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Musso, Émilie. "Le cyber avocat : quelles mutations pour la pratique des avocats ?" Thesis, Lorient, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORIL618.
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La profession d’avocat a dû numériser sa pratique afin de répondre aux pressions extérieures. Ce faisant, une attention trop faible a été apportée à la cybersécurité. Or, si le numérique facilite l’exercice de la profession, il la fragilise également. Notamment, le secret professionnel de l’avocat est menacé par les outils déployés au sein des cabinets. Car le numérique crée des vulnérabilités, dont aucun cabinet n’est à l’abri. Ces vulnérabilités sont, dans un premier temps, techniques. Celles-ci se traduisent par des incidents de sécurité informatique qui sont susceptibles d’atteindre les données traitées par les avocats. Les vulnérabilités sont, dans un second temps, juridiques. En effet, en conséquence d’une violation de données subie par le cabinet, l’avocat encourt un risque juridique qui se traduit par l’engagement de sa responsabilité. Ces constats sont l’occasion pour la profession de sécuriser sa pratique, afin de poursuivre sereinement sa numérisation. L’intégration de la cybersécurité se fera par deux approches. La première est technique, et exige l’emploi du chiffrement. La seconde est juridique, et se scinde en deux domaines. Dans le domaine contractuel, les avocats doivent sécuriser les relations qu’ils entretiennent avec ceux susceptibles d’accéder aux données traitées par le cabinet. Dans le domaine du contentieux, les avocats devront adapter leurs stratégies contentieuses afin de réduire les effets néfastes causés par les incidents de sécurité informatiqueLawyers have had to digitize their practice in order to respond to external pressures. In doing so, too little attention has been paid to cybersecurity. While digital technology facilitates the practice of the profession, it also weakens it. In particular, professional secrecy is threatened by the digital tools which are deployed within law firms. Digital technology creates vulnerabilities that no firm is immune to. These vulnerabilities are, first of all, technical. They result in computer security incidents that can affect the data processed by lawyers. The vulnerabilities are, secondly, of a legal nature. Indeed, as a result of a data breach suffered by a law firms, lawyers incur a legal risk which results in the engagement of their liability. These findings are an opportunity for the profession to secure its practice, in order to continue its digitalization. There are two approaches to integrating cybersecurity. The first is technical, and requires the use of encryption. The second is legal, and is divided into two areas. In the contractual area, lawyers must secure the relationships they maintain with those who may have access to the data processed by the law firm. In the area of litigation, lawyers will have to adapt their litigation strategies in order to reduce the harmful effects caused by computer security incidents
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Huppé, Philippe. "Les rapports entre l'avocat et son client auprès des juridictions civiles de droit commun entre 1920 et 1971". Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON10010.
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La période de 1920 a 1971 est une période de mutation pour la profession d'avocat. A travers la relation qu'un l'avocat et le client apparaît toute l'évolution que subit le barreau français. Autant la formation des jeunes avocats stagiaires que le contrat passe entre un membre du barreau et son client sont les exemples types du renforcement de la technicité exigée par la clientèle. Les changements de mentalité intervenus dans la société poussent la profession d'avocat à se remettre en cause. Le client demande de plus en plus de compétence à son défenseur, ce qui entraîne une modification de la conception même du rôle de l'avocat dans la société. Les barreaux passent d'une image "aristocratique" de leur mission à une représentation économique de leur travail. L'honoraire tribut fait place à l'honoraire rémunération. L'avocat devient le spécialiste d'une prestation déterminée. De changement découle l'augmentation croissante du domaine de la responsabilité professionnelle, mais aussi l'acceptation par la déontologie de l'action en paiement d'honoraires. La protection du titre d'avocat et donc du domaine de compétence devient et reste un problème majeur pour cette nouvelle profession.
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Sbaiti, Fanny. "Contribution juridique à l'étude de la responsabilité de l'avocat en droit interne". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD070/document.
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Le thème de la responsabilité s'est considérablement développé durant le vingtième siècle, les professionnels du droit, dont l'avocat, n'ont pas échappé à cette mouvance. Réputé de bonne foi, ce dernier était assuré de voir sa responsabilité engagée uniquement sur la base d'une faute lourde ou du dol. Le recours à ces notions était indispensable pour qu'il soit inquiété, restreignant ainsi tout recours à son encontre au pur cas d'école. La déontologie, garantie de l'intégrité de l'avocat formait comme un écran, véritable obstacle à l'idée de toute responsabilité à l'égard du client. Ce n'est que face à ses pairs que le professionnel pouvait avoir à rendre des comptes ou dans le cadre d’éventuels délits d'audience. Sa responsabilité était ainsi limitée au plan disciplinaire. Ces temps sont aujourd'hui révolus. Se basant sur la déontologie, le juge et le législateur entendent encadrer les nouvelles activités de l'avocat et ont mis au jour différentes obligations sur le plan civil comme pénal. Désormais,l'avocat répond de son activité sur le plan civil, pénal et disciplinaireThe theme of responsibility has grown considerably during the twentieth century. Legal professionals, whose lawyer , have not escaped this trend. Renowned in good faith , the lawyer was assured held liable solely on the basis of gross negligence or deceit.The use of these concepts was essential for it to be sentenced , thus restricting any appeal against it to the pure case study. Ethic ensured the integrity of the lawyer, and was a real obstacle to the idea of any responsibility towards the customer. His responsibility was limited to disciplinary field. But this is gone. The judge and legislator have framed the new activities of the lawyer and have updated various obligations for civil and criminal point..Now , the lawyer may be sentenced for civil, criminal and disciplinary
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Azakoglu, Burak. "Avocado Lovers". Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2019. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/789.
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Longuépée, Antoine. "Linguet avocat". Paris 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA020131.
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Avocat de 1764 a 1774, par une methode nouvelle fondee sur de veritables enquestes, par son talent a emouvoir l opinion publique, linguet se constitua une importante clientele. Sans aucun doute le premier avocat de son temps, c est egalement le parfait temoin d une societe en pleine mutation, juste avant la revolution, au regard des dossiers qu il traite: chevalier de la barre, duc d aiguillon, etat-civil des protestants, etc. Ses nombreux succes, un style trop virulent, exciterent la jalousie de ses confreres. Ses ecrits theoriques, tres heterodoxes, le firent hair aussi bien des magistrats que des philosophes. Tous se liguerent pour le faire radier du tableau de l ordre des avocats. Il faut pourtant considerer linguet comme le fondateur du barreau moderneLinguet, barrister between 1764 and 1774, by his method, by his talent, conquest an important practice. Without doubt, the first barrister of his time, he is also a perfect withness of a changing society, just before the revolution, by the affairs he treated: chevalier de la barre, duc d aiguillon, civil rights for the protestant communauty, etc. Many successes, two virulent style, made his colleagues jealous. By his heterodox works, the magistrated and the philosophers quickly hated him. They also leagued to strike him out of the corporation of barristers. Nevertheless, he remains one of the great founders of the modern method for the barristers, and an example
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Case, Bonita. "The avocado pear tree". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22438.
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For twenty years Elsie September has refused to visit her uncle, Hannie, a state patient at Valkenberg mental hospital. At her grandmother's insistence, she almost goes to see him one day, but she only gets as far as the building and cannot bring herself to go inside. Instead, she meets Shaun and, as a relationship develops, Elsie begins to tell him the stories of her childhood. But Elsie's relationship with Shaun is troubled and unbalanced. Before Elsie reaches the point in her narrative where she will explain why she refuses to see her uncle, she and Shaun part acrimoniously and he disappears. Elsie has, by now, become so caught up in the telling of her story that not even Shaun's disappearance can stop her from going back to the day her world changed beneath the sheltering arms of the avocado pear tree.
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Bellagamba, Ugo. "Les avocats à Marseille : praticiens du droit et acteurs politiques, XVIIIe et XIXe siècles /". Aix-en-Provence : Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38892621t.
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Marques, José Roberto. "'Hass' avocado fruit quality : the role of fruit minerals and rootstocks /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16748.pdf.
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Mostert, Mathilda Elizabeth. "Characterization of micro-components of avocado oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide and their effect on its oxidative stability". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06062008-132406.
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Shan, Chunxue. "Etre avocat en Chine". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1030.
