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Literatura académica sobre el tema "B pr"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 8 de noviembre de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "B pr"

Yang, F., W. Liu, W. B. Cui, J. N. Feng y Z. D. Zhang. "Magnetic Properties of Anisotropic Pr–Fe–B/Fe/Pr–Fe–B Films". Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 25, n.º 6 (14 de abril de 2012): 2059–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-012-1563-8.

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Wei, L., Y. Zhao y J. Wang. "The expression of ER, PR, PR-B, PS2 in adenomyosis". Fertility and Sterility 77 (febrero de 2002): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(01)03160-0.

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Yuane, Erick, Agung Dewanto y Shofwal Widad. "High Expression of PR-A and Low Expression of PR-B is Correlated with Inflammation in Endometrioma Cases". Indonesian Biomedical Journal 15, n.º 1 (23 de febrero de 2023): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v15i1.2114.

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BACKGROUND: Progestin therapy has been commonly used in endometriosis. The regulation of progesterone receptors B (PR-B) greatly affects the success rate of therapy in cases of endometriosis. The presence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a in endometriosis triggers PR-B hypermethylation, decreasing PR-B expression and PR-B/A ratio that induce progesterone resistance. It may also occur in endometrioma. Studies regarding the distribution of PR-A and PR-B with TNF-a expression in endometriosis with endometrioma tissue samples has not been elucidated well. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure and compare the distribution of PR-A and PR-B expression, and to assess the effect of PR-B/A ratio on TNF-a in endometrioma and benign cysts.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting paraffin blocks of endometriomas and benign cysts as controls, from patients undergoing surgery at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the expressions of PR-A, PR-B, TNF-a and PR-B/A ratio, to compared differences between endometriomas and benign cysts.RESULTS: Twenty-three endometrioma and 22 benign cyst tissue samples were collected. The mean PR-B expression and PR-B/A ratio were found to be lower in endometriomas than benign cysts, and mean expression of PR-A and TNF-a in endometriomas was higher than in benign cysts. However, there were no significant correlations between the expression of PR-A, PR-B, PR-B/A ratio, and TNF-a with endometriosis severity.CONCLUSION: In endometrioma cases, the expression of PR-A and TNF-a was higher, while the expression of PR-B and PR-B/A ratio was lower. However, there was no significant relationship between the ratio of PR-B/A and TNF-a.KEYWORDS: progesterone receptor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, endometriosis, endometrioma, benign cyst, ovarian cyst

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Fang, X., S. Wong y B. F. Mitchell. "Messenger RNA for progesterone receptor isoforms in the late-gestation rat uterus". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 283, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2002): E1167—E1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00116.2002.

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The progesterone receptor (PR) has three isoforms, PR-A, PR-B, and PR-C, which have different physiological effects. PR-A may inhibit PR-B-mediated transcription. Parturition requires withdrawal of progesterone (P4). This could occur through decreased P4 concentrations and/or a change in PR isoforms to diminish the effect of P4. We measured mRNA for PR isoforms in rat uterine tissues through late gestation and investigated the effects of antagonists to estrogen (tamoxifen) and P4 (RU-486). Two specific probes were used for ribonuclease protection assays; one (PR-total) measured PR-A, PR-B, and PR-C, and the other recognized only PR-B. PR-total mRNA increased significantly through late gestation, whereas PR-B was unchanged. The ratio of PR-total to PR-B peaked on the day before parturition. Tamoxifen delayed parturition and inhibited the increase in PR-total without affecting PR-B mRNA. RU-486 caused early parturition associated with increased PR-total mRNA, with no change in PR-B. We conclude that there are significant changes in PR isoforms in late-gestation rat uterus. These changes may be regulated by estrogen and P4and may influence the timing of parturition.

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Tung, Lin, Hany Abdel-Hafiz, Tianjie Shen, Djuana M. E. Harvell, Lisa K. Nitao, Jennifer K. Richer, Carol A. Sartorius, Glenn S. Takimoto y Kathryn B. Horwitz. "Progesterone Receptors (PR)-B and -A Regulate Transcription by Different Mechanisms: AF-3 Exerts Regulatory Control over Coactivator Binding to PR-B". Molecular Endocrinology 20, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2006): 2656–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2006-0105.

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Abstract The two, nearly identical, isoforms of human progesterone receptors (PR), PR-B and -A, share activation functions (AF) 1 and 2, yet they possess markedly different transcriptional profiles, with PR-B being much stronger transactivators. Their differences map to a unique AF3 in the B-upstream segment (BUS), at the far N terminus of PR-B, which is missing in PR-A. Combined mutation of two LXXLL motifs plus tryptophan 140 in BUS, to yield PR-BdL140, completely destroys PR-B activity, because strong AF3 synergism with downstream AF1 and AF2 is eliminated. This synergism involves cooperative interactions among receptor multimers bound at tandem hormone response elements and is transferable to AFs of other nuclear receptors. Other PR-B functions—N-/C-terminal interactions, steroid receptor coactivator-1 coactivation, ligand-dependent down-regulation—also require an intact BUS. All three are autonomous in PR-A, and map to N-terminal regions common to both PR. This suggests that the N-terminal structure adopted by the two PR is different, and that for PR-B, this is controlled by BUS. Indeed, gene expression profiling of breast cancer cells stably expressing PR-B, PR-BdL140, or PR-A shows that mutation of AF3 destroys PR-B-dependent gene transcription without converting PR-B into PR-A. In sum, AF3 in BUS plays a critical modulatory role in PR-B, and in doing so, defines a mechanism for PR-B function that is fundamentally distinct from that of PR-A.

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黄, 毅英, 敬魁梁 y 静华田. "Pr-Fe-B三元系". Science in China Series A-Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy & Technological Science (in Chinese) 17, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1987): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/za1987-17-2-159.

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Lin, Hao, Kuo-Chung Lan, Yu-Che Ou, Chen-Hsuan Wu, Hong-Yo Kang, I.-Chieh Chuang y Hung-Chun Fu. "Highly Expressed Progesterone Receptor B Isoform Increases Platinum Sensitivity and Survival of Ovarian High-Grade Serous Carcinoma". Cancers 13, n.º 21 (8 de noviembre de 2021): 5578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13215578.

