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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Bactéries marines – Métabolisme"
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Tesis sobre el tema "Bactéries marines – Métabolisme"
Courties, Alicia. "Les effets de la lumière sur le métabolisme du carbone des bactéries marines contenant la protéorhodopsine : cas d’étude en culture continue d’une Gammaprotéobactérie Photobacterium angustum S14". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066672.
Texto completoSince its discovery more than 10 years ago, there are more and more studies about proteorhodopsin. This protein seems to be significant in marine ecology considering its large global distribution among many bacterial taxa; but its role remains controversial. Although light response from proteorhodopsin-containing prokaryotes (PCPs) seems to be strain-dependent, it has been hypothesized that the main function of proteorhodopsin was to provide an advantage to PCPs during starvation conditions. In this work, we investigated the increase knowledge about the role of proteorhodopsin regarding the organic carbon utilization efficiency measured in the proteorhodopsin-containing Gammaproteobacterium (Photobacterium angustum S14) in the light compared to the dark. Carbon-limited continuous cultures have been used to mimic environmental conditions. Yields and energetic maintenance were determined according to Pirt’s model (1965) with acid pH or without supplementary pH-stress. We observed highest energetic maintenance in the dark under pH stress condition. However, when light-dark cycles were used, the energy required for bacterial maintenance was significantly decreased during all the run and nearly in the range without pH stress. Taking together, it seems that the response of P. Angustum S14 to light is more linked to the energetic balance than substrate concentration. The innovative results indicate a possible reason why many studies did not observe positive effects on bacterial growth and yield. In addition, PCP sequencing was performed to confirm these conclusions at a more large taxa scale
Labourel, Aurore. "Etudes structurales et fonctionnelles d’enzymes du métabolisme de la laminarine de deux organismes modèles émergeants, l’algue brune Ectocarpus siliculosus et la bactérie marine Zobellia galactanivorans". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066728.
Texto completoLaminarin is a storage polysaccharide found in brown algae. Ectocarpus siliculosus has been recently established as a genetic and genomic model for brown algae. The analysis of its genome sequence revealed some candidate genes involved in the central metabolism of laminarin. In order to go onto functional studies, I have applied a medium throughput cloning strategy on these genes. Brown algae being an important coastal biomass, laminarin is also a significant carbon source for marine heterotrophic bacteria. The marine bacterium Zobellia galactanivorans is currently being established as a model bacterium for the bioconversion of algal polysaccharides. Its genome sequence encodes 5 putative laminarinases displaying various modular architectures. The heterologous expression and the purification of the catalytic modules ZgLamAGH16, ZgLamCGH16 and those of the carbohydrate-binding module CBM6 appended to ZgLamCCBM6, have enabled their biochemical characterization. Inactive mutants of the catalytic modules were obtained by site directed mutagenesis. They were used to generate enzyme-substrate complexes. The 3D-structure of ZgLamAGH16 was solved by X-ray crystallography, and oligoglucans of natural substrates were present in the catalytic site. ZgLamCGH16 was obtained in complex with a thio-hexasaccharide of β-1,3-glucan. The ZgLamCCBM6 structure associated with microcalorimetry experiments suggests that this CBM6 can bind laminarin simultaneously in its two binding clefts. The whole results are discussed and integrated in a biologic and evolutive context
Koedooder, Coco. "The interplay between Fe-limitation, carbon and light in a (photo)heterotrophic bacterium". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS170.
