Tesis sobre el tema "Australian rainfall"
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Shi, Ge. "Variability and change of the Indo-Pacific climate system and their impacts upon Australia rainfall". University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 2008. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00004784/.
Texto completoWilliams, Amity. "Climate Change in Southwest Australian Shrublands: Response to Altered Rainfall and Temperature". Thesis, Williams, Amity (2014) Climate Change in Southwest Australian Shrublands: Response to Altered Rainfall and Temperature. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2014. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/22954/.
Texto completoRuiz, Jose Eric Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Integrating subsurface ocean temperatures in the statistical prediction of ENSO and Australian rainfall & streamflow". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23433.
Texto completoGianatti, Allen. "Is growing trees for carbon credits in the low rainfall Western Australian Wheatbelt after 10 years profitable?" Thesis, Gianatti, Allen (2012) Is growing trees for carbon credits in the low rainfall Western Australian Wheatbelt after 10 years profitable? Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/58877/.
Texto completoHughes, Darren Michael. "The influence of cultivar, environment and nutrition management onwheat quality in the high rainfall zone of south west, Western Australia". Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2144.
Texto completoRayner, Gerard Michael 1958. "Comparative ecology of four Pittosporum species from contrasting rainfall regimes in south-eastern Australia". Monash University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5625.
Texto completoDalby, Paul Reginald. "Competition between earthworms in high rainfall pastures in the Mt. Lofty Ranges, South Australia". Title page, contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd137.pdf.
Texto completoChedzey, Helen Claire. "Remote sensing of cloud properties and rainfall: three decades of satellite observations over Australia". Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/65385.
Texto completoMehrotra, Rajeshwar Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Multisite rainfall stochastic downscaling for climate change impact assessment". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23327.
Texto completoHearman, Amy. "A modelling study into the effects of rainfall variability and vegetation patterns on surface runoff for semi-arid landscapes". University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0047.
Texto completocom, aeveraardt@hotmail y Annika Everaardt. "The impact of fire on the honey possum Tarsipes rostratus in the Fitzgerald River National Park, Western Australia". Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040611.105120.
Texto completoMicic, Svetlana. "Management of the broad-acre pest mite Balaustium medicagoense in the high rainfall areas of southern Western Australia". Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/79205.
Texto completoStrehlow, Karin Henriette. "The immediate impacts of timber harvesting on terrestrial invertebrates inhabiting medium rainfall jarrah forest in south-west Western Australia". Thesis, Strehlow, Karin Henriette (2002) The immediate impacts of timber harvesting on terrestrial invertebrates inhabiting medium rainfall jarrah forest in south-west Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51985/.
Texto completoSamuel, Jos Martinus. "Effects of multi-scale rainfall variability on flood frequency : a comparative study of catchments in Perth, Newcastle and Darwin, Australia". University of Western Australia. School of Environmental Systems Engineering, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0066.
Texto completoAndrys, Julia. "Regional climate projections for the South West of Western Australia to simulate changes in mean and extreme rainfall and temperature". Thesis, Andrys, Julia (2016) Regional climate projections for the South West of Western Australia to simulate changes in mean and extreme rainfall and temperature. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/34081/.
Texto completoDe, Barro Paul Joseph. "Ecology of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the low rainfall wheat belt of South Australia". Adelaide Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Waite Institute, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21616.
Texto completoTitle page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, 1992
Burns, Kit Alexander. "Characterisation of rhizobia for the new annual pasture legume Scorpiurus muricatus targeted for medium-to-low rainfall areas of southern Australia". Thesis, Burns, Kit Alexander (2019) Characterisation of rhizobia for the new annual pasture legume Scorpiurus muricatus targeted for medium-to-low rainfall areas of southern Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/53975/.
Texto completoAhooghalandari, Matin. "Water resource options for sustainable development in the Pilbara region of Western Australia". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1747.
Texto completoLabadz, Martin. "A catchment modelling approach integrating surface and groundwater processes, land use and distribution of nutrients : Elimbah Creek, southeast Queensland". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60017/1/Martin_Labadz_Thesis.pdf.
Texto completoZheng, Letian. "Spatio-temporal models of Australian rainfall and temperature data". Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149934.
Texto completoDeb, Proloy. "Modelling non-stationarity in rainfall-runoff relationships in Australian catchments". Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1410281.