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Background: Expression of the progesterone receptor (PR) has been reported to influence survival outcomes in patients with ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). In the present study, we attempted to investigate the association among PR and its isoforms’ expression, platinum sensitivity, and survival in ovarian HGSC. Material and methods: This retrospective study reviewed ovarian HGSC patients who received surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. We analyzed total PR and PR isoform-B (PR-B) expression by immunohistochemical staining and quantified using the H-score. Then, we compared platinum sensitivity and survival outcomes between those patients with weak and strong PR-B expression. Cisplatin viability assays were carried out in ovarian HGSC cell lines (OC-3-VGH and OVCAR-3) with different PR-B expression. Results: Among 90 patients, 49 and 41 patients were considered to have platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant disease, respectively. Pearson’s correlation model showed that the H-score of total PR correlated positively with PR-B (r = 0.813). The PR-B H-score of tumors was significantly higher in the platinum-sensitive group (p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed that the PR-B H-score and optimal debulking status were independent factors predicting platinum sensitivity. When compared with strong PR-B expression, patients with weak PR-B had significantly poorer progression-free (p = 0.021) and cancer-specific survival (p = 0.046). In a cell model, cisplatin-resistant OC-3-VGH cells expressed a lower level of PR-B than wild-type cells. Overexpression of PR-B or progesterone could increase cisplatin sensitivity in both OC-3-VGH and OVCAR-3 cells via the mechanism of promoting cisplatin-related apoptosis. Conclusions: When compared to weak PR-B, ovarian HGSC patients with a strong PR-B expression had a better chance of platinum sensitivity and survival, and this finding was compatible with our experimental results. Progesterone seemed to be a platinum sensitizer, but the value of adding progesterone in the treatment of ovarian HGSC should be further investigated.

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Taylor, Anthony H., Penny C. McParland, David J. Taylor y Stephen C. Bell. "The Progesterone Receptor in Human Term Amniochorion and Placenta Is Isoform C". Endocrinology 147, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2006): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0510.

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The mechanism that initiates human parturition has been proposed to be functional progesterone withdrawal whereby the 116-kDa B isoform of the progesterone receptor (PR-B) switches in favor of the 94-kDa A isoform (PR-A) in reproductive tissues. Recently other PR isoforms, PR-S, PR-C, and PR-M generated from the same gene have been identified and partially characterized. Using immunohistochemical, Western blotting, and RT-PCR techniques, evidence is provided that the major PR isoform present in human term fetal membranes (amnion and chorion) and syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta is neither of the classical nuclear PR-B or PR-A isoforms but is the N terminally truncated 60-kDa PR-C isoform. Evidence is also provided that the PR-C isoform resides in the cytoplasm of the expressing cell types. Data are also presented to show that PR-B, PR-A, and PR-S isoforms are essentially absent from the amnion and chorion, whereas PR isoforms A, B, C, and S are all present in the decidua, with PR-A being the major isoform. The syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta contains the cytoplasmic PR-C isoform but not PR-A, PR-B, or PR-S. The major PR isoform in the amnion, chorion, and placenta is PR-C, suggesting that the cytoplasmic PR-C isoform has a specific role in extraembryonic tissues and may be involved in the regulation of human parturition.

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Attia, George R., Khaled Zeitoun, Dean Edwards, Alan Johns, Bruce R. Carr y Serdar E. Bulun. "Progesterone Receptor Isoform A But Not B Is Expressed in Endometriosis1". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 85, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2000): 2897–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.8.6739.

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We previously demonstrated that 17β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, the enzyme that inactivates estradiol to estrone, is expressed in luteal eutopic endometrium in response to progesterone but not in simultaneously biopsied peritoneal endometriotic tissue. This molecular evidence of progesterone resistance, together with the clinical observation of resistance of endometriosis to treatment with progestins, led us to determine the levels of progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms PR-A and PR-B in eutopic endometrial and extra-ovarian endometriotic tissues. It was proposed that progesterone action on target genes is mediated primarily by homodimers of PR-B, whereas the truncated variant PR-A acts as a repressor of PR-B function. Immunoprecipitation, followed by Western blot analysis, was performed to detect bands specific for PR-A and PR-B in paired samples of endometriotic and eutopic endometrial tissues simultaneously biopsed from 18 women undergoing laparoscopy during various phases of the menstrual cycle. PR-B was present in 17 of 18 eutopic endometrial samples, and its level increased in the preovulatory phase, as expected, whereas PR-A was detected in all samples (n = 18) with a similar, but less prominent, cyclic variation in its levels. In endometriotic samples, however, no detectable PR-B could be demonstrated, whereas PR-A was detected in all samples (n = 18), albeit in much lower levels and without any cyclic variation in contrast with the eutopic endometrium. Levels of PR-A and PR-B in endometriotic and eutopic endometrial tissues were determined and compared after normalization to total protein and estrogen receptor-α levels. Using RNase protection assay, we also demonstrated indirectly that only PR-A transcripts were present in endometriotic tissue samples (n = 8), whereas both PR-A and PR-B transcripts were readily detectable in all eutopic endometrial samples (n = 8). This was indicative that failure to detect PR-B protein in endometriotic tissues is due to the absence of PR-B transcripts. We conclude that progesterone resistance in endometriotic tissue from laboratory and clinical observations may be accounted for by the presence of the inhibitory PR isoform PR-A and the absence of the stimulatory isoform PR-B.

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Ilicic, Marina, Tamas Zakar y Jonathan W. Paul. "Modulation of Progesterone Receptor Isoform Expression in Pregnant Human Myometrium". BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4589214.

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Background. Regulation of myometrial progesterone receptor (PR) expression is an unresolved issue central to understanding the mechanism of functional progesterone withdrawal and initiation of labor in women. Objectives. To determine whether pregnant human myometrium undergoes culture-induced changes in PR isoform expression ex situ and, further, to determine if conditions approaching the in vivo environment stabilise PR isoform expression in culture. Methods. Term nonlaboring human myometrial tissues were cultured under specific conditions: serum supplementation, steroids, stretch, cAMP, PMA, PGF2α, NF-κB inhibitors, or TSA. Following 48 h culture, PR-T, PR-A, and PR-B mRNA levels were determined using qRT-PCR. PR-A/PR-B ratios were calculated. Results. PR-T and PR-A expression and the PR-A/PR-B ratio significantly increased in culture. Steroids prevented the culture-induced increase in PR-T and PR-A expression. Stretch blocked the effects of steroids on PR-T and PR-A expression. PMA further increased the PR-A/PR-B ratio, while TSA blocked culture-induced increases of PR-A expression and the PR-A/PR-B ratio. Conclusion. Human myometrial tissue in culture undergoes changes in PR gene expression consistent with transition toward a laboring phenotype. TSA maintained the nonlaboring PR isoform expression pattern. This suggests that preserving histone and/or nonhistone protein acetylation is critical for maintaining the progesterone dependent quiescent phenotype of human myometrium in culture.

