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Satkauskytė, Dalia. "The Biography of a Writer as an Argument in (De)Canonisation". Colloquia 53 (4 de julio de 2024): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/coll.24.53.02.
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Despite the conception of the author’s death that was prevalent in the second half of the 20th century, the author’s biography always intervenes indirectly in the canonisation process, either a priori, as an additional argument for canonisation (e.g. participation in the national movement), or a posteriori, when the canonised author acquires, according to Yuri Lotman, the right to a biography. Moreover, biography becomes a significant factor in cases of revising and rewriting the canon, especially when it is related to political changes in society, e.g. in forming a Socialist Realist canon or the case of its radical deconstruction. The focus on biographical texts and authors’ biographies increases significantly in the 21st century, when literature itself tries to erase boundaries between fictional and biographical, and literary scholars discuss whether it is possible to separate the author from his or her work in the contexts of the historical memory and cancel culture. In this theoretical and historical framework, I discuss the role of the biography in the canonisation and decanonisation of a writer, and consider how these processes and the shift in the cultural paradigm influence interpretations of writers’ biographies.
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Kosau, Alexandr. "Post-Soviet Space in Russian-American Relations (First Quarter of the 21st Century)". ISTORIYA 13, n.º 2 (112) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019622-3.
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This publication examines the policy of Russia and the United States in the post-Soviet space in the first two decades of the 21st century. The materials were information sources on the foreign policy of the two countries, as well as research by Russian and Western authors using general scientific and special historical methods. The purpose of the article is to examine the role and place of the post-Soviet space in Russian-American relations in the 21st century. In the 21st century, the post-Soviet space has become an arena of geopolitical rivalry between Russia and the United States. This happened due to the cardinal divergence of the national interests of Moscow and Washington in the region. The United States decided to reformat the post-Soviet space, finally ousting the Russian Federation with the prospect of changing the political regime in Russia itself. The realization of this fact by the Kremlin has led to the strengthening, to the best of its ability, of Russian opposition to American penetration into the region. Consequently, in the 21st century, the post-Soviet space has become one of the irritants of Russian-American relations.
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Bartsch, Adam, Edward Benzel, Vincent Miele y Vikas Prakash. "Impact test comparisons of 20th and 21st century American football helmets". Journal of Neurosurgery 116, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.9.jns111059.
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Object Concussion is the signature American football injury of the 21st century. Modern varsity helmets, as compared with vintage leather helmets, or “leatherheads,” are widely believed to universally improve protection by reducing head impact doses and head injury risk for the 3 million young football players in the US. The object of this study was to compare the head impact doses and injury risks with 11 widely used 21st century varsity helmets and 2 early 20th century leatherheads and to hypothesize what the results might mean for children wearing similar varsity helmets. Methods In an injury biomechanics laboratory, the authors conducted front, oblique front, lateral, oblique rear, and rear head impact tests at 5.0 m/second using helmeted headforms, inducing near- and subconcussive head impact doses on par with approximately the 95th percentile of on-field collision severity. They also calculated impact dose injury risk parameters common to laboratory and on-field traumatic neuromechanics: linear acceleration, angular acceleration, angular velocity, Gadd Severity Index, diffuse axonal injury, acute subdural hematoma, and brain contusion. Results In many instances the head impact doses and head injury risks while wearing vintage leatherheads were comparable to or better than those while wearing several widely used 21st century varsity helmets. Conclusions The authors do not advocate reverting to leather headgear, but they do strongly recommend, especially for young players, instituting helmet safety designs and testing standards, which encourage the minimization of linear and angular impact doses and injury risks in near- and subconcussive head impacts.
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Martynenko, Elena y Vera Malakhovskaya. "Transformation of the French Media System at the Beginning of the 21st Century". Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 12, n.º 4 (18 de diciembre de 2023): 673–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2023.12(4).673-689.
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France’s mass media attract the attention of researchers due to their traditionally significant place in the Western and world media space. France’s modern media system embraces the time lapse from 1946 till present. In this article we study the transformation of the French mass media in the context of the digital revolution of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the transition from the étatisme of the IV Republic (1946–1958) and the presidency of Ch. de Gaulle (1959–1969) to the liberalization of the French media sphere in the second half of the 1980s and in subsequent decades. French mass media materials and statistical data from French official online resources of the first two decades of the 21st century made up the empirical base of this research. The authors try to trace the transformation of the French media system in the current conditions of the strengthening of the digital oligopoly of American media corporations, as well as financialization, capital concentration and monopolization in the French media. The authors study the transformation of the French legislation on mass media from the post-war decades to the present. The emergence of many new channels of information thanks to large social networks, the ultra-mediatization of French society in the beginning of the 21st century became a reason for discussion in the French media community, and also gave impetus to the authors of this article to study the process of the strengthening of media giants in the French media space at the present stage. The authors touch upon the issue of the political sympathies of France’s main media monopolies during the 2022 presidential elections. The authors conclude that for more than seven decades of the 20th — 21st centuries France’s media system has significantly transformed, going from the étatist media system of the post-war decades to the digital oligopoly of the current decade of the 21st century.
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Adorno, Rolena. "On Western Waters: Anglo-American Nonfictional Narrative in the Nineteenth Century". Daedalus 141, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00129.
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Anglo-American westward expansion provided a major impulse to the development of the young United States' narrative tradition. Early U.S. writers also looked to the South, that is, to the Spanish New World and, in some cases, to Spain itself. Washington Irving's “A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus” (1828), the first full-length biography of the admiral in English, inaugurated the trend, and Mark Twain's “Life on the Mississippi” (1883) transformed it by focusing on the life and lives of the Mississippi River Valley and using an approach informed by Miguel de Cervantes's “Don Quijote de la Mancha.” From Irving's “discovery of America” to Twain's tribute to the disappearing era of steamboat travel and commerce on the Mississippi, the tales about “western waters,” told via their authors' varied engagements with Spanish history and literature, constitute a seldom acknowledged dimension in Anglo-America's nonfictional narrative literary history.
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Friar, Kendra Kay. "Scott Joplin: A Guide for Music Educators PART I—A Ragtime Life". General Music Today 34, n.º 3 (abril de 2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10483713211002150.
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Scott Joplin was an African American composer and pianist of singular merit and influence. Academic interest in Joplin has increased in recent years, leading to new discoveries about the composer’s activities, yet teaching materials have not been updated at the same pace as 21st-century findings. Joplin was an entrepreneur, a performer, and a teacher, yet his biography is often reduced to a “celebratory” narrative of a composer creating toe-tapping music for the masses. “A Ragtime Life,” the first article in a three-part series, presents a modern understanding of the biographical context which shaped Scott Joplin's music, thought, and practice. It also provides suggested classroom activities for exploring Joplin’s life and works written in accordance with NAfME’s 2014 National Music Standards.
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Матрусова, А. Н. y А. А. Соломонова. "PUSHKIN - AN IMAGE AND A PRECEDENT PHENOMENON IN RUSSIAN SONG TEXTS OF THE 20TH–21ST CENTURIES". Russkii iazyk za rubezhom, n.º 2(303) (24 de abril de 2024): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2024.303.2.006.
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В статье поднимается вопрос о функционировании имени Пушкина как прецедентного феномена в русской песенной поэзии от второй трети ХХ века до первой четверти XXI века. Отмечается, что прецедентность самого имени органично сочетается с использованием цитат пушкинских текстов, отсылками к биографии поэта и культурному контексту как Пушкинской, так и современной эпохи. В связи с этим авторы приходят к выводу, что потенциал прецедентности таких имен, как Пушкин, не снижается, а, скорее, наоборот, нарастает по мере изменения и раскрепощения текстовой песенной культуры современного русскоязычного пространства. The article raises the question of the functioning of the name Pushkin as a precedent phenomenon in Russian song poetry from the second third of the 20th century to the first quarter of the 21st century. It is noted that the precedent nature of the name itself is organically combined with the use of quotations from Pushkin’s texts, references to the poet’s biography and the cultural context of both Pushkin and the modern era. In this regard, the authors come to the conclusion that the precedent potential of such names as Pushkin does not decrease, but rather, on the contrary, increases as the textual song culture of the modern Russian-speaking space changes and becomes emancipated.
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Pavlov, A. V. "Images of Modernity in the 21st Century: Automodernism". Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences, n.º 10 (20 de diciembre de 2018): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2018-10-97-113.