Texto completoWater resources management relies on hydrological (or rainfall runoff (R-R)) models. These models are typically used with an implicit assumption that hydrological processes and catchment characteristics are stationary. However, state-of-the-art R-R and eco-hydrological models (including the Australian Water Resources Assessment (AWRA) and the Source modelling platform) have been found to overestimate runoff during multi-year droughts in Southeast Australia (SEA), especially when calibrated during non-dry epochs. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the reasons why R-R models fail to realistically simulate runoff in catchments associated with non-stationarity in climate and/or catchment conditions. In this thesis, mechanisms governing both the annual and seasonal scale non-stationarity in R-R relationships were evaluated for two heterogeneous catchments in the SEA. The mechanisms evaluated were selected from the literature and were categorised into endogenous and exogenous (climate associated) catchment mechanisms. The results show that groundwater (GW) table (and associated surface water (SW)-GW interactions), baseflow (sub-surface water flow) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) (a proxy for vegetation cover) are the main endogenous catchment mechanisms which govern R-R non stationarity at both annual and seasonal scales. For exogenous catchment mechanisms, maximum temperature (Tmax), rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) are found to be the most influential on R-R non-stationarity at annual and seasonal scales. These insights into important endogenous and exogenous catchment mechanisms were then supplemented by an investigation into which R-R model performs best under hydroclimatic variability and non-stationarity for the two study catchments in SEA. Multiple criteria analysis was used to decide on three R-R models (a conceptually lumped model (IHACRES), a process-based semi-distributed model (HEC-HMS) and a fully-distributed model (SWATgrid)) to compare under contrasting hydroclimatic conditions (Average1, Average2, Dry1, Dry2, Wet1 and Wet2 conditions). The models were calibrated for the Average1, Dry1 and Wet1 epochs and validated for Average2, Dry2 and Wet2 epochs for each calibration epochs. It was found that while SWATgrid model realistically simulates runoff at the smaller catchment for calibration/validation during the Average1 and Wet1 epochs. None of the models realistically simulate runoff under any climatic epoch in the larger catchment. This highlights the knowledge gap already mentioned, that existing R-R models do not realistically simulate runoff in catchments associated with non-stationarity in hydroclimatic conditions. In theory, a semi- or fully-distributed R-R model should account for mechanisms governing non-stationarity in R-R relationships. However, this is obviously not happening and it is hypothesised that a reason for this is the lack of realistic representation of SW-GW interactions in current R-R models. Therefore, in order to address this, a linked SW-GW modelling approach was developed and tested in the two study catchments. The linked SW-GW modelling approach couples a SW (or R-R) model (which is SWATgrid as it was identified to be the best performing model under hydroclimatic variability) and a GW model (MODFLOW, chosen based on multiple criteria analysis). First, SWATgrid was calibrated using its integrated GW approach of lumped baseflow components (stand-alone SWATgrid) and MODFLOW was calibrated under steady state condition with its integrated recharge calculation scheme. This was followed by the linked SW-GW approach simulation, where, the lumped baseflow estimation was replaced by the detailed GW flow estimation by MODFLOW and the recharge calculation of MODFLOW was replaced by the comprehensive recharge estimation by the SWATgrid model. The findings show that for both study catchments the linked SW-GW modelling approach results in more realistic runoff simulation under hydroclimatic variability compared to the stand-alone SWATgrid model. The findings of this thesis emphasise the importance of the identification of mechanisms governing R-R non-stationarity at both annual and seasonal scales. Also, it is recommended that, for arid/semi-arid catchments that have experienced, or are projected to experience, non-stationarity in R-R relationships (e.g. during multi-year droughts), a linked SW-GW modelling approach, such as that presented here, be employed. Otherwise, runoff estimates will continue to be unrealistic, especially during droughts and especially given projections of a hotter and drier future for much of SEA. These findings have direct implications for current and future water resources management in Australia, and anywhere else which experiences, or is projected to experience, non-stationarity in R-R relationships. Furthermore, the insights gained also contribute to the aims of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences decade (2013-2022) Panta Rhei, which focusses on improving our capability to make predictions of water resources dynamics to support sustainable societal development in a changing environment.
Williamson, Grant James. "Rainfall regime and optimal root distribution in the Australian perennial grass, Austrodanthonia caespitosa (Gaudich.)". 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/48332.
Texto completoThesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008
Williamson, Grant James. "Rainfall regime and optimal root distribution in the Australian perennial grass, Austrodanthonia caespitosa (Gaudich.)". Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/48332.