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Les avocats chinois d'aujourd'hui sont à la croisée des chemins, tiraillés entre une culture juridique inquisitoriale et un système de procédure qui se veut contradictoire ; entre les traditions juridiques chinoises toujours vivaces et le nouveau droit importé florissant ; et enfin, entre le monopole traditionnel de l'intérêt collectif et la reconnaissance de plus en plus grande de l'individu dans la société actuelle. Dans l'ancienne société chinoise où le système clanique et holiste tolère peu la notion de l'individu, la profession de Songshi, maître du procès, n'a jamais pu vivre sous le soleil. Pour la même raison, la profession d'avocat a subi le même sort pendant la période communiste pure et dure de la Chine. Aujourd'hui, la suprématie de l'intérêt collectif au détriment de l'intérêt de l'individu continue à engendrer pour l'avocat des risques professionnels particulièrement lourds à supporter, surtout quand l'avocat se tient en première ligne devant son client, pour affronter le procureur. Le conflit est poussé à l'extrême en ce qui concerne la défense pénale contre une accusation passible de la peine capitale, où l'avocat atteint le sommet de la noblesse de son ministère, tout en s'exposant le plus au danger face au Parquet. Pourquoi la société chinoise accorde--t--elle si peu de place à l'individu ? Pourquoi, en dépit du droit chinois érigé sur le modèle des grands codes européens, l'individu n'obtient--il toujours pas une place aussi légitime que dans les sociétés occidentales ? Et si la réponse se trouvait au plus profond de la société chinoise et de la mentalité juridique du peuple chinois ?Chinese lawyers today are at a crossroads, torn between an inquisitorial legal culture and a procedural system which aims contradictory ; between Chinese legal traditions still alive and thriving imported new law, and finally, between the traditional monopoly of the public interest and recognition of more and more of the individuals in today society. In ancient Chinese society, where clan and holistic system tolerate little notion of the individual, the Songshi's profession, trial's master, was never able to live under the sun. For the same reason, the lawyer's profession had suffered the same fate during China's rough communist period. Today, the supremacy of the public interest at the expense of individual's interests continues to lead the lawyer on heavy professional hazards, especially when the lawyer stands in the front line for his client to face the prosecutor. The conflict is pushed to the extreme regarding criminal defence against a charge punishable by death, where the lawyer reached the top of the nobility of his ministry, while exposing the most danger, facing Parquet. Why does Chinese society leave so little room for the individual? Why, despite the Chinese law being modelled on the greatest European codes, individuals don't seem to gain a place as legitimate as in European societies ? What was, is and will be the relationship between the individual and the collective in a Chinese society ?
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Munzhedzi, Mukondeleli. "Effect of haverst season and ripening duration on the physico-chemical properties of new 'fuerte-type' avocando fruit selections during ripening". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1810.
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Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016The Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ARC-ITSC) is continuously developing new avocado selections, in order for the South African Avocado Industry (SAAI) to remain competitive in various international avocado markets. However, information on the response of some of these selections, including ‘Fuerte 2 and 4’, ‘BL1058’ and ‘H287’ to low temperature storage and ripening physiology, has not been investigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of harvest season and ripening duration on the physico-chemical properties of newly developed ‘Fuerte-type’ avocado fruit selections during ripening. ‘Fuerte-type’ avocado fruit were indexed for maturity using moisture content, thereafter harvested and stored at 5.5°C for 28 days during the 2014 and 2015 harvest seasons. The experiment comprised five treatments: control (commercial ‘Fuerte’), ‘Fuerte 2 and 4’, ‘BL1058’ and ‘H287’ arranged as a factorial in a completely randomised design (RCD) with 3 replicates. The treatment factors were: (i) 2 x harvest seasons, (ii) 5 x selections and (iii) 6 x ripening days. After withdrawal from low storage temperature, fruit were ripened at ambient temperature. During ripening, the following physico-chemical properties were evaluated; external chilling injury, electrolyte leakage, mass loss, firmness, respiration rate and peel colour. Results showed that selections and harvest seasons had no significant effect (P=0.668) on the moisture content of the evaluated ‘Fuerte-type’ avocado fruit. After withdrawal from low storage temperature, there was a significant interaction (P˂0.05) between selections and harvest seasons on external chilling injury and electrolyte leakage. Results further showed that external chilling injury correlated with electrolyte leakage during both harvest seasons. Treatment factors had no significant effect (P=0.997) on mass loss. Similarly, treatment factors had no significant effect (P=0.139) on firmness. However, selection ‘H287’ had hard skin with an average firmness of 83.44 densimeter units during ripening in both harvest seasons. Treatment factors were highly significant (P˂0.05) on respiration rate. Respiration rate followed a climacteric pattern and the magnitude of climacteric peak and day of occurrence varied amongst selections during both harvest seasons. Ripening percentage differed significantly (P˂0.05) amongst harvest seasons, selections and ripening days. Treatment factors had no significant effect on lightness (P=0.711), chroma (P=0.378) and hue angle (P=0.536) skin colour parameters,however, variations were recorded as a result of the cold damage black spots. The results indicated that the ‘Fuerte-type’ avocado selections had poor storage qualities. Further studies are required to evaluate physico-chemical properties during low storage temperature and the effect of season, production conditions and maturity level on development of chilling injury. In addition, studies on application of treatments to reduce chilling injury symptoms and analysis of bioactive compounds should be considered for conclusive recommendations. Thereafter, the selections can be planted in different production regions to assess and select the best producing and quality combinations for a given region as part of phase III of the project
Agricultural Sector Education Training Authority (AgriSeta) and National Research Foundation (NRF)
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Giblin, Fiona Rosanna. "Avocado fruit responses to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19403.pdf.
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Tramberend, Henrik. "Avocado: a distributed virtual environment framework". [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967442222.
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Mandemaker, Andries Jan. "Winter Leaf Yellowing in 'Hass' Avocado". The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2251.
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The New Zealand avocado industry is worth $39.7 million in exports of 'Hass' avocados. Crop yields grew steadily from 1996 to 2001 to reach an average of 8.86 tonnes/ha. Since then however, crop yields have remained steady. To increase returns to growers, crop yields must increase. Avocado leaves in New Zealand become yellow in winter and it is hypothesised that chilling, followed by photoinhibition, is leading to photooxidation. Leaf yellowing leads to reduced photosynthetic capacity and early leaf abscission, at a time when carbon fixation and carbohydrate reserves are needed to support developing flowers, subsequent fruit set and vegetative flush, in addition to the existing mature crop. The focus of this research was to determine the underlying causes of yellowing in 'Hass' avocado leaves during winter. It is suspected that it is a result of the creation of free-radical oxygen that causes photooxidation of leaf components under excess light during low temperature conditions, such as experienced on clear winter mornings in the Bay of Plenty. An orchard in Katikati, in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand was selected has it had a history of leaf yellowing. Two open flow, differential gas exchange measurement systems, The CIRAS-1 and the CMS-400 were used to monitor leaf photosynthetic performance over the course of the 2006 winter, with particular focus on the month of August. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was measured with a Walz Mini-PAM, leaf colour with a Minolta Chroma meter CR-200b and chlorophyll content with Minolta SPAD chlorophyll meter (in addition to traditional extraction techniques). There was conclusive evidence that the cold nights resulted in decreased net photosynthesis over the winter, with the depression starting in May and ending around the middle of August, dates that coincide closely with the period when days with mean temperatures less than 10 C occurred. The decrease in photosynthesis appears to be due to a direct effect on the carbon reduction pathway and in unusual in that full recovery seems to occur at the same time during the day. No photodamage of significance was found and the avocado seems to be highly protected against high light when photosynthesis is inhibited. This investigation found that leaf yellowing is not caused by photodamage following depressed photosynthesis. A new hypothesis is proposed which suggests that leaf yellowing is produced by the re-allocation of nitrogen from leaves during cold weather during flowering. It is suggested that the chilled leaves are seen as unproductive, old or shaded leaves by the plant and nutrient resources are re-allocated away from these leaves. A foliar application of 1% low biuret urea and 0.5% magnesium sulphate is currently used by avocado growers to restore leaf colour in leaves that have become yellow over winter. An experiment was carried out on yellowed leaves on 23rd August 2006 to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. This study concluded that the treatment was able to restore some leaf colour, but had no effect on leaf photosynthetic function.
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Forero, María Paulina. "Storage life enhancement of avocado fruits". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18276.
