Bibliografías temáticas / Avalanche collapse

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Avalanche collapse"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 6 de julio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Avalanche collapse":

Lei, Yanbin, Tandong Yao, Lide Tian, Yongwei Sheng, Jingjuan Liao, Huabiao Zhao, Wei Yang et al. "Response of downstream lakes to Aru glacier collapses on the western Tibetan Plateau". Cryosphere 15, n.º 1 (14 de enero de 2021): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-199-2021.

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Abstract. The lower parts of two glaciers in the Aru range on the western Tibetan Plateau (TP) collapsed on 17 July and 21 September 2016, respectively, causing fatal damage to local people and their livestock. The giant ice avalanches, with a total volume of 150 × 106 m3, had almost melted by September 2019 (about 30 % of the second ice avalanche remained). The impact of these extreme disasters on downstream lakes has not been investigated yet. Based on in situ observation, bathymetry survey and satellite data, we explore the impact of the ice avalanches on the two downstream lakes (i.e., Aru Co and Memar Co) in terms of lake morphology, water level and water temperature in the subsequent 4 years (2016–2019). After the first glacier collapse, the ice avalanche slid into Aru Co along with a large amount of debris, which generated great impact waves in Aru Co and significantly modified the lake's shoreline and underwater topography. An ice volume of at least 7.1 × 106 m3 was discharged into Aru Co, spread over the lake surface and considerably lowered its surface temperature by 2–4 ∘C in the first 2 weeks after the first glacier collapse. Due to the large amount of meltwater input, Memar Co exhibited more rapid expansion after the glacier collapses (2016–2019) than before (2003–2014), in particular during the warm season. The melting of ice avalanches was found to contribute to about 23 % of the increase in lake storage between 2016 and 2019. Our results indicate that the Aru glacier collapses had both short-term and long-term impacts on the downstream lakes and provide a baseline in understanding the future lake response to glacier melting on the TP under a warming climate.

Baroudi, D., B. Sovilla y E. Thibert. "Effects of flow regime and sensor geometry on snow avalanche impact-pressure measurements". Journal of Glaciology 57, n.º 202 (2011): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311796405988.

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AbstractImpact pressures of snow avalanches have been measured at the Swiss Vallée de la Sionne experimental test site using two kinds of sensor placed at different locations in the avalanche flow. Pressures measured in a fast dry-snow avalanche and a slow wet-snow avalanche are compared and discussed. The pressures recorded using the two types of sensor in the dense flow of a dry-snow avalanche agree well, showing negligible dependence on the measurement device. On the other hand, significantly different pressures are measured in the slow dense flow of a wet-snow avalanche. This is attributed to the slow drag and bulk flow of this type of avalanche, leading to the formation and collapse of force-chain structures against the different surfaces of the sensors. At a macroscopic scale, limit state analysis can be used to explain such a mechanism by a shear failure occurring between freely flowing snow and a confined snow volume against the sensor, according to a Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. The proposed model explains (1) how impact pressure can be up to eight times higher than hydrostatic snow pressure in wet cohesive slow avalanches and (2) its dependence on sensor geometry.

Azhgaliyeva, B. A. "Some issues on prevention of avalanche coloring of building structures". Bulletin of Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Construction 80, n.º 2 (29 de junio de 2021): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51488/1680-080x/2021.2-41.

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The article discusses the emergence of the problem of an avalanche collapse of a building and various ways to prevent collapse of structures. On the basis of world experience, recommendations are made for protection against avalanche collapse of high-rise buildings of various structural systems.

Stewart, M. L., J. K. Russell y C. J. Hickson. "Discrimination of hot versus cold avalanche deposits: Implications for hazard assessment at Mount Meager, B.C." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, n.º 6 (31 de diciembre de 2003): 713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-713-2003.

