Tesis sobre el tema "Bactéries pathogènes – Lutte contre"
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Ben, Abdallah Nour. "Isolement et caractérisation de bactéries à fort potentiel probiotique à partir du tractus gastrointestinal de volaille". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27659/27659.pdf.
Texto completoBahlaoui, Moulay Abdellah. "Lagunage à haut rendement expérimental : dynamique de différents groupes bactériens et performances épuratrices sanitaires". Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20289.
Texto completoMechmechani, Samah. "Hurdle technology using microencapsulated proteolytic enzymes and microencapsulated carvacrol to fight pathogenic bacterial biofilms". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR023.
Texto completoThe ambient operating environments in the food and medical sectors allow bacteria to adhere and develop on the substrates, resulting in the growth of resistant pathogenic bacterial biofilms. These pathogenic structures are responsible for several foodborne diseases and health-care associated infections. Consequently, to combat this public health burden, several strategies have recently been proposed which include chemical and mechanical removal. This work presents the different factors that influence bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces, as well as biofilm resistance to disinfectants. The different strategies for biofilm prevention and eradication are described. Microencapsulation using spray-drying method for the formulation of anti-biofilm active components as a tool to ensure their stability and improves their biological activities are also presented. In this context, a study was conducted using carvacrol, a natural antimicrobial agent, to control biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. Indeed, these two bacteria are responsible for several infections worldwide due to their persistence on abiotic surfaces in hospitals and food processing industries. Furthermore, in order to enhance the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol and reduce its volatility and low solubility in water, feed emulsions were prepared with sodium caseinate and maltodextrins and then spray dried to obtain dry carvacrol microcapsules. The results showed that carvacrol had a strong antimicrobial activity against both bacterial biofilms. Furthermore, our findings revealed that microencapsulation by spray drying significantly increased the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol while reducing the amounts used. Indeed, microencapsulated carvacrol was able to reduce biofilm below the detection limit for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 5.5 log CFU mL-1 for Enterococcus faecalis after 15 min of treatment. However, the complete removal of biofilms from abiotic surfaces in medical and food sectors has proven difficult with the single use of disinfection strategy due to the high protection of the biofilm cells by the extracellular polymeric matrix. This matrix provides an initial protective barrier for the biofilm cells, and makes biofilms highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. The effectiveness of hurdle technology in removing biofilms using different strategies is discussed in this work. One of the hurdle technology approaches is the use of matrix-degrading enzymes that can disperse bacteria embedded in biofilms for more efficient disinfection when combined with biocide agents. Indeed, two proteolytic enzymes, pepsin and trypsin, targeting matrix proteins, have been studied for their potential to degrade biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis and their synergistic effect when combined with carvacrol. The direct analysis using epifluorescence microscopy allowed visualization of the dispersive activity of proteases and the lethal activity of carvacrol against the two bacterial biofilms. In addition, the combined pepsin or trypsin treatment with carvacrol showed more significant reduction of both biofilms compared to carvacrol treatment alone. Moreover, this reduction was more substantial after sequential treatment of both enzymes followed by carvacrol. However, the enzyme activity is highly influenced by environmental factors and is only optimal under restricted conditions. Another disadvantage of using enzymes is self-degradation, leading to instability. Indeed, protease microcapsules containing pepsin or trypsin complexed with pectin and maltodextrin have been prepared
Selmi, Hela. "Effet de l'ajout de biochar sur la symbiose tripartite Ensifer meliloti-Rhizophagus irregularis-luzerne (Medicago sativa L.), sur la production d'inocula bactériens et envers la lutte aux agents pathogènes". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26598.
Texto completoSustainable agriculture is based on the use of less chemical inputs and promotes the use of biological products such as biochar. Many studies clearly indicate that some biochars can stimulate biological nitrogen fixation in legumes. Our project aims to study the effect of a biochar (Pines, 700ºC) on the tripartite symbiosis Ensifer meliloti-Rhizophagus irregularis-Medicago sativa L., on the production of bacterial inocula and on the fight against pathogens. A culture of alfalfa inoculated with two strains of E. meliloti A2 or S14, in the presence of Rhizophagus irregularis and in a soil amended with 0, 15 or 30% of biochar (vol:vol) was conducted. A significant stimulation of mycorrhization was observed in the presence of 15% biochar and A2 or S14. However, inoculation of alfalfa with A2 or S14 had no significant effect on yields, indicating the presence in soil of effective strains of E. meliloti. A study on survival of rhizobia and Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 at 4°C and 25°C was conducted for 120 days. It showed that biochar (15%, vol:vol) promotes significantly the survival of rhizobial cells but for Bacillus subtilis it is the Pro-mix without biochar which supports better cell survival. Thus, the biochar effect on survival of microorganisms depends on the dose of biochar used. The effect of biochar amendments on P. ultimum and FORL colonization and infection was also evaluated. The study of the effect of three doses of biochar (0, 15, 30%; vol:vol) on pathogens showed that high doses may offer a good environment for pathogens development. Our study was performed using a single type of biochar with three doses. Therefore, it is very important to test other types and doses of biochar to be able to make recommendations.
Hernandez-Mendoza, José Luis. "Ecopathologie et dégâts de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep. Noctuidae) en culture de mai͏̈s au Mexique (Etat de Colima) : possibilité de lutte à l'aide de la bactérie entomopathogène Bacillus thuringiensis". Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20179.
Texto completoSadek, Ali. "Propriétés probiotiques de levures non-Saccharomyces à activités antibactériennes et étude du mycobiote de vaches laitières". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR085.
Texto completoThe first objective of this thesis was to study the fungal component of ruminant microbiota, particularly in dairy cows. To this end, we targeted the intestinal mycobiota of dairy cows differently fed and considering also the impact of the seasonality. Therefore, the analysis of beta-diversity showed a different mycobiota, depending on the type of feed received. The cows were fed with a summer pasture diet and a winter diet constituted of hay, corn and grass silage and production concentrate. The alpha diversity indices (Simpson inverse, Chao1, Simpson uniformity) unveiled a greater richness, diversity and uniformity of mycobiota with summer feeding, and a noticeable decrease in these parameters with winter feeding. In our analysis, we found that Geotrichum genus was present in all ruminants in this study in winter, leading to the highest relative abundance 65%. A second study revealed a mycobiota composed of an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) belonging to the Dipodascaceae family and present in all compartments of the gastrointestinal tract (rumen, colon, rectum). The OTU could not be further identified, but it should be noted that the Geotrichum genus belongs to the Dipodascaceae family. Analysis of the beta-diversity of these same samples was carried out after DNA extraction using 3 different kits, and analysis of the mycobiotic profiles revealed differences between the profile obtained using DNA extracted with a commercial kit recommended for microbiota analysis (ZM), and the profiles obtained with the other two kits (MN and ZQ). The second objective was to screen and characterize a collection of non-Saccharomyces yeasts for their probiotic trends and design a potential application in the animal production, particularly in ruminants. Following a screening of a collection of 431 non-Saccharomyces yeasts for their inhibitory activity against Gram-positive target bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, 71 strains showed inhibitory activity against at least one of the target bacteria. Nonetheless, we considered 6 non-Saccharomyces yeasts (ICVY060, LAN55, ICVY061, ICVY062, ICVY063 and ICVY064) due to their spectrum of activity in vitro against ruminant pathogens, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and prevailing temperatures of 30°C and 39°C. Two strains, ICVY060 and LAN55, showed the broadest spectrum of activity by inhibiting all targeted bacteria. Of note, these strains were characterized for their resistance to conditions mimicking those prevailing in the animal abomasum and intestine compartments, with better survival rate in the in vitro abomasum conditions. Finally, all these strains resulted to be safe as non-cytotoxic, non-hemolytic activity was registered and were also sensitive to the main antifungal agents of clinical use. Further analyses, such as their surface properties or their impact on membrane integrity by studying the expression of genes encoding cell junction proteins were established
Ragu-Charrier, Aurélie. "Lutte contre les bactéries multirésistantes". Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA114166.