Texto completoThesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008
Whan, Kirien Rebecca. "Interactions between large-scale modes of climate variability that influence Australian hydroclimatic regimes". Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156262.
Texto completoThyer, Mark Andrew. "Modelling Long-Term Persistence in Hydrological Time Series". Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/24891.
Texto completoPhD Doctorate
Thyer, Mark Andrew. "Modelling Long-Term Persistence in Hydrological Time Series". 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/24891.
Texto completoPhD Doctorate
Tozer, Carly Renee. "Utilising insights into rainfall patterns and climate drivers to inform seasonal rainfall forecasting in South Australia". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1059990.
Texto completoThe national seasonal forecasting system utilised by Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology is specifically focused on capturing El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) induced atmospheric and oceanic variability in the Indian and Pacific Ocean regions. Seasonal forecast skill is reasonable in some parts of the country but not in South Australia (SA). It is hypothesised that ENSO and IOD are not the major climate drivers of seasonal rainfall variability in SA which results in poor seasonal forecast skill in SA and that identification of the key climate drivers can help guide seasonal forecasting in this region. An investigation is therefore undertaken with the aim of identifying the key climate drivers of rainfall variability in SA. Initially, to determine the appropriate rainfall data to be used in the investigation, an in depth analysis of rainfall data quality is carried out which provides key insights into issues with gridded rainfall data products and provides recommendations for the use of gridded rainfall data in climate studies. A suite of climate drivers (and their associated indices) from the Indian, Pacific, Southern and North Atlantic Ocean regions are then identified and their relationships between seasonal rainfall recorded at various gauges in SA are assessed using a simple linear correlation analysis and nonlinear stratification approach. Relationships between individual climate drivers and rainfall are initially investigated but the importance of taking the combined impacts of climate drivers into account is also highlighted. The results of this analysis indeed confirm that ENSO and IOD are not the key drivers of seasonal rainfall variability in SA. The work is then extended by using a novel method for climate predictor selection to both identify the key combination of drivers that explain the most seasonal rainfall variability in different regions of SA and to determine the hierarchy of importance of the key drivers. The Subtropical Ridge (STR) is confirmed as the most important driver of rainfall variability in southern SA in autumn, winter and spring with SST variability in the Indian and Pacific Oceans acting as secondary drivers. The importance of the Southern Annular Mode in combination with the STR for spring rainfall in southern SA is also identified. In northern SA, rainfall variability is found to be dominated by a combination of Indian and Pacific Ocean SST variability but not specifically ENSO and IOD. It is found from this analysis that a maximum of 55% of rainfall variability can be explained by any of the selected climate driver combinations for any season and gauge in SA, which is an improvement on existing seasonal forecast skill in SA. Finally, the practical implications of the climate driver-rainfall relationships identified are investigated through the assessment of the variability of the SA’s cropping boundary, known as Goyder’s Line. It is found that the cropping boundary shifts according to different phases of large-scale climate drivers, in particular the STR intensity, such that when (for example) the STR is more intense than average, areas that are normally deemed as suitable for cropping have an increased chance of not receiving adequate growing season rainfall. This risk is found to be further enhanced when the STR is considered in combination with other drivers. Ultimately, the insights from this thesis and the future work proposed provide a key focus and direction for improving seasonal rainfall forecasting in SA.
Rosenberg, Kathrine Joan. "Stochastic modelling of rainfall and generation of synthetic rainfall data at Mawson Lakes". 2004. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/24949.
Texto completothesis (PhDMathematics)--University of South Australia, 2004.
Dey, Raktima. "Understanding historical and future changes in mean and extreme rainfall in Australia". Phd thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/210568.
Texto completoDalby, Paul Reginald. "Competition between earthworms in high rainfall pastures in the Mt. Lofty Ranges, South Australia / Paul Reginald Dalby". Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18758.
Texto completoBibliography: leaves 261-306.
xxix, 308 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm.
The objectives of the project were: i. to determine whether there are competitive interactions between Aporrectodea trapezoides and A. caliginosa and A. rosea.--ii. to investigate compeditive interactions between A. calignosa, Microscolex dubius and A. trapezoides.--iii . to determine the likely impact of A. longa on soil fauna, especially the native earthworm, Gemascolex lateralis, in native ecosystems.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science, 1996
Flohr, Bonnie Maree. "Stabilising the flowering time of wheat in response to autumn rainfall decline in southern Australia". Phd thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148888.