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Abstract. The surficial deposits surrounding the Mount Meager volcanic complex include numerous avalanche deposits. These deposits share many attributes: (a) they are nearly monolithologic and comprise mainly intermediate volcanic rock clasts, (b) they lack internal structure, and (c) they are very poorly sorted. Despite these similarities, the avalanche deposits represent two distinct processes. Mass wasting of the Mount Meager volcanic edifice has produced cold rock avalanche deposits, whereas gravitational collapse of active lava domes and flows has produced hot block and ash avalanche deposits. The ability to discriminate between these "hot" and "cold" avalanche deposits is a critical component in the assessment of hazards in volcanic terranes. Hot block and ash avalanche deposits can be distinguished by the presence of radially-oriented joints, breadcrust textures, and incipient welding, which are features indicative of high emplacement temperatures. Conversely, rock avalanche deposits resulting from mass wasting events may be distinguished by the presence of clasts that preserve pre-depositional weathering and jointing surfaces. Volcanic avalanches are mechanically similar to rock avalanches but pose a greater hazard due to high temperatures, increased fluidization from degassing and the potential to decouple highly mobile elutriated ash clouds. The increasing use of hazardous regions such as the Lillooet River valley requires more reliable risk assessment in order to minimize losses from future hazardous events.

Agatova, Anna, Roman Nepop, Dmitry Ganyushkin, Demberel Otgonbayar, Semen Griga y Ivan Ovchinnikov. "Specific Effects of the 1988 Earthquake on Topography and Glaciation of the Tsambagarav Ridge (Mongolian Altai) Based on Remote Sensing and Field Data". Remote Sensing 14, n.º 4 (14 de febrero de 2022): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040917.

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Strong earthquakes could serve as a trigger for glacier detachment and associated ice–rock avalanches. The 1988 Tsambagarav earthquake (M = 6.4) initiated collapse of part of the glacier tongue and a further ice–rock avalanche with an abnormal 5 km long path in Zuslan valley, Tsambagarav ridge (Mongolian Altai). Early documentation of surface effects in 1988, remote sensing and field data gathered 16 and 30 years after this event allowed for the assessment of the seismic impact on a reduction of “damaged” glacier under conditions of global warming as well as estimating topography changes in this arid and seismically active area. Because of the earthquake, the glacier immediately lost 10.4 % of its area (0.1 km2 of tongue surface). Additionally, 56% of its area was lost during 1988–2015, shrinking much faster than neighboring glaciers of similar size and exposition. Collapse of snow–ice cornice in the accumulation zone could play a key role in rapid acceleration of the detached ice block and abnormally long path of the ice–rock avalanche. A large amount of debris material provided more than 16 years of ice melting. Downstream, the valley avalanche debris cover repeats the topography of underlying Pleistocene moraines, which should be considered in regional paleogeographical reconstructions.

Plaza, F., M. G. Velarde, F. T. Arecchi, S. Boccaletti, M. Ciofini y R. Meucci. "Excitability following an avalanche-collapse process". Europhysics Letters (EPL) 38, n.º 2 (10 de abril de 1997): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i1997-00205-7.

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Wadge, G., P. W. Francis y C. F. Ramirez. "The Socompa collapse and avalanche event". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 66, n.º 1-4 (julio de 1995): 309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00083-s.

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Jeitschko, Thomas D. y Curtis R. Taylor. "Local Discouragement and Global Collapse: A Theory of Coordination Avalanches". American Economic Review 91, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2001): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.1.208.

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We study a dynamic game in which all players initially possess the same information and coordinate on a high level of activity. Eventually, players with a long string of bad experiences become inactive. This prospect can cause a coordination avalanche in which all activity in the population stops. Coordination avalanches are part of Pareto-efficient equilibria; they can occur at any point in the game; their occurrence does not depend on the true state of nature; and allowing players to exchange information may merely hasten their onset. We present applications to search markets, organizational meltdown, and inefficient computer upgrades. (JEL D83)

Bovet, Eloise, Bernardino Chiaia, Valerio De Biagi y Barbara Frigo. "Pressure of Snow Avalanches against Buildings". Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (julio de 2011): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.392.

