Artículos de revistas: "Australian Infantry"

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Westerman, William. "Before the Main Game: Australia’s Citizen Infantry Battalion Commanders before the First World War". International Journal of Military History and Historiography 37, n.º 1 (31 de mayo de 2017): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03701003.

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This article explores officer capability and culture of the Australian army before the First World War, in particular those officers who held infantry battalion commands. Although the men who served in Australia’s part-time citizen army as infantry battalion commanders showed dedication and enthusiasm for soldiering, they were under-developed as infantry commanders, owing to time constraints and general under-investment in officer education and training. Officers who became battalion commanders were also relatively old, and their rise through the ranks was facilitated more by social position, rather than competence or experience. As a result, those Citizen Forces battalion commanders who enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force largely failed to carry out commands effectively in wartime, an indictment on the state of the Australian Army before the First World War.

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Debenedictis, Thomas, Alistair Furnell, Steve Milanese, Dan C. Billing, Grant Tomkinson y Dominic Thewlis. "The shared motorised military land transit experiences of Australian Defence Force infantry personnel". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20 (noviembre de 2017): S111—S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.629.

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Rudzki, Stephan J. y Rod Pope. "Injury Reductions Seen in an Infantry Brigade using the Australian Defence Injury Prevention Program (DIPP)". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (mayo de 2006): S348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-02356.

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Moss, Matthew, Henry Chan y Nick Wells. "Book Reviews". Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms VII, n.º 2 (2021): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax95088.

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Infantry Weapons & Ammunition: A Century of Development Reviewed by: Matthew Moss Anthony G. Williams. Canterbury: Solo Publications, 2021. ISBN 978-0-9568529-8-4. 139 pp., numerous col. & b. & w. illus. £34. The Green Meanie: L96A1 Reviewed by: Henry Chan Steve Houghton. Eye: Swift & Bold, 2021. ISBN 978-1-5272-7461-7. 280 pp., numerous col. illus. £58.50. Air Defence Artillery in Combat, 1972 to the Present: The Age of Surface-to-Air Missiles Reviewed by: Major Nick Wells, Australian Army Colonel Mandeep Singh, Indian Army (retired). Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2020. ISBN 978-15-26762-04-7. 256 pp., 16 b. & w. illus. £16.99.

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Payne, W., W. Knez, J. Harvey, W. Sinclair, G. Elias y D. Ham. "329 Analysis of the physical requirements of tasks undertaken by Australian infantry soldiers and airfield defence guards". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 8 (diciembre de 2005): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30826-5.

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Ross, Andrew T. "The Tactics and Strategy of the Australian Light Infantry in Counter-Revolutionary Operations in South Vietnam, 1966–71". RUSI Journal 162, n.º 3 (4 de mayo de 2017): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2017.1352372.

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Moremon, John. "A Tale of Three Battalions: Combat Morale and Battle Fatigue in the 7th Australian Infantry Brigade, Bougainville, 1944-45". Global War Studies 9, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2012): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5893/19498489.09.01.08.

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Westerman, William. "Change and continuity in combat: a statistical analysis of the officers of 5th Australian Infantry Battalion, 1914 to 1918". First World War Studies 9, n.º 3 (2 de septiembre de 2018): 296–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2018.1520140.

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Pimenta, Cláudia Oliveira. "Avaliação da educação infantil na Austrália: contribuições para o Brasil". Estudos em Avaliação Educacional 29, n.º 70 (23 de abril de 2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18222/eae.v29i70.5143.

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Este artigo tem o propósito de apresentar resultados de investigação cujo objetivo foi identificar eventuais contribuições da experiência de avaliação da educação infantil australiana para a análise de iniciativas da mesma natureza, em curso no Brasil. Tem como base análise documental e informações coletadas in loco, quando da realização de estágio de pesquisa no exterior, na Graduate School of Education da Universidade de Melbourne, Austrália, em 2016. Os resultados do estudo evidenciam que o desenho avaliativo australiano reflete a preocupação com dimensões da qualidade consideradas fundamentais pela legislação e documentos norteadores da educação infantil no Brasil, ainda que os contextos social e educacional de ambos os países sejam bem diferentes. Ademais, indicam a importância da articulação e colaboração entre entes federados para a implantação de políticas voltadas para a primeira infância.Palavras-chave: Avaliação da Educação; Educação Infantil; Qualidade da Educação; Austrália. Evaluación de la educación infantil en Australia: contribuciones para BrasilEste artículo tiene el propósito de presentar resultados de una investigación que tuvo el objetivo de identificar eventuales contribuciones de la experiencia de evaluación de la educación infantil australiana para analizar iniciativas de la misma naturaleza en curso en Brasil. Su base es el análisis documental e informaciones recogidas in loco, cuando se realizó la práctica de investigación en el exterior, en la Graduate School of Education de la Universidad de Melbourne, Australia, en el 2016. Los resultados del estudio evidencian que el diseño evaluativo australiano refleja la preocupación con dimensiones de la calidad consideradas como fundamentales por la legislación y documentos orientadores de la educación infantil en Brasil, aunque los contextos social y educacional de ambos países sean bastante diferentes. Además, indican la importancia de la articulación y colaboración entre entes federados para la implantación de políticas destinadas a la primera infancia.Palabras clave: Evaluación de la Educación; Educación Infantil; Calidad de la Educación; Australia. Evaluation of early childhood education in Australia: contributions for BrazilThis article aims to present research results intended to identify possible contributions from the Australian experience in evaluation early childhood education, in order to analyze similar initiatives existent in Brazil. It is based on documentary analysis and information collected in loco, when we conducted research internship abroad, at the Graduate School of Education of the University of Melbourne, Australia, in 2016. The results of the study show that the Australian evaluation initiative reflects the concern with dimensions of quality which are considered fundamental, by the legislation and documents guiding children’s education in Brazil, even though the social and educational contexts are very different in both countries. Furthermore, they indicate the importance of articulation and federative collaboration between federal, state and municipal governments for the deployment of policies focused on early childhood.Keywords: Education Assessment; Early Childhood Education; Quality of Education; Australia.

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Orme, Geoffrey J. y James E. Kehoe. "Cohesion and Performance in Military Occupation Specialty Training". Military Medicine 185, n.º 3-4 (23 de octubre de 2019): e325-e330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz217.

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Abstract Introduction Cohesion within military teams is not only vital to their performance but also modulates the adverse impact of work stressors on mental health, including depression, distress, and morale. This study stems from previous findings concerning cohesion during recruit training in the Australian Army. In that study, ratings of cohesion clustered on three dimensions, namely horizontal bonding among team members, vertical bonding with leaders, and organizational bonding with the wider army. Ratings on all three dimensions increased during recruit training, similar to what has been during U.S. Army basic training. The present study takes the next step, which is to determine the relationship between team cohesion and external measures of group performance during training in three types of military occupational specialty, specifically, infantry, quartermaster, and administrative clerk. Materials and Methods The final sample of respondents consisted of 261 infantry trainees, 22 quartermaster trainees, and 39 administrative clerk trainees. These sample sizes, their gender distribution (9% female), and age distribution are proportional to their representation in the Australian Army. The questionnaires given to trainees and their instructors were adapted from Siebold and Kelly’s Platoon Cohesion Index used for measuring the types of bonding within a team. The questionnaire for trainees was administered three times during their respective courses. The cohesion questionnaire for instructors was administered at the completion of training. This study was conducted under defence ethics approval DPR-LREP 069-15. Results The trainees’ ratings of horizontal, vertical, and organizational bonding generally started at a high value and further increased throughout each of the three courses. Vertical bonding tended to be higher than the horizontal bonding, which in turn was consistently higher than organizational bonding. At the end of each course, the trainees’ ratings of horizontal bonding had a large significant correlation with their instructors’ ratings of the trainees’ horizontal bonding (r = 0.70), while the ratings of vertical bonding by the trainees versus their instructors had a smaller correlation (r = 0.21). In relation to the trainees’ individual grades on their course, the trainees’ grades were not significantly correlated with their section’s horizontal bonding (r = 0.29), while their section’s mean grade was correlated with their instructors’ ratings of horizontal bonding (r = 0.44). Conclusions The present results during military occupational specialty training paralleled previous findings that Australian Army recruits quickly developed solid team cohesion early in their training, which generally continued to rise in all three courses. Furthermore, as seen previously with recruits, vertical bonding between section members in all three courses and their instructor leaders tended to be higher than horizontal bonding among team members, which in turn was higher than vertical bonding of the trainees with the wider Army. These findings have useful implications for health professionals. When discussing feelings of depression, distress, and low morale, health professionals might explore a military member’s sense of bonding with their team members, their leaders, and their wider organization as possible contributors to their concerns. By the same token, advice aimed at promoting cohesion may help evoke their protective effects.