Texto completoRolain, Jean-Marc. "Bactéries intracellulaires et antibiotiques". Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2002AIX20670.pdf.
Texto completoBailleul, Geoffrey. "Les défensines aviaires : nouveau moyen de lutte contre les entérobactéries pathogènes". Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR3813.
Texto completoLarge-scale use of antibiotics has leaded to the emergence of multi drug resistant bacterial strains, particularly in the genus Salmonella and Escherichia coli responsible for infectious diseases outbreaks. This constitutes a major veterinary and public health concern. Host defense peptides (HDPs) represent major effector molecules of the animal’s innate immune system. In birds, the main family of HDPs is composed of avian defensins whose two members (AvBD2 and AvBD7) isolated from chicken bone marrow exhibit large spectrum antibacterial activity. Thus, they both constitute potential candidate molecules as alternative to antibiotics. To demonstrate the therapeutic interest of AvBD2 and AvBD7, we have (1) proved their antibacterial efficiency in vitro towards clinical and multi drug resistant bacterial strains, (2) shown their functional and structural stability when facing major digestive proteases, (3) identified a novel antibacterial effect in infected macrophages, and finally (4) proved the therapeutic concept by reducing mortality and bacterial load after AvBD7 injection in a murine model of lethal salmonellosis
Leroy, Céline. "Lutte contre les salissures marines : approche par procédés enzymatiques". Toulouse, INSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ISAT0002.
Texto completoFouling on marine underwater surfaces causes critical and economic problems such as important material biodamages and industrial performances reduction. We chose to test antifouling potential of enzymatic commercial preparations like hydrolases (proteases, glycosidases and lipases) in order to inhibit the first fouling adhesion step: bacterial biofilm formation. An evaluation test of antifouling properties onto marine bacterial adhesion was designed using a mono-incubation of Pseudoalteromonas sp. D41 in microtiter plate and in sterile natural sea water. This test was adapted to screen agents for bacterial adhesion removal or inhibition activities and allowed to test enzymatic preparations toxicity on non adhered bacteria. Inhibition rates according to logarithm of enzymatic preparation concentration exhibits a sigmoid shape like dose-response curves. Among hydrolases, proteases like subtilisin are the most efficient enzymes. The efficiency of amylase, lipase and protease activity mixture was evaluated and showed a high synergistic inhibition on Pseudoalteromonas sp. D41 adhesion in microtiter plate. Studies on polymeric extracellular substances from Pseudoalteromonas sp. D41 in fermentation and in biofilm will be helpful in the understanding of the organic molecules nature involved in the adhesion inhibition
Hajaij, Myriam. "L' entomophathogène Bacillus thuringiensis : identification d'un nouveau sérovar, persistance des spores et implication des métalloprotéases dans le pouvoir pathogène". Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077219.
Texto completoBacillus muringiensis is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium closely related to Bacillus cereus and both are ubiquitous to various environments. The entomopathogenic properties of B. Thuringiensis are mainly due to the δ-endotoxines. In the search for new B. Thuringiensis Cry toxins, we have isolated and characterized the new serovar H-71, named B. Thuringiensis serovar, jordanica. In a second aspect, we studied the possible impact of large scale treatments with a spore/crystal formulation (VectoBac®) of B. Thuringiensis serovar. Israelensis (Bti) in a mosquito breeding site in Grande Camargue (France). Genes encoding two putative zinc-metalloproteases of type InhA and Enhancin were found in a sequenced genome of B. Cereus strain ATCC14579. Then, our work has been based on purification, biochemical charaeterization and contribution of MiA2 in the virulence de B. Thuringiensis. . We show that InhA2 hydrolyses several substrates, like caseine, collagen, actin and albumine. Pure InhA2 dœs not provide direct mortality by oral route; meanwhile, it seems to interact with insect innate immunity. In addition it also dégrades cecropin, an anti-microbial peptide. We also investigated on a second metalloprotéase, encoded by a gene we named mpbE (Metalloprotease Bacillus Enhancin). We demonstrate its positive activation by the transcriptional regulator PlçR. MpbE carry a typical HEIAH signature
Lamari, Faouzi. "Utilisation de bactéries lactiques probiotiques pour prémunir les poissons d'élevage contre des vibrions pathogènes". Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0060/document.
Texto completoDiseases cause major production losses in fish farms. Bacteria of the genus Vibrio are known as opportunistic pathogens, and have been associated with mass-mortality episodes. To cope with these disease outbreaks, fish farmers often resort to the use of antibiotics. However, preventive overuse has led to the emergence of resistant strains and frequent treatment failures. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria are increasingly used to improve the quality of seed production in aquaculture, while limiting antibiotic treatments. Microbial strains must fulfil several criteria to be evaluated as potential probiotics.In a first step, we selected and characterized 55 strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fish hatchery. The first selection criterion focused on the in-vitro inhibition of pathogenic Vibrio strains. Lactic acid bacteria with antagonistic properties were tested for biofilm formation. The strains were characterised with the phenotypes, based on enzymatic and physiological tests, and identified by genotyping. In-vivo challenges with Vibrio aligonlyticus were then performed on Artemia. Lactobacillus casei X2 was thus selected, due to the best combination of the attributes that are required for probiotics. The strain showed antagonistic activity, adhered strongly to polystyrene plate, and secured Artemia with the best protection against V. alginolyticus. In a second step, La. casei X2 and a commercial strain of probiotics (Bactocell, Pediococcus acidilactici) were tested on European sea bass larvae, with a view to assess the effects on alevin quality, immune response and associated microbiota. Both of the lactic acid bacteria, La. casei and P. acidilactici, decreased the bacterial load and Vibrio in sea bass larvae. P. acidilactici changed significantly the profile of the bacterial community associated with fish larvae, compared to the control group. La. casei did not affect the structure of the bacterial community, although the strain was detected at high concentration in the larvae at 40 day post hatch (dph). Both probiotic treatments increased fish larval growth in body mass at 20 dph, and in length at 30 and 45 dph. Two physiological markers for gene expression suggested that P. acidilactici was more efficient than La. casei for the regulation of oxidative stress in sea bass at 41 dph. P. acidilactici induced some delay in bone development, and inflammatory signs were observed in the larvae at 20 dph. Though La. casei accelerated the early ossification process in the larvae by 20 dph, the histopathological study revealed a high incidence of vertebral malformations at 62 dph. In contrast, the treatment with P. acidilactici produced the highest proportion of fish with normal and complete ossification
Manasfi, Youssef. "Lutte contre les pathogènes telluriques en contexte horticole : cas du pathosystème Choisya ternata/ Phytophthora spp". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR082.