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Avocado Fruit (Persea americana Mill. Var. Hass) is one of the most perishable commodities available in the market. It has a very high rate of postharvest respiration, limited shelf life and has special unique characteristics of ripening. In the first part of this study, a silicon membrane system was used for the storage of ‘Hass’ avocado fruits. The silicone membrane system is an efficient method for attaining and maintaining modified atmosphere (MA) in experimental storage chambers. The storage was performed in small sealed experimental chambers fitted with silicon membrane windows. The areas of the windows were calculated in order to achieve 3% oxygen assuming 30, 50, and 70% reduction of the respiration rate due to the effect of the modified atmosphere on the products’ metabolic activity. Fruit stored at regular atmosphere (control) was kept under the same temperature (7°C) and relative humidity (90%) as those stored with silicon membrane system. The gas concentration in the chambers was analyzed using a gas chromatograph. The respiration rate was measured at storage (7°C) and ripening (15°C) temperatures. The effect of sulphur dioxide treatment on ‘Hass’ avocado fruit stored in the silicon membrane system was also evaluated. Fruit quality before storage, after storage and after ripening was evaluated through physiological assessments. Fruit stored under the silicon membrane system remained in an excellent condition for 47 days. Following this period avocados ripened normally in a course of 4-10 days at 15°C and regular atmosphere. After ripening, the fruit did not show any apparent pysiological deterioration or damage, neither development of undesirable organoleptic changes. The chambers with the small membrane area reached stable gas concentration in 6 days, the chambers with the large membrane area never reached steady gas concentration to the desired levels; while the chambers with medium membrane area reached steady gas concentration in 15L’Avocat est un des fruits les plus périssables disponible sur le marché. Il a un taux de respiration post-récolte très élevé, une durée de vie limitée sur les étagères et possède des caractéristiques spéciales et uniques de véraison. Dans la première partie de cette étude, une membrane de silicone a été utilisée pour conserver les fruits d’avocat de la variété Hass. La conservation a été effectuée dans petites chambres expérimentales scellés avec des ouvertures cuovertes par membranes de silicone. La surface des fenêtres ont étés dimensionnées afin d’atteindre 3% d’oxygène assumant 30, 50 et 70% de réduction du taux de respiration dû à l’effet de l’atmosphère modifiée sur le métabolisme du produit. Les fruits conservés dans une atmosphère non modifiée, le groupe de contrôle, étaient conservés sous la même température, soit 7°C, et une humidité relative de 90% comme ceux conservés avec le système à membrane de silicone. La concentration interne des gaz de la chambre a été analysée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Le taux de respiration a été mesuré à la température de conservation (7°C) et de véraison (15°C). L’effet d’un traitement au dioxyde de soufre sur les fruits d’avocat de la variété Hass conservés à l’aide du système a membrane de silicone a aussi été évalué. La qualité des fruits avant entreposage, après entreposage et après véraison a été évaluée par échantillonnage. Les fruits entreposés avec le système à membrane de silicone ont conservés une excellente condition pour 47 jours. Après cette période les fruits d’avocats maturent normalement dans une période de 4 à 10 jours à une température de 15°C dans une atmosphère normale. Après véraison les fruits n’ont aucun signe de détérioration physiologique ou dommage et n’ont plus de développement organoleptique indésirable. La chambre avec les membranes de petite surface a atteint l
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Damiani, Loïc. "Les avocats parisiens de l'époque mazarine". Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040123.
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Les avocats inscrits au barreau de Paris entre 1643 et 1661 constituent un groupe important au sein du Parlement. Pour entrer dans le métier, il suffit de faire des études de droit et de prêter serment. Ils sont plusieurs centaines à exercer cette profession libérale qui se structure au milieu du XVIIe siècle et dont la pratique évolue de façon significative. Pour les avocats, l'image et la réputation, parfois critiquées dans la littérature, sont un souci permanent. Ils déploient aussi des grands efforts pour progresser socialement. Ils tentent profiter de leur profession comme d'un tremplin. L'étude de leurs fortunes et de leur cadre de vie montrent le dynamisme de ces familles. Nourris de culture classique, ils entendent prendre toute leur place dans la vie intellectuelle du royaume. Leurs bibliothèques montrent une volonté d'acquérir une vaste culture et les nombreux ouvrages qu'ils écrivent en font une catégorie majeure de la vie judiciaire de l'époque. Ils participent pleinement aux grands débats, religieux, politiques et littéraires qui traversent la France de Louis XIVThe lawyers who were registered at the bar of Paris between 1643 and 1661 formed a group of great significance within the "Parlement" (the kingdom's first court of justice). One had to study law and take the oath to become a lawyer. Several hundreds of them were practasing as lawyers, a profession that developped a structure in the middle of the seventeenth century and practice of which has evolved ever since. Their image and réputation, sometimes criticized in literature, were a permanent concern for them. They also expended a lot of effort to progress socially and attempted to take advantage of their profession as a springboard. The study of their riches and living environment show the dynamism of these families. Nurtured on classical culture they intented to find their place in the kingdom's intellectual life. They became a major group in the judicial life of the time thanks to their collections of books, that showed their will to become highly cultured, and their numerous writings. They took part entirely in the great religious, political end literary debates than ran through the France of Louis XIV
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Willemez, Laurent. "Des avocats en politique (1840-1880) : contribution à une socio-histoire de la profession politique en France". Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA01A002.
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Shikwambana, Kingsly. "Effect of harvest time, post-harvest storage and ripening temperature on fruit quality of reed avocado cultivar". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2049.
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Thesis (M. Sc. (Agriculture, Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2016‘Reed’ avocado is a late season cultivar introduced to South Africa from California. The cultivar has shown good adaptation and produces quality fruit with export potential. Its pre-harvest adaptation and production aspects have been researched and documented. However, the effect of harvest time, post-harvest storage and ripening temperature has not been comprehensively studied on this newly introduced ‘Reed’ avocado cultivar. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of different harvest time, post-harvest storage and ripening temperature on the quality of late season ‘Reed’ avocado fruit. Matured ‘Reed’ avocado fruit were harvested based on moisture content indexing in December (2015) and January (2016). The experiment was carried out in a factorial, arranged in a completely randomised design (CRD) with three replicates. Treatment factors were: 2 x harvest time (mid-and late), 2 x post-harvest storage (2.0 and 5.5°C), 3 x ripening temperature (16, 21 and 25°C) and 5 x ripening day (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8). Fruit were stored at 2.0 and 5.5°C for 28 days, thereafter, ripened at 16, 21 and 25°C until fully ripe. During ripening, fruit were evaluated for weight loss, skin colour, firmness, respiration rate, physiological and pathological disorders. Mid-harvest fruit had higher moisture content when compared with late harvest fruit. However, harvest time, post-harvest storage, ripening temperature and ripening time (days) significantly influenced fruit weight loss, firmness, respiration rate, ripening percentage of ‘Reed’ avocado fruit during ripening. Moreover, fruit firmness decreased faster at higher temperatures (25 and 21°C) with fruit ripening within 4 and 6 days, respectively. In addition, ripening at a lower temperature (16°C) was slower with fruit fully ripened within 8 days after withdrawal from cold storage at both harvest times. ‘Reed’ avocado fruit respiration rate followed a climacteric pattern, however, significantly higher rate at higher temperature (25°C) when compared with lower temperature (16°C) after withdrawal from cold storage during both harvest times. Interestingly, mid-harvest fruit showed high electrolyte damage after withdrawal from 2.0°C when compared with late harvest fruit at the same temperature. Furthermore, mid-harvest fruit stored at 2.0ºC and ripened at 21°C showed higher chilling injury when compared with fruit ripened at 16 and 25°C. High electrolyte leakage positively correlated (R2 = 0.242) with high chilling damage for xiv mid-harvest fruit stored 5.5°C. Treatment factors had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on lightness (L *) and hue angle (h ) but no significant effect (P > 0.05) on chroma (C *) and eye colour of ‘Reed’ avocado fruit during ripening, irrespective of harvest time. Overall results showed a visual change in ‘Reed’ avocado skin colour, with eye colour changing from green to bright yellow. Furthermore, late harvest fruit showed high post-harvest pathological diseases after removal from high temperature (5.5°C) when compared with mid-harvest fruit stored at low storage temperature (2.0°C). Ripening at a higher temperature (21 and 25°C) resulted in higher incidence of stem-end rot and body rot when compared with lower temperature (16°C) for both harvest times. Late harvest fruit showed a higher incidence of vascular browning at higher ripening temperatures (21 and 25°C) when compared with lower temperature (16°C) after withdrawal from cold storage. Moreover, overall results showed that harvest time, post-harvest storage and the ripening temperature had a profound influence on the quality of ‘Reed’ avocado fruit. In conclusion, ‘Reed’ avocado fruit can be harvested during mid- or late season and stored at recommended low temperature (2.0ºC); and thereafter, ripened at either 16 or 21ºC. In addition, future studies should focus on identifying pre-harvest practices that promote higher post-harvest fruit quality for ‘Reed’ avocado fruit under South African production environment. Keywords: ‘Reed’ avocado fruit; firmness; electrolyte leakage; respiration rate; stem-end rot; body rot; vascular browning
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Kilaru, Aruna. "Unlocking the Secrets of Avocado Oil Biosynthesis". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4811.
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Kilaru, Aruna, Xia Chao, Keithanne Mockaitis y John Ohlrogge. "Unlocking the Secrets of Avocado Oil Biosynthesis". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4780.
