar, Ciencias náuticas y Seguridad de la navegación, Economía, Biología Marina, Contaminación Marina, Ecología Marina entre otras) y disciplinas como las Relaciones Internacionales. Su enfoque se caracteriza por el predominio del análisis jurídico positivo, político y sobre todo la práctica estatal de los países de la Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur con especial énfasis en la República de Colombia.
Los resultados obtenidos comprueban la tesis que la formación del régimen internacional de la bioinvasion marina causada por el agua de lastre está condicionada por la imposición de límites por parte del sector naviero internacional en la medida en que los beneficios de integrarse al mismo sean mayores que los costes. Por lo tanto, la creación, modificación e interpretación de normas, de responsabilidad y de regulación de comportamientos al interior del mismo están condicionadas a los intereses de dichos actores. Para el caso de la República de Colombia, se demuestra que las condiciones políticas, económicas, normativas e institucionales del Estado colombiano, no permiten la correcta implementación de las Directrices OMI, y en consecuencia, no garantizan una eficaz inserción al régimen de la bioinvasión marina causada por agua de lastre.The Ships ballast water is considered as the most important vector for the transoceanic movement of surface water marine species to new marine environments. It is estimated that annually the ships transfer from 3-5 billion tonnes of ballast water globally. This poses a serious international environmental risk. Invasive species are spreading their natural areas globally, every nine weeks a new marine biological invasion is reported. The effects on human health, the environmental and socio-economic activities are extremely severe. The research discusses how the international community has reacted in front of the risks of marine bio-invasion, especially from the adverse effects associated with ballast water of ships. Similarly, identifies the interests that determine the behavior of states and actors involved in the construction of marine bio-invasion regime. Its contribution focuses primarily on analyzing the political and legal conditions of the Republic of Colombia to be inserted effectively in the international regime for ballast water. Likewise, combine various legal doctrines, sciences (International trade, Marine sciences, Nautical Science and Safety of Navigation, Economics, Marine Biology, Marine Pollution, Marine Ecology and others) and disciplines such as International Relations. Its approach is characterized by the predominance of positive political legal analysis and especially the state practice of the countries of the Permanent Commission for the South Pacific with special emphasis on the Republic of Colombia. The results obtained confirm the thesis that the formation of the international regime of marine bio-invasion caused by ballast water is conditioned by the imposition of limits by the international shipping industry to the extent that the benefits of joining the same outweigh the costs. Therefore, the creation, modification and interpretation of standards, accountability and regulation of behavior within the regime are conditioned to the interests of those actors. In the case of the Republic of Colombia, we demonstrate that political conditions, economic, regulatory and institutional, do not allow the correct implementation of the IMO Guidelines, and therefore does not guarantee an effective insertion to the regime of marine bio invasion caused by ballast water.
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Pereira, Newton Narciso. "Alternativas de tratamento da água de lastro em portos exportadores de minério de ferro". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3135/tde-07062012-174800/.
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Esta tese visa avaliar técnica e economicamente o tratamento da água de lastro em portos exportadores de minério de ferro do Brasil. Para isso foram estudadas três alternativas de tratamento distintas: (1) estação de tratamento fixa no porto em terra; (2) estação de recepção da água de lastro junto com estação de dessalinização fixa no porto; (3) tratamento a bordo de embarcações aliviadoras dedicadas para operar na barra, ou seja, na área de espera dos navios para atracar no porto. O interesse de estudar estas alternativas para portos de minério de ferro deve-se ao elevado volume de água de lastro despejado pelos navios mineraleiros nesses portos, que pode variar de 10.000 a 120.000 m3 por viagem, caracterizando estes portos como grandes receptores de água de lastro. Foram selecionados três portos para serem avaliados neste trabalho, considerados de pequeno, médio e grande porte, localizados em Vitória-ES e Sepetiba-RJ. Para avaliação do impacto operacional dessas alternativas nos portos selecionados, desenvolveu-se um modelo de simulação de eventos discretos. Por meio do modelo de simulação avaliaram-se os níveis de serviço considerando como parâmetros principais o atendimento da demanda de transporte, tempo médio em fila dos navios e taxa de ocupação dos berços. O modelo foi utilizado para dimensionar as estações de tratamento e a frota necessária de embarcações aliviadoras. Concluiu-se que a utilização desses sistemas de tratamento nos portos não causam impactos significativos