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Davis, Alexander E. y James Blackwell. "Decolonising Australia's International Relations? A Critical Introduction". Australian Journal of Politics & History 69, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2023): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12947.

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Australia's international relations (IR) discipline has a deep colonial history, but has never been through a conscious process of decolonisation. Although discussions of decolonising IR have taken place elsewhere, the discussion in Australia is in its infancy. This collection examines the possibilities for decolonising Australia's IR in the present moment, looking at its teaching practice, its research, its styles of analysis, and its relationship with Australian foreign policy. We consider what is particular to Australia's settler colonial context, what is achievable, and what is not. The collection also seeks to develop a new style of anti‐colonial foreign policy analysis in Australia, looking at the relationship between colonisation, settlement, and foreign policy. In this introduction, we first look over debates on decolonisation elsewhere in the field. We then examine the historical background of Australia's IR discipline, and look at Australian Indigenous diplomacy, to consider what is specific to Australia's context. We conclude by looking over the contributions of the papers in this collection, and consider what a decolonised Australian IR might look like. Ultimately, we argue that any process of decolonisation will be extremely difficult, and that decolonisation in Australian IR should be perceived as an ongoing struggle, rather than an endpoint in itself.

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Sarna, Mohinder, Ross Andrews, Hannah Moore, Michael J. Binks, Lisa McHugh, Gavin F. Pereira, Christopher C. Blyth et al. "‘Links2HealthierBubs’ cohort study: protocol for a record linkage study on the safety, uptake and effectiveness of influenza and pertussis vaccines among pregnant Australian women". BMJ Open 9, n.º 6 (junio de 2019): e030277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030277.

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IntroductionPregnant women and infants are at risk of severe influenza and pertussis infection. Inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (dTpa) are recommended during pregnancy to protect both mothers and infants. In Australia, uptake is not routinely monitored but coverage appears sub-optimal. Evidence on the safety of combined antenatal IIV and dTpa is fragmented or deficient, and there remain knowledge gaps of population-level vaccine effectiveness. We aim to establish a large, population-based, multi-jurisdictional cohort of mother-infant pairs to measure the uptake, safety and effectiveness of antenatal IIV and dTpa vaccines in three Australian jurisdictions. This is a first step toward assessing the impact of antenatal vaccination programmes in Australia, which can then inform government policy with respect to future strategies in national vaccination programmes.Methods and analysis‘Links2HealthierBubs’ is an observational, population-based, retrospective cohort study established through probabilistic record linkage of administrative health data. The cohort includes births between 2012 and 2017 (~607 605 mother-infant pairs) in jurisdictions with population-level antenatal vaccination and health outcome data (Western Australia, Queensland and the Northern Territory). Perinatal data will be the reference frame to identify the cohort. Jurisdictional vaccination registers will identify antenatal vaccination status and the gestational timing of vaccination. Information on maternal, fetal and child health outcomes will be obtained from hospitalisation and emergency department records, notifiable diseases databases, developmental anomalies databases, birth and mortality registers.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the Western Australian Department of Health, Curtin University, the Menzies School of Health Research, the Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, and the West Australian Aboriginal Health Ethics Committees. Research findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, at scientific meetings, and may be incorporated into communication materials for public health agencies and the public.

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Dale, Tracey y Foster Hansson. "Are There Adequate Policies and Programmes in Place to Protect Infants and Young Children During Emergencies?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (mayo de 2019): s58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19001304.

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Introduction:In emergencies, infants and young children are disproportionately affected due to specific food and fluid requirements, immature immune system, susceptibility to dehydration, and dependence on others. Provision of safe food and water to infants and young children is critical. However, it is challenging in the emergency context. Specific planning is vital to support infant and young child feeding in emergencies (IYCF-E).Aim:To identify the extent to which Australian emergency management plans and guidance account for the needs of infants and young children.Methods:An audit of Australian emergency management plans and guidance was conducted as a part of the 2018 World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative assessment of Australian infant feeding policies. All national and state/territory emergency preparedness plans, and a sample of local government area preparedness plans, response plans, and other guidance were identified and searched for content related to the needs of infants and young children. Plans and guidance were searched for content related to the needs of animals as a comparison.Results:Vulnerability of infants and young children was commonly noted. However, content related to supporting the specific needs of infants and young children through appropriate IYCF-E was almost totally absent. In some cases, the guidance that did exist was misleading or dangerous. No agency at the federal, state/territory, or local government level was identified as having met the responsibility for ensuring the needs of infants and young children. The absence of any coordinated response for the needs of infants and young children is in stark contrast to consideration of animal needs, which have a delegated authority, plans, and guidance at all levels of government.Discussion:Planning for the needs of infants and young children in emergencies in Australia is dangerously inadequate. Action should be taken to ensure that appropriate plans exist at all levels of government.

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Brookman, Ruth, Marina Kalashnikova, Penny Levickis, Janet Conti, Nan Xu Rattanasone, Kerry-Ann Grant, Katherine Demuth y Denis Burnham. "Effects of maternal depression on maternal responsiveness and infants’ expressive language abilities". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 1 (11 de enero de 2023): e0277762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277762.

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High levels of maternal responsiveness are associated with healthy cognitive and emotional development in infants. However, depression and anxiety can negatively impact individual mothers’ responsiveness levels and infants’ expressive language abilities. Australian mother-infant dyads (N = 48) participated in a longitudinal study examining the effect of maternal responsiveness (when infants were 9- and 12-months), and maternal depression and anxiety symptoms on infant vocabulary size at 18-months. Global maternal responsiveness ratings were stronger predictors of infants’ vocabulary size than levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. However, depression levels moderated the effect of maternal responsiveness on vocabulary size. These results highlight the importance of screening for maternal responsiveness–in addition to depression–to identify infants who may be at developmental risk. Also, mothers with elevated depression need support to first reduce their symptoms so that improvements in their responsiveness have the potential to be protective for their infant’s language acquisition.

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Di Marco, Nelfio, Jonathan Kaufman y Christine Rodda. "Shedding Light on Vitamin D Status and Its Complexities during Pregnancy, Infancy and Childhood: An Australian Perspective". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 4 (13 de febrero de 2019): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040538.

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Ensuring that the entire Australian population is Vitamin D sufficient is challenging, given the wide range of latitudes spanned by the country, its multicultural population and highly urbanised lifestyle of the majority of its population. Specific issues related to the unique aspects of vitamin D metabolism during pregnancy and infancy further complicate how best to develop a universally safe and effective public health policy to ensure vitamin D adequacy for all. Furthermore, as Australia is considered a “sunny country”, it does not yet have a national vitamin D food supplementation policy. Rickets remains very uncommon in Australian infants and children, however it has been recognised for decades that infants of newly arrived immigrants remain particularly at risk. Yet vitamin D deficiency rickets is entirely preventable, with the caveat that when rickets occurs in the absence of preexisting risk factors and/or is poorly responsive to adequate treatment, consideration needs to be given to genetic forms of rickets.

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Sved Williams, Anne E. "Perinatal and infant mental health in Australia: moving forward towards REAL prevention and early intervention – can we do it?" Australasian Psychiatry 25, n.º 3 (27 de abril de 2017): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856217700761.

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Objectives: Australia has been at the forefront of appropriate early intervention. Prevention of mental illness in infants by early identification and intervention in the mental health of their mothers has stalled since the cessation of funding through the National Perinatal Depression Initiative (NPDI, 2009–2015). Whilst screening for maternal mental illness has been widely implemented throughout Australia during the last two decades, services are now diminishing and great opportunities to ride the crest of a wave for appropriate mental illness intervention are receding. Reviews of history and interventions internationally may help guide future directions. Conclusions: Advocacy through across-agency and across-political-party support has been markedly successful for perinatal and infant mental health in the United Kingdom. A solid foundation exists in Australia. Australian psychiatrists have the ability to continue to change the face of prevention and early intervention.