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Avocado is an economically important crop with ~ 60-70 % oil, by dry weight, in its fruit mesocarp tissue. The steady increase in global demand for avocado (9% per year) has driven interest to identify the biochemical and molecular factors that regulate its triacylglycerol (TAG, oil) biosynthesis. Using 454- and Illumina-based RNA-Seq approaches, we examined the transcriptional basis for TAG biosynthesis in developing mesocarp of avocado. Deep transcriptional profiling data allowed us to identify several transcripts that were differentially represented between the early and late developmental stages of mesocarp. Further analysis of the transcriptome, during oil accumulation, revealed an increased expression of genes mostly associated with fatty acid biosynthesis in plastid but not that of TAG assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum. This pattern of expression was similar to that previously observed in other seed and non-seed tissues. Moreover, WRINKLED1 transcription factor, a regulatory element associated with oil biosynthesis in seed and non-seed tissues of monocot and dicot plants, was identified in avocado as well. Our studies point to distinctive modes of regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis and TAG assembly that are conserved in both seed and non-seed oil-rich plants.
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Kilaru, Aruna. "Changes in Avocado Transcriptome During Fruit Maturation". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4774.
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Fiedler, Jan. "Taxonomisch-systematische Untersuchungen an Avocado (Persea americana spp.) mit Hilfe molekularer Marker /". Stuttgart : Grauer, 2000. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009152499&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Serra, Rodríguez Adela Montes Penadés Vicente Luis. "La responsabilidad civil del abogado /". Elcano : Aranzadi, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb377398356.
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Texte remanié de: Tesis doctoral--Derecho--Universidad de Valencia, 1997. Titre de soutenance : La negligencia y la impericia en la prestación profesional del abogado.Notes bibliogr. Bibliogr. p. 375-404. Index.
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Thorp, T. Grant. "Study of modular growth in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht517.pdf.
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Maftoon, Azad Neda. "Evaluation of edible films and coatings for extending the postharvest shelf life of avocado". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102678.
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The focus of this thesis is to develop pectin-based edible films for application of fruits and vegetables to extend their post harvest shelf life. Preliminary research demonstrated that edible coatings could effectively extend the shelf life of based avocado and peach. The respiration rate, moisture loss, firmness, chemical parameters and color changed in a lower rate in coated fruits as compared with the control. Pectin-based film formulations were then evaluated to identify the proper type and concentration of pectin, lipids and plasticizers in the film. The effects of pectin, beeswax and sorbitol concentration on water vapor permeability, mechanical properties and opacity of the films were then evaluated using response surface methodology to identify appropriate levels of different components. Results of studies on film structure revealed that water vapor permeability increased by pectin and sorbitol concentration and was decreased by beeswax concentration. Mechanical properties were mainly affected by pectin and sorbitol concentration. Beeswax was the most influential factor that affected opacity which increased with increasing beeswax concentration.In order to successfully employ these films, their adsorption behavior, thermal and thermomechanical properties were evaluated as a function of moisture content and sorbitol concentration. The adsorption behavior was strongly influenced by sorbitol concentration. Moisture content and sorbitol concentration increased the films elongation at break, but decreased tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and Tg, and increased water vapor permeability of the films. Finally, avocado was coated with a pectin-based film and the associated quality changes were evaluated during storage. From storage studies, kinetic parameters (rate constants) and activation energy were quantified to help model the quality changes in avocado quality as function of storage temperature and time. Pectin-based coating resulted in slowing down the rate of quality changes in avocado at each storage temperature. In general, most changes were well described by some form of zero or first order rate. Temperature sensitivity of rate constant was adequately described by the Arrhenius model.
A hyperspectral imaging technique was also used to gather additional tools for following quality changes associated with stored avocados. Artificial neural network (ANN) concepts were evaluated as alternated models for predicting quality changes in coated and non-coated avocados during storage at different temperature. Modeling of quality changes in avocado indicated that compared to conventional mathematical models, ANN has more feasibility to predict of these changes. Models developed for firmness, weight loss and total color difference had better fitness than respiration rate.
Finally, the effect of coating on disease severity and different properties of avocados infected by Lasiodiplodia theobromae was studied. The coated fruits demonstrated slower rate of disease progress, respiration rate, softening and color changes. Respiration rate, firmness and color parameters were sensitive to coating and disease severity, and thus these parameters could successfully used to predict fruit quality from disease in coated and uncoated avocados.
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Mahy-Ma-Somga, Monika. "L'avocat face à ses responsabilités : la déontologie, source d'unité". Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32062.
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La profession d'avocat évolue, le champ d'activité de la profession ayant tendance de plus en plus à s'élargir. De plus, les modes d'exercice de la profession sont différents, démontrant des distinctions notables dans l'exercice lui-même. Dans de telles conditions, la responsabilité professionnelle de l'avocat est de plus en plus sollicitée. L'unité de la profession passe par sa déontologie, dont le décret du 12 juillet 2005, notamment, a modifié le paysage. Les principes essentiels de la profession guident le comportement de l'avocat en toutes circonstances. L'objet de la présente étude est d'analyser la responsabilité de l'avocat, qu'elle soit civile, disciplinaire ou pénale, en tentant de répondre à la question de savoir si cette responsabilité, fondée sur la déontolgie, tend vers l'unité d'une responsabilité professionnelleThe lawyer's profession has profoundly evolved as the scope of their mission and activities has benn continuously extended. Moreover, lawyers can practice their profession in various forms today, evidencing a wide range of possibilities. As a result of such increasingly complex framework, the lawyers' liability is more and more frequently at stake. Despite these changes, deontology, a critical concept deeply redefined by the Decret dated July 15, 2005, remains a strong unifying factor for the whole legal profession. Indeed lawyers of all kinds and practices can and should constantly rely on the core principles and valuers of their profession. This study seeks to analyze the lawyer's civil, discipinary and criminal liabilities and to determine whether they tend to shape together one single professional liability
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Kritzinger, Madeleine. "Evaluation of hot water and hot air heat shock treatments on South African avocados to minimise the occurrence of chilling injury". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52835.
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Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African avocado fruit industry is export driven and the successful storage of fruits for extended periods is, therefore, essential. It was recorded that 7.7 million cartons were exported during the 1995 season. The shipping of the avocados takes approximately 15 days and the fruits are being stored at low temperatures to minimise the possibility of fruits softening. Unfortunately low temperature storage results in chilling injury. A possible method to increase avocado resistance to chilling injury is to administer a heat shock treatment. In this way the fruits are protected from chilling injury by inducing the formation of so-called heat-shock proteins which render the cell membranes more resistant to chilling injury. The objective of this study was to evaluate different heat shock treatment protocols as a method of preventing or minimising chilling injury and to extend the shelf-life of avocado fruits while exporting at the lowest possible temperature. Examining the effect of different temperatures and exposure times on the quality of the different avocado cultivars pursued this. The exterior chilling injury on each fruit was quantified and the firmness and internal quality parameters evaluated. A total of 32 Experimental Studies were conducted. The results showed that the Hot Water Heat shock Treatment (HWHST) worked effectively for the South African 'Fuerte' cultivar between 40° and 42°C for exposure times of between 20 and 30 min. The 'Edranol' cultivar also showed promising results between 40° and 42°C for exposure time of between 8 and 22 min. The HWHST was not effective on the South African 'Hass' cultivar. The 'Ryan' cultivar with its thick skin made this cultivar less susceptible to chilling injury and therefore HWHST would be unnecessary. The 'Pinkerton' cultivar had a lot of factors that influenced the results. Therefore, more research needed to be done on the 'Pinkerton' cultivar, before any conclusions could be obtained from this cultivar, although it showed potential. Hot air treatment worked fairly well, but unfortunately the long exposure time needed made this treatment unpractical. Throughout the whole study the importance of maturity surfaced as a major role in all the aspects of post harvest quality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse avokado vrugtebedryf is hoofsaaklik gerig op die uitvoermark en daarom is dit belangrik dat die vrugte vir 'n bepaalde tyd suksesvolopgeberg kan word. Die sensus opname gedurende die 1995 seisoen het getoon dat 7.7 miljoen bokse avokados uitgevoer is. Die avokados word vir ongeveer 15 dae per boot vervoer, wat kan lei tot vrugte wat sag word. Om dit te verhoed, word die vrugte by lae temperature opgeberg. Ongelukkig veroorsaak lae opbergingstemperature koueskade. 'n Moontlike metode om avokados te beskerm teen lae temperature en koueskade te verminder, is om 'n hitteskok behandeling toe te pas. Op hierdie manier word die vrugte beskerm teen koueskade deur die vorming van sogenaamde hitteskok proteïene wat die selwande meer bestand maak teen koueskade. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die verskillende hitteskok behandelings protokols te evalueer as 'n metode van beskerming of vermindering van koueskade en om sodoende die rakleeftyd van avocados te verleng as die vrugte by lae temperature uitgevoer word. Eksperimente is uitgevoer om die effek van verskillende temperature en blootstellingstye op die kwaliteit van die verskillende avokado kultivars te bepaal. Die koueskade op die oppervlakte van elke vrug is bepaal en die fermheid en interne kwaliteit parameters is geëvalueer. In totaal is daar altesaam 32 Eksperimentele Studies gedoen. Die resultate het gewys dat die Warm Water Hitteskok Behandeling (WWHB) effektief was op die Suid-Afrikaanse 'Fuerte' kultivar by temperature tussen 40° en 42°C en by blootstellingstye van tussen 20 en 30 min. Belowende resultate is ook met die 'Edranol' kultivar by temperature tussen 40° en 42°C met blootstellingtye van tussen 8 en 22 min behaal. Die WWHB was oneffektief vir die Suid-Afrikaanse 'Hass' kultivar. Die 'Ryan' kultivar se dik skil het hierdie kultivar minder vatbaar gemaak vir koueskade en daarom was 'n WWHB onnodig gewees. By die 'Pinkerton' kultivar kon daar nog nie 'n gevolgtrekking gemaak word nie, aangesien daar nog baie faktore is wat ondersoek moet word, alhoewel die kultivar baie potentiaal getoon het. Warm lug behandeling het potensiaal gehad, maar die lang blootstellingstye het hierdie behandeling onprakties gemaak. Gedurende die hele studie is daar klem gelê op die rypheisgraad van die vrugte wat na vore gekom het as 'n belangrike faktor wat 'n hoofrol speel in al die aspekte van die na-oes kwaliteit.