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In the past twenty years, all the key authors who wrote about the state of postmodernity either began to be engaged in other research areas (Fredric Jameson) or declared that the postmodernism is dead (Linda Hutcheon). Since 2000, when the fatigue from the postmodernism became evident to everyone, various researchers, critics and theorists began to offer their concepts of our era. However, all these theories, emphasizing the change of cultural paradigms, interpret culture traditionally not paying attention to total digitalization and the introduction of new technologies into our lives. However, in two concepts of our time these processes become central. These are the concepts of the digimodern and automodern. The focus of this article is the idea of automodernism, proposed by the American social theorist Robert Samuels in 2007/2009. He believes that our world is characterized by two contradictory tendencies – automation and the desire for autonomy (personal freedom). From his point of view, the former often does not allow to reach the latter due to certain circumstances. Samuels, using the example of a car, a personal computer, the Internet, etc., shows what exactly our culture is in the broadest sense. Analyzing the concept of “digital youth,” he also pays attention to the formation of a new subjectivity of the era of automodernity. Finally, the most interesting part of the concept of automodernism, which is most relevant today, is the criticism of leftwing social and philosophical concepts (Slavoj Žižek, Jameson) and cultural theories (Henry Jenkins). At the end of the article, the author mentions Adam Greenfield’s latest book Radical Technologies: The Design of Everyday Life. Thanks to this book, Samuels’ theory can be verified.
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Mikhalchuk, Hanna. "The Contests of Young Writers of the Belarusian PEN Centre and their Role in the Consolidation of Writers in the Belarusian Literary Process at the Beginning of the 21st Century". Studia Białorutenistyczne 17 (1 de febrero de 2024): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sb.2023.17.177-194.
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The article provides a review of the contests of young writers held by the Belarusian PEN Centre in 2003–2006 and 2009–2012. The aim of the research is to determine the role of these contests in the consolidation of writers in the Belarusian literary process at the beginning of the 21st century. The author proves that for a certain circle of contemporary Belarusian authors, winning contests, as well as participation in events organized for the winners (such as literature seminars, roundtables, presentations of collections published in the outcome of contests), became an important part of their creative and professional biography. The authors themselves value highly the role ofcontests in their creative formation. The events organized for the winners influenced the formation of knowledge of finalists on the current literary process, created an opportunity to improve literary skills and publication of texts sent to a contest, to give authors a possibility to get to know each other better and, in addition, they resulted in the establishment of a creative and professional cooperation, which continued after the end of the contest. Such contests played an important role in the emergence of an informal youth literary circle, united around the person of Andrej Khadanovich, the main coordinator of contests and contest events, as well as in the formation of a circle of young literary activists around the Belarusian PEN Centre. The results of the research proved that literary contests - as one of the most important forms of consolidation of the environment of the writers – had a significant influence on many processes and phenomena of Belarusian literature of the 21st century.
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Goliney, Vladimir A. y Dmitry M. Rosenthal. "US hegemony in Latin America and opportunities to overcome it: horizon 2040". USA & Canada Economics – Politics – Culture, n.º 12 (15 de diciembre de 2023): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2686673023120027.
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This article examines the phenomenon of US hegemony in the Western Hemisphere and explores the possibility of overcoming it by 2040. The authors question the expediency of this measure for the countries within the region. The article identifies key determinants of Inter-American relations development. Among the key threats to Washington's dominance, the authors highlight the strengthening positions of major powers, particularly Brazil and Mexico, as well as China. The study's prognostic nature dictates its methodology, wherein current trends are compared with visions of future world development (by the middle of the 21st century).
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Sakaeva, Liliya Radikovna, Rina R. Ganieva y Roman Evgenievich Shkilev. "The nature of syntactic relations reflected by word order in sentences in the novels". Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-A (14 de diciembre de 2020): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-a573p.148-156.
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The topicality of the problem investigated is caused by necessity of studying the syntactic system of languages which is in line with main trends in modern linguistics. The aim of the research is to study the nature of syntactic relations expressed by word order in sentences in speech of authors and characters in the work of the 20th century American writer J.D. Salinger ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ and the work of the 21st century American writer L. Groff ‘Fates and Furies’. The following objectives of the study contribute to the achievement of the aim: to consider the rules of word order in a sentence in English; to study the works devoted to the study of syntax of a sentence; to analyze the syntactic structure of sentences in authors’ and characters’ speech in the novels «The Catcher in the Rye» by J.D. Salinger and «Fates and Furies» by L. Groff.
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Aristova, Ekaterina P. "TO DEFINE SOVIET EXISTENCE: SOVIET, RUSSIAN AND WORLD RESEARCHES OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY". Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 116, n.º 5 (2020): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2020-5-116-184-192.
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Thе article explores works about soviet life by soviet, russian, european and american researchers, written in the second half of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. The understanding of soviet life by european and american authors was determined by studying the nature of totalitarianism. The authors analyzed the features of classical european metaphysics that determined the formation of ideologies (the concept of the ideal state of Plato, the concept of rational laws of historical development of K. Marx), the psychology of the «man of the masses», the influence of propaganda and alternative ways of controlling the masses, the importance of the image of a Superpowerful Empire for modern Russia. The key authors are K. Popper, H. Arendt, Z. Brzezinski and K. Friedrich, J. Nye, W. Laqueur. Soviet authors analyzed the themes of protecting humanistic values and civil rights and freedoms, transforming culture under state control and formation of the aesthetics of totalitarian art, the existence of an individual in collectivist environment, the formation and destruction of the special communication environment of the soviet world: a system of signs and myths. The most interesting authors are G. S. Pomerants, I. N. Golomstock, B. E. Groys, P. Weil and A. Genis, G. L. Smirnova, A. A. Zinoviev, M. K. Mamardashvii, M. P. Kapustina, Yu. A. Levada. Some studies are concentrated on the legacy of the USSR as a kind of lost civilization – the analysis of everyday life, creating dictionaries and encyclopedias of soviet life, the studying of memories and diaries. The works by L. V. Belovinsky, I. B. Orlova, N. B. Lebina, N. N. Kozlova are notable.
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Kupets, Lyubov A. "Where does Russian Music Begin? The Case of Mikhail Glinka in the Biographical Series of “The Lives of Wonderful People”". Music Scholarship / Problemy Muzykal'noj Nauki, n.º 1 (2022): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2782-3598.2022.1.143-155.
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Since the second half of the 19th century, the figure of Mikhail Glinka has become the dominant one for constructing the total history of Russian music and understanding the significance of other Russian composers. Among the multitude of historical and theoretic research works pertaining to Russian musicology, especially noteworthy is the publication of the musician’s biography in the popular scholarly series “The Lives of Wonderful People” for the period of 1892– 2019. A long-term analysis of the author’s narratives in the historical and cultural context revealed the mechanisms of cultural recycling in the interpretation of Glinka’s personality and work: the phenomenon of “forgetting” and the effects of “double recycling” and the “personal approach.” Several models of biography are traced, the features of which resonate with the historical, cultural, and political guidelines of the era as well as with the professional preferences of the authors of these books. The book about Glinka written during the Silver Age of Russian culture presents a kind of a “life guide,” which peculiarly conflates the Victorian biographical canon and the psychological essay bearing a positivist accent. The Soviet image of the composer was being formed gradually, becoming fixed in the 1940s and 1950s. In its case, both the tendency to visualize narratives associated with the influence of the cinematograph (from the “novel about the composer” to the “movie plot for the young generation”) and the ideological partisanship in Glinka’s biography (the maximal approach to the canons of socialist realism) become characteristic feature. In the 21st century the leading principle in designing the image of the composer is the demythologization of the Soviet canon and the fundamental orientation towards the Internet public consisting primarily of the generation of millennials.
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Ulanov, Alexander M. "Russian and American Poetry: Towards New Language Abilities". Literature of the Americas, n.º 16 (2024): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2024-16-425-433.
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The book by Vladimir Feshchenko, a Russian researcher of the language of poetry and a publisher of avant-garde literature, is devoted to Russian and American poetry of the language experiment in the 20th and early 21st century. Using examples from Andrei Bely, Russian futurists, Alexander Vvedensky, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, E.E. Cummings to the American poets of “language writing” and modern Russian-speaking young poets, the similarity of the philosophical and linguistic foundations of the language experiment, the convergence and differences of literatures, the personal interaction of authors from both countries are considered in the book. The analysis of a number of American and Russian poems from the point of view of the language of poetry is given. V. Feshchenko's book is of interest to researchers of Russian and American poetry, the avant-garde, the language of poetry, and the interaction of literatures.
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Mulhollan, Dan. "The Future of Congress". PS: Political Science & Politics 43, n.º 02 (abril de 2010): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096510000016.
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At a roundtable at the American Political Science Association annual meeting in September 2009, congressional scholars took on a challenge uncommon to the discipline: scenario planning. As chair of the roundtable “Congress and the 21st Century: Future Challenges and Development,” I asked each participant to identify factors to take into account if one were to project what Congress would look like as an institution in 2030. I am pleased to introduce the following articles that resulted from this effort. The authors are Frances E. Lee, University of Maryland; Matthew N. Green, Catholic University of America, with coauthor Daniel Burns; Kathryn Pearson, University of Minnesota; and Colleen J. Shogan, Congressional Research Service.
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Raljević, Selma. "AMERICAN LITERATURE(S) IN MOTION: MIGRATION, IMAGINATION, AND IDENTITY IN CONTEMPORARY U.S. FICTION". Folia linguistica et litteraria XI, n.º 33 (2020): 7–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.33.2020.1.
