Literatura académica sobre el tema "Bahraini National characteristics"

Development of international tourism is a key direction for economic diversity of Middle Eastern countries. It provides favorable long-time economic aspects and enhances positive image of the region. The purpose of the research is to assess the current state and identify the factors of development of international tourism in the Middle East in order to validate priorities for tourism development applying specific features of each country. Based on comprehensive analysis of the main indicators of tourism, authors identified significant differentiation among countries and different contributions of tourism service exports to the development of national economies. The largest contribution of tourism service export is made by Lebanon, Jordan, Bahrain and the UAE to the national GDP and by the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Egypt to the national exports. In terms of aggregate service exports the Palestinian Authority, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Egypt and Iraq have the highest contributions. The leading countries in the region are the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt, which account for two-thirds of the tourism service exports in the Middle East. Based on determining the average values for the region for each indicator, the authors ranked countries into "above average" and "below average" groups to account for the specific characteristics of tourism development in each country. Through the analysis, the authors justified and classified positive and destructive factors of tourism development in the region. The following priorities for tourism development were formulated for countries: focusing on the development of modern tourism infrastructure, especially in Yemen, Lebanon, Bahrain, and Kuwait; promoting tourist attractions; restoring tourist trust in the region's security (Syria, Iraq, Palestinian Authority, Israel, etc.); diversifying the tourism product (UAE, Qatar, Israel, Egypt, Saudi Arabia); providing comprehensive services (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain); deepening intergovernmental cooperation and creating a joint regional tourism product (for all countries in the region).

AbstractIntroductionThe effect on behavioral change of educational programs developed to reduce the community’s disaster informational vulnerability is not known. This study describes the relationship of disaster education, age, sex, and country-specific characteristics with students discussing disasters with friends and family, a measure of proactive behavioral change in disaster preparedness.MethodsThree thousand eight hundred twenty-nine final year high school students were enrolled in an international, multi-center prospective, cross-sectional study using a pre-validated written questionnaire. In order to obtain information from different educational systems, from countries with different risk of exposure to disasters, and from countries with varied economic development status, students from Bahrain, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Romania, and Timor-Leste were surveyed. Logistic regression analyses examined the relationship between the likelihood of discussing disasters with friends and family (dependent variable) and a series of independent variables (age, gender, participation in school lessons about disasters, existence of a national disaster educational program, ability to list pertinent example of disasters, country's economic group, and disaster risk index) captured by the questionnaire or available as published data.ResultsThere was no statistically significant relationship between age, awareness of one’s surroundings, planning for the future, and foreseeing consequences of events with discussions about potential hazards and risks with friends and/or family. The national educational budget did not have a statistically significant influence. Participants who lived in a low disaster risk and high income Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country were more likely to discuss disasters. While either school lessons or a national disaster education program had a unique, significant contribution to the model, neither had a better predictive utility.ConclusionsThe predictors (national disaster program, school lessons, gender, ability to list examples of disasters, country’s disaster risk index, and level of economic development), although significant, were not sufficient in predicting disaster discussions amongst teenagers.CodreanuTA,CelenzaA,AlabdulkarimAAR.Factors associated with discussion of disasters by final year high school students: an international cross-sectional survey.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(4):1–9.

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome, a common endocrine disorder, is an important cause of infertility among women of reproductive age. Within the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, polycystic ovarian syndrome is found to affect women increasingly. No study has been carried out to critically summarize the evidence on the prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome among women suffering from infertility in these countries. Objective: This protocol aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies reporting the prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome among women seeking infertility treatment in the six Gulf Cooperation Council countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates). Design/Methods and analysis: The systematic review and meta-analysis will follow the following method. Data source: Five databases, including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and SCOPUS, will be searched for observational studies using a combination of relevant keywords and Medical Subject Headings from inception of databases. Data extraction: Two reviewers will screen titles and abstracts, followed by a full-text search based on the eligibility criteria. The main outcome is to measure the proportion of women who have polycystic ovarian syndrome among infertility-diagnosed patients. In addition, the risk of bias in the included studies will be assessed using the national institute of health quality assessment tool for observational studies. Data synthesis: The random-effects method of the analysis with the inverse variance will be used to calculate the pooled prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome–attributed infertility. Variation in prevalence estimates will be calculated using subgroup analysis based on study and patients’ characteristics and publication bias will be assessed via funnel plot inspection and Eggar’s test. Discussion: A critical assessment of evidence on the prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome in women attending fertility clinics is helpful in risk quantification, enabling better planning for managing infertility in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Registration: This protocol has been registered with PROSPERO, protocol registration number (CRD42022355087).