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Pearce, Matthew L. "The membrane bound phosphatidic add phosphatase from avocado". Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5071/.
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Phosphatidate Phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.4) is an important enzyme in plant lipid metabolism as it lies at a theoretical branchpoint between phospholipid and triacylglycerol biosyntheses. Since it's identification in 1955, it has received very little attention in plant lipid research. Previous studies reported in the literature have been limited to the use of crude plant cell extracts, making an accurate evaluation of the data difficult. The enzyme was characterised and purified to homogeneity from the microsomes of maturing avocado fruit, for the first time from any plant source. The novel procedure utilised detergent solubilisation in CHAPS, followed by anion exchange and Affi-Gel Blue chromatography, ammonium sulphate precipitation and Phenyl Superose chromatography. The enzyme had a subunit molecular mass, as determined by SDS-PAGE of 49kDa. Gel filtration studies revealed it was monomeric. Enzyme activity had a pH optimum of 6.0, was insensitive to N- ethylmaleimide and was stimulated by Mg(^2+). The homogenous enzyme was examined for the ability to hydrolyse sn-1,2- dioleoylglycerol-3-phosphate(PA), sn-1 -oleoylglycerol-3 -phosphate(LPA), sn-2- oleoylglycerol-3-phosphate, ceramide-1-phosphate and p-nitrophenylphosphate. All substrates were used, but the apparent V(_MAX) values for PA and LPA were considerably higher than the other substrates tested. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic model of enzyme catalysis was found to be inappropriate as the surface active enzyme was shown to be dependent on the bulk and surface concentration of the substrate in Triton X-100 mixed micelles. The surface dilution kinetic model was used to study PA and LPA hydrolysis. LPA was a better substrate and was also a potent competitive inhibitor of PA hydrolysis. Considering the specificities of the other enzymes in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, this premature dephosphorylation of LPA would prevent triacylglycerol formation. These findings possibly indicate that strict metabolic channelling is in operation with very low steady state concentrations of LPA with respect to PA, thus preventing any interaction with LPA in vivo.
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Rahman, Md Mahbubar, Jay Shockey y Aruna Kilaru. "Characterization of Select Avocado Acyltransferases by Transient Expression". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4814.
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Rahman, Md Mahbubar, Jay Shockey y Aruna Kilaru. "Unlocking the Mystery of Oil Biosynthesis in Avocado". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4839.
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Ampuero, Villafuerte Silvia, Ortiz Adolfo Edwin Espinoza y De La Cruz Roxana Betzabe Iparraguirre. "Plan de negocio: Agroexportadora SRA Avocado Export S.A.C". Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653388.
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La presente investigación tiene por finalidad elaborar el Plan de Negocios de Agroexportadora de Paltas Hass para el mercado europeo, específicamente de Holanda, y para ello se desarrolla la línea de Negocio de la empresa “SRA Avocado Export S.A” que, mediante la asociatividad con la ONG CEDEP y los agricultores de valles interandinos en Lucanas (Ayacucho) y de la costa en Palpa e Ica (Ica), se lograría ofrecer productos de alta calidad y en volúmenes suficientes.
La Justificación e importancia del Plan de Negocios que se propone, se considera viable por 04 razones fundamentales: (i) porque el mercado de la palta de exportación tiene bastante potencial de crecimiento y el Perú viene ocupando los primeros lugares en producción y exportación; (ii) la gran demanda del producto por el descubrimiento de cualidades medicinales y culinarias, tanto nacional como internacional; (iii) experiencia institucional de la ONG CEDEP en manejo del cultivo paltas de exportación y su comercialización que garantizara la calidad del fruto; y (iv) y seguir apoyando a poblaciones rurales en situación de pobreza.
Finalmente, los objetivos serán reflejados en el Plan de Negocio, detallando las estrategias, planes y los costos asociados a estos para poder establecer los Estados Financieros del Proyecto de “SRA Avocado”. Conocidas estas cifras, nos permitirá analizar los indicadores de rentabilidad, endeudamiento, liquidez y flujos de efectivo del proyecto. Los factores financieros centrales que acreditan la viabilidad del negocio son el Valor Actual del Proyecto (VAN) que asciende a USD 352,304 y la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de 55.1%, los cuales nos permiten asegurar que es un proyecto viable financieramente.
El plan de negocios servirá como una guía para agricultores e inversionistas, quienes son finalmente los que por medio de un trabajo asociativo lograrían posicionar el producto en el mercado objetivo, y sacar provecho de lo que el producto puede ofrecer al país y a la empresa privada.The purpose of this research is to prepare the Hass Avocado Agro-exporter Business Plan for the European market, specifically the Netherlands, and for this the business line of the company “SRA Avocado Export SA” is developed which, through association with the NGO CEDEP and the farmers of inter-Andean valleys in Lucanas (Ayacucho) and of the coast in Palpa and Ica (Ica), it would be possible to offer high quality products and in sufficient volumes. The Justification and importance of the proposed Business Plan is considered viable for 04 fundamental reasons: (i) because the avocado market for export has enough growth potential and Peru has been occupying the first places in production and export; (ii) the great demand for the product due to the discovery of medicinal and culinary qualities, both nationally and internationally; (iii) institutional experience of the NGO CEDEP in managing the cultivation of avocados for export and their commercialization that will guarantee the quality of the fruit; and (iv) and continue supporting rural populations living in poverty. Finally, the objectives will be reflected in the Business Plan, they buy the strategies, plans and costs associated with these in order to establish the Financial Statements of the "SRA Avocado" Project. Once these are known, they will analyze the indicators of profitability, indebtedness, liquidity and cash flows of the project. The central financial factors that prove the viability of the business are the Present Value of the Project (NPV) which amounts to USD 352,304 and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 55.1%, which allow us to ensure that it is a financially viable project. The business plan will serve as a guide for farmers and investors, who are ultimately the ones who, through associative work, would be able to position the product in the target market, and take advantage of what the product can offer the country and the private company.
Trabajo de investigación
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Bhatia, Shina. "In Silico Structural Analyses of Avocado WRINKLED Orthologs". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3586.
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Transcription factor Wrinkled (WRI) 1 is associated with triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis and accumulation in plant tissues. In avocado (Persea americana), a basal angiosperm, four WRI orthologs (1-4) were identified by transcriptome studies and the gene expression of WRI1, 2 and 3 was associated with TAG accumulation in mesocarp tissue. Therefore, it is hypothesized that putative PaWRI1, 2 and 3 but not PaWRI4 are responsible for TAG synthesis in non-seed tissues. To this extent, various in silico analyses were performed to identify similarities and distinct features of putative WRI genes in basal angiosperm relative to maize and Arabidopsis, a monocot and dicot respectively. Predicted structural comparison of these orthologs is expected to reveal the distinct features of avocado WRI paralogs that are associated with the regulation of oil biosynthesis in non-seed tissues.
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Bonnet, Pierre. "L'avocat et sa discipline". Toulouse 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU10013.