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This article analyzes the remaking of American literature and its identity, focusing transnational American literature in general and, in particular, the contemporary American novel. It discusses a sense of postnational and anational motion of/in U.S. fiction, with an emphasis on the 21st - century American novel, created by both American and non-American authors and observed from a perspective of both American and non-American Americanists. Aimed at exploring literature in motion across “imagined” borders, the article also discusses the synergies between literature and other arts and disciplines in contemporary American literatures in order to provide new insights into literature in general and American literatures in particular. In the dialogue of literature with other disciplines, it examines the synergies between the local, regional, national, and global in contemporary U.S. fiction, as well as the synergies between different discourses of contemporaneity. Moving beyond established models in the way that even the term “transnational” transcends its own definition, the aim is to newly theorize a transnational/post-national/anational as well as transtextual motion of/in American fiction toward new directions of both American and non-American creation of American literatures.
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Raljević, Selma. "AMERICAN LITERATURE(S) IN MOTION: MIGRATION, IMAGINATION, AND IDENTITY IN CONTEMPORARY U.S. FICTION". Folia linguistica et litteraria XI, n.º 33 (2020): 7–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.33.2020.1.
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This article analyzes the remaking of American literature and its identity, focusing transnational American literature in general and, in particular, the contemporary American novel. It discusses a sense of postnational and anational motion of/in U.S. fiction, with an emphasis on the 21st - century American novel, created by both American and non-American authors and observed from a perspective of both American and non-American Americanists. Aimed at exploring literature in motion across “imagined” borders, the article also discusses the synergies between literature and other arts and disciplines in contemporary American literatures in order to provide new insights into literature in general and American literatures in particular. In the dialogue of literature with other disciplines, it examines the synergies between the local, regional, national, and global in contemporary U.S. fiction, as well as the synergies between different discourses of contemporaneity. Moving beyond established models in the way that even the term “transnational” transcends its own definition, the aim is to newly theorize a transnational/post-national/anational as well as transtextual motion of/in American fiction toward new directions of both American and non-American creation of American literatures.
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Jeifets, Viktor Lazarevich y Daria Antonovna Pravdiuk. "Influence of Energy Factor on International Relations System of Latin America in the 21st century". Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, n.º 3 (15 de diciembre de 2019): 354–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-3-354-367.
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Relation between oil trade and political regimes, climate change and problems of managing natural resources, mining technologies and fighting corruption and many others constitute the phenomenon of a multicomponent energy policy, the study of which is located at the intersection of natural and social sciences. Latin American region has large hydrocarbon reserves, huge hydropower potential, as well as significant opportunities to generate wind and solar energy. Historically, Latin America has occupied a small share of world energy production - about 5 %, where Venezuela, Mexico and Brazil have long been the only players of a global level. However, in the 21st century, factors such as the discovery of pre-salt oil deposits in Brazil, promising forecasts for the development of alternative gas sources in Argentina and the opening of Mexican oil industry for foreign companies after more than seventy years of the monopoly of Pemex, gave an additional impetus to the development of oil and gas industries of the region. The close relationship between energy industry and political context of a number of Latin American countries makes the region’s energy market less predictable, as changes cannot be predicted using standard industry analysis tools. This article analyzes the most significant episodes of political intervention - external or internal - to the energy industry in the 21st century, as well as the impact that events and decisions in this industry had on the regional policy. The authors analyze distinctive examples of the interconnectedness of these areas, from the “resource diplomacy” of Venezuela to the decisive actions of A.M. Lopez Obrador in Mexican energy in the first months of his presidency, and draw parallels between the chains of events in politics and energy. As the cases of Brazil, Mexico, Bolivia, and Venezuela, cited in the article, show, the cost of error becomes extremely high when its consequences can destabilize both sectors due to their close interweaving.
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Sokov, Ilya. "The Foreign Experts on the Internal Political Transformation’s Processes in Latin America in the Third Decade of the 21st Century". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n.º 1 (marzo de 2024): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2024.1.21.
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The article’s introduction includes the main prerequisites for internal political transformation’s process in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The study’s purpose is to identify new trends in the largest countries’ domestic policies in the region in the third decade of the 21st century. The study’s materials are used mainly by Spanish-speaking authors and Spanish-speaking news agencies who most closely and fully know the situations in LAC countries, the objective data from reports of the various UN structures, and independent Englishspeaking researchers invited to Latin American universities. The article’s methodological basis was the scientific principle of objectivity, which it made possible from the available array of information to identify the main directions of transformation taking place in LAC countries in the study period. The systematic approach’s application made it possible to identify the main events in LAC countries that characterize the multi-vector transformation trends. The article’s author identified further perspectives for LAC countries development with the help of special historicalcomparative and historical-genetic methods. The study’s results were the author’s conclusions that the domestic policy of big Latin American countries in the third decade of the 21st century is characterized by a tendency of “catching up” development. There is a noted instability of the domestic political course in the political system of these Latin American countries (from a liberal to a conservative course and vice versa), and the economic models’ frequent change does not give the desired result. The social problems are caused by the main population’s poverty, especially the indigenous one, and these problems cannot be resolved due to transnational migration of the population and transnational crime (from drug trafficking to human trafficking and weapons). All this explains the diversity of the internal political transformation in Latin American countries.
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De Santis, Marcelo Domingos. "A bibliographic review of the history of Dexiinae (Diptera, Tachinidae) taxonomy in the Neotropical Region with bibliographic notes on Dominik Bilimek and Fritz Plaumann". Arquivos de Zoologia 53, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2022): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/2176-7793/2022.53.04.
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The knowledge of Dexiinae and Tachinidae diversity in the Neotropical Region, in contrast to other regions, e.g., the Palaearctic Region, is in a poor condition. The history of these taxa has gradually increased since the 18th Century from the works of European and North American authors such as Johan C. Fabricius, Christian R.W. Wiedemann, Jean B. Robineau-Desvoidy, Pierre J.-M. Macquart, Jacques M.F. Bigot, Francis Walker, Victor von Röeder, Ermanno Giglio-Tos, Friedrich M. Brauer and Julius E. Bergenstamm, Frederik M. van der Wulp, Charles H. Curran, John M. Aldrich, Charles H.T. Townsend, Henry J. Reinhard and William R. Thompson. It was only in the first half of the 20th Century that scientists born or established in South America began to enter tachinidology. Dipterists like Jean Brèthes and Everardo E. Blanchard from Argentina, Rául E. Cortés Peña from Chile and José H. Guimarães from Brazil, are the most memorable names for, not only to Neotropical Dexiinae, but, indeed for the whole family. Herein, a brief chronological review of tachinidology, with emphasis on Dexiinae and based on a literature review, is given. The history is divided into four periods: the pre-Linnaean period of the 16th and 17th Centuries, the 18th Century, the 19th Century and the first half of the 20th Century. After the first half of 20th Century, the emphasis is focused on European and North American dipterists with an overview of their contributions on Dexiinae taxonomy. Later, with presence of the South American dipterists, the emphasis is directed to them. Then a few notes are given on the Czech Dominik Bilimek, a poorly known collector from the 19th Century and Fritz Plaumann, a well-known German immigrant who collected in Brazil during the earlier 20th Century. Finally, some notes and perspectives about the 21st Century dexiinidology from the Neotropics is briefly discussed.
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Vysotska, Natalia. "LASTING ECHO OF THE HOLOCAUST: MEDIATED TRAUMA IN LATE 20TH — EARLY 21ST CENTURY AMERICAN FICTION AND DRAMA". CONTEMPORARY LITERARY STUDIES, n.º 19 (15 de marzo de 2023): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2411-3883.19.2022.274000.
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Literature is one of the most effective ways for representing traumatic memory since it accomplishes this task by means of imagery. In American literary studies, the extensive research of the Holocaust literature tended to deploy the prevalent model focusing on the tragic fate of European Jewry through the prism of the victims’ psychology. The survivors of the unspeakable experience are striving to express (or repress) it from the perspective of their new American reality. Based on fiction and drama of the late 20th — early 21st centuries, the paper seeks to present an alternative mode of addressing the Holocaust trauma as second-hand experience of the characters who happen to be not direct victims, but rather «bystanders», nevertheless affected by PTSD. It seems expedient to apply certain premises laid out by the theorists of trauma (C. Caruth, D. La Capra, G. Hartman and others) to writings by Michael Chabon, Paul Auster, and Arthur Miller dealing with mediated («muted») Holocaust experience. This version also has at its core correlation between the factual and the fictional, the role of memory and imagination, temporal, spatial, and psychological distancing from the blood-curdling events. At the same time, special emphasis is laid on symbolic connotations bringing America within the ambit of reflections on the nature of ubiquitous evil. Veering towards traditional forms of narrative, the authors also make use of the potential inherent in fragmented story-telling. The texts highlight the strategies of working through the trauma including proactive initiatives, accepting the Other in oneself, transforming traumatic memory into other forms, such as cohesive narrative and/or fragmentary catalogue.
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Knorre, Boris y Aleksei Zygmont. "“Militant Piety” in 21st-Century Orthodox Christianity: Return to Classical Traditions or Formation of a New Theology of War?" Religions 11, n.º 1 (18 de diciembre de 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11010002.