Currently, an alternative to traditional finance is actively forming in the world - the Islamic financial system with its inherent financial products. In the Russian Federation, the topic of Islamic finance is being developed by the scientific and business environment at the regional level, precisely, with the involvement of working groups of international experts. In the course of the study, a analysis was made of the main provisions and characteristics of Islamic finance. Islamic finance includes financial products such as Musharaka, Mudaraba, Murabaha, Ijara, Salaam, Istisna ’and others. According to Musharak, participants in the transaction combine assets and share risks among themselves. Mudaraba, a trust management agreement, allows you to combine the entrepreneurial talent of the manager and the funds of the owner of capital. Murabaha, a resale agreement, provides an opportunity to purchase goods by installments to customers. Ijara serves as a replacement for operating leasing and is used more broadly as a lease. Salaam, an advance financing contract, is mainly used for transactions with standard property. Istisna’ contract, where the contractor, in addition to its services, uses its own material and raw materials, an investment tool for long-term projects. In order to unify the terms of Islamic financial contracts, international standards have been developed by the Organization of Accounting and Auditing of Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI, Bahrain headquarters). Fiqh property relations, a section of Sharia science, is a methodological and theoretical basis for Islamic finance. The features of Islamic finance include asset-based, restrictions on funded activities and the principle of sharing risks between capital and the entrepreneur. The movement of cash flows according to Islamic economic doctrine must necessarily be supported by the movement of real goods and services. Islam prohibits financing activities harmful to society. The right to profit in Islam arises from the acceptance of risk. It was found that the constraining factors for the development of Russian Islamic financial institutions remain due to its regulation in national legislation. It is noted that Islamic finance has developed in Russia due to the presence of demand at the local and regional levels from business and the population who are actively practicing Islam. Monitoring of the Russian Islamic financial services market has shown that about ten companies offering Islamic financial services currently operate in Russia.

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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Along with the Persian perspective inherited from the Persian Empire, Shi'ism has significantly influenced and continues to influence the geopolitical and geo-cultural education of present-day Iran. With its politicization, Shi'ism has become one of the most important factors, perhaps the most important, in the formation and preservation of Iran's national identity. Iran, which is in contact with Shiites living in various regions such as Middle East-Africa-Central Asia, intensified this contact after the Arab Spring process. In this article, Shiites in Bahrain are discussed in the context of Iran's Shiite Influence Zone Policy. In the article, firstly, general information about the sociological and religious structure of Bahrain has been given, and then the characteristics of the Shiite groups and leaders in Bahrain have been mentioned. Then, the level and activities of these groups' relations with Iran, the Shiite militia groups, their characteristics, and their work on behalf of Iran are discussed. The research has carried out based on the literature review.