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The paper aims to analyse the e ects of topography and building position on themagnitude of pressure exerted by snow avalanches against buildings, through a structural backanalysis and numerical uid-dynamics. Studying a real snow avalanche impact occurred in2008 which destroyed a village in Valsavarenche (Aosta Valley - IT), the attention is focused onthe avalanche ow deviation caused by the destructive interaction with a rst building, whichprotected part of a second building beyond it. By means of photographical and in situ survey,a detailed description of avalanche geometrical, dynamical and physical properties is outlined.A structural investigation, based both on debris arrangement and on measurements on theundamaged parts of buildings is also carried out.Thus, a back analysis is carried out in order to de ne collapse dynamics and to estimate theupper and the lower bound of impact pressure. Afterwards, numerical uid-dynamical analysesare performed to simulate di erent impact scenarios and to understand the e ects of obstacleson avalanche behavior: a qualitative measure of the interactions among buildings, which maymutually protect one another, is obtained.

Van Wyk de Vries, Maximillian, Shashank Bhushan, Mylène Jacquemart, César Deschamps-Berger, Etienne Berthier, Simon Gascoin, David E. Shean, Dan H. Shugar y Andreas Kääb. "Pre-collapse motion of the February 2021 Chamoli rock–ice avalanche, Indian Himalaya". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, n.º 10 (13 de octubre de 2022): 3309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3309-2022.

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Abstract. Landslides are a major geohazard that cause thousands of fatalities every year. Despite their importance, identifying unstable slopes and forecasting collapses remains a major challenge. In this study, we use the 7 February 2021 Chamoli rock–ice avalanche as a data-rich example to investigate the potential of remotely sensed datasets for the assessment of slope stability. We investigate imagery over the 3 decades preceding collapse and assess the precursory signs exhibited by this slope prior to the catastrophic collapse. We evaluate monthly slope motion from 2015 to 2021 through feature tracking of high-resolution optical satellite imagery. We then combine these data with a time series of pre- and post-event digital elevation models (DEMs), which we use to evaluate elevation change over the same area. Both datasets show that the 26.9×106 m3 collapse block moved over 10 m horizontally and vertically in the 5 years preceding collapse, with particularly rapid motion occurring in the summers of 2017 and 2018. We propose that the collapse results from a combination of snow loading in a deep headwall crack and permafrost degradation in the heavily jointed bedrock. Despite observing a clear precursory signal, we find that the timing of the Chamoli rock–ice avalanche could likely not have been forecast from satellite data alone. Our results highlight the potential of remotely sensed imagery for assessing landslide hazard in remote areas, but that challenges remain for operational hazard monitoring.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Avalanche collapse":

Zorzi, Luca. "From Deep Seated Gravitational Movements to Rock Avalanches: the role of failure mechanism in sudden rock collapse". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423128.