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Más fuentes

Tesis sobre el tema "B pr"

Oliveira, Mara Cristina Lopes de. "Preparação de ímas HDDR e ligas de Pr-Fe-Co-B-Nb-M (M=Al, P, Cu, Ga e/ou Gd) e caracterização de suas propriedades magnéticas e resistência à corrosão". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-21092009-103331/.

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O processo HDDR tem-se mostrado de grande interesse para a produção de ímãs à base de terras raras e polímeros. Apresenta vantagens comerciais quando comparado com os ímãs sinterizados convencionais, por exemplo, pela facilidade e menores custos de produção. Com o desenvolvimento de pós anisotrópicos, utilizando praseodímio, as expectativas em relação a este processo aumentam e, também, a necessidade de se estudar novas composições e adições. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas as propriedades magnéticas de ímãs moldados com resina, preparados com pós de ligas magnéticas de PrFeB, usando o processo HDDR. A liga magnética padrão utilizada foi a Pr14FebalCo16B6Nb0,1. Adições de elementos de liga como fósforo, cobre, alumínio, gálio e gadolíneo foram realizadas com o objetivo de melhorar as propriedades magnéticas do material padrão. A caracterização microestrutural dos ímãs foi realizada por microscopia óptica e MEV. A complexidade da microestrutura influencia o comportamento eletroquímico das ligas magnéticas. A literatura sobre este assunto é escassa. Assim, a resistência à corrosão das diferentes ligas preparadas ao longo do trabalho foi avaliada por espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica e curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica. Foi estabelecida uma correlação entre as características microestruturais e o comportamento eletroquímico das ligas. Os resultados indicaram que adições de fósforo e alumínio em teores de até 1,0%p têm um efeito benéfico sobre as propriedades magnéticas e resistência à corrosão da liga padrão. A presença de cobre, por outro lado, diminui sensivelmente as propriedades magnéticas da liga padrão.
HDDR process has attracted great interest for producing polymer- bonded rareearth based magnets. It presents commercial advantages when compared with conventional sintered magnets owing to easy and low cost manufacturing. With the development of anisotropic powders using praseodymium, the expectations about this process grow e also the need for studying new compositions and alloy additions. In this work the magnetic properties of polymer-bonded magnets prepared with PrFeB magnetic alloys using HDDR process have been studied. Pr14FebalCo16B6Nb0,1 was used as the reference alloy Phosphorus, copper, aluminium, galium and gadolynium additions have been performed to increase the magnetic properties of the reference alloy. The microstructural characterization of the magnets has been carried out through optical microscopy and SEM. The complex microsctructure influences the electrochemical behavior of the magnetic alloys. The literature about this subject is scarce. Thus, the corrosion resistance of the different alloys prepared during this work was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization curves. A correlation between the microstructural features and the electrochemical behavior of the alloys has been established. The results showed that phosphorus and aluminium additions up to 1.0wt% had a beneficial effect on the magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of the alloys. Copper additions, on the other hand, strongly diminished the magnetic properties of the reference alloy.

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Bollero, Real Alberto. "Isotropic nanocrystalline (Nd,Pr)(Fe,Co)B permanent magnets". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1069758225796-19366.

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Nanokristalline Permanentmagnete zeigen ungewöhnliche magnetische Eigenschaften aufgrund von Oberflächen- und Grenzflächeneffekten, die verschieden von denen massiver oder mikrokristalliner Materialien sind. Diese Arbeit zeigt Ergebnisse einer systematischen Untersuchung der Beziehung zwischen Mikrostruktur und magnetischen Eigenschaften von isotropen nanokristallinen (Nd,Pr)(Fe,Co)B-Permanentmagneten. Hochkoerzitive Magnete vom Typ (Nd,Pr)FeB wurden durch hochenergetisches Mahlen in der Kugelmühle oder Rascherstarrung hergestellt. Der Einfluss geringer Mengen von Zusätzen wie Dy und Zr und die Substitution von Nd durch Pr auf die magnetischen Eigenschaften wird dargestellt. Weiterhin wurde eine Einschätzung des Warmumformverhaltens dieser Materialien durchgeführt. Hochenergetisches Kugelmahlen einer Legierung mit der Anfangszusammensetzung Pr9Nd3Dy1Fe72Co8B6.9Zr0.1 führte, nach Glühbehandlung, zu fast einphasigem Magnetpulver mit einem maximalen Energieprodukt von (BH)max~140 kJm-3. Das hochenergetische Kugelmahlen wurde zu einer sehr vielseitigen Technik zur Herstellung hochleistungsfähiger Nanokompositmagnete weiterentwickelt. Das Zulegieren unterschiedlicher Anteile von weichmagnetischem alpha-Fe ist damit sehr effektiv möglich. Der Zusatz von 25 Gew.-% alpha-Fe führt zu einem hohen (BH)max=178kJm-3. Dies wird auf eine sehr effektive Austauschkopplung zwischen den hart- und weichmagnetischen Phasen zurückgeführt. Die Natur der intergranularen Wechselwirkungen kann durch die Wohlfarth´sche Remanenzanalyse (?deltaJ-plot¡§) beschrieben werden. Im speziellen wurden deltaJ-Diagramme für verschiedene (i) alpha-Fe Gehalte, (ii) Korngrößen und (iii) Austauschlängen erstellt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass in den Nanokompositmagneten auf Pr-Basis keine Spinumorientierung auftritt. Abschließend zeigt die Arbeit die Möglichkeit der Nutzung einer mechanisch aktivierten Gas-Festkörper-Reaktion auf, mit der eine sehr feinkörnige Mikrostruktur erhalten wird. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit stöchiometrischen Nd2(Fe1-xCox)14B-Legierungen begonnen (x=0-1). Die Verbindungen wurden unter höheren Wasserstoffdrücken und Temperaturen gemahlen, wodurch sie zu NdH2+delta und krz-(Fe,Co) (x=0-0.75) oder kfz-Co (x=1) entmischt wurden. Die Korngrößen des rekombinierten Nd2(Co,Fe)14B-Materials liegen im Bereich von 40-50 nm
Nanocrystalline permanent magnets present unusual magnetic properties because of surface/interface effects different from those of bulk or microcrystalline materials. This work presents results of a systematic investigation of the relationship between microstructure and magnetic properties in isotropic nanocrystalline (Nd,Pr)(Fe,Co)B permanent magnets. Highly coercive (Nd,Pr)FeB-type magnets have been produced using high energy ball milling and melt-spinning. The influence of small amounts of additives, Dy and Zr, and the substitution of Nd by Pr on the microstructural and magnetic properties are shown. An assessment of the hot deformation behaviour has been carried out. Intensive milling of an alloy with starting composition Pr9Nd3Dy1Fe72Co8B6.9Zr0.1 yields, after annealing treatment, nearly single-phase magnet powders with a maximum energy product (BH)max?î140kJm-3. Co has a beneficial effect on the intrinsic magnetic properties but also on the microstructure, with a mean grain size of 20nm. Intensive milling is used to produce high-performance nanocomposite magnets by blending this latter alloy with different fractions of soft magnetic alfa-Fe. Addition of 25wt.% alfa-Fe leads to a high (BH)max=178 kJm-3 due to an effective exchange-coupling between the hard and the soft magnetic phases. The intergrain interactions between the crystallites of the nanocomposite structure are analysed. Demagnetisation recoil loops of the nanocomposite magnets show relatively open minor loops due to the exchange-spring mechanism. Information about the intergrain interactions during demagnetisation are obtained by plotting the deviation of the demagnetising remanence from the Wohlfarth-model (¡§deltaJ-plot¡¨). Exchange-coupling phenomena are studied by analysing the evolution of the corresponding deltaJ values when varying (i) the alfa-Fe content, (ii) the annealing temperature, i.e. the grain size and (iii) the measurement temperature. Low temperature measurements do not reveal any sign of spin reorientation for these Pr-based nanocomposite magnets. The work concludes showing the possibility of using a mechanically activated gas-solid reaction to obtain an effective grain refined microstructure starting from stoichiometric Nd2(Fe1-xCox)14B alloys (x=0-1). These compounds were milled under enhanced hydrogen pressure and temperature leading to their disproportionation into NdH2+delta and bcc-(Fe,Co) (x=0-0.75) or fcc-Co (x=1). Grain sizes of recombined Nd2(Fe,Co)14B materials were found to be 40-50nm