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Cronin, Paula y Stephen Goodall. "Measuring the Impact of Genetic and Environmental Risk and Protective Factors on Speech, Language, and Communication Development-Evidence from Australia". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 8 (13 de abril de 2021): 4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084112.

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Speech and language acquisition is one of the key development indicators of optimal literacy development in infancy and early childhood. Over the last decade there has been increasing interest in the development of theoretical frameworks which underpin the underlying complexity of a child’s language developmental landscapes. This longitudinal study aims to measure the impact of genetic and environmental risk and protective factors on speech, language, and communication development (SLCN) among 5000 infants in Australia. Using robust panel fixed-effects models, the results demonstrate that there are clear and consistent effects of protective factors and SLCN associated with the infant’s family [coefficient (SD) = 0.153, 95% standard error (SE) = 8.76], the in utero environment [coefficient (SD) = 0.055, standard error (SE) = 3.29] and early infant health [coefficient (SD) = 0.074, standard error (SE) = 5.28]. The impact of family and in utero health is dominant at aged 2 to 3 years (relative to 0 to 1 years) across the domains of language and communication and more dominant from birth to 1 years for speech acquisition. In contrast, the evidence for the impact of genetics on SLCN acquisition in infancy, is less clear. The evidence from this study can be used to inform intervention policies.

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Lewis, Andrew J. y Craig A. Olsson. "Early Life Stress and Child Temperament Style as Predictors of Childhood Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms: Findings from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children". Depression Research and Treatment 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/296026.

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Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the relationship between stressful infant environments and later childhood anxiety and depressive symptoms varies as a function of individual differences in temperament style.Methods. Data was drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). This study examined 3425 infants assessed at three time points, at 1-year, at 2/3 years and at 4/5 years. Temperament was measured using a 12-item version of Toddler Temperament Scale (TTS) and was scored for reactive, avoidant, and impulsive dimensions. Logistic regression was used to model direct relationships and additive interactions between early life stress, temperament, and emotional symptoms at 4 years of age. Analyses were adjusted for socioeconomic status, parental education, and marital status.Results. Stressful family environments experienced in the infant's first year of life (high versus low) and high reactive, avoidant, and impulsive temperament styles directly and independently predicted anxiety and depressive problems in children at 4 years of age. There was no evidence of interaction between temperament and family stress exposure.Conclusions. Both infant temperament and stress exposures are independent and notable predictors of later anxiety and depressive problems in childhood. The risk relationship between stress exposure in infancy and childhood emotion problems did not vary as a function of infant temperament. Implications for preventive intervention and future research directions are discussed.

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Liu, Liquan, Mieke du Toit y Gabrielle Weidemann. "Infants are sensitive to cultural differences in emotions at 11 months". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 9 (30 de septiembre de 2021): e0257655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257655.

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A myriad of emotion perception studies has shown infants’ ability to discriminate different emotional categories, yet there has been little investigation of infants’ perception of cultural differences in emotions. Hence little is known about the extent to which culture-specific emotion information is recognised in the beginning of life. Caucasian Australian infants of 10–12 months participated in a visual-paired comparison task where their preferential looking patterns to three types of infant-directed emotions (anger, happiness, surprise) from two different cultures (Australian, Japanese) were examined. Differences in racial appearances were controlled. Infants exhibited preferential looking to Japanese over Caucasian Australian mothers’ angry and surprised expressions, whereas no difference was observed in trials involving East-Asian Australian mothers. In addition, infants preferred Caucasian Australian mothers’ happy expressions. These findings suggest that 11-month-olds are sensitive to cultural differences in spontaneous infant-directed emotional expressions when they are combined with a difference in racial appearance.

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Cordella, Marisa. "Apologizing in Chilean Spanish and Australian English". Cross-Cultural Communication in the Professions in Australia 7 (1 de enero de 1990): 66–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.7.04cor.

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Several studies across languages (Cohen and Olshtain, 1981; Olshtain, 1983; Trosborg, 1987; Holmes, 1989) investigated the different social and contextual factors that influence native speakers to select one or a group of “semantic formula(s)” (Fraser, 1981) in the act of apologizing. Nevertheless the literature is still in its infancy (Fraser, 1981 and Holmes, 1989) in respect to the gender differences between speaker (apologizer) and hearer (recipient), and in the comparison between Spanish and English. This paper aims to investigate the strategies and the semantic formulas that Chilean Spanish and Australian English native speakers use in the act of apologizing. A role play eliciting an apology was carried out in the participants’ mother tongue. Twenty two Chileans (twelve females and ten males) who had lived for not more than three years in Australia and twenty Australians (ten males and ten females) who, like the Chileans, varied in age from 17 to 30 were the informants in this study. Results show that Chilean and Australian cultural values were reflected in the act of apologizing. Chileans in comparison to Australians make less use of the apology strategy “explicit expression of apology”. Nevertheless they appear to give more explanations than Australians in the act of apologizing. Differences were also found in both languages in the use of “speaker and hearer oriented apologies” and in the use of some strategies and intensifiers, in which the addressee’s gender played an important role in both languages.

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Olsson, Craig A., Elizabeth Spry, Primrose Letcher, Helena McAnally, Kim Thomson, Jacqui Macdonald, Chris Greenwood et al. "The Australian and New Zealand Intergenerational Cohort Consortium: a study protocol for investigating mental health and well-being across generations". Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 11, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2020): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175795920x15792720930280.

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The Australian New Zealand Intergenerational Cohort Consortium (ANZ-ICC) brings together three of the longest running intergenerational cohort studies in Australia and New Zealand to examine the extent to which preconception parental life histories (from infancy to parenthood) predict next generation early health and development. The aims are threefold: (1) to describe pathways of advantage that strengthen emotional health and well-being from one generation to the next, (2) to describe pathways of disadvantage that perpetuate cycles of emotional and behavioural problems across generations, and (3) to identify modifiable factors capable of breaking intergenerational cycles. The Victorian Intergenerational Health Cohort Study has followed 1,943 young Australians from adolescence to adulthood across ten waves since 1992, and 1,030 offspring from pregnancy to early childhood since 2006. The Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 Study has followed 2,443 young Australians from infancy to adulthood across 15 waves since 1983, and 1170 offspring from pregnancy to early childhood since 2012. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study Parenting Study has followed 1,037 young New Zealanders across 15 waves since 1972, and 730 offspring in early childhood since 1994. Cross-cohort replication analyses will be conducted for common preconception exposures and next generation offspring outcomes, while integrated data analysis of pooled data will be used for rare exposures and outcomes. The ANZ-ICC represents a unique collaboration that bridges the disciplines of lifecourse epidemiology, biostatistics, developmental psychology and psychiatry, to study the role of parental preconception exposures on next generation health and development.

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Ashman, A. M., C. E. Collins, L. Weatherall, L. J. Brown, M. E. Rollo, D. Clausen, C. C. Blackwell et al. "A cohort of Indigenous Australian women and their children through pregnancy and beyond: the Gomeroi gaaynggal study". Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 7, n.º 4 (15 de abril de 2016): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204017441600009x.

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Indigenous Australians have high rates of chronic diseases, the causes of which are complex and include social and environmental determinants. Early experiences in utero may also predispose to later-life disease development. The Gomeroi gaaynggal study was established to explore intrauterine origins of renal disease, diabetes and growth in order to inform the development of health programmes for Indigenous Australian women and children. Pregnant women are recruited from antenatal clinics in Tamworth, Newcastle and Walgett, New South Wales, Australia, by Indigenous research assistants. Measures are collected at three time points in pregnancy and from women and their children at up to eight time points in the child’s first 5 years. Measures of fetal renal development and function include ultrasound and biochemical biomarkers. Dietary intake, infant feeding and anthropometric measurements are collected. Standardized procedures and validated tools are used where available. Since 2010 the study has recruited over 230 women, and retained 66 postpartum. Recruitment is ongoing, and Gomeroi gaaynggal is currently the largest Indigenous pregnancy-through-early-childhood cohort internationally. Baseline median gestational age was 39.1 weeks (31.5–43.2, n=110), median birth weight was 3180 g (910–5430 g, n=110). Over one third (39.3%) of infants were admitted to special care or neonatal nursery. Nearly half of mothers (47.5%) reported tobacco smoking during pregnancy. Results of the study will contribute to knowledge about origins of chronic disease in Indigenous Australians and nutrition and growth of women and their offspring during pregnancy and postpartum. Study strengths include employment and capacity-building of Indigenous staff and the complementary ArtsHealth programme.