Texto completoChoisya ternata is an ornamental plant that suffers from root rot disease due to Phytophthora. This disease can lead to severe production losses (up to 80 %), which require intensive use of phytosanitary products. A better understanding of plants defenses in required in order to reduce the use of these products. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis are I) identifying Phytophthora spp. pathogens of C. ternata, II) studying roots defense actors and III) developing an alternative control approach. Phytophthora spp. identification by ITS region amplification and sequencing highlighted the presence of Phytophthora parasitica on Choisya. Furthermore, Phytophthora tropicalis was identified for the first time in France and on Choisya culture. Two C. ternata cultivars were used to study the plants root defense actors against P. parasitica, Aztec pearl (less susceptible to root rot) and Goldfinger (more susceptible to root rot). Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are glycomolecules of the cell wall which constitutes a physical barrier to pathogens. Studies showed the role of AGPs in the plant-pathogen interaction and more specifically in the case of oomycetes. However, Choisya root AGPs role in the interaction with P. parasitica is not studied. Our results showed biochemical differences in the monosaccharide composition of Aztec pearl root AGPs and the other AGPs fractions (Aztec pearl leaves and Goldfinger roots and leaves). Contrary to other fractions Aztec pearl root AGPs did not increase P. parasitica mycelium growth. These results suggest that oomycete was not able to degrade this fraction and use it as energy source. When P. parasitica infects the plant, these AGPs may be able to slow the infection and reduce disease severity. Plants have also developed chemical molecules known as secondary metabolites (SM) capable of protecting them against attackers. Studies showed that C. ternata leaves are rich with SM as alkaloids that have many pharmacological activities. Nevertheless, roots alkaloids composition and role in plant protection are not studied. Our results showed that roots of the two cultivars are riche with furoquinoline alkaloids. Some these alkaloids were more concentrated in Aztec pearl. But after inoculation with P. parasitica zoospores, the difference was not detectable anymore. Moreover, the total alkaloids extract of Aztec pearl inhibited P. parasitica mycelium growth, unlike the extract of Goldfinger. Another strategy of plants protection is the use of beneficial soil microorganisms that limits pathogens development and stimulate plant defenses. These microorganisms are known as biological control agents (BCA) and are sometimes used in horticulture as an alternative control strategy. In our study, treatments of C. ternata by different BCA were evaluated by a developed real time PCR (qPCR) targeting ypt1 and by symptoms annotation. This evaluation showed that combined treatments by Glomus intraradices with Gliocladium catenulatum and G. intraradices with Trichoderma atroviridae (respectively mycorrhizal fungi and filamentous fungi) offer a better protection against P. parasitica
Riffaud, Christine. "La bactériose du melon : écologie et stratégies de lutte contre Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata". Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10017.
Texto completoBernatchez, Alex. "Étude des propriétés antibactériennes de composés d'huiles essentielles contre des agents pathogènes d'aquaculture". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40301.
Texto completoRamisse, Vincent. "Contribution à l'étude de la diversité bactérienne dans l'environnement atmosphérique dans le cadre d'études de défense contre les armes biologiques". Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10222.
Texto completoAmensag, Kamar. "Les bactéries lactiques isolées d'aliments traditionnels marocains : production de bactériocines et applications potentielles contre des pathogènes multirésistants aux antibiotiques". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF024.
Texto completoAntibiotic therapy has been effective in controlling many infectious diseases, but is slowly reaching its limits with the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The search for alternative molecules has become a necessity. This thesis explores the possibility of using antibacterial peptides (bacteriocins) produced by bacteria as a means to fight resistant bacteria. Strains of lactic bacteria producing bacteriocins have been isolated essentially from various fermented Moroccan foods. The bacteriocins produced were purified by chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry, peptide sequencing and / or nucleotide sequencing. This allowed the identification of one or more bacteriocins per producing bacterium, e.g. enterocins L50A and L50B produced as modified forms by Enterococcus durans LC2 isolated from camel milk. At the same time, the search for multidrug-resistant bacteria in human body fluids has resulted in the isolation of pathogenic bacteria of both Gram types resistant to a variety of commonly used antibiotics. Among these, selected strains were subjected to the action of purified bacteriocins (enterocins L50A and L50B, nisin Z and pediocin PA-1) alone and in combination with antibiotics. This allowed us to show the efficacy of bacteriocins against multi-resistant pathogens, thereby demonstrating their potential as a possible alternative in case of antibiotic inefficiency
Corre, Marie-Hélène. "Identification et caractérisation de composés produits par des bactéries environnementales pour la lutte biologique contre Legionella pneumophila". Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2309/document.
Texto completoWater is essential to sustain life and water sources used for human consumption must be biologically safe, to avoid any risk for health. Indeed, the most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking water are infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila. However, more efforts are needed to control disinfection by-products and minimize people exposure to potentially hazardous chemicals while maintaining adequate disinfection to ensure good water quality. Thus, this work aimed to find natural antibacterial compounds to control L. pneumophila growth using bacteria from freshwater environments. Environmental aquatic bacteria were sampled from five freshwater sources to get a large culturable bacterial collection. A total of 273 bacterial isolates were recovered and screened for their ability to produce anti-Legionella compounds. Among those, 178 (65%) were shown to be active against L. pneumophila. Four strains (Aeromonas bestiarum SW257, Rahnella aquatilis SW265, Flavobacterium spp. PW52, and Pseudomonas spp PW329) were next selected for the characterization of their active compounds. A. bestiarum SW257 produces an anti-Legionella peptide, and Flavobacterium spp PW52 produces a mixture of anti-Legionella compounds with surface active properties, named flavolipids. Finally Pseudomonas sp. PW329 delivers many volatile organic compounds, and R. aquatilis SW26 produces a anti-Legionella siderophore
Pawelec, Anna. "Caractérisation des déterminants génétiques et moléculaires de la résistance à Alternaria dauci chez la carotte". Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0009.
Texto completoAlternaria leaf blight is the most important foliar disease on carrot, cultivated for root production as well as seed production. High and sustainable resistance is one of the most important objectives of breeding programs. The present work is a contribution to the characterisation of resistance factors. Two segregating populations were submitted to evaluation following artificial or natural inoculation on one hand, and to genotyping with AFLP, ISSR, APF-RGA markers, on the other hand. Two genetic linkage maps were generated (1367. 6 cM et 1570. 2 cM) with an average spacing of 7. 5 cM between markers. A total of 16 significant QTL were detected using QTLCartographer software. Ten were detected for the first evaluation date, among which two explained 17 and 24% of the total phenotypical variation. Therefore, the host/pathogen recognition could be the most discriminating phase for phenotypical breeding. The QTL detected for the second and third evaluation dates, with a lower R², could be related to invasion control or to foliage regeneration. Moreover, a new procedure for resistance evaluation based on a whole plant test was proposed. Finally, results showed a complementarity between several molecular methods for linkage map saturation within carrot
Desgranges, Catherine. "Contribution à la lutte contre la pyrale du maïs : optimisation d'un procédé de production par fermentation en milieu solide, d'un champignon entomopathogène, Beauveria bassiana". Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD428.
Texto completoHugot, Karine. "Mécanismes de défense des plantes et acquisition de résistance aux champignons pathogènes : caractérisation d'effecteurs apoplastiques et étude du mode d'action de la RNase NE". Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5480.
Texto completoSeridan, de Assis Bianca. "Identification de bactéries lactiques isolées de l'écosystème mammaire bovin et caractérisation de leur potentiel inhibiteur contre des pathogènes associés à la mammite". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSARB263/document.
Texto completoMastitis causes huge economic losses in the dairy sector both in Brazil and France. They also are the first cause of antibiotic consumption in the dairy farms. There is thus a need for new alternatives to antibiotics to control infectious mastitis. In this thesis work, we isolated 278 (165 in France and 113 in Brazil) bacterial strains from bovine milk and teat canal, and identified 10 non-redundant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains that were further tested as potential mammary probiotic candidates. LAB strains were tested for their surface properties and production of inhibitory compounds and then evaluated for their interactions with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, two major mastitis pathogens, or with bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC), in vitro. Some LAB strains (Lactobacillus brevis e Lactobacillus plantarum) presented inhibitory capacity against S. aureus adhesion and internalisation and were shown to stimulate the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokinin bMEC. Other interaction tests with bMEC showed that Lactococcus lactis V7 was able to significantly inhibit bMEC invasion by Escherichia coli and S. aureus. Although the inhibitory mechanism was not elucidated, Lactococcus lactis V7 showed promising capacities in terms of mammary probiotic potential with, notably, the ability to modulate the immune response of E. coli-infected bMEC by modifying the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes. In this work, several LAB strains were identified in the milk and teat canal microbiota. We showed that L. brevis, L. plantarum and Lactococcus lactis
Godzaridis, Élénie. "Modélisation bio-informatique du mécanisme d'action d'inhibiteurs de la voie de biosynthèse du peptidoglycane". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23561.