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Shabani, Naim. "Prognostische Signifikanz der Expression von Estrogenrezeptor alpha (ER-α) und beta (ER-β), Progesteronrezeptor A (PR-A) und B (PR-B) in Endometriumkarzinomen". Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-79711.

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Corfield, Martin Richard. "Production of sintered permanent magnets based on (Nd/Pr)Fe-B alloys". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410302.

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Júnior, Carlos Valério da Rocha. "Padrão de metilação do receptor de progesterona (PGR) em endométrio eutópico de pacientes com infertilidade relacionada à endometriose durante a fase secretora". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17145/tde-20072016-100229/.

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A endometriose é uma doença caracterizada pelo crescimento de tecido endometrial ectópico histologicamente similar ao do endométrio eutópico. Dentre sua sintomatologia, encontra-se relatos de infertilidade a qual está relacionada à diminuição da receptividade endometrial e a resistência à progesterona, importante hormônio envolvido no estabelecimento desse processo e na manutenção da gestação. A etiologia da endometriose não é bem conhecida, mas estudos sugerem que essa desordem possa estar ligada a mecanismos epigenéticos de regulação da expressão genica, tais como a metilação do DNA. A receptividade endometrial à progesterona é mediada por receptores (PR-A e PR-B) a qual parece estar suprimida nessas pacientes, possivelmente por diminuição ou inatividade destes receptores, o que poderia ser um mecanismo envolvido na infertilidade associada à endometriose. Estudos de metilação no gene codificante das isoformas A e B do receptor de progesterona (PGR) mostram que o exon 1 da isoforma PR-B encontra-se hipermetilado e tem sua expressão silenciada em pacientes portadoras da doença. Entretanto ainda não foi avaliado o perfil de metilação deste gene em mulheres inférteis com a doença, o que poderia estar envolvido na infertilidade apresentada por essas pacientes. O objetivo desde estudo foi avaliar o padrão de metilação do gene PGR em endométrio eutópico de mulheres com infertilidade relacionada à endometriose e controles inférteis, durante a fase secretora. 10 Foram realizadas biópsias endometriais de 23 pacientes, divididas em dois grupos: 12 mulheres inférteis sem endometriose (Controle infértil) e 11 mulheres inférteis com endometriose (Endometriose). Todos os endométrios coletados foram confirmados na fase secretora do ciclo através de análise histológica clássica segundo os critérios de Noyes. O DNA genômico foi extraído com o QIAamp DNA Mini Kit e modificado utilizando o EpiTec Bissulfite Kit. O padrão de metilação das isoformas PR-A e PR-B foi avaliado pela técnica HRM (High Resolution Melting) A análise de metilação da isoforma PR-A mostrou que a região analisada encontra-se hipometilada, em que a porcentagem de metilaçao encontrada foi 0% em ambos os grupos com e sem endometriose. No entanto, no grupo com endometriose, a isoforma PR-B mostrou-se parcialmente metilada na maioria das pacientes com porcentagem de metilaçao de 50% (n=8), somente uma paciente apresentou 80% de metilacão na isoforma B. Para o grupo sem endometriose a isoforma PR-B mostrou-se hipometilada (0%). A hipometilação da isoforma PR-A sugere que este gene encontrar-se na sua forma ativa, sem alterações em sua expressão. No entanto, a hipermetilação da isoforma PR-B nas mulheres com endometriose pode estar relacionada com o silenciamento gênico ou redução da sua expressão, sugerindo que a baixa resposta à progesterona nas mulheres com endometriose pode estar diretamente ligada à redução do número de seus receptores nessas pacientes
Endometriosis is a disease characterized by ectopic growth of endometrial tissue histologically similar to the eutopic endometrium. Among this symptoms, is infertility accounts which is related to decreased endometrial receptivity and resistance to progesterone, important hormone involved in the establishment of this process and the maintenance of pregnancy. The etiology of endometriosis is not well known, but studies suggest that this disorder can be linked to epigenetic mechanisms of regulation of gene expression such as DNA methylation. The endometrial responsiveness to progesterone is mediated by receptors (PR-A and PR-B) which seem to be suppressed in these patients, possibly reducing or inactivity of these receptors, which could be a mechanism involved in the infertility associated with endometriosis. Studies in methylation of the gene encoding the A and B isoforms of progesterone receptor (PGR) showed that exon 1 of the PR-B isoform is hypermethylated and silenced have its expression in patients with the disease. However it has not been rated the methylation profile of this gene in infertile women with the disease, which could be involved in the infertility presented by these patients. The goal from study was to evaluate the methylation pattern of the PGR gene in eutopic endometrium of women with infertility related to endometriosis and infertile controls during the secretory phase. Endometrial biopsies were performed on 12 23 patients, divided into two groups: 12 infertile women without endometriosis (infertile Control) and 11 infertile women with endometriosis (Endometriosis). All endometrium collected were confirmed in the secretory phase of the cycle by classical histological analysis according to the criteria of Noyes. Genomic DNA was extracted with the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit and using the modified EpiTec Bissulfite Kit. The methylation pattern of PR-A and PR-B isoforms was assessed by HRM technique (Melting High Resolution) Methylation analysis of PR isoform The analyzed showed that the region is hipometilada, wherein the percentage of methylation was found 0% in both the groups with and without endometriosis. However, in the group with endometriosis, the PR-B isoform showed partially methylated in most patients with methylation percentage of 50% (n = 8), only one patient showed methylation in 80% of isoform B. In the group without endometriosis the PR-B isoform was shown hipometilada (0%). The hypomethylation of PR-A isoform suggests that this gene be in its active form, without change in his expression. However, hypermethylation of the PR-B isoform in women with endometriosis may be associated with gene silencing or reducing the expression, suggesting that the low response to progesterone in women with endometriosis can be directly linked to the reduction of its receptors in these patients