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Parkin, Kimberley, Debra J. Palmer, Valerie Verhasselt, Nelly Amenyogbe, Matthew N. Cooper, Claus T. Christophersen, Susan L. Prescott, Desiree Silva y David Martino. "Metagenomic Characterisation of the Gut Microbiome and Effect of Complementary Feeding on Bifidobacterium spp. in Australian Infants". Microorganisms 12, n.º 1 (22 de enero de 2024): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010228.

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Complementary feeding induces dramatic ecological shifts in the infant gut microbiota toward more diverse compositions and functional metabolic capacities, with potential implications for immune and metabolic health. The aim of this study was to examine whether the age at which solid foods are introduced differentially affects the microbiota in predominantly breastfed infants compared with predominantly formula-fed infants. We performed whole-genome shotgun metagenomic sequencing of infant stool samples from a cohort of six-month-old Australian infants enrolled in a nested study within the ORIGINS Project longitudinal birth cohort. Infants born preterm or those who had been administered antibiotics since birth were excluded. The taxonomic composition was highly variable among individuals at this age. Predominantly formula-fed infants exhibited a higher microbiome diversity than predominantly breastfed infants. Among the predominantly breastfed infants, the introduction of solid foods prior to five months of age was associated with higher alpha diversity than solid food introduction after six months of age, primarily due to the loss of Bifidobacterium infantis. In contrast, the age at which solid food was introduced was not associated with the overall change in diversity among predominantly formula-fed infants but was associated with compositional changes in Escherichia abundance. Examining the functional capacity of the microbiota in relation to these changes, we found that the introduction of solid foods after six months of age was associated with elevated one-carbon compound metabolic pathways in both breastfed and formula-fed infants, although the specific metabolic sub-pathways differed, likely reflecting different taxonomic compositions. Our findings suggest that the age of commencement of solid foods influences the gut microbiota composition differently in predominantly breastfed infants than in predominantly formula-fed infants.

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Liamputtong, Pranee. "Childrearing Practices and Child Health among the Hmong in Australia: Implications for Health Services". International Journal of Health Services 32, n.º 4 (octubre de 2002): 817–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ttlq-yc48-gtvq-3djh.

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This study of cultural beliefs and practices related to childrearing and child health among the Hmong in Melbourne, Australia, used in-depth interviews and participant observation of 27 Hmong mothers and some Hmong traditional healers between 1993 and 1998. Traditional Hmong beliefs and practices include: taking notice of the birth date and time, placing a silver necklace on the newborn, not praising the newborn, not taking the infant out during the first 30 days, breastfeeding, the infant's sharing a bed with the parents, and a soul-calling ceremony on the third day after birth. All Hmong mothers follow cultural beliefs and practices to prevent the ill-health or death of their newborn infants, but some aspects of these practices have had to be modified to suit the new living environment in Australia. Health care professionals need to acknowledge the different ways of caring for a young child among the Hmong so as to avoid misunderstandings and to provide sensitive care. Hmong beliefs and practices also have implications for health promotion campaigns and can be a valuable source of ideas in the efforts to promote infant health and reduce infant deaths in Australia and elsewhere.

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JACOBY, P., K. GLASS y H. C. MOORE. "Characterizing the risk of respiratory syncytial virus in infants with older siblings: a population-based birth cohort study". Epidemiology and Infection 145, n.º 2 (8 de noviembre de 2016): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002545.

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SUMMARYFrom a population-based birth cohort of 245 249 children born in Western Australia during 1996–2005, we used linkage of laboratory and birth record datasets to obtain data including all respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detections during infancy from a subcohort of 87 981 singleton children born in the Perth metropolitan area from 2000 to 2004. Using log binomial regression, we found that the risk of infant RSV detection increases with the number of older siblings, with those having ⩾3 older siblings experiencing almost three times the risk (relative risk 2·83, 95% confidence interval 2·46–3·26) of firstborn children. We estimate that 45% of the RSV detections in our subcohort were attributable to infection from an older sibling. The sibling effect was significantly higher for those infants who were younger during the season of peak risk (winter) than those who were older. Although older siblings were present in our cohort, they had very few RSV detections which could be temporally linked to an infant's infection. We conclude that RSV infection in older children leads to less severe symptoms but is nevertheless an important source of infant infection. Our results lend support to a vaccination strategy which includes family members in order to provide maximum protection for newborn babies.

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Chandio, Navira, James Rufus John, Shaan Floyd, Emily Gibson, Danny K. Y. Wong, Steven M. Levy, Judy R. Heilman y Amit Arora. "Fluoride Content of Ready-to-Eat Infant Foods and Drinks in Australia". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 21 (28 de octubre de 2022): 14087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114087.

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The use of fluoride is effective in preventing dental caries. However, an excessive intake of fluoride leads to dental fluorosis, making it necessary to regularly monitor the fluoride intake especially for infants. There is hitherto a lack of information on fluoride content in infant foods from an Australian perspective. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the amount of fluoride content from a range of commercially available ready-to-eat (RTE) infant foods and drinks available in Australia. Based on an external calibration method, potentiometry involving a fluoride ion selective electrode and a silver|silver chloride reference electrode was conducted to analyse the fluoride content of a total of 326 solid food samples and 49 liquid food samples in this work. Our results showed an overall median (range) fluoride content of 0.16 (0.001–2.8) µg F/g of solid food samples, and 0.020 (0.002–1.2) µg F/mL of liquid food samples. In addition, ~77.5% of the liquid samples revealed a fluoride content < 0.05% µg F/mL. The highest variation of fluoride concentration (0.014–0.92 µg F/g) was found in formulas for ≥6 month-old infants. We have attributed the wide fluoride content variations in ready-to-eat infant foods and drinks to the processing steps, different ingredients and their origins, including water. In general, we found the fluoride content in most of the collected samples from Australian markets to be high and may therefore carry a risk of dental fluorosis. These results highlight the need for parents to receive appropriate information on the fluoride content of ready-to-eat infant food and drinks.

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Quine, Susan. "Social class as a risk factor for infant mortality in an Australian population". Journal of Biosocial Science 23, n.º 1 (enero de 1991): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000019088.

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SummaryStudies in other countries have identified social class as a risk factor for infant mortality. In Australia there is no systematic collection of population data by social class, partly due to the absence of a recognized measure. The use of occupational prestige as an indicator of social class is discussed and Australian prestige scales reviewed. In a population based study, logistic regression analysis of infant mortality in an Australian (NSW) population shows the effects of social class on infant mortality which remain when maternal age, marital status and parity are controlled.

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Moumin, Najma A., Rebecca K. Golley, Chelsea E. Mauch, Maria Makrides, Tim J. Green y Merryn J. Netting. "The Australian Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (OzFITS) 2021: Study Design, Methods and Sample Description". Nutrients 13, n.º 12 (17 de diciembre de 2021): 4524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124524.

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(1) Background: Caregiver feeding practices during the first two years of a child’s life influence nutrition, growth, and development, as well as long term taste preferences and dietary patterns. Suboptimal feeding practices lead to poorer health outcomes, such as obesity, that persist into adulthood. Although the importance of early life nutrition is well-established, there are no Australia-wide surveys of dietary intakes of children under two years of age. The 2021 Australian Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (OzFITS) aims to fill this gap. This paper describes the methods and study sample of OzFITS 2021. (2) Methods: OzFITS 2021 is a cross-sectional study of children aged 0 to 23.9 months of age and their caregiver across Australia. Data were collected between April 2020 and April 2021. A telephone-based survey was completed with a caregiver to obtain information on child and caregiver characteristics and feeding practices. For exclusively breastfed infants, the number of breastfeeds in a 24 h period was reported. Dietary intakes for mixed fed children were estimated using a one-day food record, with 30% of caregivers completing a second food record on a non-consecutive day. (3) Results: We enrolled 1140 caregiver and child dyads. Of those eligible to complete a food record, 853 (87%) completed the food record. Compared to the Australian population, caregivers were more likely to be university-educated (>75%), married or in a de facto relationship (94%), and have a household income >$100,000/y (60%). (4) Conclusions: OzFITS 2021 is the first national study to examine food and nutrient intake in Australian children aged under 2 years. The study will provide information on breastfeeding rates and duration, use of breast milk substitutes, and timing of solid food introduction. Dietary intake data will allow the comparison of core food groups and discretionary food intake to Australian guidelines and estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake of key nutrients, like iron. Healthcare practitioners and policymakers can use the study findings as a source of evidence to inform the next iteration of infant feeding guidelines.