Texto completoBouchard-Rochette, Mathieu y Mathieu Bouchard-Rochette. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Texto completoCette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche destiné à évaluer le potentiel d’utilisation en horticulture des bactéries Bacillus pumilus souche PTB180 et Bacillus subtilis souche PTB185. Elle avait pour objectifs (1) d’évaluer in vitro l’activité antagoniste contre Botrytis cinerea des souches PTB180 et PTB185, (2) d’estimer leur capacité à survivre sur la phyllosphère de la tomate et du concombre et 3) d’évaluer leur effet sur le développement de la pourriture grise (B. cinerea) sur des plants de tomate et de concombre cultivés en serre. L'activité antagoniste de PTB180 et PTB185 a été évaluée en boîtes de Pétri sur géloses, sur tissus foliaires de tomate et de concombre et sur fruits de tomate. Les deux souches ont inhibé très fortement la croissance mycélienne et la germination des spores de B. cinerea sur géloses. Sur feuilles de tomate et sur disques foliaires de concombre, PTB185 et le mélange (1:1) des deux souches ont réduit significativement (p ≤ 0,01) la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea comparativement aux témoins. PTB180 a réprimé significativement la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea sur les fruits de tomate. Afin d'estimer la survie de PTB180 et PTB185 sur la phyllosphère, des plants de tomate et de concombre ont été pulvérisés jusqu'à ruissellement avec une suspension (1×107 unités formatrices de colonies [UFC]/mL) de PTB180, PTB185 ou d'un mélange (1:1) des deux souches. Les populations de chaque souche ont ensuite été suivies au cours du temps sur les feuilles. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les souches survivent au moins 21 jours sur les plants de tomate et de concombre avec un taux de survie variant de 43% à 100%. De plus, pratiquement aucune variation dans les proportions de chaque souche n'a été observée au fil du temps lorsque PTB180 et PTB185 étaient appliquées en mélange. Enfin, l’application foliaire de PTB180, PTB185 et du mélange (1:1) des deux souches a permis une réduction significative de l’incidence et de la sévérité de la pourriture grise chez des plants de tomate et de concombre inoculés avec B. cinerea et cultivés en serre. Les souches PTB180 et PTB185 ont montré au cours de cette étude une forte activité antagoniste envers B. cinerea, la capacité de survivre sur la phyllosphère de plants de tomate et de concombre et de réprimer le développement de la pourriture grise chez ces derniers. Ces souches pourraient éventuellement être utilisées comme agents de lutte biologique contre la pourriture grise du concombre et de la tomate de serre.
Scalabrini, Mathieu. "Étude de l'activité anti-bioadhésion de surfaces de verres greffées par des sucres furanosidiques rares". Thesis, Lorient, 2019. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02918228.
Texto completoSurface biocontamination from microorganisms leads to serious economic and health issues. Nowadays, biocide compounds are mostly used as prevention. Nonetheless, they are known to be toxic for environment and to participate in the rise of the antibiotic resistance of pathogens. These research works examine a non-biocide and non-toxic approach. It is based on the inhibition of the microbial adhesion with a monofuranoside-functionalized surface. The development of surfaces was started with the glycosidic synthesis of target furanosides from D-Glucose, D-Galactose and D-Mannose. In order to compare the interest of the cyclic form, pyranosidic homologues, known for their anti-adhesive activity, were also achieved. The modified glycosides were then grafted to a prefunctionalized glass surface linked through an O-glycosidic or S-glycosidic via a triazole group. The resulted surfaces were characterized using goniometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adhesion studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa have shown an anti-bioadhesion activity with furanosidic and glycosidic surfaces. Specific and non-specific interactions were explored through lectin deficient mutant strains and a thermodynamic approach. The anti-bioadhesive activity was concluded to depent more on the carbohydrate physicochemical properties, rather than the biological interactions
Cattel, Julien. "Utilisation des bactéries Wolbachia pour lutter contre une espèce invasive et ravageur de cultures, Drosophila suzukii". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1325/document.
Texto completoSince its recent invasion of the European and American continents, the spotted wing Drosophila, D. suzukii has become a major burden of the fruit industry. Armed with a highly sclerotized ovipositor, females can lay eggs in a wide variety of ripening and healthy fruits, in contrast to other Drosophila species. Economic losses due to D. suzukii reach millions of dollars annually and methods to control natural populations in the field mainly rely on the use of chemical pesticides. Here we test if Wolbachia bacteria can represent a potential ally to control this pest species. These symbionts are naturally present in many insects and often induce a form of conditional sterility called Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI): the offspring of infected males die, unless the eggs are rescued by the same infection inherited from the mother which protects the embryo against a yet unidentified toxin. As long recognized, a strategy called the Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT) makes use of the CI phenotype to control insect populations through the mass release of infected males. D. suzukii is naturally infected by a single Wolbachia strain, named wSuz, which has an intermediate prevalence in field populations and which does not induce a high level of CI. To implement IIT in D. suzukii, we used back and forth Wolbachia transfers between D. suzukii and D. simulans to identify Wolbachia strains that can fully sterilize D. suzukii females despite the presence of wSuz. We identified two potential candidates, both induce a very high level of CI in this pest which is not attenuated by the presence of wSuz in females. The transinfected males showed a similar competitiveness compared naturally infected and uninfected males and are able to induce a high level of CI during all their life. Finally we demonstrated that, in large population cage, the IIT can be very efficient to limit the D. suzukii population size. All the results confirmed that the IIT is a promising approach to control D. suzukii population and merit to go out the laboratory. Associate with a perfect sexing technique, IIT can be a powerful tool to fight against D. suzukii, which is not polluting and species specific
Pages, Marielle. "Effets et mécanismes d'action de l'ozone utilisé comme moyen de lutte contre des champignons pathogènes du pommier : études in vitro et in vivo". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0102.
Texto completoApple trees are the target of a lot of pests and fungal diseases, responsible for many economic losses. Farmers treat these micro-organisms mainly with pesticides. Plant-protection products are today very controversial. French and European authorities control their use by means of numerous regulations. Therefore, an alternative solution with a low remanence must be found in order to limit fungal diseases. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the innovative process efficiency based on the use of ozonated water against four fungal species: Venturia inaequalis, Botrytis cinerea, Neofabraea alba and Phytophthora syringae. Firstly, this work of thesis verified the ozone antifungal action on spores suspensions of the four fungal species and on different stages of development of V.inaequalis spores. According to the species and stages of development considered, a difference of sensibility was detected. Moreover, alteration of the membrane, due to ozone action, was observed thanks to several experimentations: quantification of phospholipids peroxidation, spore observations with Scanning Electron Microscopy and with Optical Microscopy after staining. Secondly, the ozonated water effects on seedlings previously contaminated by V.inaequalis spores were evaluated. This study confirmed the anti-fungal action of water containing ozone. It was also observed the importance of the water and of ozone quantities supplied. These quantities must be controlled to optimize the antifungal action of the treatment. These results validated the ozone application as a fungicide alternative of use of pesticides. Additional researches will be made concerning the treatment modalities: the aim is to transfer the technology from the laboratory to the orchard
Hamdali, Hanane. "Criblage et caractérisation de souches de bactéries Actinomycétales solubilisatrices du phosphate naturel isolées à partir des gisements de phosphate marocains". Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112069.