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Suarez, Guillermo Mendoza. "Magnetic properties of nanostructure and hot-deformed melt-spun Pr-Fe-B alloys". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264436.

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FARIA, JUNIOR RUBENS N. de. "The Structures and properties of Pr/Nd-Fe-B-(Cu) permanent magnets and alloys". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1993. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10359.

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Thesis (Ph.D)
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England

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Siqueira, Scheyla Daniela Vieira da Silva. "Anfotericina b pr?-aquecida: um novo sistema terap?utico para infec??es f?ngicas". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13404.

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2020-01-01
O aquecimento moderado (70?C por 20 min) de solu??es micelares de Anfotericina B (AmB) gera um rearranjo molecular que apresenta diminui??o significativa na sua toxicidade sem comprometer sua atividade. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar aspectos f?sico-qu?micos e farmacol?gicos das solu??es micelares de Anfotericina B n?o-aquecida (AmB-M) e aquecida (AmB-A) antes e ap?s o congelamento e posterior liofiliza??o. Para isso foram feitas avalia??es antes e depois do congelamento e secagem. As amostras foram analisadas nas seguintes concentra??es: 50 mg.L-1, 5 mg.L-1, 0,5 mg.L-1 e 0,05 mg.L-1. O teste de libera??o de pot?ssio e hemoglobina de eritr?citos foi realizado para avaliar a toxicidade aguda e cr?nica, respectivamente. A efic?cia das solu??es foi analisada por meio da libera??o de pot?ssio e do teste da concentra??o inibit?ria m?nima em uma cepa de Candida albicans. Ap?s o aquecimento, foi observada uma turva??o caracter?stica do rearranjo estrutural molecular da AmB aquecida. Adicionalmente, a AmB-A apresentou deslocamento no comprimento m?ximo de absor??o de 327 nm para 323 nm. Essas caracter?sticas se mantiveram ap?s a liofiliza??o, evidenciando estabilidade f?sico-qu?mica dessa nova forma estrutural micelar. Com rela??o ? toxicidade, a AmB-M produziu significativamente maior valor de libera??o de hemoglobina que a forma aquecida. Esses resultados foram observados independentes do tipo de amostra (antes e depois da liofiliza??o). Por?m, n?o houve diferen?a entre AmB-M e AmB-A quanto ? atividade antif?ngica. Portanto, foi demonstrado que a liofiliza??o n?o mudou o comportamento da forma aquecida da AmB comprovando sua viabilidade para ser liofilizada e produzida em escala industrial

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Hardy, Stephen Paul. "Place and its relations in late twentieth century cultural theory and British fiction". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4171/.

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The dissertation presents a descriptive analysis of aspects of British fictional writing prefaced by a comparative analysis of cultural theory concerned with questions of place and socio-spatial relations-The general aim is to show how both the theory and the fiction negotiate elements of a relational poetics and politics of place in the context of negatively homogenizing tendencies in socioeconomic developments during the last thirty years of the twentieth century. In the first part, the writers of cultural theory are divided into three preliminary areas, covering primarily Marxist, post-structuralist and environmentalist approaches to questions of place and its relations. The second and third parts then provide more detailed consideration of novels by Raymond Williams and lain Sinclair which have so far not been accorded substantial critical attention. The aim is to show how their approaches in the novels considered converge with aspects of the theory discussed in the opening part of the dissertation. In all cases, the writers are presented as producing 'partial mappings'. These are seen as offering perspectives of sufficient scope to provide effective criticism of, and possible alternatives to, negative and disorientating aspects of social relations affected by tendencies in capital accumulation which might be seen as endangering elements of social justice and equality, cultural heterogeneity, and ecological viability. The first part includes consideration of the poet Charles Olson and a related aim is to suggest how novels such as those by Williams and Sinclair might provide a significant complement to both theory and modem epic poetry in relation to questions of place.

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Mitchell, Michael. "Hidden mutualities : Faustian themes in the postcolonial". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4522/.