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Ayton, Jennifer, Ingrid van der Mei, Karen Wills, Emily Hansen y Mark Nelson. "Cumulative risks and cessation of exclusive breast feeding: Australian cross-sectional survey". Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, n.º 9 (8 de junio de 2015): 863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-307833.

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ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of cessation of exclusive breast feeding at each month up to 6 months and document key factors and cumulative risks associated with exclusive breastfeeding cessation for children aged from 0 to 6 months.MethodsSecondary analysis using a national representative sample of 22 202 mother and infant pairs derived from the 2010 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare cross-sectional survey, the Australian Infant Feeding Survey.ResultsAmong breastfed infants, 49% had ceased exclusive breast feeding before they had reached 2 months of age. In the final Cox proportional hazards model, cessation of exclusive breast feeding was most strongly associated with partners preferring bottle feeding (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.69 to 20.6) or having no preference (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.42), regular dummy use (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.39) and maternal obesity (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.35). Living within the most disadvantaged areas of Australia (quintile 1) was not strongly associated with cessation (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.14) compared with least disadvantaged areas. Having three risk factors significantly increased the risk of cessation by 31% (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.6).ConclusionsThe prevalence of early cessation of exclusive breast feeding is alarmingly high with 50% of infants no longer exclusively breast fed by age 2 months. Given that not one factor is associated with cessation of exclusive breast feeding, the greatest public health impact is likely to be achieved when multiple risk factors are modified or prevented.

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Whittingham, Koa, Jeanie Sheffield, Catherine Mak, Corrine Dickinson y Roslyn N. Boyd. "Early Parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ‘Early PACT’ for parents of infants with cerebral palsy: a study protocol of a randomised controlled trial". BMJ Open 10, n.º 10 (octubre de 2020): e037033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037033.

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IntroductionNew international clinical practice guidelines exist for identifying infants at high risk of cerebral palsy (CP) earlier: between 12 to 24 weeks corrected age, significantly earlier than previous diagnosis windows in Australia at 19 months. The earlier detection of infants at high risk of CP creates an opportunity for earlier intervention. The quality of the parent-infant relationship impacts various child outcomes, and is leveraged in other forms of intervention. This paper presents the protocol of a randomised controlled trial of an online parent support programme, Early Parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Early PACT) for families of infants identified as at high risk of CP. We predict that participating in the Early PACT programme will be associated with improvements in the parent-infant relationship, in parent mental health and well-being as well as infant behaviour and quality of life.Methods and analysisThis study aims to recruit 60 parents of infants (0 to 2 years old corrected age) diagnosed with CP or identified as at high risk of having CP. Participants will be randomly allocated to one of two groups: Early PACT or waitlist control (1:1). Early PACT is an online parent support programme grounded in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). It is delivered as a course on an open source course management system called edX. Early PACT is designed to support parental adjustment and parent-infant relationship around the time of early diagnosis. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, following completion of Early PACT and at 6-month follow-up (retention). The primary outcome will be the quality of parent-child interactions as measured by the Emotional Availability Scale. Standard analysis methods for randomised controlled trial will be used to make comparisons between the two groups (Early PACT and waitlist control). Retention of effects will be examined at 6-month follow-up.Ethics and disseminationThis study is approved through appropriate Australian and New Zealand ethics committees (see in text) with parents providing written informed consent. Findings from this trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publications and conference presentations.Trial registration detailsThis trial has been prospectively registered on 12 June 2018 to present (ongoing) with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618000986279); https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=3 74 896

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Li, Zhixiao, Shao J. Zhou, Tim J. Green y Najma A. Moumin. "Usual Choline Intake of Australian Children 6–24 Months: Findings from the Australian Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (OzFITS 2021)". Nutrients 16, n.º 12 (18 de junio de 2024): 1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16121927.

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(1) Background: Despite the important role choline plays in child development, there are no data on dietary choline intake in early childhood in Australia. (2) Aim: In this cross-sectional study, we estimated the usual total choline intake and the proportion exceeding the Adequate Intake (AI) and determined the main dietary sources of choline in infants 6–12 months (n = 286) and toddlers 12–24 months (n = 475) of age. (3) Methods: A single 24-h food record with repeats collected during the 2021 Australian Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (OzFITS 2021) was used to estimate dietary choline intake. (4) Results: The mean choline intake was 142 ± 1.9 mg/day in infants and 181 ± 1.2 mg/day in toddlers. Only 35% of infants and 23% of toddlers exceeded the AI for choline based on Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs) for Australia and New Zealand. Breastmilk was the leading source of choline, contributing 42% and 14% of total choline intake in infants and toddlers, respectively; however, egg consumers had the highest adjusted choline intakes and probability of exceeding the AI. (5) Conclusions: Findings suggest that choline intake may be suboptimal in Australian infants and toddlers. Further research to examine the impact of low choline intake on child development is warranted.

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Begley, Andrea, Kyla Ringrose, Roslyn Giglia y Jane Scott. "Mothers’ Understanding of Infant Feeding Guidelines and Their Associated Practices: A Qualitative Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 7 (29 de marzo de 2019): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071141.

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There is limited evidence to describe Australian mothers’ understanding of the Australian Infant Feeding Guidelines (AIFG). A qualitative inductive methodological approach was used in this study to explore experiences with the introduction of solid food. Seven focus groups with 42 mothers of children aged 4–18 months were conducted in disadvantaged areas in Perth, Australia. The mean age of infants was 9.6 months and mean age of introduction of solid food was 4.3 months (range 1.2 to 7.5 months). Almost half of the mothers in this study were aware of the AIFG however, only half again could correctly identify the recommended age for introducing solid food. Four themes and nine subthemes emerged from the analysis. Themes were (1) Every child is different (judging signs of readiness); (2) Everyone gives you advice (juggling conflicting advice); (3) Go with your gut—(being a “good” mother); and (4) It’s not a sin to start them too early or too late (—guidelines are advice and not requirements). The findings indicated that in spite of continued promotion of the AIFG over the past ten years achieving the around six months guideline is challenging. Professionals must address barriers and support enablers to achieving infant feeding recommendations in the design education materials and programs.

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Scott, Jane Anne, Sharyn K. Burns, Yvonne L. Hauck, Roslyn C. Giglia, Anita M. Jorgensen, Becky Kate White, Annegret Martin et al. "Impact of a Face-To-Face Versus Smartphone App Versus Combined Breastfeeding Intervention Targeting Fathers: Randomized Controlled Trial". JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting 4, n.º 2 (12 de abril de 2021): e24579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24579.

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Background Despite the recognized health and economic benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, few Australian infants are exclusively breastfed beyond 5 months of age. Social support for breastfeeding, in particular the support of an infant’s father, has been identified as a crucial element for successful breastfeeding. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of various father-focused breastfeeding interventions in terms of key infant feeding outcomes. Methods The study was a 4-arm, factorial, randomized controlled trial conducted in Perth, Australia. The trial arms included a control group and 3 interventions, consisting of a face-to-face father-focused antenatal breastfeeding class facilitated by a male peer facilitator; Milk Man, a breastfeeding smartphone app designed specifically for fathers; and a combination of both interventions. Expecting couples were recruited from hospital-based antenatal classes and block randomized to 1 of the 4 arms. Each partner completed surveys at recruitment and at 6 weeks and 26 weeks postpartum. Primary outcomes were duration of exclusive and any breastfeeding. Secondary outcomes included age of introduction of formula and complementary foods, maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, and partner postpartum support. Results A total of 1426 couples were recruited from public (443/1426, 31.1%) and private (983/1426, 68.9%) hospitals. Of these, 76.6% (1092/1426) of fathers completed the baseline questionnaire, 58.6% (836/1426) completed the 6-week follow-up questionnaire, and 49.2% (702/1426) completed the 26-week follow-up questionnaire. The average age of fathers who completed the baseline questionnaire was 33.6 (SD 5.2) years; the majority were born in Australia (76.4%) and had attended university (61.8%). There were no significant differences between the control and any of the intervention groups in any of the infant feeding outcomes or level of breastfeeding self-efficacy and postpartum partner support reported by mothers. Conclusions This study did not demonstrate that any intervention was superior to another or that any intervention was inferior to the standard care delivered in routine antenatal classes. Further studies are needed to test the effectiveness of these interventions in more socioeconomically diverse populations that are likely to benefit most from additional partner supports. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12614000605695; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12614000605695 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1186/s12884-015-0601-5

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Lehtonen, Eveliina, Anne Ormisson, Anita Nucci, David Cuthbertson, Susa Sorkio, Mila Hyytinen, Kirsi Alahuhta et al. "Use of vitamin D supplements during infancy in an international feeding trial". Public Health Nutrition 17, n.º 4 (24 de junio de 2013): 810–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013001122.