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Pour assurer son indépendance et sa liberté, l'avocat a du s'imposer à lui-même des restrictions aujourd'hui pour la plupart légalisées, qui le mettent à l'abri même du soupçon de compromission et lui donnent toute la crédibilité nécessaire à son activité. Un certain nombre de devoirs lui incombent donc et ces devoirs ne peuvent être acceptés que dans la mesure où les avocats ont compris qu'ils sont liés par une solidarité de l'honneur et que la faute d'un seul porte atteinte à tous les autres. Qui dit devoirs, dit aussi responsabilité. La responsabilité disciplinaire de l'avocat est un des traits caractéristiques de son identité. S'il abandonnait sa discipline, l'avocat perdrait un des éléments constitutifs de son être. Alors, l’avocat ne serait plus tout à fait l'avocatIn order to assure his independence and freedom the lawyer has been obliged to impose himself restrictions, most of them today legalised, in order to protect himself against suspicion of compromise and also in order to maintain the entire credibility necessary for his activity. Consequently a certain number of duties fall on him, duties inacceptable if lawyers don't realise that they are linked by an honour solidarity in which the fault of one hurts the whole. Duties mean also responsibility. The disciplinary responsibility of the lawyer of the major characteristic of his identity. If he should abandon his discipline the lawyer would loose something essential of his being. Then a lawyer would not really be a lawyer anymore
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Hébrard, Marylise. "La formation et la fonction de l'avocat en Chine". Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10042.
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La première partie décrit dans le titre premier les multiples manières dont ont été formés depuis 20 ans, date de la création de la profession, les avocats exerçant aujourd'hui en Chine, et les différents modes d'accès a la profession. La particularité chinoise est qu'au cours de ces 20 années, ce ne sont pas les seuls avocats qui ont dû être formés, mais la formation elle-même et l'ensemble du système légal. Le corps des avocats n'ayant pas été initialement unifié par une formation unique partagée par tous, ni par un mode d'accès unique à cette profession, le second titre montre la laborieuse édification d'un corps unique par les processus contradictoires de contrôle maintenu et d'autonomie naissante. La deuxième partie définit dans le titre premier les différents cadres dans lesquels la profession aura à fonctionner. Le titre second s'attache à montrer la profession en fonctionnement et les limites de ce fonctionnement. Les profondes modifications des structures sociales laissent la société chinoise à la recherche de modèles satisfaisants qui tiendront compte de la modernisation comme de la force des traditions. La place de l'avocat chinois au sein de cette société dépend de la résolution des contradictions qui apparaissent autant dans la formation de ce corps que dans son fonctionnement.
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Holtz, Daniel. "Evaluation and design of a 20-acre avocado orchard". Click here to view, 2010. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/braesp/2/.
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Thesis (B.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2010.Project advisor: Charles Burt. Title from PDF title page; viewed on Apr. 19, 2010. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on microfiche.
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Donetti, Manuela. "Postharvest biochemical and physiological characterisation of imported avocado fruit". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7672.
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Difficulties in controlling and forecasting avocado fruit ripening and the highly perishable nature of the crop once harvested, are the major causes of concern for avocado traders. In particular, the simultaneous presence of many suppliers may account for increased fruit variability during ripening. Avocado is a climacteric fruit with consistent ethylene production after harvest which is also related to high perishability. However, the mechanisms regulating ethylene biosynthesis and mesocarp softening are not completely understood. In order to study such effects, avocado fruit from different growing areas and harvested at various maturity stages, were investigated and the biochemical and physiological changes during ripening at both 18 and 23°C were studied. Mesocarp softening and fatty acid content discriminated fruit maturity and growing area, respectively, whereas C7 sugars (D-mannoheptulose and perseitol) discriminated length of fruit shelf life. For the first time, oleic acid content presents in the oil mesocarp was found to depend on fruit sources making of this a suitable indicator of avocado fruit growing area. In contrast, sugar content declined along fruit maturity and ripening. In particular the mannoheptulose presents in avocado mesocarp might be use to estimate avocado fruit shelf life. Indeed, fruit harvested late in season were found to have a lower C7 content than earlier harvest fruit and a faster softening, regardless fruit source. However, sugars content changed between growing area, thus a general C7 threshold defining fruit storability seems to be not definable. Furthermore, other possible indicators of fruit maturity and/or ripening stage have been searched in the cell wall constituents of avocado mesocarp. Thus, the structural carbohydrates profile of avocado mesocarp investigated with a new immunological method changed during ripening and harvest time (early and late season), suggesting a possible effect of cell wall composition on fruit ripening regulation. Also, the possible use of ethylene application in reducing the high heterogeneity noted on imported fruit from South Africa was also evaluated through different consignments. Results showed ethylene efficacy changed depending on harvest time and fruit dimension with less efficacy of the treatment on fruit harvested at the end of the season and characterised by smaller size.One of the most commercialized avocado cultivars, Hass, is peculiar in that its skin colour changes from green to deep purple as ripening progresses. The most common ripening indicator of avocado fruit is the mesocarp firmness and the destructive nature of this evaluation increases losses in the avocado industry. The availability of a non-destructive indicator of fruit ripening represents an important advantage for avocado consumers and importers. Thus, the possible relationship between mesocarp softening, skin colour were objectively evaluated (C*, L*, and H°), and the main pigment, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, was investigated. Cyanidin 3-Oglucoside was confirmed to be the main anthocyanin present in avocado cv. Hass peel, regardless of preharvest factors. However, differences in its content were noted between shelf life temperatures. A higher relationship between hue angle and firmness was detected in late harvest fruit, whereas no correlation was found between anthocyanin content and firmness. Avocado skin is also involved in defence mechanisms due to the presence of antifungal and phenolic compounds. These phenolic compounds represent a natural protection against pathogenic infections and seem to be down regulated during ripening. The main phenolics were identified and quantified, using a new analytical method which was validated and optimised. Epicatechin, chlorogenic acid and procyanidin B2 were found to be present in the skin tissue and quantified using this assay and found to vary during shelf life and seasons. Although phenolics were present in minor amounts, in avocado pulp they are involved in mesocarp discoloration incidence, and therefore with fruit postharvest quality. Due to a lack of information, a new straightforward method for the identification and quantification of the main phenolics present in avocado mesocarp was developed. Finally, a commercial trial was undertaken to ensure that the results obtained in the laboratory can be reproduced in the market place. In conclusion, postharvest markers can define avocado fruit maturity and growing area and give guidelines in the control of avocado shelf life. Moreover, new methods for the investigation of the phenolic profiles (peel and mesocarp) and the characterisation of cell wall structures can be further tools in the management of avocado fruit postharvest quality.
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Bhatia, Shina, Mahbubur Md Rahman y Aruna Kilaru. "Functional Validation of Wrinkled Orthologs in Avocado Oil Biosynthesis". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4822.
Texto completoResumen
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is a class of lipid molecules composed of three fatty acyl chains esterified to a glycerol backbone. In plants, TAG is synthesized in various tissues and serves as a carbon and energy source. Oil biosynthesis is well understood in oilseeds however how plants store oil in non-seed tissue is yet to be determined. In Avocado (Persea americana), a basal angiosperm, TAG is exclusively accumulated in mesocarp tissue and therefore is emerging as a model system to uncover underlying mechanisms of TAG biosynthesis in tissues other than seed. The mesocarp of Avocado fruit contains ~60-70% of oil by dry weight. Recent transcriptome studies revealed that the TAG biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated in non-seed tissues. In seed tissues, TAG biosynthesis is regulated by many seed maturation factors directly or indirectly through downstream transcription factor WRINKLED1 (WRI1). Transcriptome studies revealed that in addition to ortholog of WRI1, orthologs for WRI2 and WRI3 were also highly expressed in avocado mesocarp during the period of oil accumulation. Based on the transcriptome data, I hypothesize that putative WRI genes (WRI1, 2, 3) of avocado enhance oil content in nonseed tissues. Currently, cloning of Putative PaWRI 1, 2 and 3 genes into a binary vector, followed by agrobacterium-mediated transformation to generate transient and stable transient lines, is underway. Full-length cDNA for PaWRI genes (1 & 2) were amplified and cloned into pK34 entry vector followed by sequence confirmation. PaWRI genes (1 & 2) were subcloned into pB110 destination vector and will be transformed into agrobacterium for their integration into the plants. Cloning of WRI3 is still ongoing. Transient expression of putative PaWRI 1, 2 and 3 genes, will be validated using tobacco leaf assay, are expected to enhance oil accumulation in leaf tissues. Agrobacterium bearing PaWRI genes and a viral silencing protein (p19) will be co-infiltrated on to the underside of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Infiltrated plants will be placed in growth room with 16:8 light/dark cycle. Four days post infiltration, infected leaf areas will be harvested and TAG content and composition will be determined by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector. Functional validation of these orthologs is expected to reveal the preferred WRI isoform that likely participates in regulation of oil biosynthesis in avocado mesocarp. Additionally, this work may also elucidate the differences between regulation of TAG accumulation in seed and non-seed tissues and identify new targets to enhance TAG biosynthesis in plants.