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Hidden mutualities link the work of major postcolonial writers with Marlowe's drama of the Faustian pact - the manipulation of the material world in exchange for the soul - written as the 'scientific' world view was emerging which accompanied the imperial expansion of Europe and has determined the economic and social structures of the colonial and post-colonial world. This comparative study brings together researches in widely different fields to show how Doctor Faustus reflects a Gnostic / Hermetic tradition marginalized within the dominant European power structures. It shows initially how these ideas were crystallized by Ficino and Pico from the available texts of the Corpus Hermeticum, and how they relate to what has become known about Gnosticism and Simon Magus. Combined with the alchemical and cabalistic traditions they form a basis for the study of Renaissance 'Magus' figures such as Trithemius, Reuchlin, Agrippa, Paracelsus or Dee, who are reflected in Faust and in Shakespeare's Prospero in The Tempest. The second part investigates the dual legacy of the Magus. A counterpoint between a law-governed objective material world and an occult visionary pursuit of the divine potential of the human imagination, in which the Gnostic / Hermetic tradition ironically became marginalized by the technological science it had inspired, is traced through the examples of Kepler, Fludd, Newton, Blake, Kipling, Crowley, Yeats, Pauli and Jung. In the third part, textual analysis reveals how attention to these Faustian themes opens new critical perspectives in appreciating the works of postcolonial writers, in particular Dimetos by Athol Fugard, Disappearance by David Dabydeen, Omeros by Derek Walcott, and the novels of Wilson Harris, all of which stress the importance of the creative imagination over mimesis.

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Libros sobre el tema "B pr"

Hatch, Gareth Peter. The microstructural and hot deformation characteristics of Pr-Fe-B-Cu and (Pr, Nd)-Fe-B-Cu magnetic materials. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1997.

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Freeman, Jon. The English Electric: Featuring the B.2, B.6, B.15, B.16, E.15, PR. 3, PR. 7, T.4, T.17, T.19 and TT. 18, in RAF and FAA service. Oxon: Aviation Workshop Publications, 2005.

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Chequer, Andrew David. Production and characterisation of sintered (Nd,Pr)-Fe-B permanent magnets. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1998.

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Mycock, Gareth John. The microstructure and magnetic properties of some Pr-Fe-Cu-B alloys. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1996.

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Faria, Rubens N. The structures and properties of Pr/Nd-Fe-B-(Cu) permanent magnets and alloys. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1993.

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Kemmsies, Martin. Delamination performed on glulam: According to pr. EN 391-method B, January 2001, final draft. Oslo: Norsk Treteknisk Institutt, 2002.

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Alizé: Débutant B. Laval: Groupe Beauchemin, 2004.

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Cannesan, Nicolas. Production and characterisation of high density PTFE bonded Pr-Fe-Co-B-M (M= Zr or Nb) anisotropic HDDR magnets. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1999.

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Harrison B::Economics for Business Pr. MacMillan, 1996.

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Camilo, Miguel Ricardo. Pr�xima-B: El Exterminador. Independently Published, 2019.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "B pr"

Lies, Jan. "B". En Kompakt-Lexikon PR, 15–29. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08742-5_2.

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Predel, B. "B - Pr (Boron - Praseodymium)". En B - Ba … Cu - Zr, 67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44756-6_31.

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Predel, B. "Cd - Pr (Cadmium - Praseodymium)". En B - Ba … Cu - Zr, 182. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44756-6_128.

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Predel, B. "Co - Pr (Cobalt - Praseodymium)". En B - Ba … Cu - Zr, 225–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44756-6_165.

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Predel, B. "Br - Pr (Bromine - Praseodymium)". En B - Ba … Cu - Zr, 127. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44756-6_83.

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Carow-Watamura, U., D. V. Louzguine y A. Takeuchi. "Au-B-Pr (097)". En Physical Properties of Ternary Amorphous Alloys. Part 1: Systems from Ag-Al-Ca to Au-Pd-Si, 360–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03481-7_111.

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Kawazoe, Yoshiyuki y Ursula Carow-Watamura. "B-Co-Fe-Pr-Zr". En Phase Diagrams and Physical Properties of Nonequilibrium Alloys: 5 Component Amorphous Alloys, 328–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64978-7_57.

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Kawazoe, Yoshiyuki y Ursula Carow-Watamura. "B-C-Co-Fe-Pr". En Phase Diagrams and Physical Properties of Nonequilibrium Alloys: 5 Component Amorphous Alloys, 142–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64978-7_29.

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Suchy, Günther. "Krisen-PR im Sport". En Sportmanagement, 127–45. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37307/b.978-3-503-21178-4.07.

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Suchy, Günther. "Grüne Sport-PR in Aktienunternehmen". En Sportmanagement, 235–52. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37307/b.978-3-503-21178-4.11.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "B pr"

Paik, C. R., M. Okada y M. Homma. "Anisotropic Pr-Fe-B Melt-Spun Ribbons". En International Conference on Magnetics. IEEE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1990.734393.

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Shimoda, T., K. Akioka, O. Kobayashi y T. Yamagami. "Hot-working behavior of cast Pr-Fe-B magnets". En International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1989.690320.

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Maltseva, V. E., A. S. Volegov, S. V. Andreev y A. S. Bolyachkin. "Intergrain exchange interaction of Pr-Fe-B composite nanocrystalline alloys". En THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0032254.

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Jin, J., Z. Qian, G. Bai, B. Peng, Y. Liu y M. Yan. "Effects of (Nd,Pr)Hx intergranular addition on the mechanical properties of Nd-Pr-Ce-Fe-B sintered magnets." En 2018 IEEE International Magnetic Conference (INTERMAG). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2018.8508619.

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Li, Linjun y Xining Yang. "High energy of a b-cut Tm, Ho.YAlO3 laser". En 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleopr.2017.8118934.

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Ma, Grace X., Yin Tan, Wanzhen Gao, Trong Tram, Joanne Rhee y Wang G. Chae. "Abstract PR-7: A church-based hepatitis B intervention for Korean Americans". En Abstracts: AACR International Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities‐‐ Sep 30-Oct 3, 2010; Miami, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp-10-pr-9.

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Yamamoto, H., M. Nagakura, Y. Ozawa y T. Katsuno. "Magnetic properties of high quality melt-spun Nd-Pr-Fe-Co-B ribbons". En International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1989.690330.

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Torres, Sergio y Mike Abbett. "PR²: An accurate and fast radar ADS-B registration algorithm". En 2009 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsurv.2009.5172865.

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Silva, Taís Lorrane Mendes, Júlia Maria Orsini Zava, Bruna Chociai dos Santos y Helenton Cristhian Barrena. "Hospitalizations for meningococcal infection in the southern region of Brazil: epidemiologic characterizations and prevalent serotypes". En XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.361.