Texto completoWong, Geraldine H. "Drought predictions: applications in Australia". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/64290.
Texto completoThesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mathematical Sciences, 2010
Roberts, Craig Penny. "Development of a novel crop-pasture system for mixed farms in the higher rainfall zone of southern Australia". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/72860.
Texto completoThesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2011
Wray-Barnes, Alexander. "Age, growth and patterns of occurrence in smooth hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna zygaena) off the coast of New South Wales, Australia". Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1353450.
Texto completoSignificant declines in the catch rates of smooth hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna zygaena) have recently been reported off the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Quantitative investigations on the life history and correlates of distribution of exploited marine species is fundamental in providing sound species management, as resulting quantifiable results can help determine how population structures are affected by fishing, and their capacity to recover from reduced stocks. This information is particularly important for commercially targeted animals, such as sharks. This thesis assesses the age, growth and distribution of juvenile smooth hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna zygaena) on the east coast of Australia. Vertebra, along with information on sample sex, size and stage of maturity were collected from 144 sharks. Lengths-at-age and growth rates were estimated from vertebral growth band counts for 82 females (109 – 284 cm total length (LT) and 62 males (120 – 255 cm LT). A multimodal approach (various growth functions) was used on pooled data and then separated by sex. These were compared using Akaike Information Criterion, sorted by Akaike score (Δ) with supporting evidence weighed using Akaike weights (ω). These indicate that a multimodal approach is necessary for growth analysis and that sex specific models are required. Females attained a maximum theoretical total length (L∞) of 302.2 cm and k of 0.06, whereas male L∞ was larger at 340.7 cm with a k of 0.06. Sex ratios were similar, however 96% of samples were not sexually mature, indicating that the coastal population of S. zygaena are mostly immature. These results have important implications in assessing the resilience of S. zygaena to stock depletion in south eastern Australian waters. This is fundamental for management decisions about status listings and allowable fishery interactions. Environmental variables influencing the catch of juvenile S. zygaena within the New South Wales Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program (SMP) were investigated to identify potential variables that explain spatial and temporal variability in catches. Using remotely sensed products and spatial conditions, 23 years of daily catch data from the SMP were applied to generalised linear mixed models with random effects to predict capture. The environmental variables assessed included sea surface temperature (SST), rainfall and chlorophyll a, as well as spatial and temporal variables such as distance to estuary mouth, substrate type, moon phase and southern oscillation index. Additionally, the introduction of acoustic deterrent devices were included in the model using year of introduction (1999). Corellative information indicates that juvenile S. zygaena catch were greatest at warmer SSTs, during dry weather, dark moon phases, in primarily sandy surroundings, and in nets closest to estuary mouths. Chlorophyll a concentration and southern oscillation did not help explain variation in catch. However, after adjusting for temporal changes in significant environmental factors, a temporal decline in catch was still present, indicating that the temporal decline in catch was not attributed to the environmental conditions assessed. The best predictor of temporal decline in the model was the introduction of acoustic deterent devices on nets. While a catch decrease after device introduction may be coincidental to an actual decline in the population, the close agreement between the fit of the model and the change point suggests that the temporal decline was associated with the introduction of the acoustic devices. This study suggests that further investigation at a finer level of detail (i.e. satellite tracking) is required into how each of the significant environmental conditions drives movement patterns of S. zygaena. This will also allow for a confirmation of the current studies method in detecting environmental patterns of occurrence and may allow an opportunity to test how acoustic alarms may affect their sensory biology. This thesis can assist decision makers in potential status listings both locally and worldwide. The identification of environmental and demographic catch patterns allow for informed coastal management decisions to take place, complementing future species specific adaptive management strategies.
Twomey, Callum. "Historical variability of east coast lows (ECLs) and their impact on Eastern Australia’s hydroclimate". Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1356112.