Texto completoThe aim of this work was to explore the abilities of Actinomycetes strains originating from the Moroccan phosphate mines (MPM strains) to solubilize natural phosphate (NP, hydroxyapatite) and to limit the growth of some soil-born phytopathogen fungi (Pythium ultimum) in order to use these strains for the development of novel agricultural practices less polluting than the actual ones. Fifty five isolates (18. 3%) among the 300 MPM isolates tested were able to grow on a minimal synthetic medium (SMM) containing insoluble NP as sole phosphate (P) source, suggesting that they were able to use the P trapped in the NP for their own growth. Eight strains whose growth was the most active were selected. The efficiency of these strains to solubilize NP was assessed by assaying soluble P in the growth medium and was compared to that of two reference strains Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces griseus M1323. A sharp increase in the concentration of soluble P was observed in the cultures supernatants of the MPM strains and of S. Griseus M1323, but non in those of S. Lividans. This increase in the P concentration correlated with the presence of substances absorbing at 320 nm and 430 nm. These substances were purified and I confirmed that these substances, that had also strong antibiotic and anti-fungi activities, were involved in the NP solubilisation process. They are siderophores of the catecholate family (called Viridomycin G) acting as strong calcium chelators destroying the links between calcium and P in the NP and thus allowing the release of P. They were excreted when the concentration of P in the growth medium was really weak. I have also shown that these strains have the abilities to colonize the plant root system (endophytic property) and have very high glucose and phosphate storage abilities, (accumulating glycogen and polyphosphate) compared to the reference strain S. Lividans. These strains produce less biomass but survive better than the latter in condition of very low soluble P availability (SMM + NP). All together, these characteristics are very important for the long term survival of these bacteria in the soil. Furthermore, some of these strains were also able to limit the development, in laboratory conditions, of Pythium ultimum, the main agent of damping off of cereals. This property is likely to be linked to the demonstrated ability of these strains to excrete anti-fungal substances, chitinases, siderophores and Indol Acetic Acid. Subsequently, I have tested the agronomic efficiency of these strains and demonstrated that they had the ability to stimulate wheat plant growth in a rhizospheric model constituted by a soil rich in insoluble P, a NP solubilising strain and the plant, in greenhouse experiments. I demonstrated that the presence of a MPM Actinomycetes strain, on its own, was stimulating wheat plant growth suggesting that this strain was able to mobilize for the plant good, the insoluble P naturally present in the soil. The joined presence in this soil of the Actinomycetes strain and of the pulverised NP was stimulating wheat plant growth (specially roots growth) at a level comparable (only 10% lower) to that achieved by the addition of soluble phosphate amendment. Furthermore, these strains had the ability to protect the plant against the devastating effects of Pythium ultimum, at a level comparable (only 14% lower) to that achieved by Mycostop®, a commercial antifungal biocontrol product constituted by spores of Streptomyces griseoviridis K61. This study demonstrated that the soil-born filamentous and sporulating Actinomycetes greatly contribute to the feeding and the fitness of the plants and can be of great value for agriculture. This study is expected to lead to the conception/formulation and commercialization of novel bio-phosphate fertilizers and bio-fungicides constituted by the ad hoc Actinomycetes strains associated or not to pulverize NP. The availability of such products could contribute to the development of a sustainable agriculture more respectful of the environment and of human health than the today agriculture
Bouchard-Rochette, Mathieu. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Texto completoMalnoy, Mickaël. "Transformation génétique du poirier pour la résistance au feu bactérien : recherche d'une stratégie associant un transgène efficace et un promoteur induit spécifiquement par les bactéries". Angers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ANGE0014.
Texto completoMagnin-Robert, Maryline. "Protection de la vigne contre Botrytis cinerea et stimulation des mécanismes de défense à l’aide de bactéries issues du vignoble champenois". Reims, 2007. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000725.pdf.
Texto completoThe development of new alternatives to chemicals against Botrytis cinerea in grapevine, especially by using bacteria originated from Champagne vineyard is the objective of this thesis. These bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere and from different healthy grapevine organs, are two Acinetobacter lwoffii PTA-113 and PTA-152, a Bacillus subtilis PTA-271, two Pantoea agglomerans PTA-AF1 and PTA-AF2 and two Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-268 and PTA-CT2. Experiments performed mainly in vineyard demonstrated that these bacteria applied individually or in combination are able to induce defence reactions in grapevine as evidenced by a stimulation of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities in leaves and berries. The intensity of these defence reactions is dependent on bacterial strain, combination of bacteria and their application method. They are associated to an induced protection of both organs against Botrytis cinerea. The most active strains are A. Lwoffi, P. Fluorescens and P. Agglomerans PTA-AF1 in leaves and P. Agglomerans PTA-AF1 and PTA-AF2 in berries. The combination of two P. Agglomerans (AF1+AF2) or P. Agglomerans with B. Subtilis or with A. Lwoffi also lead to a significant protection against B. Cinerea, which is not higher than that obtained with individual bacteria
Crépin, Alexandre. "Développement d'une stratégie de lutte globale ciblant la communication impliquée dans la virulence des bactéries macergènes de la pomme de terre". Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES004.
Texto completoSimon, Marjolaine. "Lutte contre les biofilms de Pseudomonas aeruginosa dans le contexte de la mucoviscidose". Thesis, Lorient, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORIS364.
Texto completoPseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen leading to chronic infections in patients suffering of cystic fibrosis. Eradication of these infections is almost impossible in adults because of biofilm formation in patient's lungs. Current antibiotics treatments are not efficient enough against biofilms because this lifestyle first protects bacteria from antimicrobial agents via the biofilm extracellular matrix and secondly promotes the emergence of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. lt is therefore essential to find therapeutic alternatives . The marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. 3J6 secretes an anti-biofilm molecule active against the laboratory P. aeruginosa PA01 strain and the P. aeruginosa clinical strains MUC-N1, MUC-N2 and MUC P4. These strains were characterized at the levels of in vitro biofilm formation, and of their virulence. This part of the research work highlighted that these strains are different from one to another and that a single strain, such as the laboratory strain PA01, cannot be representative of the various patterns. Anti-biofilm studies have thus to be performed on several strains, such as the ones we selected. The therapeutic potential of the culture supernatant (SNa.Js} of Pseudoalteromonas sp. 3J6 and its extract Ea.Js was studied by evaluating their toxicity, inflammatory response, impact on virulence factors production, and therapeutic efficiency. SNa.Js and Ea.Js were not taxie against the tested models; did not induce inflammatory response in mice lungs, and did not enhance virulence factor production by clinical P. aerugonisa strains. Moreover, SNa.Js was as efficient as the ciprofloxacin antibiotic to treat an in vivo infection by P. aeruginosa MUC-N2 on mice. These results are encouraging as for a therapeutic potential of the anti-biofilm molecule to contribute at the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections of cystic fibrosis patients
La, Broise Denis de. "Croissance et sporulation de Fusarium oxysporum en milieux liquides et solides : étude des facteurs limitants et application à la production industrielle de spores pour la protection des cultures". Compiègne, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988COMPD131.
Texto completoKamecki-Duriez, Luce. "Développement d'un nouveau test de détection par fluorimétrie des bactéries sulfato-réductrices du genre Desulfovibrio : évaluation en laboratoire des moyens de lutte chimique contre l'activité de ces bactéries en biocorrosion". Compiègne, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989COMPD184.
Texto completoRocher, Françoise. "Lutte chimique contre les champignons pathogènes des plantes : évaluation de la systémie phloémienne de nouvelles molécules à effet fongicide et d'activateurs de réactions de défense". Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00138898.
Texto completoLa première approche de notre travail reprend la stratégie utilisée avec succès pour le développement d'herbicides auxiniques. Nous avons choisi comme molécule modèle le fenpiclonil en raison de la possibilité d'ajouter un groupe acide carboxylique en divers sites de la molécule. L'un de ces dérivés, le N-(1-carboxyéthyl)-3-cyano-4-(2,3-dichlorophényl)pyrrole possède une mobilité phloémienne modérée et montre une activité fongicide contre une souche d'Eutypa lata comparable à celle du fenpiclonil.