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Introduction: Meningococcal disease occurs due to infection by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which is classified according to serogroups. Objective: To survey the profile of hospitalizations and prevalent serogroups of meningococcal infection in the southern region of Brazil. Design and Setting: Is an observational, cross-sectional study using public use data. Methods: The data were taken from the DATASUS, in the year 2020, in states of Paraná (PR), Santa Catarina (SC), and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Results: In 2020 there were 139 hospitalizations, 76 in RS, 38 in PR and 25 in SC. In RS the most affected age group was 70- 79 years, in PR 60-69 and in SC 30-39. In all states, the male sex had the highest number of hospitalizations. The prevalence of serogroups in RS were B and Y, in PR B and C 1 and in SC, B. The category of ‘’Ignored/Blank’’ stands out in all regions. Conclusion: The highest number of hospitalizations was in RS and in male patients over 30 years old. The large number of serotypes filled in as ignored/blank denotes inadequate data updating, reinforcing the need for regular training for health professionals, so that the filled out data will allow a better configuration of the disease and implementation of public health measures.

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Meekison, C. D., J. P. Jakubovics, A. Kostikas, D. Niarchos y V. Papefthymiou. "Transmission electron microscope studies of a Pr-Fe-B alloy prepared by melt spinning". En International Conference on Magnetics. IEEE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1990.734395.

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Informes sobre el tema "B pr"

Hadjipanayis, George C. High Performance (Nd,Pr)-(Fe,Co)-B Magnets. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, mayo de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada402253.

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Wang, Yong-Yi. PR-350-174509-R01 Enhancing Strain Capacity of Pipelines Subjected to Geohazards. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), junio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012104.

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The focus of this project is on the use of Type-B sleeves to enhance the strain capacity of girth welds. This enhancement option was selected by the project team at the start of the project. In addition, the project team chose to examine this enhancement option on the girth welds of vintage pipelines. The objectives of this project are to: (1) examine Type-B sleeves for enhancing pipeline strain capacity and (2) develop recommendations to properly apply Type-B sleeves.

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Hawley, Adam y Swanand Bhagwat. PR-015-18600-R01 OIML Test Data Summary for Ultrasonic Meters. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), abril de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012222.

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This project provides a summary of test data based on the flow disturbance tests that are outlined in Annex B of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) R 137-1. The data that are included in this report are for multipath gas ultrasonic flow meters. The flow meter manufacturers provided all of the data that are presented in this report.

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Oliver, Peter y Gillian Robert. PR-420-183903-R01 Pipeline Right-of-Way River Crossing Monitoring With Satellites. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), diciembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012247.

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The goal of the work described herein is to provide PRCI and the pipeline industry further understanding of the current capabilities and limitations of combined SAR and high resolution optical satellite imagery for the monitoring of pipeline ROWs which span river crossings. Four Areas of Interests (AOIs) with pipeline ROWs that span river crossings were selected for analysis: South Saskatchewan River, Saskatchewan, Canada operated by SaskEnergy Incorporated; Thompson Creek, Louisiana, USA operated by Colonial Pipeline Company; Gila River, Arizona, USA operated by Kinder Morgan Incorporated; and Humber Estuary, UK, operated by National Grid. For each AOI, monitoring requirements were defined by the operators. Amplitude Change Detection (ACD) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) were performed for all AOIs; results correlated to the defined monitoring requirements are discussed. A high level summary of the role of combined SAR and optical satellite operational monitoring of pipeline river crossings is listed below: - InSAR "Phase" used for (a) Subsidence (b) Slope Movement - SAR "Amplitude" used to both detect and classify (a) large scale Land Cover/Land Use Change (e.g. bridge construction), (b) flooding, (c) river channel changes, (d) river bed exposure, and (e) vessel traffic. - SAR "Amplitude" used to detect changes resulting from (a) small scale Land Cover/ Land Use (e.g. construction of individual buildings), and possibly (b) bank erosion and (c) pipeline exposure. Optical Satellite imagery is required for classification of these changes.

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Watad, Abed A., Paul Michael Hasegawa, Ray A. Bressan, Alexander Vainstein y Yigal Elad. Osmotin and Osmotin-Like Proteins as a Novel Source for Phytopathogenic Fungal Resistance in Transgenic Carnation and Tomato Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573992.bard.

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The goal of this project is to enhance fungal resistance of carnation and tomato through the ectopic expression of osmotin and other pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The research objectives were to evaluate in vitro antifungal activity of osmotin and osmotin and other PR protein combinations against phytopathogens (including Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium dahliae, Botrytus cinerea or Phytophthora infestans), develop protocols for efficient transformation of carnation and tomato, express PR proteins in transgenic carnation and tomato and evaluate fungal resistance of transgenic plants. Protocols for microprojectile bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of carnation were developed that are applicable for the biotechnology of numerous commercial cultivars. Research established an efficient organogenetic regeneration system, optimized gene delivery and transgene expression and defined parameters requisite to the high frequency recovery of transgenic plants. Additionally, an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol was developed for tomato that is applicable for use with numerous commercial varieties. Rigorous selection and reducing the cytokinin level in medium immediately after shoot induction resulted in substantially greater frequency of adventitious shoots that developed defined stems suitable for rooting and reconstitution of transgenic plants. Transformation vectors were constructed for co-expression of genes encoding osmotin and tobacco chitinase Ia or PR-1b. Expression of osmotin, PR-1 and/or chitinase in transgenic carnation mediated a high level resistance of cv. White Sim (susceptible variety) to F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, race 2 in greenhouse assays. These plants are being evaluated in field tests. Comprehensive analysis (12 to 17 experiments) indicated that germination of B. cinerea conidia was unaffected by PR protein expression but germ tube elongation was reduced substantially. The disease severity was significantly attenuated by PR protein expression. Constitutive expression of osmotin in transgenic tomato increased resistance to B. cinerea, and P. infestans. Grey mold and late blight resistance was stable through the third selfed generation. The research accomplished in this project will have profound effects on the use of biotechnology to improve carnation and tomato. Transformation protocols that are applicable for efficient stable gene transfer to numerous commercial varieties of carnation and tomato are the foundation for the capacity to bioengineer these crops. The research further establishes that PR proteins provide a measure of enhanced disease resistance. However, considerations of PR protein combinations and conditional regulation and targeting are likely required to achieve; sustained level of resistance.