nos tempos em fila e taxas de ocupação dos portos. A avaliação econômica realizada apresentou os custos do tratamento para cada alternativa. Esses custos foram comparados com o tratamento da água de lastro a bordo dos navios. Concluiu-se que os custos do tratamento em terra são menores em relação ao tratamento a bordo do navio. Dentre as três alternativas, a (1) foi a que apresentou menor custo, porém a (3) apresenta menor impacto na implantação e operação dos portos, uma vez que não é necessário nenhum tipo de investimento e modificação na infraestrutura portuária.This thesis aims at making a technical and economic analysis of the ballast water treatment in Brazilian iron ore ports. Three distinct treatment alternatives were studied: (1) onshore ballast water treatment; (2) water desalination plant to ballast water treatment; (3) onboard ballast water treatment in shuttle tanker vessels operating in the mooring, where the ships wait to berth in a queue area. The interest in studying these alternatives for iron ore ports due the high volume of ballast water discharged by ore carriers ships in these ports, which may vary from 10,000 to 120,000 m³ per voyage, characterizing these ports as great ballast water receivers. For this study three ports were selected, with small, medium and large capacities, located in Vitória-ES and Sepetiba-RJ. To analyze the operational impacts of these alternatives in the selected ports, a discrete event simulation model was developed in this study. The simulation model analyzes the service levels considering transportation demand attendance, average time in queue and berth occupation rates as the main parameters. The model was used to estimate the ballast water treatment stations capacity and shuttle tankers fleet necessary. The conclusion that these treatment systems do not cause significant impacts in the queue times and berth occupation rates of ports. The economic analysis presented the costs of each proposed alternative, which were compared to the onboard ballast water treatment. The comparison showed that the onshore treatment is less costly than the onboard treatment. From the three alternatives, the (1) was the less expensive, however the (3) presenting less impact in the implementation and port operations, since are not necessary investments and modifications in the port structure.
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Mattiello, Izadora De La Volpe. "Avaliação de corantes para a detecção da viabilidade do fitoplâncton marinho". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21134/tde-02022015-135423/.
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O fitoplâncton é sensível às perturbações ambientais e identificar a viabilidade destes organismos é importante para o monitoramento aquático. O termo viabilidade tem sido usado neste contexto para determinar basicamente se o organismo está vivo ou morto. O uso de corantes vitais e mortais tem sido uma das técnicas aplicadas neste tipo de análise, mas ainda não se conhece a potencialidade de alguns corantes que se apliquem a espécies de fitoplâncton. Neste trabalho, foram utilizadas espécies de diferentes grupos taxonômicos mantidas em cultivo, as quais foram submetidas a uma série de corantes vitais e mortais com o objetivo de detectar a viabilidade do fitoplâcton marinho. Dentre os corantes testados, o vermelho neutro, azul de Evans e o fluorescente CMFDA tiveram os melhores resultados (observado x esperado) em testes com diferentes porcentagens de células vivas e mortas. A combinação entre o corante vital vermelho neutro e o mortal azul de Evans não foi efetiva para análise simultânea. Alexandrium tamiyavanichii foi a espécie que teve menor afinidade com os corantes. Também foram comparados diferentes métodos de observação e registro de células coradas e não coradas, provando que é possível substituir a observação direta da microscopia pela filmagem no microscópio ou pela FlowCAM. A vantagem do uso destes métodos é que além de serem mais rápidos, é possível salvar as imagens capturadas e não é necessário fazer a análise instantaneamente. O método da filmagem é vantajoso, pois é fácil de ser desenvolvido em qualquer laboratório.Phytoplankton cells are sensitive to environmental perturbations and, therefore, identifying their viability is important for aquatic monitoring. The term viability has been used in this context to determine whether an organism is alive or dead. The use of vital and mortal stains to detect phytoplankton viability is a promising approach. In this study we investigated the efficiency of several vital and mortal dyes in detecting marine phytoplankton viability. Best results were achieved with neutral red, Evans blue and the fluorescent stain in tests with different percentages of live and dead cells. The combination of neutral red and Evans blue (vital and a mortal stains, respectively) was not effective in simultaneous analysis. Alexandrium tamiyavanichii had low affinity for any given stain. Different observational methods were compared, suggesting that direct microscopic counts can be replaced by image acquisition methods using either a microscope-mounted camera or a FlowCAM. Such imaging methods are fast, allow image archiving, and image processing can be performed on a later stage, which is useful when several experiments need to be run in a short period of time.