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Bhatia, Shina y Aruna Kilaru. "Functional Validation of Wrinkled Orthologs in Avocado Oil Biosynthesis". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4832.
Texto completoResumen
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is a class of lipid molecules composed of three fatty acyl chains esterified to a glycerol backbone. In plants, TAG is synthesized in various tissues and serves as a carbon and energy source. Oil biosynthesis is well understood in oilseeds however how plants store oil in non-seed tissue is yet to be determined. In Avocado (Persea americana), a basal angiosperm, TAG is exclusively accumulated in mesocarp tissue and therefore is emerging as a model system to uncover underlying mechanisms of TAG biosynthesis in tissues other than seed. The mesocarp of Avocado fruit contains ~60-70% of oil by dry weight. Recent transcriptome studies revealed that the TAG biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated in non-seed tissues. In seed tissues, TAG biosynthesis is regulated by many seed maturation factors directly or indirectly through downstream transcription factor WRINKLED1 (WRI1). Transcriptome studies revealed that in addition to ortholog of WRI1, orthologs for WRI2 and WRI3 were also highly expressed in avocado mesocarp during the period of oil accumulation. Currently, cloning of Putative PaWRI 1, 2 and 3 genes into a binary vector, followed by agrobacterium-mediated transformation to generate transient and stable transient lines, is underway. Transient expression of putative PaWRI 1, 2 and 3 genes, using tobacco leaf assay, are expected to enhance oil accumulation in leaf tissues. Stable expression of PaWRI 1, 2, and 3 in Atwri-/- is expected to restore oil accumulation in seeds. TAG content and composition will be determined by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector. Functional validation of these orthologs is expected to reveal the preferred WRI isoform that likely participates in regulation of oil biosynthesis in avocado mesocarp. Additionally, this work may also elucidate the differences between regulation of TAG accumulation in seed and non-seed tissues and identify new targets to enhance TAG biosynthesis in plants.
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Rahman, Md Mahbubar, Ha-Jung Sung, Andrew Campbell, Emily Gall y Aruna Kilaru. "Characterization of Acyltransferases Involved in Tag Biosynthesis in Avocado". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4852.
Texto completoResumen
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is a main storage lipid in seeds and is utilized for seed germination. Humans commonly consume TAG in the form of vegetable oil. Currently, TAG contributes to 25% of the total calories consumed in the developed countries and dependency for biofuel production from plants lipid is also increasing day by day. By 2030 the expected consumption level of vegetable oil will be double and to fulfill this demand it is necessary to increase the oil production in plants. To accomplish this goal, it is pertinent to understand the regulation of TAG accumulation in plants. Avocado (Persea americana), a basal angiosperm, stores up to 70% oil in the form of TAG in nonseed tissue (mesocarp). Here, we use it avocado as a model system to understand TAG biosynthesis in tissues other than seed. In plants, TAG biosynthesis may involve acyl-CoA–dependent or –independent pathway catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) and phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferases (PDAT), respectively. RNA-Seq and Q-PCR analysis of developing mesocarp of avocado revealed higher expression for DGAT1 and PDAT1, coinciding with the period of TAG accumulation. Therefore, we hypothesize that DGAT1 and PDAT1 are responsible for catalyzing the terminal step in TAG biosynthesis in Avocado mesocarp. Using the transcriptome data, we identified full-length coding sequences for DGAT1 and PDAT1. These acyltransferases are being cloned and will be characterized for their enzyme activity and substrate specificity, subsequent to their expression in yeast. Complementation of Arabidopsis dgat1 and pdat1 mutants and phenotypic characterization will also be carried out using Gateway-cloning techniques and transgenic lines will be assayed for TAG content in seeds. This study is expected to provide basic understanding of TAG accumulation in avocado mesocarp tissue.
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Sung, Ha-Jung. "Identification of Acyltransferases Associated with Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis in Avocado". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2311.
Texto completoResumen
A variety of plants synthesize and store oil in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG) in their seed and nonseed tissues that are commonly used as vegetable oils. In seed tissues, an acyl CoA-dependent diacylglycerol (DAG) acyltransferase (DGAT) and/or -independent phospholipid:DGAT (PDAT) catalyze the conversion of DAG to TAG. In avocado fruit, which stores up to 70% oil by dry weight in mesocarp, it is hypothesized that both DGAT and PDAT are likely involved in TAG synthesis. To investigate, TAG content and composition and transcript levels for the acyltransferases in avocado fruit were quantified by gas chromatography and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Temporal, tissue-specific and phenotypic comparisons revealed that while DGAT1 gene expression was specifically associated with TAG accumulation, PDAT also correlated with higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid; DGAT2 was barely detectable. These studies suggest that TAG biosynthesis in nonseed tissues of avocado involves acyl CoA-dependent and -independent reactions.
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Ramos-Jerz, María del Refugio. "Phytochemical analysis of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill., c.v. Hass)". Göttingen Cuvillier, 2007. http://d-nb.info/98608638X/04.
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Mostert, ME, BM Botha, Plessis LM Du y KG Duodu. "Short Communication Effect of fruit ripeness and method of fruit drying on the extractability of avocado oil with hexane and supercritical carbon dioxide". Society of Chemical Industry, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000806.
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Background: Oil yield from avocado fruit may be influenced by fruit pre-treatment and extraction method.
Unripe and ripe avocado fruit pieces were deep-frozen at −20 ◦C and either freeze-dried or oven-dried (80 ◦C). Oil
yield from these samples was determined after extraction with hexane and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2).
The fruit samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy before and after oil extraction.
RESULTS: Average oil yield from ripe fruit (freeze-dried and oven-dried combined) was 72 g kg−1 higher than
from unripe fruit for SC-CO2 extracts and 61 g kg−1 higher for hexane extracts. This may be due to enzymatic
degradation of parenchyma cell walls during ripening, thus making the oil more available for extraction. Freezedried
samples had a mean oil yield 55 g kg−1 greater than oven-dried samples for SC-CO2 extracts and 31 g kg−1
higher for hexane extracts. However, oil yields from ripe fruit (freeze-dried and oven-dried) subjected to hexane
extraction were not significantly different. All hexane extracts combined had a mean oil yield 93 g kg−1 higher than
SC-CO2 extracts.
CONCLUSION: SC-CO2 may be more selective and may create paths of least resistance through the plant
material. Hexane, on the other hand, is less selective and permeates the whole plant material, leading to more
complete extraction and higher oil yields under the experimental conditions.
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Dīmopoúlou-Pīlioúnī, Athīná Ar. "La remuneration de l'assistance en justice : etude sur la relation avocat-plaideur a rome". Paris 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA020001.