Epidemiological research in the field of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is mainly limited by the diagnostic dilemma because of the intricacy of the female sexual response. The problem might start since the beginning of the sexual life, or it might be acquired later after having a normal sexual life. Around 40% of women worldwide affected by FSD. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and sociomedical correlates of FSD in Bahrain and assess the consequences of the condition to investigate the public health burden of this condition and increase awareness amongst health care providers. Materials and methods: A hospital based two centers (Salmaniya medical complex and king Hamad university Hospital); cross sectional study was conducted in Bahrain on a consecutive sample of 255 women visiting 2 gynecology clinics. The main inclusion criteria were: married women and sexually active, aged 18-55 years who presented to the ambulatory clinic with general gynecologic complaints not related to sexual dysfunction. Pregnant, unmarried, and women aged less than 18 or more than 55 years were excluded from the study population. A validated female sexual function index questionnaire (English version) was self-completed by the women. Demographic, obstetric, medical, and socioeconomic data were collected. A cut off FSFI score <26.55 was used to define the presence of FSD. Results: The total number of patients encountered in the study was 255, 84% were Bahraini, 11.4% were Arabs and 4.5% were from other nationalities. The differences in population characteristics between the 3 subgroups was not significant. The majority of women had a university education (58.4%), worked as professionals (32.9%), had >2 deliveries (39.9%) and were non-smokers (97.6%). It was found that 60% of the participants were complaining of chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and / or sever premenstrual symptoms, while 11.3% and 2.9% of the study cohort answered having at least one episode of urinary and fecal incontinence over the last 12 months. The overall prevalence of FSD was 55.7%. Four general variables were studied among which age more than 50 years old was found significantly associated with FSD (P=0.01). There was a significant association between FSD and abnormal uterine bleeding (11.8%) and vaginitis (22%). The most significant effects on low FSFI score were pain, satisfaction, lubrication, orgasm, desire and arousal. Conclusion: FSD is a highly prevalent condition in married women attending a gynecology clinic in Bahrain with a significant adverse impact on their quality of life. FSD deserves more attention in the national agenda and should be a priority in women health care.

High intakes of trans fatty acids (TFA), particularly industrially-produced TFA, are implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, which represent the leading cause of mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). This systematic review aims to document existing national TFA reduction strategies in the EMR, providing an overview of initiatives that are implemented by countries of the region, and tracking progress toward the elimination of industrially-produced TFA. A systematic review of published and gray literature was conducted using a predefined search strategy. A total of 136 peer-reviewed articles, gray literature documents, websites and references from country contacts were obtained, up until 2 August 2021. Randomized-control trials, case-control studies, and studies targeting unhealthy population groups were excluded. Only articles published after 1995, in English, Arabic or French, were included. Key characteristics of strategies were extracted and classified according to a pre-developed framework, which includes TFA intake assessment; determination of TFA levels in foods; strategic approach; implementation strategies (TFA bans/limits; consumer education, labeling, interventions in public institution settings, taxation), as well as monitoring and evaluation of program impact. Thirteen out of the 22 countries of the EMR (59%) have estimated TFA intake levels, 9 have determined TFA levels in foods (41%), and 14 (63.6%) have national TFA reduction initiatives. These initiatives were mainly led by governments, or by national multi-sectoral committees. The most common TFA reduction initiatives were based on TFA limits or bans (14/14 countries), with a mandatory approach being adopted by 8 countries (Bahrain, Iran, Jordan, KSA, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman and Palestine). Complementary approaches were implemented in several countries, including consumer education (10/14), food labeling (9/14) and interventions in specific settings (7/14). Monitoring activities were conducted by few countries (5/14), and impact evaluations were identified in only Iran and the UAE. The robustness of the studies, in terms of methodology and quality of assessment, as well as the lack of sufficient data in the EMR, remain a limitation that needs to be highlighted. Further action is needed to initiate TFA reduction programs in countries that are lagging behind, and to ensure rigorous implementation and evaluation of ongoing programs.