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This project is focused on understanding the processes of failure evolution (from triggering to propagation) and deformation mechanisms of Deep Seated Gravitational Movement (DSGSD) and Rock Avalanches (RA) in massive brittle rock slopes. In particular, the focus of this work is directed to the failure mechanism of these phenomena, the influence of failure mechanisms on the slope stability and dynamics of the collapse. This research aims to improve the understanding and modeling of brittle fracture and progressive failure in massive metamorphic rock slopes though a combination of structural geology, geomechanics, geomorphology, numerical and experimental modeling. Triggering factors and failure mechanisms were study on one mass wasting phenomena in the Easten Alps (Ridnaun Valley Rock Avalanche). The left slope of the Ridnaun Valley (Sterzing/Vipiteno, South Tyrol, Italy), set on the crystalline units of the Austoalpine Nappe of the alpine orogenic wedge, shows evidence of quaternary gravitational evolution which highly depends on the brittle/ductile structural setting of the slope. Detailed field work and LiDAR-derived digital elevation model analysis clearly revealed different gravitational movements. A fully evolved gravitational collapse, having the typical features of a Rock Avalanche (RA), characterizes the central part of the slope; whereas to the east and west of the RA, deep - seated gravitational slope deformations, pointed out for the first time with this research, still involve the slope. Making use of different approaches, such as geomorphology, structural geology and geomechanical analysis, and numerical modeling, the present work shows how the brittle/ductile tectonic setting acts on one hand as primary controlling factors of the detected large mass movements; on the other hand, can control the evolutionary type of failure (i.e.: rock avalanche). It is expected that the findings obtained through this investigation will enhance our fundamental knowledge on DSGSD evolutionary type on poly - deformed metamorphic masses, particularly with regard to understanding the key stages of the progressive evolution of rock slope failures from a secondary creep stage to the sudden collapse.
Questo progetto di ricerca ha come focus la comprensione dei meccanismi di deformazione e di collasso (dall'innesco alla prpagazione della rottura) che governano Deformazioni Gravitative Profonde di Versante (DGPV) e valanghe di roccia (rock avalanches) in versanti rocciosi. In particolare, l'attenzione primaria di questo lavoro è indirizzata ai meccanismi di propagazione della rottura, alla loro influenza sulla stabilità dei versanti ed alle dinamiche del collasso. Lo scopo principale è migliorare le conoscenze ed i modelli relativi ai meccanismi di fratturazione e di rottura progressiva in ammassi rocciosi foliati, attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare che prevede l'analisi delversante con tecniche geologico - strutturali, geomorfologhiche, geomeccaniche e di modellazione numerica. Cause innascanti e meccanismi di rottura progressiva sono stati analizzati prendendo come caso studio un collasso gravitativo di grandi dimensioni nelle Alpi orientali (la rock avalanche della Val Ridanna). Il versante sinistro della Val Ridanna (Sterzing/Vipiten, Alto Adige, Italia), collocato geologicamente nelle unità cristalline della falda Austroalpina del prisma orogenetico delle Alpi, mostra evidenze un'evoluzione gravitativa quaternaria di tipo differenziale, la quale è fortemente controllata dall'assetto geologico duttile/fragile delle unità metamorfiche costituenti il versante. Indagini di terreno, unita ad una dettagliata analisi del modello digitale del terreno ottenuti da acquisizioni LiDAR, ha permesso di riconoscere differenti deformazioni gravitative all'interno del versante studio. La parte centarle della valle è caratterizzata da un evidente accumulo derivante da un collasso gravitativo di tipo rock avalanche; lungo il verante, ad ovest ed ad est dell'area sorgente della rock avalanche, due DGPV, riconosciute per la prima volta grazie a questo lavoro, coinvolgono il versante. Il presente lavoro mostra come l'assetto duttile/fragile agisca da un lato come fattore predisponente alle deformazioni gravitative riconosciute; dall'altro controlla direttamente le modalità evolutive delle deformazioni stesse. Si ritiene che i risultati ottenuti da questa tesi di dottorato possano contribuire al miglioramento delle conoscenze sull'evoluzione di DGPV in rocce metamorfiche polideformate, in particolare per quanto concerne i meccanicsmi che governano l'evoluzione parossistica di un ammasso roccioso in deformazione lenta.

Sicre, Mathieu. "Study of the noise aging mechanisms in single-photon avalanche photodiode for time-of-flight imaging". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAL0104.