Texto completoResumen
Le patronage judiciaire romain evolue a partir du patronat archaique des clientes. Les patroni s'emancipent vite de leur role general de protecteurs des citoyens romains les plus demunis, pour devenir plus specifiquement des orateurs judiciaires. Leur rapport avec les plaideurs ne donne pas necessairement naissance a une relation de type clientelaire et sous la republique ce lien est depourvu d'une nature juridique. Le service de l'assistance en justice est initialement accorde gratuitement, mais il est accompagne d'une serie de contreparties d'un ordre different. Petit a petit, il devient un service remunere. Des honoraires ou des cadeaux sont offerts ou exiges en echange de la defense en justice. Cette pratique qui laisse penetrer des nouveaux venus au cercle des defenseurs en justice est mal vue au sein du patronat aristocratique. Au debut de l'empire, les nouvelles donnees politiques, sociales et economiques entrainent pourtant sa legalisation. La legislation romaine demeure pendant une longue periode hostile aux honoraires des avocats, mais finit par accepter le principe de la remuneration et l'entoure progressivement d'un contexte juridique reglant les details de son octroi. La fonction d'avocat est profondement influencee par la generalisation des honoraires. La remuneration entraine progressivement sa professionnalisation. Les avocats peuvent desormais provenir de tous les milieux sociaux et survivre, sinon s'enrichir, grace a l'exercice de leur metier remunere. L'activite devenue accessible en termes economiques et sociaux, continue a s'epanouir et a se specialiser. Pourtant, l'affluence d'orateurs de niveau mediocre attires par la possibilite d'enrichissement, entraine aussi une certaine banalisation de la fonction d'avocat. Par ailleurs, les honoraires faisant partie integrale du service de l'assistance en justice, ils finissent par investir la relation avocat-plaideur d'une nature juridique : celle-ci devient un contrat innome, ou la prestation de la defense contre celle des honoraires sont etroitement lieesRoman patronage in court evolves from the archaic patronage of the clientes. The patroni quickly distance themselves from their general role as protectors of the weakest citizens, in order to become orators in court. Their relation to the litigants is not necessarily a client-type relationship and under the republic, this relation is deprived of a juridical nature. The service of assistance in court is initially accorded for free, but it is accompanied by several grants of a different nature. Progressively, it becomes a paid service. Fees or presents are given or demanded in exchange of the service of defence in court. This practice, which permits the intrusion of new subjects in the exclusive circle of lawyers, is not well seen by the aristocratic patrons. At the beginning of the empire, the new political, social and economic conditions finally legalise the fees. Nevertheless, roman legislation stays hostile for a long period to the concept of lawyers' fees, but finally accepts the principle of their remuneration and progressively creates a juridical context that fixes the details of its operation. The lawyers' activity is profoundly influenced by the fees' generalisation : the fees contribute to the formation of its professional character. Lawyers can now come from different social backgrounds and make a living, if not get rich, by the exercise of their paid services. The activity, accessible in monetary and social terms, continues to progress and specialise. However, the activity of orators of mediocre level, attracted by the possibility of enrichment, results in a certain degradation of the lawyers' activity. Finally, as fees become an integral part of the service of assistance in court, the advocate-litigant relation acquires a juridical nature. This relationship takes the form of an innominate contract, in which the service of defence in court and its fees are closely connected
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Gramsch, Robert. "Erfurter Juristen im Spätmittelalter : die Karrieremuster und Tätigkeitsfelder einer gelehrten Elite des 14. und 15. Jarhrhunderts /". Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39014111q.
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Defois, Serge Farcy Jean-Claude Danet Jean. "Les avocats nantais au XXe siècle : socio-histoire d'une profession /". Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb411959637.
Texto completoResumen
Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Histoire--Angers, 2006. Titre de soutenance : Des avocats en mutations : le Barreau de Nantes, 1897-1976.En appendice, choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 371-386. Index.
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Basuki, Eko. "Physiological and biochemical responses of avocado fruit to controlled atmosphere storage /". Richmond, N.S.W. : Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030523.095552/index.html.
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Pioli, Elena. "Proposta di traduzione del fumetto "Les avocats" di Pierre Laforet". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11392/.
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Girod, Denis. "Détermination de la maturité des avocats Hass par imagerie hyperspectrale". Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2008. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/137/1/GIROD_Denis.pdf.
Texto completoResumen
La maturité de l'avocat est établie habituellement en mesurant son contenu en matière sèche,
un processus long et destructif. Le but de cette étude est d'introduire une technique rapide et
non destructrice pour estimer le taux de matière sèche de ce fruit tropical.
Des avocats de la variété « Hass » à différents stades de maturité et différentes couleurs de
peau ont été analysés par imagerie hyperspectrale en mode réflectance et absorbance. La
plage des taux de matière sèche s'étend de 19.8% à 42.5%. Les données hyperspectrales
consistent en des spectres moyennes d'une zone du iruit acquis dans le visible et proche
infrarouge (de 400nm à lOOOnm), pour un total de 163 bandes spectrales distinctes.
La relation entre les spectres et les taux de matière sèche a été établie grâce à des techniques
d'analyse chimiométrique, notamment la régression des moindres carrés partiels (PLS). Les
statistiques de calibration et validation comme le coefficient de détermination (R^), et l'erreur
quadratique moyenne de prédiction (RMSEP) ont été utilisés afin de comparer les capacités
de prédiction des différents modèles. Les résultats des modélisations PLS portant sur
plusieurs randomisations de la base de données, en utilisant le spectre dans son ensemble,
donnent un R^ de 0.86 avec une erreur moyenne RMSEP de 2.45 en mode réflectance, ainsi
qu'un R- moyen de 0.94 avec une erreur RMSEP moyenne de 1.59 pour le mode absorbance.
Cela indique que des modèles raisormablement précis (R^>0.8) peuvent être obtenus pour
l'évaluation du taux de matière sèche avec le spectre dans son entier.
Cette étude montre également que les concepts de réducfion de bandes spectrales peuvent
être appliqués à ce sujet. Partant de 163 bandes spectrales, le taux de matière sèche a pu être
prédit avec les mêmes performances en utilisant 10%) des bandes initiales (16 bandes).
Par conséquent cette étude démontre la faisabilité d'utiliser l'imagerie hyperspectrale dans le
domaine du visible et proche infrarouge en mode absorbance, dans le but de détemiiner des
propriétés physicochimiques, le taux de matière sèche dans notre étude, des avocats Hass de
manière non destructive. En outre, cette étude donne des indices permettant de déterminer
quelles bandes spectrales semblent être pertinentes à cette fin
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behera, Jyoti R. y aruna Ranjan kilaru. "NOVEL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL BIOSYNTHESIS REGULATOR PROTEIN IN AVOCADO". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2021/presentations/21.
Texto completoResumen
Plants synthesize and store oil, mostly triacylglycerol (TAG), in various storage tissues that serves as a source of carbon and energy. The process is transcriptionally controlled by WRINKLED1 (WRI1), a member of the APETALA2 (AP2) class of transcription factors, that regulates most of the fatty acid biosynthesis genes. Among the four Arabidopsis WRI1 paralogs, only WRI2 is nonfunctional and failed to complement wri1-1 mutant seeds. The oleaginous Avocado (Persea americana) fruit mesocarp (60-70% DW oil) showed high expression levels for orthologs of WRI2, along with WRI1 and WRI3. While the role of WRI1 as a master seed oil biosynthesis regulator is well-established, the function of WRI1 paralogs in non-seed tissues is poorly understood. We conducted structural analyses to elucidate distinct features of avocado WRI paralogs compared to their orthologs in seed tissues. Comprehensive comparative in silico analyses of WRI1 paralogs from Arabidopsis (dicot), maize (monocot), and avocado revealed distinct features associated with their function. Our analysis showed the presence of only one AP2 domain in all WRI2 orthologs, compared to two AP2 in others. The highly conserved N-terminal region and the less conserved C-terminal regions make up the primary structure of the proteins, with amino acid composition bias characteristic of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Additionally, the avocado WRI2 showed a high proportion of random coil secondary structure, although it lacks a C-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR). Also, both WRI1 and WRI2 have distinct predicted phosphorylation target sites compared to their orthologs, whereas WRI2 lacks a PEST motif. Finally, through transient expression assays, we demonstrated that both avocado WRI1 and WRI2 are functional and drive TAG accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Our study showed that avocado WRI2 is structurally different and is functional, unlike its ortholog in Arabidopsis. This study provides us with new targets to enhance oil biosynthesis in plants.
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Rahman, Md Mahbubar, Jay Shockey y Aruna Kilaru. "Identification And Functional Analysis Of Avocado Dgat1 Expressed In Yeast". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4787.
Texto completoResumen
The avocado mesocarp contains up to 60-70% oil by dry weight where triacylglycerol (TAG) is the major constituent. There is significant human nutritional demand for vegetable oil, but its use in production of renewable biomaterials and fuels has intensified the need to further increase oil production. In plants, the final and committed step in TAG biosynthesis is catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) and/or a phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferases (PDAT). Both DGAT and PDAT contribute to TAG biosynthesis in an independent or overlapping manner, depending on the species. However, preferred pathway for TAG biosynthesis is not well studied in nonseed tissues such as mesocarp. Based on the transcriptome data of Persea americana it is hypothesized that both DGAT and PDAT are likely to catalyze the conversion of diacylglycerol to TAG. In this study, putative DGAT1 was identified and comprehensive in silico analyses were conducted to determine the respective start codons, full-length coding sequences, transmembrane domains, predicted protein structures and phylogenetic relationships with other known DGAT1s. These data reveal that the putative DGAT1 of a basal angiosperm species retain features that are conserved not only among angiosperms but also other eukaryotes. For further functional analysis, the avocado DGAT1 was expressed in H1246, a TAG-deficient yeast strain and lipotoxicity rescue assays, TLC analysis, Nile Red staining were conducted. The complementation of this yeast strain confirmed enzyme activity and supported the possible role of avocado DGAT1 in TAG biosynthesis. Finally, substrate specificity of DGAT was determined by incubating microsomes with different radiolabeled substances and found that avocado DGAT1 has a preference toward oleic acid (18:1) compared to palmitic acid (16:0) while it is converting diacylglycerol (DAG) to triacylglycerol. In summary, we characterized functional DGAT1 in a basal angiosperm species, which may be metabolically engineered into crop species to produce TAG enriched in oleic acid.