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The article focuses on the reclaiming of militaristic ideas and the emergence of specific “militant piety” and “theology of war” in the Orthodox discourse of post-Soviet Russia. It scrutinizes the increasing prestige of soldiering in the Church and its convergence with the army. This convergence generates particular hybrid forms, in which Church rituals and symbols interact with military ones, leading to a “symbolic reception of war” in Orthodoxy. The authors show that militaristic ideas are getting influence not only in the post-Soviet but also in American Orthodoxy; they consider this parallel as evidence that the process is caused not only by the political context—the revival of neo-imperial ideas in Russia and the increasing role of power structures in public administration—but is conditioned by socio-cultural attitudes inherent in Orthodox tradition, forming a type of militant religiosity called “militant piety”. This piety is not a matter of fundamentalism only; it represents the essential layer of religious consciousness in Orthodoxy reflected in modern Church theology, rhetoric, and aesthetics. The authors analyze war rhetoric while applying approaches of Karen Armstrong, Mark Juergensmeyer, R. Scott Appleby, and other theoreticians of the relationship between religion and violence.
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Jeifets, Victor y Lazar Jeifets. "The Cominternist Origins of Current Socialist Bolivarianism". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n.º 2 (abril de 2022): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.15.
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Introduction. The article examines the Comintern “trace” in the formation of modern “Bolivarian socialism”, proclaimed by the leaders of Venezuela at the beginning of the 21st century. Communist postulates (in the Comintern perception) were, certainly, not the only source of the formation of the ideology of the ruling Socialist United Party of Venezuela. At the same time, a number of the postulates were formulated back in the 1920s by activists of the Venezuelan Revolutionary Party (later they became members of the country’s Communist Party) and the Socialist Party of Ecuador. A number of similar concepts were the subject of discussions between the leadership of the Comintern and the Peruvian People’s Revolutionary Alliance and were also debated during one of the congress of the Communist International. Another important aspect explored by the authors is the analogy between the processes of the formation of a united left party in Venezuela in the 1930s and in the 2000s (as a comparative example, the pattern of creating a united revolutionary party within the framework of the Castro revolution in Cuba was also used). Methods and materials. The study uses a set of methods of analysis adopted in historical and political science, namely documentary analysis, systemic and comparative analysis. Analysis and Results. The cases presented in the article prove that Socialism of the 21st century is not the exclusive creation of Hugo Chavez, but is closely related to ideological discussions in the international left-wing movement of the first half of the 20th century. The article is based primarily on archival documents, which allowed the authors to show little-known pages in the history of Latin American left-wing parties. Authors’ contribution. V.L. Jeifets and L.S. Jeifets made joint analysis of the archival documents, carried out the study of historiography, and developed the theoretical framework of the research. The conclusions also are the product of joint work.
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Kabakhidze, Ekaterina L., Marina A. Belogash y Elena L. Avdeeva. "The concept of just war in Russian and American linguistic cultures". SHS Web of Conferences 103 (2021): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110302008.
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The study examines the concept of just war in the military-political discourse and technologies of manipulating the mass consciousness used by the leaders of the Russian and American states in speeches based on the idea of just war. Lexical and semantic analysis of the lexemes “just” and “war” in Russian and English is carried out. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing attention to the military-political discourse and actualization of the concept. It received consistent substantiation and development in the works of medieval scholastics. In the 21st century, it serves the purposes of moral and ethical justification of modern military conflicts. The purpose of the study was to analyze the concept of just war at the lexical and semantic level and describe its ontological foundations and implementation in the Russian and American mental lexicons. Based on the analysis, the authors have identified general and particular aspects of the just war concept in the Russian and American mental lexicons and described the mechanisms of mind control in the political discourses of B. Obama and V.V. Putin.
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Ruiz-Real, José Luis, Juan Uribe-Toril, Jaime De Pablo Valenciano y José Ramos Pires Manso. "Ibero-American Research on Local Development. An Analysis of Its Evolution and New Trends". Resources 8, n.º 3 (10 de julio de 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8030124.
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Local development is a subject that arouses significant interest in the international scientific community in general, and in the Ibero-American one, in particular. The process of globalization has transformed the management of local development, altering the role that is played by local and regional entities, and it is the object of an important follow-up and analysis by academia. This research uses a bibliometric methodology and a fractional counting method, reviewing the 738 articles from the Scopus database in order to understand the state of Ibero-American research on local development, and analyze the scientific literature on the topic. The results show a significant increase in the number of publications in the 21st century, with Spain and Brazil leading the way. In addition, this research provides interesting results regarding the most influential authors on this topic, the most relevant journals, and the most important institutions and funding organizations. There are several areas of knowledge involved since local development is a transversal field, such as Social Science, environment, business, economics, and agriculture. A deep analysis of authors’ keywords identified new trends, linking local development with tourism, education, geotourism, climate change, local sustainable development, social innovation, and creativity, which provides academia with potential new lines of research.
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Semchenko, A. N. y V. I. Kaleda. "70 years of the first successful defibrillation in human (Claude Beck, 1947)". Patologiya krovoobrashcheniya i kardiokhirurgiya 21, n.º 4 (28 de diciembre de 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21688/1681-3472-2017-4-97-104.
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<p>Nowadays defibrillation is one of the key methods of human resuscitation. This article provides a brief biography of Professor Claude Beck and the story of the first successful human defibrillation that was performed and described in 1947.</p><p>Received 15 September 2017. Revised 30 November 2017. Accepted 1 December 2017.</p><p><strong>Funding:</strong> The study did not have sponsorship.</p><p><strong>Conflict of interest:</strong> Authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><strong>Acknowledgement:</strong> The authors thank Boris B. Gorbunov from the Department of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology (Moscow, Russia) for the access to original Russian publications of the last century and Kay Peterson from the Division of Medicine & Science, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution (Washington, DC, USA) for provision of illustration.</p>
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Ruan, Lian y Weiling Liu. "The Role of Chinese American Librarians in Library and Information Science Diversity". International Journal of Librarianship 2, n.º 2 (15 de diciembre de 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23974/ijol.2017.vol2.2.39.
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With a goal to examine the role of Chinese American librarians in Library and Information Science (LIS) diversity in the 21st century, the authors conducted a study funded by the ALA (American Library Association) Diversity Research Program between 2013 and 2014. This study included a national survey of CALA (Chinese American Librarians Association) members and qualitative semi-structured interviews of ten selected survey participants (both senior and emerging leaders of CALA members). Despite some limitations of the study, the research findings document best practices and lessons learned among Chinese American librarians to inform and improve the diversity initiative, namely by increasing CALA’s leadership training and mentorship opportunities, improving communication and cultural understanding, and developing connections with other people or organizations with diversity agendas. The findings have provided fruitful ideas to CALA in many ways especially its 2020 strategic planning, collaboration with other organizations and Leadership Training initiatives occurring between 2015 and 2017. The findings also suggest strategies for the recruitment and retention of Chinese American librarians to the LIS field. The findings and outcomes also provide much needed evidence to increase the role of Chinese American librarians in the diversity efforts that support 2017 ALA’s Strategic Directions: Equity, Diversity and Inclusion.
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Nakienė, Austė. "Shifts in the Traditional Culture. Folksongs in the 21st Century City". Tautosakos darbai 49 (22 de mayo de 2015): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2015.29011.