In forensic examination injury is a noun to refer to injury caused by external forces and reactions of the body. There are many causes of injury (self-generated accidents) such as traffic accidents, work accidents, domestic accidents, self-inflicted accidents…. The form of damage is heavy, light, shallow, and deep depending on the characteristics, weight, direction and force of the impacted object. In accidents, traumatic brain injury is a serious injury that has many consequences for the victim such as mental disorder, post-traumatic depression syndrome, post-traumatic brain disease, epilepsy, dementia… More severely, brain stamping can be fatal. The study was conducted from 01/01/2015 to 30/09/2019 We collected 98 cases of victims who died with brain damage. According to our research, brain stamping at the affected place accounted for the highest percentage (76.5%), followed by fracture of skull fracture (38.8%), opposing brain stamping on the opposite side (18.4 %), cerebral suppression due to hernia (10.2%), cerebral suppression due to sudden increase and decrease in speed (4.1%), intermediate cerebral suppression (3.1%). Combined intracranial lesions accounted for the majority (56.3%). Keywords Accident, Road trafic accident, head injurie, skull fracture, contre – coup fractures, forensic exam. References [1] Wikipedia Wikipedia The free encyclophedia. Cerebral contusion, accessed October 1, 2015, web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_contusion[2] N.N. Chung, Brain stamping, hematoma in the brain, Graduation thesis of Doctor CKI, Hanoi Medical University, accessed 15/8/2014(in Vietnamese).[3] Hideo Itabashi, John Andrews, Uwamie Tomiyasu, Stephanie Erlich, Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran, Forensic Neuropathology, Contusional brain injury and intracerebral haemorrhage, 2005.[4] Di Maio V,J, Di Maio D, Trauma to the skull and brain: crainiocerebral injuries, Forensic Pathology, Boca Raton, 2001.[5] National Accidental Injury Survey, Ministry of Health, 2010.[6] C.W. Runyan, Introduction: Back to the future – Revisitin Haddon's conceptualization of injury epidemiology and prevention, Epidemiology and Prevention 25(1) (2003) 60-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxg005.[7] Decision on the issuance of guidelines for building safe communities, prevention of accidents and injuries, Ministry of Health, 2006.[8] T.X. Ha, Morphology study of brain crushing injury caused by road traffic accident through forensic examination, Science Journal, Hanoi National University 33 (1) (2017) (in Vietnamese).[9] N.C. Cuong, Research on traumatic brain injury due to road traffic accident through forensic examination, Master's thesis, Hanoi Medical University, 2014 (in Vietnamese).[10] L.S. Hung, Research morphological characteristics of skull fracture caused by road traffic accident through forensic examination at Viet Duc Hospital, Scientific Journal of Hanoi National University, 33(1) ( 2017) 1-5 (in Vietnamese).[11] N.H. Long, D.G. Duc, Research on blood lcohol concentration and injury characteristics of road traffic deaths, Journal of Medical Research 74(3) (2011) (in Vietnamese).[12] B.R Sharma, Patterns of Fatal Head Injury in Road Traffic Accidents, Bahrain Medical Bulletin 25(1) (2003).[13] American Medical Forensic Specialists Inc Epidural hematoma, accessed October 1 (2015) http://www.baileylaw.com/docts/epidurahematoma.htm

AbstractFavipiravir has antiviral activity against influenza, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus and against flaviviruses. The objective of this pilot study was to compare three arms: favipiravir; hydroxychloroquine; standard care (no specific SARS-CoV-2 treatment) only, in symptomatic patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 in an open-labelled randomized clinical trial. The trial was registered with Bahrain National Taskforce for Combatting COVID-19 on the 7th of May 2020 (registration code: NCT04387760). 150 symptomatic patients with COVID-19 disease were randomized into one of three arms: favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, or standard care only. The primary outcome was the clinical scale at the end of study follow up (day 14 or on discharge/death) based on a points scale. The secondary outcomes were viral clearance, biochemical parameter changes and mortality at 30-days. Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups. The proportion of patients who achieved a clinical scale < 2 did not differ between groups. The favipiravir-treated and hydroxychloroquine-treated group showed increased viral clearance (OR, 95%CI 2.38, 0.83–6.78, OR, 95%CI 2.15, 0.78–5.92, respectively) compared to standard care, but this was not significant. The biochemical profile did not differ between groups, except for the platelet count (P < 0.03) and uric acid (P < 0.004) that were higher with favipiravir-treatment. Primary or secondary outcome measures did not differ between favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, and standard therapy for mild to moderate COVID-19 disease; therefore, whilst favipiravir therapy appeared safe with a trend to increased viral clearance, there was no superior therapeutic utility.Clinical trials registration. NCT04387760. Registration date: 07/05/2020.