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Wright, Louise y Louise Crocker. PR-670-183826-R03 Extended Evaluation of LSM-Magnetostrictive Pipe Models. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), mayo de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012097.

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Integrity assessment of pipelines is vital to ensure that oil and gas pipes have adequate strength to prevent leaks and ruptures. Regular inspections are conducted to confirm safe operation conditions of pipelines. The industry's principal method for assessing pipelines is in-line inspection (ILI), involving the passing of a device along the inside of a pipe to assess the condition of the pipeline. ILI devices can be fitted with a number of sensors allowing various measurement parameters to be obtained simultaneously. Not all pipelines are suited to ILI for reasons such as small diameter, obstructions within the pipe, or insufficient access to deploy or retrieve the ILI tools. These pipelines are sometimes referred to as 'difficult to inspect'. Alternative methods for examining pipeline condition are required with a range of technologies collectively known as Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) offering a promising solution for detection of pipe defects from a distance, reducing the need for excavation. LSM utilizes coupling between defects and changes in the magnetic properties of the pipeline material as a method for evaluation of pipe walls to identify the location of areas that require repair or further monitoring. Trials of existing commercial instruments by the pipeline industry have shown sufficient promise to investigate these technologies further. However, the vendors have supplied limited information on the underpinning physics of both the materials being tested and the instrument technology, meaning that further study is required in order to build confidence in the technique. The purpose of the project is to establish the ability of LSM to detect corrosion in API 5L pipe grades B to X70. The aim of the modelling work has been to use quantitative physics-based modelling techniques to predict the performance of LSM as a defect detection technique in situations that cannot easily be recreated in a laboratory environment, after validating the modelling approach by comparing measurements made in the laboratory to model results.

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Finch, Graeme y Stuart Harmon. PR-670-183826-R01 Assessment of Science Behind LSM for Pipeline Integrity. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), septiembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011803.

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Integrity assessment of pipelines is vital to ensure that oil and gas pipes have adequate strength to prevent leaks and ruptures. Regular inspections are conducted to confirm safe operation conditions of pipelines. The industry's principle method for assessing pipelines is in-line inspection (ILI), involving the passing of a device along the inside of a pipe to assess the condition of the pipeline. ILI devices can be fitted with a number of sensors allowing various measurement parameters to be obtained simultaneously. Not all pipelines are suited to ILI for reasons such as small diameter, obstructions within the pipe, or insufficient access to deploy or retrieve the ILI tools. These pipelines are sometimes referred to as 'difficult to inspect'. Alternative methods for examining pipeline condition are required, with a range of technologies collectively known as Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) offering a promising solution for detection of pipe defects from a distance, reducing the need for excavation. LSM utilises the coupling between defects and changes in the magnetic properties of the pipeline material as a method for evaluation of pipe walls to identify the location of areas that require repair or further monitoring. Trials of existing commercial instruments by the pipeline industry have shown sufficient promise to investigate the technologies further. However, vendors have supplied limited information on the underpinning physics of both the materials being tested and the instrument technology. The purpose of the project is to establish the ability of LSM to detect corrosion in API 5L pipe grades B to X70. The aim of Work Package 02 is to review the physics of the agreed pipeline defects and fluxgate type magnetic sensors. The properties of pipeline-specific soft magnetic materials are investigated to understand corrosion, how this alters the material properties and how this can affect the associated magnetic fields surrounding the material. The physics of fluxgate magnetometers and gradiometers are also reviewed to assess the ability of LSM to detect these two features.

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King, Fraser. PR-377-103607-R01 Expert Review of Past PRCI Corrosion Reports, Gap Analysis, and Road Mapping. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), septiembre de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011438.

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A review has been performed of past studies on external corrosion sponsored by the PRCI Corrosion Technical Committee (TC) with the aims of (a) providing a resource to current and future TC members, (b) identifying gaps in current understanding, and (c) to assist in future road-mapping exercises. In support of these aims, the current report is structured in a similar manner to current and past Corrosion TC road maps, namely in terms of the assessment, mitigation, and prevention of external corrosion. The review is limited to reports associated with external corrosion, and does not include discussion of either internal corrosion or stress corrosion cracking. With the exception of a small number of seminal reports, studies published prior to 1990 have also been excluded from the review. In addition to studies specifically sponsored by the Corrosion TC, reports issued by other PRCI TC's and by PHMSA that are related to the above topic areas have also been reviewed.

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Panak y McCarthy. PR-312-08206-R03 Methods to Reduce the Greenhouse Gas Footprint from Pipeline Compressor and Pump Stations. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), junio de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010042.

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This report is intended to serve as an engineering reference document that reviews, considers, and evaluates the technical and economic viability of existing and developmental greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction technologies and work practices for application to natural gas pipeline compressor stations and hydrocarbon liquid pipeline pump stations. The report is arranged so readers can track information organized in tables in sequential sections. Following sections that provide an introduction and background, Section 3 lists GHG emission sources in three categories: combustion, vented, and fugitive sources (or equipment leaks). Section 4 lists GHG emission reduction technologies and work practices for each of the emission sources. Section 5 presents technical feasibility and emission reduction information for each technology and work practice. Section 6 presents costs and economic analysis for each technology and work practice. The mitigation approaches include developmental technologies and less information is provided for these examples. Appendices B through D provide detailed information for the technologies and work practices that are considered the highest potential.

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Amend. PR-186-133738-R01 Procedure for Determining Lower Bound Yield Strength of Pipe from Hardness Data. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), julio de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010847.

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This project is a JIP project with the overall objective of demonstrating that hardness data from randomly selected pipe samples could be used to determine the lower bound YS of an entire pipeline segment at a quantified confidence level, and that results would be conservative in comparison to results determined using the methods currently described in 49 CFR Part 192 and 195. Three different types of field portable hardness testers and a laboratory Rockwell B tester were used on 50 pipe sample. The hardness testing using field portable testers was performed in accordance with ASME CRTD-Vol. 91. The hardness test results were converted to a calculated lower bound YS values using the correlations described in ASME CRTD-Vol. 57. The calculated lower bound YS was compared to the results of standard API 5L tensile tests. In addition, the metallurgical attributes of each pipe were characterized to determine if certain subsets of pipes produced better (or worse) correlations of lower bound YS calculated from hardness data to YS determined from tensile tests. The results showed that hardness data can be used to determine conservative values of lower bound YS using a range of different confidence levels.

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