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Les diodes à avalanche à photon unique (SPAD) sont utilisées pour les capteurs à temps de vol afin de déterminer la distance d'une cible. Cependant, ils sont sujets à des déclenchements parasites par des porteurs de charge générés de manière parasitaire, quantifiés en tant que taux de comptage dans l’obscurité (DCR), ce qui peut compromettre la précision de la distance mesurée. Pour résoudre ce problème, une méthodologie de simulation a été mise en place pour évaluer le DCR. Cela est réalisé en simulant la probabilité de claquage d'avalanche, intégrée avec le taux de génération de porteurs de charge à partir de défauts. Cette méthodologie permet d'identifier les sources potentielles de DCR avant stress. Pour garantir l'intégrité des mesures de distance sur une longue période, il est nécessaire de prédire le niveau de DCR dans diverses conditions d'exploitation. La méthodologie de simulation susmentionnée est utilisée pour identifier les sources potentielles de DCR après stress. Pour un modèle cinétique précis de dégradation de type porteurs chauds (HCD), il est essentiel de considérer non seulement la distribution d'énergie des porteurs, mais également la distribution de l'énergie de dissociation de la liaison Si-H à l'interface Si/SiO2. La probabilité de dissociation d'ionisation d'impact est utilisée pour modéliser le processus de création de défauts, qui présente une dépendance temporelle sous-linéaire en raison de l'épuisement progressif des précurseurs de défauts. Une mesure précise de la distance nécessite de distinguer le signal du bruit ambiant et du plancher de DCR. L'impact de DCR peut être estimé en considérant la réflectance de la cible et les conditions d'éclairage ambiant. En résumé, ce travail utilise une méthodologie de caractérisation et de simulation approfondie pour prédire le DCR dans les dispositifs de type SPAD le long de sa durée de vie, permettant ainsi d'évaluer son impact sur les mesures de distance
Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) are used for Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors to determine distance from a target by measuring the travel time of an emitted pulsed signal. These photodetectors work by triggering an avalanche of charge carriers upon photon absorption, resulting in a substantial amplification which can be detected. However, they are subject to spurious triggering by parasitic generated charge carriers, quantified as Dark Count Rate (DCR), which can compromise the accuracy of the measured distance. Therefore, it is crucial to identify and eliminate the potential source of DCR. To tackle this issue, a simulation methodology has been implemented to assess the DCR. This is achieved by simulating the avalanche breakdown probability, integrated with the carrier generation rate from defects. The breakdown probability can be simulated either in a deterministically, based on electric-field streamlines, or stochastically, by means of drift-diffusion simulation of the random carrier path. This methodology allows for the identification of the potential sources of pre-stress DCR by comparing simulation results to experimental data over a wide range of voltage and temperature. To ensure the accuracy of distance range measurements over time, it is necessary to predict the DCR level under various operating conditions. The aforementioned simulation methodology is used to identify the potential sources of post-stress DCR by comparing simulation results to stress experiments that evaluate the principal stress factors, namely temperature, voltage and irradiance. Furthermore, a Monte-Carlo study has been conducted to examine the device-to-device variation along stress duration. For an accurate Hot-Carrier Degradation (HCD) kinetics model, it is essential to consider not only the carrier energy distribution function but also the distribution of Si−H bond dissociation energy distribution at the Si/SiO2 interface. The number of available hot carriers is estimated from the carrier current density according to the carrier energy distribution simulated by means of a full-band Monte-Carlo method. The impact-ionization dissociation probability is employed to model the defect creation process, which exhibits sub-linear time dependence due to the gradual exhaustion of defect precursors. Accurate distance ranging requires distinguishing the signal from ambient noise and the DCR floor, and ensuring the target’s accumulated photon signal dominates over other random noise sources. An analytical formula allows to estimate the maximum distance ranging using the maximum signal strength, ambient noise level, and confidence levels. The impact of DCR can be estimated by considering the target’s reflectance and the ambient light conditions. In a nutshell, this work makes use of a in-depth characterization and simulation methodology to predict DCR in SPAD devices along stress duration, thereby allowing the assessment of its impact on distance range measurements

Andrade, Varela Santiago Daniel. "The influence of active tectonics on the structural development and flank collapse of Ecuadorian arc volcanoes". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF21957.

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Des approches géologiques et morphologiques, ainsi que des modèles analogiques, ont été utilisés pour étudier pour la première fois le rôle de la tectonique active durant le développement structural des volcans de l'arc équatorien. En Equateur, la morphologie des volcans reflète un développement structural complexe, influencé par la superposition de différentes interactions volcano-tectoniques, autant dans le régime gravitationnel local que dans le régime tectonique régional. Ces interactions peuvent contrôler le développement de structures volcaniques majeures, tels que les effondrements de flanc, l'emplacement d'évents latéraux et la taille et la forme des édifices volcaniques. Un exemple de ces interactions est le volcan Imbabura (nord du pays), qui est composé de cinq unités stratigraphiques et structurales majeures. Au cours du développement de l'Imbabura, l'emplacement de ces unités a été fortement contrôlé et influencé par l'interaction de l'édifice volcanique avec : 1- la faille régional dextre 'El Angel-Rio Ambi' ; et 2- la pente de son substratum. Certaines structures observées dans les dépôts d'avalanche de débris volcaniques sont la conséquence des structures développées aux stades initiaux des effondrements de flanc

Libros sobre el tema "Avalanche collapse":

Louchet, Francois. Snow Avalanches. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866930.001.0001.