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The traditional culture existing in the city experienced considerable changes in the course of the last century. Rather than comprising continuous, gradual development, this change involved several radical cultural shifts, taking place in the 20th century (e. g. in the beginning of the century, in the 1960s, and 1990s). The article compares the urban, social and cultural changes in order to determine periods when the traditional culture experienced the most crucial transformations and when various new phenomena appeared. A clear shift in the urban culture took place in the 1960s in Lithuania, when a political “warming” of sorts could be felt and the pressure of the communist ideology was somewhat lighter. The economic growth was followed by the formation of the consumer society (although a rather different one from that emerging in the liberal countries), taking place in Vilnius, Kaunas, and other cities. The 1960s and the subsequent decades were characterized by a considerable variety of the urban culture in Lithuania, especially in its capital city. In the musical sphere, the state-supported academic music, the professionally performed folk music, and the show music were particularly thriving; but performances of jazz, rock and authentic folklore also gained momentum.The Lithuanian Folklore Theater, which started its activity in 1968 in Vilnius, can be presented as a typical example of the altered tradition. Director of this theater Povilas Mataitis and his wife, scenographer Dalia Mataitienė managed to achieve a subtle harmony between the folk tradition and their individual artistic expression, uniting in their performances elements of folklore and the modern art, and using small artistic forms, so typical to the folk art, to create complicate ambivalent compositions. Nevertheless, the stylistic shifts of the 1960s were best reflected in the rock music. The swinging two-part rhythm and open expressions of the individual feelings embodied a radical stylistic change at that time (although such means of expression are completely common and trivial today). Starting from the 1960s these innovations affected not only the urban composers, but also the folksong creators at the countryside.The significant cultural shift took place also after the Lithuanian independence was regained in 1990. The Soviet past was rejected, the Western notion of culture was willingly adopted, and the patterns of cultural life and financing were increasingly altered. The formerly state-supported cultural institutions and performers had to adapt to the free-market. At first, the cultural shift of the 1990s resembled an avalanche: the former unified whole – the coherent image of the national culture created during the Soviet times was shattered. Composers and authors plagued by various difficulties found respite, though, in the new kinds of the available information, the opened possibilities of getting to know the global culture, which had been hitherto almost impossible to gain access to. The epoch of postmodernity, characterized by free associations between various historical and cultural signs, was favorable to the continuation of traditions; therefore various transformations of folklore quickly appeared, musical styles from different periods and nations were abundant, and all sorts of their hybrids were created. A new thing establishing itself on the Vilnius pavement was hip hop – the Afro-American music and life style, born in the suburbs of New York. It was increasingly adopted and furthered by the Vilnius inhabitants, born in the concrete districts of the city, whose youth coincided with the years of the post-Soviet economic “shock-therapy”.The traditional music found its place in the city as well, growing as a moss on a stone. It is now performed both in the great ceremonious halls and in the small, stuffy premises, or simply outside during spring and summer. The city of the 21st century is characterized by such cultural phenomena as urban folklore, bard songs, live music, street music, post-folklore, indigenous culture, Baltic music, pagan art, improvisational music, underground music, etc. Urban tradition is a multifaceted and a multileveled one, its continuation constantly involves connecting different musical styles and respective communities.In the urban environment, the preservation of the folk music is no longer the concern of exclusively the representatives of the folklore movement; authors of different kinds are also involved, including the jazz and rock musicians, visual artists, IT specialists, and actors. Nowadays, the third generation is gradually involved into the urban folklore movement, as its pioneers, having already become grandparents, bring their grandchildren into the same halls and yards of the Old Town, where they used to perform in their youth. At the same time, new cultural wave created by the contemporary young people rises from the underground clubs, multimedia or electronic music labs, and artistic workshops. The young keep always creating something new, but this should not be regarded as a threat to the preservation of the urban folk tradition.
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KIROVA, Milena. "EROTICA – A CURE OR A DISEASE OF OUR DEMOCRACY? (ACCORDING TO THE BULGARIAN LITERATURE OF THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY)". Ezikov Svyat (Orbis Linguarum), ezs.swu.v20i2 (30 de mayo de 2022): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v20i2.11.
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Anyone who experienced the late 20th century remembers the astonishing sexualization of Bulgarian culture that erupted with the first steps of the longed-for democracy. Bulgarian literature likewise took an active part in this process. It used the erotic narrative as a sign of its own ability to evolve; it tried to tie up the broken ties with the modernism between the two world wars, emulating American writers such as Henry Miller and Charles Bukowski. The article examines the work of those writers who revived the erotic narrative in Bulgarian literature in the 1990s and the beginning of the 21st century. It looks at the different genres of their writing: from the mass literature on mafia-and-crime themes through the attempt of the former emigrant Dimitar Bochev to become the “Bulgarian Bukowski” to the socially oriented novels of young at that time authors such as Palmi Ranchev and Stefan Kisyov. What all these authors have in common is their desire to become famous and marketable by reproducing the sexist Balkan model of male-female relations. Women’s Writing offered an alternative to this kind of literary erotica, which gained strength after the mid-1990s and found realization in the work of writers such as Silvia Choleva, Miglena Nikolchina and Emilia Dvorianova. The second part of the article is devoted to the erotic imagery in the work of Viktor Paskov. It traces its development from his earliest works (“Infantile Murders” and “Martina”) through the novel “Germany – a Dirty Tale” to his last book, “Autopsy of a Love”.
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Rita, Annabela y Zuzana Burianová. "Apresentação - Dossiê Temático". e-Letras com Vida: Revista de Estudos Globais — Humanidades, Ciências e Artes, n.º 09 (29 de diciembre de 2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53943/elcv.0222_09-13.
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Literature, like other art forms, has always served an instrument for resistance, which through various discursive strategies responds to manifestations of oppression, despotism and dogmatism of various kinds. Above all, 20th century literary production — a century that witnessed a proliferation of dictatorships and authoritarian regimes, armed conflicts, wars and genocides, despite humanity's extraordinary progress in multiple areas — was marked by a strong sense of social, cultural or political engagement, which also extends to literary creation in the 21st century. Also in the Portuguese-speaking countries, one of the recurrent themes in modern and contemporary literary production has been the criticism towards the arbitrariness by authoritarian governments, as is the case of the Salazar regime — which stifled Portuguese society for over forty years and prolonged colonial exploitation in Africa — and by the dictatorial regimes established in the second half of the last century in Brazil and other Latin American countries. The aim of this dossier is to present some expressions of critical thinking on the literary production that deals with this subject. Therefore, eight studies devoted to the analysis of works by Portuguese and Brazilian authors who, at different times and through different forms of expression, reacted against authoritarian tendencies in Lusophone societies are gathered here.
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Осовский, О. Е. y В. П. Киржаева. "Mikhail Mikhaylovich Bakhtin: Reconstructing a Scholarly Biography ( Part 1)". Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, n.º 4(69) (16 de febrero de 2021): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2020.69.4.011.
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В статье представлена реконструкция научной биографии выдающегося мыслителя ХХ века М. М. Бахтина, влияние которого на развитие гуманитарных наук в России и за ее пределами не просто сохраняется в XXI веке, но становится более заметным. Понимание того, как формируется и эволюционирует мысль М. М. Бахтина на протяжении 1910–1970-х годов, какие влияния она испытывает и в диалоге с какими школами и течениями получает завершение, — одна из важнейших целей бахтиноведения как междисциплинарного направления гуманитаристики последних десятилетий. Особое значение в этом контексте приобретают Собрание сочинений М. М. Бахтина, издание которого завершилось в 2012 году, исследования В. Л. Махлина, Н. И. Николаева, Н. А. Панькова, Н. Д. Тамарченко, Л. А. Гоготишвили, М. Холквиста, Г. С. Морсона, К. Эмерсон, Г. Тиханова, К. Брендиста, статьи и очерки С. Г. Бочарова, В. В. Кожинова, В. Н. Турбина и др. С опорой на междисциплинарный подход, приемы микроистории и идею «малого времени» авторами дано комплексное описание жизни и творчества М. М. Бахтина на основе новейших разысканий отечественного и зарубежного бахтиноведения, собственных исследований 1990–2010-х годов, предложена периодизация научной биографии ученого, охарактеризованы основные достижения, прослежена эволюция философско-эстетических взглядов и исследовательской методологии, обозначены научный и социокультурный контексты работ невельско-витебского периода, «Проблем творчества Достоевского», исследований о романе, рукописи о Рабле, поздних текстов и фрагментов. В первой части статьи предлагается реконструкция жизни и творчества ученого с раннего периода до публикации «Проблем творчества Достоевского» и вынесения приговора по делу «Воскресения». The article reconstructs a scholarly biography of M. M. Bakhtin, an outstanding philosopher of the 20th century, whose influence on the development of humanities in Russia and abroad can hardy be overestimated and remains strong even in the 21st century. One of the most important goals of Bakhtin studies as an interdisciplinary humanitarian research of recent decades is the investigation of M. M. Bakhtin’s philosophy and its evolution during the 1910s–1970s as well as the study of external factors, philosophical schools and trends that influenced Bakhtin’s philosophy. M. M. Bakhtin’s collected works (published in 2012), research works conducted by V. L. Makhlin, N. I. Nikolayev, N. A. Pankov, N. D. Tamarchenko, L. A. Gogotisjvili, M. Kholkvist, G. S. Morson, K. Emerson, G. Tikhanov, K. Brendist, articles and essays written by S. G. Bocharov, V. V. Kozhinov, B. N. Turbin, and other works gain special significance in the present context. The authors of the article describe M. M. Bakhtin’s life and work through the prism of an interdisciplinary approach, employ the methods of microhistory and the idea of little time, rely on the investigations of Russian and foreign scholars working in the field of Bakhtin studies and their own research conduced in the 1990s-2010s. The article focuses on some landmarks of the philosopher’s scholarly biography, characterizes his major achievements, investigates the evolution of his philosophical and aesthetical views and his research methodology, characterizes the scholarly and socio-cultural contexts of Bakhtin’s work in Newel and Vitebsk, analyzes Bakhtin’s “Problems of Dostoyevsky’s Poetics”, investigates his manuscript about Rabelais and his late works. The first part of the article attempts to reconstruct the philosopher’s life and work starting with the early period and finishing with the “Problems of Dostoyevsky’s Poetics” and the exile caused by the Voskresenie case.
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Tian, Enqing y Nicholas Wise. "An Atlantic divide? Mapping the knowledge domain of European and North American-based sociology of sport, 2008–2018". International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, n.º 8 (9 de octubre de 2019): 1029–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690219878370.