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AbstractObjectiveTo examine the use of vitamin D supplements during infancy among the participants in an international infant feeding trial.DesignLongitudinal study.SettingInformation about vitamin D supplementation was collected through a validated FFQ at the age of 2 weeks and monthly between the ages of 1 month and 6 months.SubjectsInfants (n 2159) with a biological family member affected by type 1 diabetes and with increased human leucocyte antigen-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes from twelve European countries, the USA, Canada and Australia.ResultsDaily use of vitamin D supplements was common during the first 6 months of life in Northern and Central Europe (>80 % of the infants), with somewhat lower rates observed in Southern Europe (>60 %). In Canada, vitamin D supplementation was more common among exclusively breast-fed than other infants (e.g. 71 % v. 44 % at 6 months of age). Less than 2 % of infants in the USA and Australia received any vitamin D supplementation. Higher gestational age, older maternal age and longer maternal education were study-wide associated with greater use of vitamin D supplements.ConclusionsMost of the infants received vitamin D supplements during the first 6 months of life in the European countries, whereas in Canada only half and in the USA and Australia very few were given supplementation.

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Walker, Karen, Nadia Badawi, Robert Halliday y Sharon Laing. "Brief Report: Performance of Australian Children at One Year of Age on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Version III)". Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 27, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2010): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/aedp.27.1.54.

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AbstractThis article reports mean scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Version III) for 211 randomly selected healthy term (≥ 37 weeks gestation) Australian infants at one year of age. Mean scores were significantly different from standardised norms in all subscales except fine motor. Australian infants scored higher on cognitive and receptive language (p < .01) and lower on expressive language and gross motor (ps < .01) subscales. These findings raise questions regarding the validity of this test in the Australian population and suggest that the test be re-normed on Australian children for valid interpretation of scores in this cultural context.

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Yuill, Susan, Sam Egger, Megan Smith, Louiza Velentzis, C. David Wrede, Deborah Bateson y Karen Canfell. "Has Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Prevented Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes? Population-Level Analysis After 8 Years of a National HPV Vaccination Program in Australia". Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, n.º 3 (9 de mayo de 2020): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa106.

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Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and its sequelae of precancerous cervical lesions and their subsequent treatment, have been linked with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Publicly funded HPV vaccination of female adolescents began in Australia in 2007 with initial catch-up to age 26 years. Methods Using data from the National Perinatal Data Collection we compared rates of preterm births and small-for-gestational-age infants born in Australia 2000–2015. We used generalized linear models, assuming a Poisson distribution and log link function, with single-year categories of infant birth year, maternal age, and age-specific HPV vaccination coverage as independent variables. Results In maternal cohorts with 60%–80% HPV vaccination coverage as achieved in Australia, there was a relative rate reduction of 3.2% (95% confidence interval, 1.1%–5.3%) in preterm births and 9.8% (8.2% to 11.4%) in small-for-gestational-age infants, after adjustment for infant’s birth year and maternal age. Conclusion This analysis provides provisional population-level evidence of a reduction in adverse pregnancy outcomes in cohorts of women offered HPV vaccination. Confounding by smoking or other variables and/or ecological analysis limitations, however, cannot be excluded. These findings indicate potential broader benefits of HPV vaccination than have been documented to date.

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Oberklaid, Frank, Ann Sanson, Robert Pedlow y Margot Prior. "Predicting Preschool Behavior Problems From Temperament and Other Variables in Infancy". Pediatrics 91, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1993): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.1.113.

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There is uncertainty about the relationship between difficult temperament in infancy and reported problem behaviors later in childhood. In this study data from a large, representative community cohort (total N studied = 1583) were used to determine whether preschool behavior problems (at age 4 to 5 years) could be predicted from difficult temperament and other variables in infancy. Maternal ratings of difficult temperament on the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire predicted only 17.5% of those with preschool behavior problems, a percentage not significantly greater than the 14% of the total sample rated as having problems. There was some improvement in prediction when difficult temperament was added to other variables such as male sex (28%). However, mothers' overall rating of temperament was a more powerful predictor of preschool behavior problems, both alone (26.0%) and in combination with other variables such as perinatal stress (36.8%), male sex (29.5%), and non-Australian parent (29.4%). Similarly, maternal reports of infant behavior problems was a more powerful predictor of preschool behavior problems both alone (21.8%) and in combination with male sex (24.6%), low socioeconomic status (26.1%), non-Australian parent (21.8%), and nurse's overall rating of temperament (21. 8%). The best consistent predictor of later problems was the combination of mothers' overall rating of temperament and maternal reports of infant behavior problems (27.0%), especially when combined with other infant variables such as perinatal stress (35.3%), male sex (31. 5%), and non-Australian parent (30.0%). It is concluded that difficult temperament in infancy, as traditionally conceptualized and measured on the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire, is not on its own significantly associated with behavior problems at 4 to 5 years of age. Of far greater importance for clinicians is the significant relationship between preschool behavior problems and maternal perceptions of difficult temperament and behavior in infancy.

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Sibbin, Kristina, Tara M. Crawford, Michael Stark y Malcolm Battin. "Therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy with sepsis: a retrospective cohort study". BMJ Paediatrics Open 6, n.º 1 (marzo de 2022): e001420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001420.

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ObjectiveNeonatal encephalopathy remains a major cause of infant mortality and neurodevelopmental impairment. Infection may exacerbate brain injury and mitigate the effect of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Additionally, infants with sepsis treated with TH may be at increased risk of adverse effects. This study aimed to review the clinical characteristics and outcomes for infants with sepsis treated with TH.Design and settingRetrospective cohort study of infants treated with TH within Australia and New Zealand.Patients1522 infants treated with TH, including 38 with culture-positive sepsis from 2014 to 2018.InterventionAnonymised retrospective review of data from Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network. Infants with culture-positive sepsis within 48 hours were compared with those without sepsis.Main outcome measuresKey outcomes include in-hospital mortality, intensive care support requirements and length of stay.ResultsOverall the rate of mortality was similar between the groups (13% vs 13%). Infants with sepsis received a higher rate of mechanical ventilation (89% vs 70%, p=0.01), high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (32% vs 13%, p=0.003) and inhaled nitric oxide for persistent pulmonary hypertension (38% vs 16%, p<0.001). Additionally, the sepsis group had a longer length of stay (20 vs 11 days, p<0.001).ConclusionInfants with sepsis treated with TH required significantly more respiratory support and had a longer length of stay. Although this may suggest a more severe illness the rate of mortality was similar. Further research is warranted to review the neurodevelopmental outcomes for these infants.

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Gregory, Adele, Marija Tabain y Michael Robb. "Duration and Voice Quality of Early Infant Vocalizations". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, n.º 7 (13 de julio de 2018): 1591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0316.

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Purpose Infant vocal durations have been studied from a variety of perspectives, including medical, social, and linguistic. The resultant developmental profile across the first 6 months of life, however, is still far from clear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the durational properties of infant vocalizations from the unique perspective of voice quality. By considering an infant's modal and nonmodal voice qualities, the developmental range of vocalizations produced by infants during the early months of life was captured. Method Four Australian English–speaking infants were recorded for approximately 1 hr per week during the first 6 months of life. A total of 6,309 vocalizations were perceptually identified and labeled according to voice quality. The duration of each vocalization was subsequently measured. Results A nonlinear curve was evident for the duration of all vocalizations combined. Duration increased significantly between Months 3 and 5. Modal voice was the only voice quality that displayed a linear increase in duration across the study. All other voice qualities displayed polynomial trends. Conclusions Based on the current results, the inconsistent pattern of vocal duration development found previously can be reconciled when voice quality properties of vocalizations are taken into account. A nonlinear curve is evident when a broad corpus of infant vocalizations is used, whereas a narrow corpus containing predominantly modal vocalizations displays a linear trend. The results demonstrate the necessity of including nonmodal voice qualities in infant duration experiments so as to not overstate the linear nature of duration increases.