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This work is a critical update of the most recent and innovative developments of the avalanche science. It aims at re-founding it on clear scientific bases, from field observations and experiments up to strong mathematical and physical analysis and modeling. It points out snow peculiarities, regarding both static mechanical properties and flow dynamics, that may strongly differ from those of compact solids for the former, and of Newtonian fluids for the latter. It analyzes the general processes involved in avalanche release, in terms of brittle fracture and ductile plasticity, specific friction laws, flow of healable granular materials, percolation concepts, cellular automata, scale invariance, criticality, theory of dynamical systems, bifurcations, etc. As a result, slab triggering (including remote triggering) can be summarized by the “slab avalanche release in 4 steps” concept, based on weak layer local collapse and subsequent propagation driven by slab weight. The frequent abortion of many incipient avalanches is easily explained in terms of snow grain dynamical healing. Sluffs and full-depth avalanches are also analyzed. Such advances pave the way for significant progress in risk evaluation procedures. In the present context of a speeding-up climate warming, possible evolutions of snow cover extent and stability are also tentatively discussed. We show how, in mountainous areas, the present analysis can be extended to other gravitational failures (rock-falls, landslides) that are likely to take over from avalanches in such circumstances. The text is supported by on-line links to field experiments and lectures on triggering mechanisms, risk management, and decision making.

Roverato, Matteo, Anja Dufresne y Jonathan Procter. Volcanic Debris Avalanches: From Collapse to Hazard. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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Roverato, Matteo, Anja Dufresne y Jonathan Procter. Volcanic Debris Avalanches: From Collapse to Hazard. Springer, 2020.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Avalanche collapse":

Endo, K., M. Sumita, M. Machida y M. Furuichi. "The 1984 Collapse and Debris Avalanche Deposits of Ontake Volcano, Central Japan". En IAVCEI Proceedings in Volcanology, 210–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73759-6_14.

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Bronto, Sutikno, Wartono Rahardjo, Pudjo Asmoro, Antonius Ratdomopurbo, Malia Adityarani y Afrinia Permatasari. "The Godean Debris Avalanche Deposit From a Sector Collapse of Merapi Volcano". En Merapi Volcano, 195–231. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15040-1_7.

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Roverato, Matteo, Federico Di Traglia, Jonathan Procter, Engielle Paguican y Anja Dufresne. "Factors Contributing to Volcano Lateral Collapse". En Volcanic Debris Avalanches, 91–119. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_5.

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Siebert, Lee y Matteo Roverato. "A Historical Perspective on Lateral Collapse and Volcanic Debris Avalanches". En Volcanic Debris Avalanches, 11–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_2.

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Watt, Sebastian F. L., Jens Karstens y Christian Berndt. "Volcanic-Island Lateral Collapses and Their Submarine Deposits". En Volcanic Debris Avalanches, 255–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_10.

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Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich y Mari Sumita. "Instability of Oceanic Volcanic Edifices: Examples of Sector Collapse, Debris Avalanches, and Debris Flows from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands)". En Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, 605–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00972-8_54.

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Louchet, Francois. "Slab Avalanche Release: Data and Field Experiments". En Snow Avalanches, 25–35. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866930.003.0004.