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The sociology of sport has become a burgeoning subdiscipline in the 21st century. To assess knowledge domains and the status quo of the field in Europe and North America, this study uses CiteSpace (a bibliometric visualization software) to analyse 870 academic articles published in the International Review for the Sociology of Sport, Journal of Sport & Social Issues and Sociology of Sport Journal from 2008 to 2018. By mapping/examining core contributors, keywords, high citations/cited authors, major clusters and citation bursts, the findings echo John W. Loy’s ‘risk of critical mass’ calling for various citation analysis approaches. The study expands Jon Dart and Ørnulf Seippel’s recent topic model studies on subdisciplinary development in recent decades, contributing to informed discussions of geographical politics and research directions in the field. The scale and scope of this analysis is highly generalizable to assess pre-existing state-of-the-art research on the sociology of sport.
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Hossain, Md Amir y S. M. Abu Nayem Sarker. "Sherman Alexie’s Literary Works as Native American Social Realistic Projections". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, n.º 11 (27 de abril de 2016): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n11p381.
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This paper aims to look at the social realistic issues in the context of Sherman Alexie’s literary works. Alexie is one of the postmodern authors in the United States of America. He is very popular among his Native American society as well as community for representing social reality of his age. This paper is divided into several sections; each section shows a benchmark of the 21st century Social Picture of the Native Americans in the light of Alexian Literary Works. It also scrutinizes stories, and novels with a view to highlighting a faithful picture of Native Americans in the light of everyday social issues, including poverty, alcoholism, unhealthiness, racism, and suicidal act. Basically, the main part of my paper deals with social problems of Native Americans in the United States of America as depicted in Alexie’s literary works. It highlights an awareness of the Native Americans so as to keep themselves aloof from drug addiction, poverty, depression, and psychological trauma. Here I have also applied the critical theory of Social Realism with a view to unveiling a subtle literary affinity with Alexie’s works. In this study, I would like to show the significance of this study, and research methodology as well.
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Popkova, E. G., L. Haabazoka y Y. V. Ragulina. "Africa 4.0 as a Perspective Scenario for Neo-Industrialization in the 21st Century: Global Competitiveness and Sustainable Development". African Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 2, n.º 2 (16 de agosto de 2019): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajesd_uqrwlcd4.
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Purpose: The article studies the perspectives of involvement of African countries in the global Fourth industrial revolution based on breakthrough technologies of Industry 4.0. Design/methodology/approach: The methods of imitation modeling, trend analysis, regression, correlation analysis, variation analysis, and scenario analysis were used for determining the future scenarios of development of African countries for periods of up to 2030. The sources of statistical data for the research included secondary data from the IMF and the World Bank. Findings: It is substantiated that the most perspective scenario is neo-industrialization, which has been conducted in recent years by the most progressive countries of the European, American, and Asia-Pacific regions of the world. This scenario will ensure global competitiveness and sustainable development of African countries in the long-term. Originality/value: As a result, the authors develop a conceptual model of Africa 4.0 and offer the algorithm of neo-industrialization of African countries based on breakthrough technologies of Industry 4.0. The article opens a wide field for further scientific research, which should be devoted to adapting the conceptual model of Africa 4.0 to the national specifics of certain African countries for maximization of effectiveness of its practical application.
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Çınarcı, Mehmet Nuri y Melinda Botalić. "Sources of Turkish Mathanawi̇ Commentari̇es". Društvene i humanističke studije (Online) 7, n.º 3(20) (30 de octubre de 2022): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51558/2490-3647.2022.7.3.57.
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Mathnawi, one of the most important works of Mevlana, has attracted great attention from both the Mevlevi circles, other sects shaped by mysticism, and social layers with different intellectual structures in the society, since the date it was written. The tradition of advice has an important place in Mathnawi, where Mevlana tries to guide the individual and society to the right path based on religious arguments. Mathnawi has been translated and annotated many times since most of its couplets are covered with symbols, have a closed expression, and are written in Persian. Muinîddîn b. Mustafa tradition of annotating Mathnawi in Turkish, which started with the Mesnevî-iMurâdiyye written by himself in the 15th century, continued until the 21st century. The fact that Mathnawi has a deep layer of meaning, especially originating from Sufism, prevented it from being easily understood by the public. For this reason, some well-educated intellectuals of the period, assuming the identity of commentary, wrote Mathnawi commentaries to make Mathnawi more understandable in society. Of course, commentators have benefited from many sources for these activities due to the difficulty of the existing text. The first reference sources of commentators who grew up in a cultural world shaped by Islamic values and the perception of the mystical world were, of course, religious sources. Dictionary and grammar books, Mathnawi commentaries made by other authors, non-religious poems, history, biography, etc. different sources written in many fields enriched the commentator's world of interpretation and thus offered him a broader perspective.
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Nezhmetdinova, F. T. y M. E. Guryleva. "Russian school of bioethics: a quarter of a century of development". Kazan medical journal 99, n.º 3 (15 de junio de 2018): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2018-521.
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The article presents the reasons for the emergence and development of bioethics as a scientific direction in the world and in our country. In the end of 21st century, humanity faced the complex of global problems solving which affected its survival nowadays: these are the problems of peaceful coexistence of states and peoples, environmental security, demography, health and quality of life connected to health. The science of bioethics which appeared in 1970s started their discussion, understanding and finding solutions, using interdisciplinary approach, involving the general public and seeking political solutions. At the origins of bioethics stood the American biochemist V.R. Potter and doctor A. Hellegers, and a German pastor Fritz Jahr. Boris Grigorievich Yudin can be considered the founder of the Russian school of bioethics, who defined objectives, tasks, basic science perspective in the light of national and regional peculiarities and modalities and founded the platform for discussions. The development of bioethics in our country was multicentered: it is possible to distinguish Moscow, Volgograd and Kazan centers of science development, each of which has its own outstanding terms of reference. The article presents the authors' view of contribution of the brightest representatives developing bioethics in our country, and role of certain scientific and educational centers.
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Sokov, Il'ya A. "Justice, Power and Policy towards the Ethnics in the Sunbelt region of the USA. Review of the collective monograph: Chase, R.T., ed. Caging Borders and Carceral States: Incarcerations, Immigration Detentions, and Resistance. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019." Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 4, n.º 4 (2020): 1419–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2020-4-3-11.
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The work is devoted to the analysis of a collection prepared by a group of American researchers on the historical past and present of the situation of Hispanic population in the United States of America, which raises the problem of segregation of Hispanics at the federal level. In the 21st century, ethnic Hispanics are becoming one of the largest population groups in the United States, and Spanish is the second most widely used language after English in this country, which makes the issue raised in the monograph under review very relevant. The authors of the collection focused their research on the features of segregation of Latin Americans in the states of the Sunbelt, thereby clearly limiting the regional scope of their research. By their publications, they prove that the southern states of the United States have turned into carceral states for Latin Americans.
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Kindall-Smith, Marsha, Constance L. McKoy y Susan W. Mills. "Challenging exclusionary paradigms in the traditional musical canon: Implications for music education practice". International Journal of Music Education 29, n.º 4 (11 de octubre de 2011): 374–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0255761411421075.
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The authors propose that best practices in music education require a conceptual understanding of music teaching and learning based on a perspective of social justice and equitable access for all students. Examinations of the relationship between the tenets of culturally-responsive teaching and three dimensions of music teaching and learning (musical content, instruction, and context) are presented: (1) historically, through the identification of neglected African American contributions to Appalachian music; and (2) pedagogically, through the chronicling of social justice content and culturally-responsive instruction as taught in an urban university and public middle school. The implications of issues of power and social justice for music education are further contextualized within the lens of critical pedagogy to uncover possibilities for a 21st century canon of music teacher preparation that will maximize the potential to transform music education practice.
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Hypén, Tarja-Lisa. "Kändisförfattarens varumärke i Finland". K&K - Kultur og Klasse 40, n.º 114 (20 de diciembre de 2012): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v40i114.15710.
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THE BRAND OF THE CELEBRITY AUTHOR IN FINLAND | In the 21st century, the celebrity author has begun to interest researchers not only as a marketing phenomenon, but also as the literary institution’s own phenomenon. In my article, I explore the relationship of the celebrity author to the so-called acclaimed authors of modern times. In Anglo-American research, the celebrity author and the bestselling author are distinguished as separate author types, but in the case of Finnish Jari Tervo, these types combine. For almost 20 years, Jari Tervo has been amongboth the most sold and the most visible celebrity authors in his home country. I examine how the publicity and brand of the Finnish celebrity author are formed. I consider how the brand affects the author’s works on the one hand, and the reception of the works on the other. I point out the limiting effects of the brand, but I also examine how, in combining the high and the low, it affords mobility in the literary fields while it also offers an opportunity to influence society.
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Lustig, Jason. "‘Mere chips from his workshop’: Gotthard Deutsch’s monumental card index of Jewish history". History of the Human Sciences 32, n.º 3 (27 de mayo de 2019): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119830900.