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Siraj, Iram, Steven J. Howard, Denise Kingston, Cathrine Neilsen‑Hewett, Edward C. Melhuish y Marc De Rosnay. "Comparing regulatory and non-regulatory indices of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) quality in the Australian early childhood sector". Estudos em Avaliação Educacional 30, n.º 75 (31 de enero de 2020): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.18222/eae.v30i75.6925.

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Este estudo analisa as associações entre as pontuações provenientes de processos regulatórios de avaliação da qualidade da educação infantil australiana (Early Childhood Education and Care – ECEC) do National Quality Standard (NQS)2 e das duas escalas de avaliação de qualidade (SSTEW – Sustained Shared Thinking and Well Being; e ECERS-E – Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Extension). A amostra consiste em 257 unidades de ECEC em três estados australianos. Os resultados indicaram: associações positivas modestas entre as pontuações do NQS e das escalas; alguma especificidade entre as áreas de qualidade do NQS (aspectos do projeto e práticas pedagógicas para as crianças; relações com crianças) e de uma escala de avaliação – a SSTEW; variabilidade das pontuações das escalas de qualidade dentro de cada classificação do NQS; e atenuação dessas associações quando o tempo entre as avaliações ultrapassa 24 meses. As conclusões sugerem que o NQS e as escalas de avaliação indicam um núcleo comum de qualidade, mas capturam aspectos diferentes da qualidade, sugerindo que ambos poderiam ser usados para melhorar os padrões de qualidade nas pré-escolas australianas, onde as escalas de avaliação potencializam a qualidade ainda mais do que o NQS.Palavras-chave: National Quality Standard, ECERS-E, SSTEW, Qualidade, Pré-Escola, Regulamentação Comparando índices regulatorios y no regulatorios de calidad de la educación infantil en AustraliaEste estudio analiza las asociaciones entre los puntajes provenientes de procesos regulatorios de evaluación de la calidad de la educación infantil australiana (Early Childhood Education and Care – ECEC) del National Quality Standard (NQS) y de las dos escalas de evaluación de calidad (SSTEW – Sustained Shared Thinking and Well Being; y ECERS-E – Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Extended). La muestra consiste en 257 unidades de ECEC en tres estados de Australia. Los resultados indicaron: asociaciones positivas modestas entre los puntajes del NQS y de las escalas; alguna especificidad entre las áreas de calidad del NQS (aspectos del proyecto y prácticas pedagógicas para los niños; relaciones con niños) y una escala de evaluación – la SSTEW; variabilidad de los puntajes de las escalas de calidad dentro de cada clasificación del NQS; y atenuación de dichas asociaciones siempre que el tiempo entre las evaluaciones supera los 24 meses. Las conclusiones sugieren que el NQS y las escalas de evaluación indican un núcleo común de calidad, pero capturan aspectos distintos de la calidad, lo que sugiere que ambos se podrían utilizar para mejorar los estándares de calidad en el sistema preescolar australiano, en el que las escalas de evaluación potencian todavía más la calidad que el NQS.Palabras clave: National Quality Standard, ECERS-E, SSTEW, Calidad, Sistema Preescolar, Reglamentación Comparing regulatory and non-regulatory indices of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) quality in the Australian early childhood sectorThis study examines associations between Australia’s regulatory ratings of quality in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) – the National Quality Standard (NQS) – and two research-based quality rating scales. The analytic sample consisted of 257 ECEC services across three Australian states. Results indicated (1) modest positive associations between NQS ratings and scale scores; (2) some specificity between NQS quality areas (educational programs and practice; relationships with children) and one research scale – the Sustained Shared Thinking and Emotional Wellbeing (SSTEW) scale; (3) variability in quality scales scores within each NQS designation; and (4) mitigation of these associations when the time-gap between ratings exceeded 24 months. Findings suggest NQS and research scales tap some common core of quality, yet capture different aspects of quality, suggesting both could be used to raise standards of quality in Australian preschools, where the research scales potentiate raising quality to even higher levels than NQS.Keywords: National Quality Standard, ECERS-E, SSTEW, Quality, Preschool, Regulation

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Atkins, Linda A., Sarah A. McNaughton, Karen J. Campbell y Ewa A. Szymlek-Gay. "Iron intakes of Australian infants and toddlers: findings from the Melbourne Infant Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial (InFANT) Program". British Journal of Nutrition 115, n.º 2 (17 de noviembre de 2015): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515004286.

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AbstractFe deficiency remains the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide and young children are at particular risk. Preventative food-based strategies require knowledge of current intakes, sources of Fe, and factors associated with low Fe intakes; yet few data are available for Australian children under 2 years. This study’s objectives were to determine intakes and food sources of Fe for Australian infants and toddlers and identify non-dietary factors associated with Fe intake. Dietary, anthropometric and socio-demographic data from the Melbourne Infant Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial Program were analysed for 485 infants (mean age: 9·1 (sd1·2) months) and 423 toddlers (mean age: 19·6 (sd2·6) months) and their mothers. Dietary intakes were assessed via 24-h recalls over 3 non-consecutive days. Prevalence of inadequate Fe intake was estimated using the full probability approach. Associations between potential non-dietary predictors (sex, breast-feeding status, age when introduced to solid foods, maternal age, maternal education, maternal employment status and mother’s country of birth) and Fe intakes were assessed using linear regression. Mean Fe intakes were 9·1 (sd4·3) mg/d for infants and 6·6 (sd2·4) mg/d for toddlers. Our results showed that 32·6 % of infants and 18·6 % of toddlers had inadequate Fe intake. Main food sources of Fe were Fe-fortified infant formula and cereals for infants and toddlers, respectively. Female sex and current breast-feeding were negatively associated with infant Fe intakes. Introduction to solid foods at or later than 6 months was negatively associated with Fe intake in toddlers. These data may facilitate food-based interventions to improve Australian children’s Fe intake levels.

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42

Bayer, Jordana, Harriet Hiscock, Katherine Scalzo, Megan Mathers, Myfanwy McDonald, Alison Morris, Joanna Birdseye y Melissa Wake. "Systematic Review of Preventive Interventions for Children's Mental Health: What Would Work in Australian Contexts?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 43, n.º 8 (1 de enero de 2009): 695–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670903001893.

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In childhood, mental health problems primarily consist of behaviour and emotional problems. These affect one in every seven children (i.e. 200 000 in Australia). Left untreated, up to 50% of preschool problems continue through the childhood years. Because of their high prevalence, population-based approaches will be needed to reduce their associated burden. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify evidence-based preventive interventions for behavioural and emotional problems of children aged 0–8 years. Randomized controlled trials of preventive interventions for behavioural and emotional problems were located by searching standard clinical databases and systematic reviews. The authors determined which programmes were effective and ineffective, dividing the effective programmes into those with high or low risk of trial bias. Among effective programmes, the most promising for delivery in Australian contexts were identified, selected for their strength of evidence, sample comparability to Australia's population, and programme compatibility with Australia's service system. Around 50 preventive interventions have been evaluated in randomized controlled trials. Most targeted children's behavioural problems, and a few targeted emotional problems. Three US programmes have the best balance of evidence: in infancy, the individual Nurse Home Visitation Programme; at preschool age, the individual Family Check Up; at school age, the Good Behaviour Game class programme. Three parenting programmes in England and Australia are also worthy of highlight: the Incredible Years group format, Triple P individual format, and Parent Education Programme group format. Effective preventive interventions exist primarily for behaviour and, to a lesser extent, emotional problems, and could be disseminated from research to mainstream in Australia, ensuring fidelity to original programmes. Future research should develop programmes targeting emotional problems, and replicate effective programmes for behaviour problems in quality population translation trials. Randomized trial methods in staged roll-outs can determine population cost–benefits for children's mental health without delaying dissemination.