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Starting zone sizes are shown to obey statistical laws, named “power laws”, stating that the recurrence time of an event of a given size increases in a precise proportion with its size. Extrapolation of such laws fitted on small-sized events allows a determination of recurrence times for big and uncommon events. The key role of the weak layer (WL) failure is illustrated by “Propagation Saw Tests” (PST), showing that the collapse of a WL zone of a few decimeters may act as a switch, triggering a very large scale spontaneous WL failure. However, the consequences of such a collapse may be damped down by sintering of broken WL grains. We analyze bridging indexes, often used to estimate WL resistance to collapse under loading. We define a new bridging index, extending the usual one to the case of elastic bending, and we discuss the validity domains of both of them.

Louchet, Francois. "Summary and Conclusion". En Snow Avalanches, 61–62. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866930.003.0008.

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A number of well-established physical and mechanical laws are often improperly applied to snow, which is a very particular medium regarding compacity, viscosity, friction, rupture, etc. Snow is described as a changeable granular and porous material, and analyzed using a combination of statistical and deterministic approaches, with the help of the theory of dynamical systems. Specific models are developed for slab, superficial, and full-depth avalanches. The series of successive physical mechanisms responsible for slab avalanche triggering is now perfectly known, involving weak layer collapse and expansion, in which possible healing may abort the whole process. Loose snow avalanches are reminiscent of Bak’s sand pile model, and full-depth avalanches are modeled in terms of snow-water percolation. The specific arrest mechanisms are analyzed. The present analysis should help in taking wise decisions in the face of unexpected situations. The future of snow avalanches is explored in the context of present climate warming.

"Emergencies: collapse and serious illness". En Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine, editado por Jon Dallimore, 233–82. 3^a ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198867012.003.0008.

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Abstract Collapse in young adults is very rare, but often very serious; in older travellers a cardiovascular cause should be sought. Initial assessment and resuscitation follow the usual algorithms, but in the wilderness, decisions may be complicated by lack of equipment and lengthy evacuation times. Specific problems include hypothermia, drowning, avalanche burial, and snake-bite envenoming. Initial care involves the Basic Life support algorithm (BLS) including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Choking, if present, must be managed and an unconscious patient placed in the recovery position. Shock may have several causes of which anaphylaxis is one of the most likely in young travellers; where present it should be treated and monitored. Specific symptoms considered in this chapter include chest pain, shortness of breath, decreased level of consciousness, headache, delirium, and convulsions. Specific medical problems include diabetic emergencies, gastrointestinal bleeding, and fever.

Romero, Carmen, Inés Galindo, Nieves Sánchez, Esther Martín-González y Juana Vegas. "Syn-Eruptive Lateral Collapse of Monogenetic Volcanoes: The Case of Mazo Volcano from the Timanfaya Eruption (Lanzarote, Canary Islands)". En Volcanoes - Updates in Volcanology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93882.

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The evolution of complex volcanic structures usually includes the occurrence of flank collapse events. Monogenetic cones, however, are more stable edifices with minor rafting processes that remove part of the cone slopes. We present the eruptive history of Mazo volcano (Lanzarote, Canary Islands), including the first detailed description of a syn-eruptive debris avalanche affecting a volcanic monogenetic edifice. The study and characterization, through new geological and morphological data and the analysis of a great number of documentary data, have made it possible to reinterpret this volcano and assign it to the Timanfaya eruption (1730–1736). The eruptive style evolved from Hawaiian to Strombolian until a flank collapse occurred, destroying a great part of the edifice, and forming a debris avalanche exhibiting all the features that define collapsing volcanic structures. The existence of blocks from the substrate suggests a volcano-tectonic process associated with a fracture acting simultaneously with the eruption. The sudden decompression caused a blast that produced pyroclasts that covered most of the island. This study forces to change the current low-hazard perception usually linked to monogenetic eruptions and provides a new eruptive scenario to be considered in volcanic hazards analysis and mitigation strategies development.

Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Avalanche collapse":

Degroote, Eugenio. "Avalanche-Collapse Process on Flame Spreading Over Liquid Fuels". En FRONTIERS OF FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS: Eighth International Symposium FFP8. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2737001.

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Harvey, Jonathan, Greg Palese, Lyle Denny y Brendon Quirk. "THE ELK CREEK, CO ROCK AVALANCHE – A CATASTROPHIC VALLEY WALL COLLAPSE TRIGGERED BY DEGLACIATION?" En GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-381359.