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Gotthard Deutsch (1859–1921) taught at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati from 1891 until his death, where he produced a card index of 70,000 ‘facts’ of Jewish history. This article explores the biography of this artefact of research and poses the following question: Does Deutsch’s index constitute a great unwritten work of history, as some have claimed, or are the cards ultimately useless ‘chips from his workshop’? It may seem a curious relic of positivistic history, but closer examination allows us to interrogate the materiality of scholarly labor. The catalogue constitutes a total archive and highlights memory’s multiple registers, as both a prosthesis for personal recall and a symbol of a ‘human encyclopedia’. The article argues that this mostly forgotten scholar’s work had surprising repercussions: Deutsch’s student Jacob Rader Marcus (1896–1995) brought his teacher’s emphasis on facticity to the field of American Jewish history that he pioneered, catapulting a 19th-century positivism to the threshold of the 21st century. Deutsch’s index was at an inflection point of knowledge production, created as historians were shifting away from ‘facts’ but just before new technologies (also based on cards) enabled ‘big data’ on a larger scale. The article thus excavates a vision of monumentality but proposes we look past these objects as monuments to ‘heroic’ scholarship. Indeed, Deutsch’s index is massive but middling, especially when placed alongside those of Niklas Luhmann, Paul Otlet, or Gershom Scholem. It thus presents a necessary corrective to anointing such indexes as predecessors to the Internet and big data because we must keep their problematic positivism in perspective.
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Orozco, Luis Antonio y Olga Lucía Anzola-Morales. "A Colombian classic management thinker: Alejandro López Restrepo". Journal of Management History 25, n.º 2 (18 de abril de 2019): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-07-2018-0034.
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PurposeThis paper aims to present the Colombian Alejandro López Restrepo as a classic management thinker from the first half of the twentieth century and discuss his ideas in the light of Anglo-Saxon authors at that time and his contributions as a professor, manager and public servant.Design/methodology/approachBibliographic material including López’s books and essays and their biography published by Mayor (2001) are reviewed to organize a new reading of López as a management thinker and practitioner.FindingsBeyond several classical managerial thinkers, López reconceptualized scientific management with a critical discussion of classical economic theory using sociology and psychology to present a unique conception of work, enterprise and efficiency as a public service that gives sense to individual and social realization to face the future and create development.Research limitations/implicationsTechniques as critical biography and interpretation of data have not been used, instead the aim to contribute to the literature of management history a Latin American’ thinker.Practical implicationsIncluding López as a classical management thinker can improve the study of management history. His life and ideas give new reflexive insight to understand the development of management in Colombia and serve to inspire administrators to seek improvements in society.Originality/valueThe paper offers a new approach toward studying Alejandro López beyond previous sociological work by Mayor (2001) with the discussion of the contributions in the lenses of managerial practices and theoretical insights at that time.
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Lehner, Kurt R. y Michael Schulder. "American views of Sir Victor Horsley in the era of Cushing". Journal of Neurosurgery 130, n.º 2 (febrero de 2019): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.8.jns171438.
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Sir Victor Horsley was a pioneering British neurosurgeon known for his numerous neurosurgical, scientific, and sociopolitical contributions. Although word of these surgical and scientific achievements quickly spread throughout Europe and North America in the late 19th century, much of modern neurosurgery’s view of Horsley has been colored by a single anecdote from John Fulton’s biography of Harvey Cushing. In this account, Cushing observes a frenetic Horsley hastily removing a Gasserian ganglion from a patient in the kitchen of a British mansion. Not long after, Cushing left Britain saying that he had little to learn from British neurosurgery. The authors of this paper examined contemporary views of Horsley to assess what his actual reputation was in the US and Canada. The authors conducted a thorough search of references to Horsley using the following sources: American surgical and neurosurgical textbooks; major biographies; diary entries and letters; PubMed; newspaper articles; and surgical and neurosurgical texts. The positive reception of his work is corroborated by invitations for Horsley to speak in America. Research additionally revealed that Horsley had numerous personal and professional relationships with prominent Americans in medicine, including William Osler, John Wheelock Elliot, Ernest Sachs, and (yes) Harvey Cushing. Horsley’s contributions to medicine and science were heavily reported in American newspapers; outside of neurosurgery, his strong opposition to the antivivisectionists and his support for alcohol prohibition were widely reported in popular media. Horsley’s contributions to neurosurgery in America are undeniable. Writings from and about prominent Americans reveal that he was viewed favorably by those who had met him. Frequent publication of his views in the American media suggests that medical professionals and the public in the US valued his contributions on scientific as well as social issues. Horsley died too young, but not without the international recognition that was rightly his.
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Kononova, Olga V. "Portrait Gallery of an Era: on the Pages of Bibliotekovedenie Journal (1952—2021)". Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 72, n.º 2 (19 de junio de 2023): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2023-72-2-143-154.
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The article is devoted to the study of the publications of biographical direction of the “Bibliotekovedenie” — Russian Journal of Library Science in 1952—2021. The most attention is paid to the analysis of the materials published in the 20th century. It reconstructs the history of the development of biographical materials on the pages of the periodical edition, defines the stages and characteristic features of each of them, presents the forms of biographical publications, reveals the circle of persons engaged in studying biographies of outstanding librarians, as well as the persons who became the objects of the authors’ and editors’ attention. The scientific discipline of humanitarian cycle, biography, is discussed. The authors cite the opinions of scholars (Yu.N. Stolyarov, V.S. Kreydenko, A.N. Vaneev, I.L. Belenkiy, G.G. Silnitskii, etc.) which emphasizes the necessity and significance of studying history through biographical studies. In the 21st century the library and book community has entered with a very developed direction of historical research on biography. While before 1970 there were sporadic publications on people of the library profession, by the end of the 20th century the number of biographical materials had increased significantly. Books and monographs dedicated to librarians appeared, name conferences began to be organized, autobiographical genre began to form, memoirs “in the first person” were published. Various factual and biographical materials have been collected in the journal.During the 15-year period of publication of the collection (bulletin) “Libraries of the USSR. Work Experience” (1952—1966) it published four articles of biographical genre: on the bibliographer A.P. Sokolov; on V.I. Lenin’s elder brother A.I. Ulyanov; the writer V.G. Korolenko and his library; the librarian A.A. Pokrovsky. During the six years (1967—1972), when the collection was published under the title “Libraries of the USSR”, nine articles dedicated to individual outstanding people were published in it. In 1973 the collection was transformed into the scientific and practical journal “Soviet Bibliotekovedenie” (Soviet Library Science). During the twenty years between 1973 and 1992, 128 biographical materials were published, and 96 persons were the subject of attention. Since 1993 the journal has been published under the title “Bibliotekovedenie” (Russian Journal of Library Science). From 1993 to 2000, 59 biographical materials were published in it. Articles of autobiographical genre appeared. For the first time, the interview genre was used. Between 2001 and 2021, 298 biographical materials were published in the journal, and more than 200 persons received attention. Of these, material on 165 persons appeared for the first time.Between 1952 and 2021, a total of over 280 authors published articles of biographical genre. The librarians about whom the greatest number of materials has been published: O.S. Chubarian, N.I. Tyulina, Yu.V. Grigoriev, N.S. Kartashov, K.I. Abramov, A.A. Pokrovsky, M.Ya. Dvorkina, N.A. Rubakin, Yu.N. Stolyarov, L.B. Khavkina, etc.The materials presented in the journal may serve as a basis for further research. The article may be useful for library professionals to intensify research activities in the field of library history through the study of biographies of prominent people.
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Čižo, E., V. Menshikov, A. Kokarevica y N. Selivanova-Fyodorova. "Wealth concentration and the ‘patrimonial middle class’ in the contemporary European-American civilization". RUDN Journal of Sociology 22, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 919–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2022-22-4-919-936.
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The study aims at the comparative analysis of the trends in wealth concentration and formation of the ‘patrimonial middle class’ (the term by Piketty) in the countries of the contemporary European-American civilization (EAC). T. Piketty suggests that wealth concentration is increasing again (as in the 18th - 19th centuries), and the formation of the ‘patrimonial middle class’ is the most significant structural change in the long-term wealth distribution. The authors chose five parts of the EAC from West to East: USA, Western Europe, Latvia, Ukraine, and Russia. To measure and compare wealth inequality, the authors used statistical deciles: the top 10 % (including the top 1 %), the middle 40 % and the bottom 50 % of the population. 1995 and 2021 were chosen as time points for the diachronic analysis of the data from the World Inequality Database. The study results show that in different parts of the contemporary EAC, wealth concentration and the formation of the ‘patrimonial middle class’ differ in pace and sometimes in direction: from rapid concentration to deconcentration. Wealth concentration in the hands of the top 1 % of Americans has increased over the past 26 years from 28 % to 35 %, of Russians - from 21 % to 48 %. According to Piketty, such a situation (especially as in Russia) is a harbinger of social revolution. In terms of the wealth concentration level, Latvia and Ukraine represent an intermediate case between Western Europe and the USA/Russia. At the same time, the USA, Western Europe and Russia differ greatly in the cultural-value perspective. The authors question the united EAC in the 21st century and define it as split into an ‘initial core’ (European civilization) and two constantly conflicting ‘peripheries’ (American and Russian civilizations).