La deuxième stratégie a consisté à synthétiser des propesticides mobiles dans le phloème en greffant un acide aminé à divers xénobiontes ou à des composés naturels impliqués dans la défense des plantes. Ces conjugués avec une fonction a-aminoacide sont manipulés par des perméases de la membrane plasmique et sont nettement phloème mobiles. Toutefois, les enzymes qui peuvent libérer le composé initial peuvent être plus spécifiques que le système de transport.
Enfin, la capacité du phloème de ricin à charger l'acide salicylique (AS) a été étudiée pour deux raisons : 1- l'AS est une molécule signal importante impliquée dans la résistance systémique acquise 2- dans les cellules animales, l'AS est manipulé par un système de transport qui manipule aussi des médicaments de taille importante. L'AS s'accumule fortement dans le phloème et est ambimobile. Quelques résultats conduisent à l'hypothèse de l'intervention d'un système de transporteurs dépendant du pH et contribuant au chargement phloémien de l'AS, outre le phénomène de piégeage d'acide.
Aranzana-Climent, Vincent. "Apport de la modélisation semi-mécanistique dans l'étude pharmacocinétique/pharmacodynamique des antibiotiques seuls et en combinaison dans la lutte contre les bactéries résistantes". Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/62724/2019-Aranzana-Climent-Vincent-These.
Texto completoFighting against multidrug-resistant bacteria is a major priority set by World Health Organisation, since it is forecasted that multi-drug-resistant bacteria will be responsible for more deaths than cancer by 2050. In the current context, with only a few new antibiotic drugs active against multidrug-resistant bacteria approved every year, it is of importance to optimize the use of already available antibiotics. It is with this goal in mind, that semi-mechanistic models used to analyse results from PK/PD studies of antibiotics, can be developed. These mathematical tools enable quantification of concentration-effect relationships of drugs, used alone or in combination, in order to optimize their efficacy, prevent bacterial resistance, thus lengthening the period of usability of antibiotics. In this work, after a presentation of the methods used to study PK/PD of antibiotics alone and in combination, results from two projects are presented:1. A study of cefoxitin PK/PD against a Mycobacterium abscessus strain. Firstly, it was shown that after nebulisation of cefoxitin, pulmonary concentrations were 1000-fold higher than after intravenous administration, making cefoxitin a good candidate for nebulisation. In a second part, a semi-mechanistic PK/PD model was developed from in vitro data, enabling identification of concentration-effect relationships for two bacterial sub-populations while taking into account degradation of cefoxitin. 2. A study of the PK/PD of polymyxin B and minocycline association against a polymyxin B resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strain. This in vitro study incorporates data from time-kill experiments with quantification of a bacterial sub-population resistant to polymyxin B, enriched by complementary experiments providing information on the characteristics of this resistant sub-population. This data was analysed by semi-mechanistic PK/PD modelling, which made possible quantification of the strength of interaction between the two drugs and to form hypotheses about the mechanisms of the observed interaction
Lavigne, Jean-Philippe. "Lutte contre les infections bactériennes : de l'optimisation de l'administration d'antibiotiques à l'étude d'un modèle de virulence (Brucella suis)". Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON1T015.
Texto completoJouault, Albane. "Altérocine : une protéine antibiofilm secrétée par la bactérie marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. 3J6". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORIS588.
Texto completoThe biofilm lifestyle gives bacteria a protection against antibacterial agents and leads to public health problems that require an alternative to current treatments. The marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. 3J6 and its exoproducts (SN3J6) display an antibiofilm activity against various bacteria from marine or terrestrial origin. A protein from SN3J6, named alterocin, was partially purified. Although the protein is found in several other Pseudoalteromonas strains, its function remains unknown. In this work, we studied the alterocin. We investigated the protein and gene characteristics at first. The gene alt, coding alterocin, is not part of an operon and several potential promoters were identified. According to our results, its expression seems subject to regulation as it is mainly expressed in stationary phase. It encodes a 139-residue protein with a putative leader peptide, which would allow the secretion of mature alterocin as a 119-residue protein. No sequence homology has been found between alterocin and other proteins of known function in data bases. Anti-alterocin antibodies were produced for an easily detection method. In a second time, we confirmed the antibiofilm activity of alterocin by heterologous production in another Pseudoalteromonas strain and comparing biofilms obtained in the presence of culture supernatants of either this strain or the parental strain. In this work, we showed that the alterocin is a new type of antibiofilm protein whose structure and mechanism of action remain to be elucidated to use it as antibiofilm agent
Gammoudi, Ibtissem. "Biocapteur à base de bactéries pour le contrôle environnemental". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14535.
Texto completoOur works aim the study of an ultra-sensitive bacteria-based biosensor for the detection of heavy metals (environmental control). They include the development of impedimetric and of Love acoustic wave devices, both associated with a microfluidic chip and functionalized with Escherichia coli immobilized on a polyelectrolyte multilayer deposited by the method "Layer by Layer." The theoretical study of physico-chemical interactions and biological phenomena involved during the steps of functionalization of the sensor surface, and during its application to the detection of cadmium and mercury, is also addressed through the real-time monitoring by the acoustic sensor and by atomic force microscopy in air or liquid medium. Detection threshold better than10-12M within only a few minutes have been observed
Le, Barz Mélanie. "Étude des effets des acides gras oméga-3 et de nouvelles bactéries probiotiques pour contrer les désordres associés à l'obésité au niveau métabolique et intestinal". Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0013.
Texto completoThe obesity epidemic reaches alarming rate throughout the world. Obesity development is related to an increase in the prevalence of metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In the past decades, research turns into the analysis of the intestinal microbiota and many papers demonstrated an important role of microbial dysbiosis in the development of metabolic diseases. Indeed, the gastro-intestinal tract and gut microbiota represent a vast interface between diet and host organism. Gut dysbiosis is linked to metabolic inflammation and altered metabolism in obesity. In this context, the use of food-based treatments to improve gastro-intestinal health may help prevent obesity-linked metabolic syndrome.In a first study, we attempted to understand the role of the gut microbiota in the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in host’s metabolic health. Thus, we performed an in vivo protocol in order to compare the mechanisms related to a long-term oral supplementation of omega-3-rich fish oil, with mechanisms induced in a transgenic model of mice able to convert omega-6 into omega-3, endogenously. Our results demonstrated that mice gavaged with fish oil were totally protected against the development of liver steatosis induced by the high-fat diet. Whereas, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance were decreased in fat-1 transgenic animals. Despite different metabolic effects, both models also significantly reduced cholesterol level in plasma, and based on the literature, it may be associated with a significant increase in proportions of the genus Allobaculum in faeces. However, further investigation of gut microbiota and predictive analysis of its functions, demonstrated that oral omega-3 supplemented mice showed more modulations that fat-1 mice. It suggests a role of the gut-liver axis in the beneficial effects of omega-3 in prevention of hepatic steatosis development. It could be also explained by the increase in the production of propionate in the gut, which can then reach the liver through the portal vein.The second protocol reported in this manuscript, is a part of an important project whose final aim is to select a new bacterial strain presenting anti-obesity properties, in order to be incorporated into dairy products. Results showed that Lb102, Bf141 and P35 significantly prevented the body weight gain induced by the diet high-fat high-sucrose diet, without altering the amount of ingested calories. These treatments also resulted in a decrease of visceral adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance and/or an increase of glucose tolerance. Despite similar but important metabolic effects, analysis of the gut microbiota and gene expression in colon, suggest strain-dependent mechanisms. It should also be noted that these three strains demonstrated potent probiotic effects in prevention of obesity and related metabolic disorders without (or slightly) affecting the composition of gut microbiota. However, analysis of tissue and gut inflammatory status suggest modulations of microbial functions, especially for the P35 strain, known for its anti-inflammatory properties, which demonstrated more beneficial effects in the gastro-intestinal tract than other strains
Miloud, Youssra. "Etude du potentiel bénéfique des souches de Rhizobium pour Medicago truncatula : symbiose, solubilisation du phosphate et lutte contre la verticilliose". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0123/document.