Texto completoIron (Fe) is an essential element for marine microbial growth but is present in trace amounts in the surface waters of the ocean. In heterotrophic bacteria, Fe-limitation particularly impacts ATP production and have been shown to implement various strategies to cope in the presence of Fe-limitation. Genetic tools enabled us to test two potential strategies within the model organism Photobacterium angustum S14. The glyoxylate shunt, a metabolic pathway found in aerobic bacteria bypassing several steps within the classic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) was shown to be upregulated under Fe-limitation and we propose that the glyoxylate shunt was able to redirect a cell’s metabolism away from Fe-limiting steps within the electron transport, thereby increasing the metabolic efficiency of the cell under Fe-limitation. Proteorhodopsin, a light activated proton pump found in several heterotrophic bacteria, could alleviate Fe-stress if the produced proton gradient is coupled to ATP synthase. Our results showed that proteorhodopsin is upregulated as cells approached the stationary phase under both Fe-replete and Fe-limiting conditions but was absent during the exponential phase. Future work in elucidating the role of proteorhodopsin, and particularly under Fe-limitation, should therefore focus on the stationary phase of a bacterial cell. The results from this thesis manuscript contributed to a culminating body of work surrounding the versatility of marine heterotrophic bacteria in coping with Fe-limitation and is an appropriate addition to the literature surrounding the role of proteorhodopsin and the glyoxylate shunt within the marine environment
Fournier, Jean-Baptiste. "Evolution des mécanismes d'accumulation et de transport de l'iode dans les organismes marins : étude de la structure/fonction des protéines du métabolisme iodé chez la bactérie zobellia galactanivorans". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066065.
Texto completoIn marine environment, biogenic emissions of iodinated compounds play an essential role in biogeochemical cycle of iodine. Nevertheless, enzymatic process involved in absorption and storage of iodine or in the synthesis of iodinated compounds are unknown marine organisms, especially in bacteria. Several genes, potentially involved in iodine metabolism, have been identified in the genome of a marine bacterium, Zobellia galactanivorans. One of these genes codes for a vanadium iodoperoxydase (VIPO), an enzyme specific of iodide oxidation. The main part of the thesis project was to understand molecular mechanisms controlling the specificity vanadium halopéroxydase (VHPO) for some halide, by studying the VIPO from Z. galactanivorans by directed mutagenesis and structural biology. To lead this project, twelve mutated enzymes were produced and characterized at biochemical level. For some of them, mutations lead to a loss of activity or to modification of catalytic properties or to a slight VBPO activity. The wild type enzyme and three mutants were also analyzed by X ray absorption and diffraction spectroscopy in order to link the structural modifications to their catalytic properties. The results of this study suggest that the main factor modulating the specificity in these enzymes is modification of redox potential of the peroxovanadate. Biochemical analyses lead with two other proteins identified in the genome of Z. galactanivorans. The first protein was characterized as a new VIPO. For the second protein, similar to mammal iodotyrosine deiodinase, the biochemical activity remains to be characterized. Z. galactanivorans seems to have several enzymes which oxidize iodide or split C-I bond. In parallel at this work, the localization and speciation of iodine were analyzed by chemical imaging in Z. galactanivorans and in the kelp L. digitata, known to concentrate highly iodide. All this information allow to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the specificity for halide in VHPO and the bacterial origin of these proteins. More generally, these studies assess to understand the role of iodine metabolism in some marine bacteria and there role in biogeochemical cycle of this element
Fournier, Jean-Baptiste. "Evolution des mécanismes d'accumulation et de transport de l'iode dans les organismes marins : étude de la structure/fonction des protéines du métabolisme iodé chez la bactérie zobellia galactanivorans". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959056.
Texto completoZhang, Rui. "Temporal and spatial dynamics of trace metal acquisition by prokaryotic communities in the Southern Ocean". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS136.pdf.