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Islam, Nurul. "Pemikiran Al-Kindi (Rasional-Religius) Tentang Pendidikan Islam Dan Relevansinya Terhadap Pendidikan Islam Kontemporer". Madania: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 13, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2023): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jiik.v13i1.22055.
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The purpose of this study is to find out how Al-Kindi's biography, his works, his thoughts, and the relevance of his thoughts to contemporary Islamic education. In this study the authors used qualitative research through a library research approach, namely research conducted by collecting information and data through the help of various materials in the library such as reference books, similar previous research results, articles, and various journals. related to the problem to be disclosed. In this study, one primary source was used, namely a book written by George N. Atiyeh entitled Al-Kindi: The Philosopher Of The Arabs, translated by Kasidjo Djojosuwarno. While secondary sources are from 20 books and 11 scientific journals related to Al-Kindi's thoughts. This study analyzes Al-Kindi's thoughts about God, religion and philosophy, soul and reason, then these thoughts are analyzed to find their relevance in contemporary Islamic education. The results of this study indicate that the relevance of Al-Kindi's thoughts to contemporary Islamic education can be seen from the formulation of curriculum or Islamic education materials that are in line with Al-Kindi's divine thoughts, the 21st century learning contained in KMA no. 183 is in line with his thoughts on philosophy and religion, goals Islamic education is in line with his thoughts about the soul, and the competency standard qualifications of graduates are in line with his thoughts about reason.
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Prudius, Irina Gennadievna y Nadezhda Sergeevna Shalimova. "Characteristics of the initiation novel in the biographical graphic novel by Pierre Kristen and Sebastian Verdie "Orwell"". Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 17, n.º 3 (14 de marzo de 2024): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20240108.
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The aim of the research is to define the distinctiveness of the initiation graphic novel in contemporary literature. The article explores the representation of the initiation ritual in the artistic text while considering the genre synthetism features of the work, incorporating elements of dystopia and biographical graphic novel. The key points of the composition of the novel "Orwell" by P. Kristen and S. Verdie are highlighted, and the evolution of the protagonist's inner world, main characters, and symbols in the work are analyzed. The research novelty lies in the in-depth analysis of the genre synthesis of the graphic novel and initiation novel, an endeavor not previously undertaken in either domestic or foreign contemporary literary studies. The investigation contributes a certain theoretical insight: it proves the tendency towards the crossing of genre types in the texts of 21st-century authors, using the graphic novel as a prime example – an incredibly relevant genre today. Furthermore, the conducted analysis reveals the specifics of representing human maturation in contemporary literature and identifies the initiation ritual as an integral part of fictionalized biography. The research demonstrates that in the graphic novel "Orwell" by P. Kristen and S. Verdie, the narrative of initiation plays a crucial role, serving as the foundation of the work, with its tripartite structure and genre-defining characteristics.
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Fakhrudinova, Elmira y Zhanna Konovalova. "The Impact of Natural Disasters on Intercultural Dialogue and Its Reflection in Dave Egger’s Zeitoun". Dialogue and Universalism 33, n.º 2 (2023): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du202333223.
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The paper addresses the issue of intercultural dialogue and its importance for ecological humanism and how this problem is reflected in American literary nonfiction at the beginning of the 21st century (as exemplified by nonfiction novel Zeitoun by Dave Eggers). The authors of the article come to the conclusion that the successful resolution of modern socio-ecological crises requires practical humanism and the actualization of the principles of ecological philosophy. The most important component of the dialogue among cultures at all levels is the moral component, since it is mutual recognition and respect for norms, customs, traditions, ideals, eternal moral values that are the basis for the mutual enrichment of cultures, as well as the socio-political, environmental and economic stability of society as a whole. The book Zeitoun by Eggers demonstrates the importance of intercultural dialogue especially in situations in which entire nations face global ecological disaster.
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Turovskiy, R., M. Sukhova y A. Sinitsina. "Evolution of Latin American Democracy and Deconsolidation of Electoral Space". World Economy and International Relations 66, n.º 9 (2022): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-9-98-110.
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This article examines the processes of nationalization of party systems in Latin America. The analysis demonstrates that the evolution of party systems, resulting in various degrees of nationalization, is quite different for every country and follows separate paths. In this regard, an analysis of possible political, social and economic factors influencing nationalization is carried out. However, it is not possible to identify a clear connection between democratization and nationalization, which distinguishes Latin America from Western democracies. An analysis of country cases based on materials and authors’ assessments of elections in the 21st century does not allow to speak about any correlation that may be expected between the improvement in the democracy indicators and the growth in the level of nationalization. At the same time, there are clear problems with the institutionalization of parties, which have exacerbated in recent decades due to the crisis of many old players and the emergence of new parties and coalitions, which makes Latin American politics even more turbulent. Among all the factors, the article studies ethnic and racial diversity which has a most significant impact on the volatility and regional variety of voting patterns. It is noteworthy that social stratification does not have a sufficient effect on the processes of nationalization, despite the fact that in many states it turns into a noticeable polarization of rich and poor regions. The authors conclude that the processes of democratization in Latin America are neither long-term nor strong enough to achieve a sustainable degree of nationalization of the party systems. An obstacle to this is the complex ethnic and racial structure of Latin American societies, which also leads to the emergence of deviant regions with their own specific voting patterns.
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Tonkov, E. N. y D. E. Tonkov. "Understanding Russian Legal Realism in the Modern Science". Law and State 101, n.º 4 (11 de noviembre de 2023): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51634/2307-5201_2023_4_6.
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This paper is devoted to modern researches on the Russian realistic jurisprudence. The relevance of the topic of this paper is determined by growing interest in legal realistic movements in general and Russian legal realism in particular. Current approaches to the analysis, reconstruction and criticism of legal realism are being developed by leading scholars that indicates the importance of the realistic paradigm in law. The approaches to understanding Russian legal realism considered in the paper especially in the context of classic American and Scandinavian realistic movements allow analyzing the trends in the further development of the theory and practice of legal realism in Russia. The subject of the study is the approaches of modern scholars to the phenomenon of Russian legal realism. The purpose of the work is to clarify the reasonableness of the identification of the Russian realistic movement in law. The novelty of the topic consists of the analysis of works that have appeared in the last decade on the subject of Russian legal realism including a comparison of the principal opinions available in science about the representatives of this movement and the prospects for its recognition as a “classic” realistic movement along with American and Scandinavian legal realism. Descriptive, formal logical and comparative legal methods were used as the key research methods including the analysis of the works of the authors of the English-language collective monograph “Russian Legal Realism” (2018, Springer) and the comparison of American, Scandinavian and Russian realistic movements in jurisprudence. The main conclusions of the paper are the necessity for further research of Russian legal thought of the late 19th–early 20th centuries and its development in the 20th–21st centuries in order to distinguish more clearly the Russian version of legal realism among diverse psychological and sociological theories as well as to compare presumably realistic ideas in Russia with the already acknowledged classic movements of legal realism in the USA and Scandinavia. The significance of such a comparative analysis for justification the existence of a specific Russian movement of legal realism is emphasized. Despite many methodological difficulties an understanding of Russian legal realism is provided that distinguishes the works of its predecessors at the end of the 19th century and supporters (theorists and practitioners) in the 20th century: the proposed understanding also actualizes their significant influence on Russian legal realities in the 21st century.
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Martynov, Andrii. "Hryshchenko T. A. Zbigniew Brzezinski. International strategist in the coordinates of history. Kyiv-Nizhyn: Publisher Lysenko M. M., 2020. 341 p." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, n.º 11 (2021): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.11.8.
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The review dissects a monograph on the intellectual biography of Z. Brzezinski. The author of the monograph systematically and comparatively considered the conceptual and theoretical approaches of this American strategist against the backdrop of Cold War era and the unipolar world after the victory of the United States over the USSR. Z. Brzezinski was a great promoter and visionary of Ukraine, consistently advocated the rapprochement of the Ukrainian and Polish peoples in a united democratic Europe. In our opinion, an important place in the historiography of research on the influence of Z. Brzezinski on world history will be occupied by the study of Taras A. Hryshchenko. The author of the monograph advanced into methodological agenda seven groups of typologically different sources related to the stages of formation, development and public perception of international strategic concepts of Z. Brzezinski. Z. Brzezinski’s world outlooks and anti-communist guidelines were optimal for the development and implementation of a course in the field of US national security during the administration of President J. Carter. Particularly relevant to current international relations is the author’s rethinking the comparative aspect of the concepts of globalization and the role of the United States in this process, which belong to Z. Brzezinski and his colleagues S. Huntington and G. Kissinger. Z. Brzezinski’s strategic concepts best meet the needs of preserving the global leadership role of the United States in the complex and contradictory world of the 21st century. The conclusions of the monograph brief why the hereditary generation of intellectual successors of the tradition of analysis of international relations, founded by Z. Brzezinski, was not formed clearly enough. These reasons include the declining interest in American society in grand strategy, the excessive social impact of the information technology sector and entertainment manufacturers, and the tendency toward self-destructive hostility among the American political establishment.