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Ferrusquia Villafranca, Ismael, José Ramón Torres-Hernández y José E. Ruiz-González. "THE FIRST DOCUMENTED EOCENE VOLCANIC AVALANCHE (NDUAYACO V. A.) OF MEXICO, EVIDENCE OF PARTIAL COLLAPSE SECTOR OF A VOLCANO ADJACENT TO THE TAMAZULAPAM FAULT IN NORTHWESTERN OAXACA". En GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-300977.

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Hanson, Richard E., W. Guthrie McLain, David S. Harwood y Steven J. Singletary. "PETROLOGY OF MEGABLOCKS IN A LARGE-SCALE PLIOCENE VOLCANIC DEBRIS AVALANCHE DEPOSIT IN THE NORTHERN SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA: INSIGHTS INTO MAGMATIC EVOLUTION AND PARTIAL COLLAPSE OF AN ANCESTRAL CASCADES STRATOVOLCANO". En GSA Connects 2023 Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Geological Society of America, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2023am-395001.

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Babaei, M. H. "Collapse of Rectangular Granular Piles in Air and Water". En ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65012.

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Granular materials are processed in many industries including agricultural, pharmaceutical, mining, and oil-sand and several geophysical processes such as landslides and avalanches. There are few models capable of predicting the flow of granular materials and particularly their collapse. Theoretical studies of the topic usually encounter difficulties in accurately predicting the collapse dynamics and final stable heaps. The two-dimensional gravitational collapse of cohesionless rectangular granular piles is numerically investigated in this paper. Piles surrounded by either air (dry case) or an oil-water mixture (wet case) undergo a dam-break collapse onto a horizontal base. The granular material is modeled as a perfectly plastic substance based on the Mohr-Coulomb law. The constitutive relations represent the granular material as a fluid, with a shear viscosity as a function of solids pressure, the second invariant of the deviatoric strain-rate tensor, and the internal angle of friction of the granular material. This two-phase flow problem (grains and liquid or air) is then formulated accordingly and solved by the mixture model method for the wet collapse and the level-set method for the dry collapse using COMSOL finite-element software. In both air and the liquid, stable heaps are achieved. The results are compared with experimental measurements of Balmforth & Kerswell [1] and Rondon et al. [2]. The model can closely predict the final shape of the collapsed dry pile. The final shape of the collapsed wet pile is also well-predicted when its initial packing concentration is relatively low. Further developments are needed to model the wet collapse of high-initial-concentration piles.

Keats, Daphne y Shuguang Wang. "The Background to the Research: Cultural, Theoretical and Methodological Issues". En International Association of Cross Cultural Psychology Congress. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4087/rzib1678.

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The disastrous earthquake of 12 May, 2008 had its greatest impact on the Qiang people, an ethnic minority living in the mountainous regions of Sichuan at the earthquake’s epicentre. Over 80,000 people died, over a million were injured or missing, most buildings collapsed and most homes were demolished under the avalanches. Thousands of children were evacuated to safety, some moved to far distant locations. The research team from the University of Newcastle responded to the plea of the Qiang leaders to help the children. In cooperation with the China-Australia Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, a three stage psycho-cultural research program was devised, comprising a survey of children’s current caregivers, interviews with the children, and development of a culturally appropriate rehabilitation scheme. Shuguang Wang was appointed to coordinate the project. This paper discusses the research issues involved. Of paramount importance was the collectivist nature of the Qiang culture and the traditional ways of dealing with disasters. Theoretical issues related to the relevance of western individualistic psychological and psychiatric approaches to therapy in the Qiang collectivist environment. Methodological problems related to developing appropriate measuring instruments, and preparing guidelines and training programs for local Qiang interviewers and volunteers.

Informes sobre el tema "Avalanche collapse":

Glazier, J. A. Fingering Instabilities, Collapse, Avalanches and Self-Organized Criticality in Liquid Foams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), noviembre de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837077.

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