Texto completoTrace metals such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) play critical roles for the growth and metabolism of phototrophic and non-phototrophic prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms in the ocean, and thereby influence the biogeochemical cycling of major elements. While the impact of Fe limitation on phototrophic microorganisms (phytoplankton) has been extensively investigated, the links between micronutrients and heterotrophic prokaryotes remains thus far poorly studied. This thesis investigates the metabolic potential of taxonomically diverse marine microbes to acquire trace metals using a metagenomics approach and thereby provides insights into the contribution of prokaryotic taxa to the cycling of minor and major elements on temporal and spatial scales in the Southern Ocean.The objective of Chapter 1 is to study the strategy of microbes to acquire different chemical forms of Fe under seasonally changing organic carbon requirements. Based on samples obtained by a remote autonomous sampler, high-resolution seasonal metagenomics observations from the naturally Fe-fertilized region off Kerguelen Island are presented. The results show pronounced, but distinct seasonal patterns in the abundance of genes implicated in the transport of different forms of Fe and organic substrates, of siderophore biosynthesis and carbohydrate active enzymes. The seasonal dynamics suggest a temporal decoupling in the prokaryotic requirements of Fe and organic carbon during the spring phytoplankton bloom and a concerted access to these resources after the summer bloom. Taxonomic assignments revealed differences in the prokaryotic groups harboring genes of a given Fe-related category and pronounced seasonal successions were observed. The ecological strategies provide insights on how Fe could shape microbial community composition with potential implications on organic matter transformations in the Southern Ocean.The question of how the availability of trace metals selects for prokaryotic taxa and the potential feedbacks of microbial processes on the trace metal distribution in the ocean is addressed in Chapter 2. The potential reciprocal links between diverse prokaryotic taxa and Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni as well as apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) across 12 well-defined water masses in the Southern Indian Ocean (SWINGS- South West Indian Ocean GEOTRACES GS02 Section cruise) was investigated. Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) analysis reveals that the water masses are associated with particular latent vectors that are a combination of the spatial distribution of prokaryotic taxa, trace elements and AOU. This approach provides novel insights on the potential interactions between prokaryotic taxa and trace metals in relation to organic matter remineralization in distinct water masses of the ocean.In Chapter 3, genes related to trace-metal transport by the prokaryotic communities inhabiting the distinct water masses sampled during the SWINGS cruise were investigated. These results cover 42 samples collected from surface to depth at 13 stations in the Subtropical, Subantarctic, Polar Frontal and Antarctic zones. The abundance of genes associated with the transport of Fe, Mn, Ni and Cu in the free-living (<0.8 µm) and particle-attached fractions (>0.8 µm) were determined both at the community level as well as in metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs). The results reveal differences in the normalized abundance of these genes (GPM) depending on geographic location in surface waters, and among water masses at depth. These latter were particularly pronounced for transporters of siderophores, Mn, Ni and Cu. Each water mass contained a distinct set of abundant MAGs and these were found to differ in their repertoires of trace metal transporters. These observations suggest that the trace metals considered here could play distinct roles in microbial metabolism in different water masses, with potential feedbacks on their cycling in the ocean
Bouchachi, Nawal. "Assessing the role of the microbial carbon pump in carbon cycling in the Mediterranean Sea". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS165.
Texto completoDissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the largest reservoirs of reduced carbon on earth, containing roughly the same amount of carbon as CO2 in the atmosphere. Heterotrophic prokaryotes (HP, Bacteria and Archaea) play a key role in DOM cycling in the ocean. They process about half of the carbon fixed by primary producers, either to produce biomass or CO2. However, less attention has been paid to the role of HP as DOM source. The so-called microbial carbon pump (MCP) states that HP produce recalcitrant DOM, this is, compounds that resist further remineralization and are thus stored in the ocean for thousands of years. In oligotrophic ecosystems, such as the Mediterranean Sea, the MCP is predicted to play a major role in carbon sequestration. The ultimate reasons why this DOM is produced, and which are the conditions that make it refractory, remain unclear. Our objective is to understand the environmental factors driving the MCP, with a particular focus on DOM dynamics in Med Sea, an oligotrophic ecosystem particularly limited in phosphorus and highly vulnerable to climate change. We mainly answer 3 questions: Is the quantity and quality of HP-derived DOM (HP-DOM) dependent on P limitation? Does P limitation affect the bioavailability of HP-DOM?. How does DOM composition and bioavailability change seasonally in the Med Sea and what is the role of HP on this variability?To determine the effect of P limitation on HP-DOM, lab incubations were carried out using