Texto completoBecause of their ability to form a symbiosis with soil bacteria called Rhizobium, legumes play an important role in agriculture. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen; hence their host plants do not need nitrogen fertilizers. In addition, some strains of Rhizobium have the ability to solubilize phosphate, thus providing phosphorus to host plants. An ability to control certain pathogens has also been demonstrated in several studies. The present study evaluates the symbiotic efficiency of Tunisian rhizobia, their ability to solubilize phosphate, and their ability to control Verticillium wilt and other pathogenic fungi in Medicago truncatula. Thirty-six rhizobial isolates were obtained from root nodules of M. truncatula from different parts of Tunisia were used in this work. About 60% of these isolates were able to solubilize phosphate in vitro. In a second step, three phosphate solubilizing rhizobia and one isolate unable to solubilize phosphate in vitro were used for phytotron assays to see the effect of the presence of rhizobia on plant growth parameters in the presence of soluble and insoluble forms of phosphate. The results of the experiment show that A17 plants treated with CaHPO4, tend to produce more nodules and shoot biomass than F83005.5 and that the phosphate form used, soluble or non-soluble, affects parameters studied. Inoculation of four M. truncatula lines with 16 previously selected rhizobial isolates showed significant interaction between isolates and lines for symbiotic abilities as visualised by nodule formation. All rhizobial isolates tested increased above-ground biomass, reduced root biomass, and increased nitrogen content with strains effects of plant genotype and bacterial isolate. Finallly, these isolates were tested for their ability to protect M. truncatula plants against Verticillium wilt, and to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi such as Verticillium and Fusarium in vitro. However, no isolate could be identified as effective for biological control. The results of this study suggest that selected rhizobial isolates could be used as biofertilizers in poor soils to reduce the use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers but not to control Verticillium wilt
Hage, Mayssane. "Understanding the mechanisms of interactions at interfaces between bacteria and materials : development of anti-adhesion and anti-biofilm surfaces". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR037.
Texto completoThe operating environment in the food and medical fields allows bacteria to attach and grow on surfaces, resulting in the formation of pathogenic and resistant bacterial biofilms. These pathogenic structures are responsible for several foodborne illnesses and hospital-acquired infections. Therefore, to fight this public health scourge, one possible approach is the use of cold plasma technologies for the development of coatings on different materials. This work presents the different factors influencing bacterial adhesion to a substrate. In addition, strategies for the development of passive coatings to prevent biofilm formation by cold plasma surface treatments are described as well as the anti-adhesive properties of the developed surfaces. General aspects of coating, including physicochemical surface modifications and the use of cold plasma technologies, are also presented. In this context, a study was conducted to inhibit the adhesion of the pathogenic bacterium Salmonella enterica to the surface of stainless steel via cold plasma treatment. In order to limit the formation of Salmonella enterica biofilm, organosilicon coatings based on the monomer 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, mixed or not with oxygen, were elaborated by plasma polymerization with post-microwave nitrogen discharge. The effect of cold plasma parameters on coating properties, surface topography, and Salmonella enterica cell adhesion was studied. The results revealed that the surface topography significantly influenced the adhesion rate of bacteria. Indeed, rough surfaces did not inhibit Salmonella enterica adhesion as the number of cells adhering to these surfaces varied from 30 ± 4 to 65 ± 4 bacteria per microscopic field. On the other hand, an anti-adhesive behaviour towards Salmonella enterica was demonstrated for the smoother surfaces. Indeed, the number of attached cells was close to zero on these coatings. A complementary approach to this passive strategy of anti-adhesive surfaces is the development of active surfaces. Emerging technologies for effective active antimicrobial coatings are addressing the challenge of eliminating pathogenic biofilms formed on materials used in hospital and food processing environments. Stainless steel is a commonly used material in these fields, but unfortunately it has insufficient bio-functional properties, making it susceptible to bacterial adhesion and biofilm development. In this context, this thesis presents a review of coatings developed by employing biocides and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) grafted onto stainless steel. In addition, a new active approach based on stainless steel coated with nisin, a common AMP accepted as a safe alternative to prevent the development of pathogenic biofilms, is developed. In this study, stainless steel surfaces were functionalized by nisin which was grafted to the surface either via its carboxyl group or via its amino group. Indeed, the surfaces coated with nisin grafted via its amino group showed a potent antibacterial activity while the surface grafted with nisin linked via its carboxyl group showed no antimicrobial effect. Analyses of the surface properties provided insight into the antibacterial effects, chemical and topographical characteristics of the treated surfaces, and the configuration and quantification of nisin
Ntsogo, Enguene Véronique Yvette. "Nouvelle approche dans la lutte contre la résistance aux antibiotiques des bactéries colonisant les poumons des patients atteints de mucoviscidose : reconstitution d'une pompe d'efflux de Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB146/document.
Texto completoMultidrug efflux systems are membrane transport proteins that are used to translocate a wide variety of drugs across the inner and the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, leading to natural and acquired antimicrobial resistances.Most of the multidrug transporters of P. aeruginosa belong to the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily.They function as three-component assemblies made of an inner membrane transporter (RND), a periplasmic membrane fusion protein (MFP) and an outer membrane factor channel (OMF). Along with functional studies, many crystal structures of the individual components of the pump have been solved but the interactions underlying the complex assembly and the opening mechanism of the outer channel remain unclear. In this study, we investigated structural and functional insights of P. aeruginosa efflux pumps. We solved the crystal structure of the MexEF-OprN efflux pump outer membrane channel OprN mainly involved in fluoroquinolones resistance. Our new structure highlights the differences between P. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria OMFs that could explain their specific interaction with the cognate MFP partners. We also purified and characterized the inner membrane transporter MexY from the MexXY-OprM efflux pump, which is the major determinant of aminoglycosides resistance in P. aeruginosa. Besides, we solved the crystal structure of a mutatedform of the outer membrane channel OprM in order to understand its opening mechanism. We also investigated in vivo effect of the OprM mutants in antibiotics resistance by MIC measurements and tried to correlate with the observed structural modifications leading to the open state. Moreover, we set up a new in vitro test allowing the investigation of the assembly of the MexAB-OprM efflux pump. Our results showed the importance of MexA and its lipid anchor in promoting and stabilizing the complex assembly. In addition, as a side project with the group of Pr Plésiat (laboratoire de Bactériologie de Besançon), we built different structural models of AmpC mutants from overproducing clinical isolates,showing the possible conformational changes that lead to the resistance increase
A, Abdul Malik Shareen. "Defence on surface of Rhodophyta Halymenia floresii : metabolomic profile and interactions with its surface-associated bacteria". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORIS598.