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Teullet, Marie. "Les espèces exotiques envahissantes et le droit de la mer : essai de qualification". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020038.
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Les espèces exotiques envahissantes sont un sujet de préoccupation grandissant, mais sont-elles,pour le droit international, un objet comme un autre ? Une espèce exotique envahissante a comme particularité d’être une espèce vivante qui, par sa seule présence dans un écosystème qui lui est étranger, va engendrer des effets délétères alors qu’elle n’en aurait causé aucun dans son écosystème d’origine. Le droit de la mer est-il armé pour répondre à cette menace ? La question de la qualification de leur atteinte en droit international et plus précisément en droit de la mer est autant novatrice que capitale. Le traitement juridique des espèces exotiques envahissantes a consisté, jusqu’à maintenant, à les rattacher de facto à la lutte pour la conservation de la diversité biologique sans même que soit posée la question, en amont, de leur qualification. Et si les espèces exotiques envahissantes étaient considérées comme une pollution ? Envisager cette hypothèse implique de procéder à une étude de fond tant des instruments de droit international, et de droit de la mer en particulier, que de la pollution marine. S’il est permis de reconnaître les espèces exotiques envahissantes comme étant une source de pollution, elle n’en reste pas moins une nouvelle forme de pollution encore jamais reconnue par les instruments de droit international : une pollution biologique. Cette pollution, autonome de celles déjà existant en droit international,impliquant la nécessité de repenser la définition de la pollution marineAlien invasive species are a growing concern, but are they an object as any other in international law ? An invasive alien species is a living species which, by its mere presence in an ecosystem outside its natural range, causes deleterious effects which is not the case in its native ecosystem. Is the law of the sea equipped to meet this new threat ? The classification of its effects in international law, and more specifically the law of the sea, is as innovative as capital. The legal treatment of invasive alien species so far has been tied to the struggle for the conservation of biological diversity without wondering, in advance, what its classification is. What if alien invasive species are considered pollution ? Considering this hypothesis means studying instruments of international law, and more precisely those of the law of the sea, as well as marine pollution. If one can allow to identify invasive alien species as a source of pollution, it remains a new form of pollution that has never been recognized before by the instruments of international law : a biological pollution. This pollution, independent of those already existing in international law, implies the need to rethink the definition of marine pollution
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Markman, Caroline Viana. "Caracterização de Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus e V. vulnificus em amostras da região costeira do estado de São Paulo, de regiões portuárias brasileiras e de tanques de lastro de navios". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-16072009-132501/.
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A poluição, alteração física do habitat e a introdução de espécies invasoras via água de lastro, representam os maiores impactos antropogênicos para os ambientes costeiros. Foram pesquisadas em amostras da região costeira de S. Paulo, regiões portuárias brasileiras e de tanques de lastro de navios, bactérias das espécies Vibrio cholerae (Vc), V. parahaemolyticus (Vp) e V. vulnificus (Vv) que são as que têm maior implicação na saúde pública. As amostras foram avaliadas levando-se em conta parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos e suas relações com a presença de Vc, Vp e Vv. As relações clonais foram verificadas através das técnicas de ERIC, BOX e REP-PCR. Foram identificadas 90 cepas de Vp e 11 de Vc. Foram observadas correlações entre alguns parâmetros microbiológicos e a presença de vibrios. A análise clonal permitiu verificar a alta diversidade das cepas. Concluiu-se que Vc e Vp são autóctones do ambiente costeiro brasileiro e podem ser tornar reservatórios para determinados fatores associados à virulência, gerando cepas com potencial epidêmico.Pollution, physical alteration of habitat and the introduction of alien species through ballast water constitute the biggest anthropogenic impacts on coastal environments. We examined samples taken from the coastal region of S. Paulo state, Brazilian ports and ship ballast tanks, for bacteria of the species Vibrio cholerae (Vc), V. parahaemolyticus (Vp) and V. vulnificus (Vv) which have the most significant implication for public health. The samples were evaluated for microbiological and physical-chemical parameters as well as the presence of Vc, Vp and Vv. Clonal relationships of bacterial isolates were determined through ERIC, BOX and REP-PCR. A total of 90 strains of Vp and 11 of Vc were identified. Correlations between some microbiological parameters and the presence of vibrios were observed. The clonal analysis revealed extensive strain diversity. We concluded that Vc and Vp are autochthonous bacteria of the Brazilian coastal environment that can become reservoirs for factors associated with virulence, and are capable of generating strains with epidemic potential.