single bacterial strains and mixed HP communities. Incubations were done in artificial sea water with a single carbon source (glucose) under contrasting P concentrations, and HP-DOM was quantified and characterized at the stationary growth phase. Here, we showed that P limitation did not significantly affect the quantity of HP-DOM but it affected its quality, measured by fluorescence spectroscopy (FDOM), with a predominance of humic-like FDOM under P limitation but protein-like FDOM under P repletion. This HP-DOM was then used as a substrate for natural prokaryotes to test the bioavailability of the HP-DOM released under P repletion or P limitation (chapter II). These experiments demonstrated that HP-DOM promoted significant growth in all treatments, and no clear differences in HP-DOM lability were evidenced based on the prokaryotic growth. But HP-DOM supported the growth of diverse communities and P-driven differences in HP-DOM quality selected for different indicator taxa. Our findings emphasize that HP-DOM lability is dependent on both DOM quality, shaped by P availability, and the composition of the consumers community. To see if HP-DOM release patterns observed in the lab could be translated into field observations, sampling in the Med Sea was carried from 2019 to 2021 to follow temporal changes in DOM composition, measured by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) together with other DOM descriptors (DOC, FDOM, etc.), microbial and environmental measures. We hypothesized that DOM composition in the surface Med Sea changes from labile to refractory compounds during the summer accumulation period, and that HP might play a significant role in its formation. DOM recalcitrance proxies (aromaticity, unsaturation and molecular size) increased in summer; confirming our hypothesis of an increase in DOM recalcitrance in the mixed layer during stratification. DOM molecular and chemical functional diversity also increased, suggesting that the accumulated DOM in summer is likely the result of the interplay between different processes: dissolved primary production, prokaryotic processing and photobleaching that transform DOM into a highly diverse pool enriched in recalcitrant compounds. Overall, this thesis brings together experimental and in situ observations of biogeochemical and microbial parameters to understand the role of the microbial carbon pump in DOM cycling in the ocean
Lassalle, Louise. "Bases moléculaires de l'adaptation piézophile : études structurales et biochimiques d'enzymes clés du métabolisme provenant d'archées et de bactéries isolées dans les fonds marins". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY085/document.
Texto completoThe recent discovery of marine biodiversity shows that a large part of the biosphere is a high-pressure environment. The existence of a specific pressure adaptation is still an open question. Recently, the first obligate piezophilic hyperthermophilic microorganism was isolated from hydrothermal vent. This finding suggests the existence of a specific enzyme adaptation with respect to high pressure.To deeper understanding protein adaptation with respect to high pressure, we examine the enzymatic properties of two family enzymes, malate deshydrogenases and glyoxylate hydroxypyruvate reductases arising from piezophilic and non-piezophilic organisms.Using an integrated approach combining enzymology, biophysics and X-ray crystallography, we reveal significantly different behaviors with respect to high pressure. Our analysis show that these differences involved the dynamic component of the enzyme. These results suggest that pressure could be a discriminating parameter susceptible to induce an adaptative response.This thesis work allows to set the foundations of a protein-properties comparative method with respect to high pressure to reveal piezophilic adaptation in other protein systems
Guri, Mathieu. "Étude de la diversité des épibiontes bactériens associés au céphalothorax de la crevette hydrothermale Rimicaris exoculata". Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2037.
Texto completoThe shrimp Rimicaris exoculata is an endemic hydrothermal species of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge sites. It‘s the dominant species on several hydrothermal vent sites. This crustacean has an enlarged gill chamber, harboring a dense ectosymbiotic community. Until now, their acquisition and their metabolic pathways were not fully understood. This study focused on the analyses of the possible differences in the epibiotic community among the gill chamber epibiotic community along R. Exoculata life cycle. Then, we have looked for the bacterial metabolisms suspected to occur among this community. This work confirmed that the epibiotic community is dominated by two phylotypes: Epsilonproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. They are eliminated and then recolonised the cephalothorax after each moult. In addition, they were detected in the environment (horizontal transmission). However, the relative proportion of these phylotypes seemed to vary along the host life cycle (eggs/larvae versus juvenile/adult). The energetic pathways such as the methanotrophy, the sulfur-oxidation/reduction and the hydrogenotrophy were detected from the cephalothorax epibionts as well as the autotrophic pathways (rTCA and Calvin cycles). Results also showed that the oxidation of the sulphur compounds seemed to be the major pathways with constant activity, whereas the oxidation of methane and hydrogen seemed to be threshold dependent and so linked to the geochemical conditions of the host life environment. This study broadened our view on the relations between the cephalothorax epibionts and the hydrothermal shrimp Rimicaris exoculata