Texto completoThe hydroclimate of eastern Australia is highly variable, with a multitude of large-scale climate processes bearing considerable influence on spatial and temporal rainfall characteristics. One phenomenon known for its contribution to rainfall and which operates on daily timescales, are East Coast Lows (ECLs). These intense low-pressure systems which take place over the subtropical east coasts of southern and northern hemisphere continents are typically associated with gale force winds, large seas, storm surges, heavy rainfall and flooding. While ECL impacts are usually seen as negative (e.g. flooding, storm damage etc.), the rainfall associated with ECLs is also very important for urban water security within the heavily populated eastern seaboard of Australia (ESA). This region of Australia contains a high number of city centres which are forecast to undergo disproportionate rates of growth compared to other areas in Australia. As a result, considerable pressure will be placed on water infrastructure and its resilience to climate variability. This thesis investigates the historical variability of ECLs, and their impact on eastern Australia’s hydroclimate, with particular emphasis placed on the ESA. Within the last decade, several comprehensive ECL databases have been developed. Despite this, inconsistencies remain as to what constitutes an ECL. This has hindered our ability to understand these systems and their impacts. In this thesis, we demonstrate that the definition of an ECL should include classification of the various ECL sub-types based on the synoptic-scale environments from which they form. ECL sub-types have different spatial distributions, seasonal cycles, and rainfall characteristics. Consequently, regions of eastern Australia and in particular the ESA, are influenced differently by different ECL sub-types. An investigation of rainfall across Australia and within the ESA suggests that the ESA is different to the rest of Australia and also not homogenous itself. For winter three separate divisions are identified: (i) the most northerly division from Moreton in Queensland (QLD) to the Manning region of New South Wales (NSW); (ii) the Hunter region south to the metropolitan Sydney area; and (iii) from Illawarra (NSW) to Eastern-central Victoria. For summer, autumn, and spring rainfall, two clear divisions are present: (i) the two most northerly divisions identified in winter combined and (ii) and the equivalent of the third and most southerly outlined for winter. The results suggest that the observed spatial inhomogeneity in rainfall across the ESA is at least in part due to ECLs and their sub-types. Though ECLs may only last a few days, they do have the capacity to provide considerable contributions to water storage reservoirs. Approximately one-third of ECL related rainfall occurs in the 48-hours prior to the system entering the Tasman Sea. Furthermore, given the trajectory of sub-types such as Inland Troughs (IT), Continental Lows (CL) and Southern Secondary Lows(SSL), much of this rainfall provides relief to western flowing headwaters, inland of the Great Dividing Range (GDR). An examination of seasonal rainfall contributions reveals that rainfall associated with Easterly Trough Low (ETL) is statistically significant along the central and northern latitudes of the ESA within winter. SSLs are also found to be significant for the southern extent of the ESA and extends its influence into spring, while CLs establish significance across Victoria. On daily time-scales ITs and ex-tropical cyclones are found to have significantly higher rainfall totals than non-ECL sources (and a number of other ECL sub-types) for their regions of preference. However, due to their infrequent nature, this did not translate into significant seasonal contributions, signifying an important difference in what sub-types present a risk to flooding and those, or rather their absence, that present a risk to water security. ECL sub-types and how their variability impact eastern Australia’s hydroclimate is also shown to be affected by large-scale climate processes. Changes in the spatial distribution of ECLs is found to reflect changes in the proportion of ECL sub-types. When in the La Niña phase, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (and its variant ENSO Modoki) tend to shift the spatial distribution of ECLs north. In winter, this also corresponds to an increase in overall ECL activity. This results in more than a 50% increase in ECL related winter rainfall, while similar magnitude of decrease was observed during the El Niño phase. Other mechanisms such as the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) were also found to have a considerable influence on the spatial distribution of ECLs and their associated rainfall. During negative IOD conditions, increases in rainfall west of the GDR corresponded to an increase in the proportion of westerly ECLs. Conversely, during positive IOD, ECL rainfall increases within the ESA owing to a change in the proportion of ECL sub-types. This thesis also provides insights into the importance of ECLs and their sub-types to a key streamflow monitoring station within the Hunter region of NSW. As an indicator for inflowpotential to the Grahamstown Dam, ECLs are responsible for 74% of all streamflow ≥ 99th percentile within the Williams River catchment. Likewise, the absence of ECLs is also shown to be associated with times where the Williams River is experiencing its lowest flow rates. The findings of this thesis are significant and demonstrate the influence ECL sub-types have on hydroclimatic variability in eastern Australia. It also reveals that existing climate related risks are different across the ESA and suggests that how those risks change into the future is also likely to be inconsistent across the ESA – and will likely depend heavily on what eventuates in terms of changes to ECL, and the various ECL sub-types and behaviour (e.g. frequency, timing, location, duration, magnitude and sequencing). This reinforces the need for locally relevant and practically useful climate science information and adaptation strategies - as opposed to State- or Countrywide information and adaptation approaches that are commonly used.