Texto completoThe surface of Halymenia floresii, a Mexican Rhodophyta, was observed to be remarkably free of epiphytes under Integrated MultiTrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) conditions. This suggests the presence of allelopathic active compounds released by this macroalgae. The aim of this work was to explore the defence mechanisms developed by H. floresii against surface epibiosis, to detect and identify the secondary metabolites produced at the surface of the algae, and to study its relation with surface associated bacteria. For the first time, we isolated the epibacterial community of H. floresii cultivated under controlled conditions (IMTA) and uncontrolled ones (beach-cast material collected in the area). The isolated epibacteria were screened in vitro to analyse Quorum Sensing (QS) signals, and others H. floresii surface extracts were assayed for any QS interference with them. We differentiated the epibacteria significant pathogens from the non- pathogens ones by their ability to induce bleaching, a well-known algal disease. Vibrio owensii was identified as an opportunistic pathogen inducing bleaching in H. floresii which was also associated to the presence of its C4-HSL QS signal. The surface and whole cell metabolites extracts from H. floresii specimens cultivated under controlled conditions were analysed by means of LC/MS. An untargeted metabolomic analysis of H. floresii was performed to provide a global metabolic profile as a first database. We identified ‘41’ active metabolites in H. floresii, among which halogenated compounds, furanones and various inhibitors were overrepresented. Interestingly, the first two classes are well known potent QS interfering compounds. The relatively higher occurrences of allelopathic metabolites at the surface of H. floresii strongly supports the hypothesis that they must be involved in the host protection. Further investigations are needed to explore the secondary metabolites of H. floresii et their role in the seaweed
Loqman, Souad. "La lutte biologique contre la pourriture grise de la vigne: Isolement, caractérisation de souches de bactéries Actinomycétales antagonistes à partir des sols rhizosphériques de vignes saines sauvages d'origine marocaine". Reims, 2009. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/sciences/2009REIMS037.pdf.
Texto completoThe aim of this study was to isolate PGPR Actinomycetes from wild healthy Vitis vinifera rhizosphere soil collected from several Moroccan regions in order to control Vitis vinifera grey mold agent Botrytis cinerea (Bc). In the course of our screening program for (Bc) antagonistic actinomycetes, we selected 142 isolates from 4 different Moroccan regions (Errachidia, Skoura, Tinjdad, Tinghir). Twenty four isolates were selected for their antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. Nine active isolates showing wide activity spectrum were screened for several PGPR capabilities. All 9 active isolates grow on Vitis vinifera root exudates. However, five only showed the antagonistic effect on this medium. They also produce the phytohormone-like compound of the IAA family, chitinases and siderophores making them very promising for plant growth stimulation (PGPB activity). The most powerful strains were then characterized on some physiological aspect (endophytic property, mineral phosphate solubilisation). The sequencing of the ARN 16S of these strains revealed that they are likely belonging to the genus Streptomyces. In the second part of this work, the fine taxonomic status of SS38, SS40 and SS10 strains was established using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on the almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain SS10 belongs to the Group I streptomycetes, branching off next to Streptomyces marokkonensis DSM 41918T from the Streptomyces violaceoruber group. DNA-DNA relatedness and phenotypic data distinguished strain SS10T from the phylogenetically closest related type strains. It is therefore proposed that strain SS10T (CCMM b35 T = DSM 41919T) represents the type strain of a novel Streptomyces species, for which the species name Streptomyces thinghirensis is proposed. SS38 strain is retained for the following investigations: extraction, purification and chemical structures identification of its produced compounds. .
Le, Norcy Tiffany. "Étude et valorisation de composés naturels ou d’analogues de synthèse contrôlant l’adhésion de salissures marines". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORIS453.
Texto completoBiofouling induces important economic and ecological problems. This phenomenon includes microorganisms (bacteria, microalgae…) giving the microfouling which allows the macrofouling development with algae, invertebrates and sponges. These organisms colonize every immersed surface as boat hull. The colonization induces reduced speed of ships and fuel overconsumption. In the past, the utilization of AF coatings with heavy metals or pesticides caused environmental problems. The purpose of the study is to find an alternative to AF compounds (copper) respecting the marine medium. The marine environment is an inspiration; a biomimetic approach could be an interesting strategy to inhibit biofouling. In a first part, a screening of one hundred compounds is realized against marine and terrestrial bacteria. Eight molecules from two families (batatasins and hemibastadins) are studied to understand the way of action. Among selected compounds, Dibromohemibastadin-1 (DBHB) from hemibastadin family shows promising AF activities. This molecule is able to inhibit the biofilm formation with an IC50 of 6,44 µg/mL against the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 12,8 µg/mL for the marine bacterium Paracoccus sp. 4M6. To identify the way of action of DBHB, the impact on the bacterial communication named quorum sensing is investigated. The molecule shows an anti-quorum sensing property. In a second part, another group participating at microfouling is studied: microalgae. In order to evaluate the impact of hemibastadin family in particular DBHB, microalgae adhesion and biofilm formation are characterized. DBHB induces inhibition only on the adhesion and the biofilm formation of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. The last part presents the formulation of coatings containing six compounds from the batatasin and hemibastadin families. These coatings have been immersed in a harbor to evaluate the impact on natural microfouling. Furthermore, a new method for the evaluation of AF coatings is developed in controlled conditions, in a photobioreactor. This method allows the evaluation of coatings on the formation of a mixed biofilm (bacteria and microalgae). This method has been established to avoid environmental constraints by immersion in natural condition. This study allows the characterization of the AF property of DBHB. This compound provides promising research path to limit biofouling. Moreover, the development of a test allowing adhesion and microalgae biofilm formation in dynamic condition improves the characterization of compounds activities
Allal-Benfekih, Leila. "Recherches quantitatives sur le criquet migrateur Locusta migratoria (Orth. Oedipodinae) dans le Sahara algérien : perspectives de lutte biologique à l'aide de microorganismes pathogènes et de peptides synthétiques". Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/93dcc89f-6d2c-4a15-8fed-2f990c49f7fe/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0026.pdf.
Texto completoLocusta migratoria ssp. Cinerascens have spread recently in irrigated perimeters in the Central Algerian Sahara. The cycle comprises three generations. The first one is developed on winter cereals and is characterised by a drastic temporal variation of its sex ratio and a development stress evidenced by the fluctuating asymmetry of tegmina. The second and third ones grow on Sorghum vulgare fields and vegetable gardens and show a balanced sex ratio and a low level of fluctuating asymmetry. The diet study revealed the originality of the L5 (fifth instar larvae) from the L4 and adults. The experiments of growth with different species of Poaceae given as food supply shed a light on the growth abnormality of populations developed on T. Durum. To control this insect pest, we recommend at the field level a careful weeding. At the laboratory level, we have tested the efficiency of three strains of B. Subtilis on the LT50 in L5, and on the development and resorption of oocytes in adults. B. Thuringiensis Cry1-toxin shows a limiting effect on larvae growth. Finally, the neuropeptide-F extracted from Potato beetle disturbs ovarian physiology
Courtade, Anne. "Étude des interactions plante / micro-organismes dans le modèle maïs - Pseudomonas fluorescens M. 3. 1. - Fusarium roseum". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL022N.
Texto completoDutilloy, Emma. "Biocontrôle des maladies du blé et de l'orge à l'aide de bactéries bénéfiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023REIMS070.
Texto completoWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are among the main cereals cultivated worldwide due to their economic and social significance. However, their yield can drop by more than 40% when infected by the ascospore Zymoseptoria tritici, causing wheat septoria, and by Pyrenophora teres, which causes net blotch. Therefore, to reduce the use of pesticides, this project aimed to identify a strain that can significantly reduce the symptoms caused by these two pathogens. The strain Bacillus velezensis BE2 DSM115797 was chosen for its antifungal properties, both in vitro and in planta. An in-depth study of the mechanisms of action revealed that, when applied to the roots of wheat and barley, the bacterium significantly reduced leaf symptoms, inducing systemic resistance in the plant. Transcriptomic and metabolomic studies confirmed that the bacteria, once applied, did not trigger an immediate response in the plant. However, after a pathogenic infection, plants inoculated with the BE2 strain showed a more pronounced activation of their defense mechanisms, leading to a potentiating effect in the plant. At the bacterial level, a direct antagonism was also demonstrated with the identification of secondary metabolites that have antifungal effects on both fungi. Moreover, the production of these metabolites varied based on the presence of the pathogens