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Mauch, Chelsea Emma, R. A. Perry, A. M. Magarey y L. A. Daniels. "Dietary intake in Australian children aged 4–24 months: consumption of meat and meat alternatives". British Journal of Nutrition 113, n.º 11 (23 de abril de 2015): 1761–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000719.

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Meat/meat alternatives (M/MA) are key sources of Fe, Zn and protein, but intake tends to be low in young children. Australian recommendations state that Fe-rich foods, including M/MA, should be the first complementary foods offered to infants. The present paper reports M/MA consumption of Australian infants and toddlers, compares intake with guidelines, and suggests strategies to enhance adherence to those guidelines. Mother–infant dyads recruited as part of the NOURISH and South Australian Infants Dietary Intake studies provided 3 d of intake data at three time points: Time 1 (T1) (n482, mean age 5·5 (sd1·1) months), Time 2 (T2) (n600, mean age 14·0 (sd1·2) months) and Time 3 (T3) (n533, mean age 24 (sd0·7) months). Of 170 infants consuming solids and aged greater than 6 months at T1, 50 (29 %) consumed beef, lamb, veal (BLV) or pork on at least one of 3 d. Commercial infant foods containing BLV or poultry were the most common form of M/MA consumed at T1, whilst by T2 BLV mixed dishes (including pasta bolognaise) became more popular and remained so at T3. The processed M/MA increased in popularity over time, led by pork (including ham). The present study shows that M/MA are not being eaten by Australian infants or toddlers regularly enough; or in adequate quantities to meet recommendations; and that the form in which these foods are eaten can lead to smaller M/MA serve sizes and greater Na intake. Parents should be encouraged to offer M/MA in a recognisable form, as one of the first complementary foods, in order to increase acceptance at a later age.

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Gu, Zhuyun, Shamali de Silva y Suzie M. Reichman. "Arsenic Concentrations and Dietary Exposure in Rice-Based Infant Food in Australia". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 2 (8 de enero de 2020): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020415.

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Rice-based products are widely used to feed infants and young children. However, the association of rice-based products and high arsenic (As) concentrations have been investigated in a number of studies, but there is limited information from Australia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the As concentration and dietary exposure in infant rice milk, cereal, crackers and pasta as well as to investigate the relationship between As concentration and rice content, rice type and product origin. Total arsenic (tAs) concentrations were determined by nitric acid digestion and ICP-MS while inorganic arsenic (iAs) was determined by acid extraction, followed by ICP-MS with an interfaced hydride generation system. Nearly 75% of samples had inorganic As exceeding the EU maximum levels for infants and children (0.1 mg kg−1) and the mean iAs percentage of total reached as high as 84.8%. High tAs concentration was positively correlated with rice content and also related to brown (wholegrain). Estimates of dietary exposure showed that infants consuming large amounts of rice pasta or crackers will have an increased risk of health impact associated with excess intake of As through dietary exposure. Moreover, the current Australian guidelines for As in rice (1 mg kg−1) are above the WHO or EU guideline and therefore, will be less protective of high sensitivity consumers like infants and children.

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Huynh, Dao, Dominique Condo, Robert Gibson, Beverly Muhlhausler, Philip Ryan, Sheila Skeaff, Maria Makrides y Shao J. Zhou. "Iodine status of postpartum women and their infants in Australia after the introduction of mandatory iodine fortification". British Journal of Nutrition 117, n.º 12 (28 de junio de 2017): 1656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517001775.

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AbstractMandatory I fortification in bread was introduced in Australia in 2009 in response to the re-emergence of biochemical I deficiency based on median urinary I concentration (UIC)<100 µg/l. Data on the I status of lactating mothers and their infants in Australia are scarce. The primary aim of this study was to assess the I status, determined by UIC and breast milk I concentration (BMIC), of breast-feeding mothers in South Australia and UIC of their infants. The secondary aim was to assess the relationship between the I status of mothers and their infants. The median UIC of the mothers (n 686) was 125 (interquartile range (IQR) 76–200) µg/l and median BMIC (n 538) was 127 (IQR 84–184) µg/l. In all, 38 and 36 % of the mothers had a UIC and BMIC below 100 µg/l, respectively. The median UIC of infants (n 628) was 198 (IQR 121–296) µg/l, and 17 % had UIC<100 µg/l. Infant UIC was positively associated with maternal UIC (β 0·26; 95 % CI 0·14, 0·37, P<0·001) and BMIC (β 0·85; 95 % CI 0·66, 1·04, P<0·001) at 3 months postpartum after adjustment for gestational age, parity, maternal secondary and further education, BMI category and infant feeding mode. The adjusted OR for infant UIC<100 µg/l was 6·49 (95 % CI 3·80, 11·08, P<0·001) in mothers with BMIC<100 µg/l compared with those with BMIC≥100 µg/l. The I status of mothers and breast-fed infants in South Australia, following mandatory I fortification, is indicative of I sufficiency. BMIC<100 µg/l increased the risk of biochemical I deficiency in breast-fed infants.

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Prentice, Michele y Colleen Stainton. "Outcomes of Developmental Care in an Australian Neonatal Intensive Care Nursery". Neonatal Network 22, n.º 6 (enero de 2003): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.22.6.17.

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Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of implementation of a developmental care model in an Australian tertiary NICU.Study Design: A retrospective chart audit was used to determine the differences between predevelopmental and developmental care outcomes for infants, parents, the unit, and nursing.Sample: Two subsets of infants were selected for comparison: one of infants receiving predevelopmental care (n = 42) and another of infants receiving developmental care (n = 42).Results: Infants receiving developmental care required less time on total parenteral nutrition, required less exogenous surfactant, and had less documented feeding intolerance. Changes were observed in ambience and in the use of space for providing parent-infant care. Also observed was the individualized expertise of nursing staff and of parents.

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Frank, Michael C., Katherine Jane Alcock, Natalia Arias-Trejo, Gisa Aschersleben, Dare Baldwin, Stéphanie Barbu, Elika Bergelson et al. "Quantifying Sources of Variability in Infancy Research Using the Infant-Directed-Speech Preference". Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 3, n.º 1 (marzo de 2020): 24–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515245919900809.

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Psychological scientists have become increasingly concerned with issues related to methodology and replicability, and infancy researchers in particular face specific challenges related to replicability: For example, high-powered studies are difficult to conduct, testing conditions vary across labs, and different labs have access to different infant populations. Addressing these concerns, we report on a large-scale, multisite study aimed at (a) assessing the overall replicability of a single theoretically important phenomenon and (b) examining methodological, cultural, and developmental moderators. We focus on infants’ preference for infant-directed speech (IDS) over adult-directed speech (ADS). Stimuli of mothers speaking to their infants and to an adult in North American English were created using seminaturalistic laboratory-based audio recordings. Infants’ relative preference for IDS and ADS was assessed across 67 laboratories in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia using the three common methods for measuring infants’ discrimination (head-turn preference, central fixation, and eye tracking). The overall meta-analytic effect size (Cohen’s d) was 0.35, 95% confidence interval = [0.29, 0.42], which was reliably above zero but smaller than the meta-analytic mean computed from previous literature (0.67). The IDS preference was significantly stronger in older children, in those children for whom the stimuli matched their native language and dialect, and in data from labs using the head-turn preference procedure. Together, these findings replicate the IDS preference but suggest that its magnitude is modulated by development, native-language experience, and testing procedure.

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48

Rao, Sally y Lorelle Frazer. "Australian Franchisor Websites: Moving towards Network Behaviour". Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 1, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2006): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer1010006.

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Australia is one of the leading nations using the internet in both business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-tobusiness (B2B) settings (ABS 2004). However, little academic attention has been paid to the adoption of internetbased technology in the Australian franchising sector. Thus this paper addresses the problem of how Australian franchise organisations use internet-based technologies in their franchise systems. This research examines the websites of a sample of 202 Australian franchisors to determine their function as a communication and marketing tool within the franchise network. The aim is to document the web activities undertaken by Australian franchisors to provide an exploratory and descriptive snapshot that can be used as a platform for theoretical efforts The analysis reveals that adoption of internet technologies is still in its infancy in Australian franchise systems with the major uses of franchisor websites being providing information to consumers and as a means of attracting potential franchisees. There is evidence that franchise organisations are moving towards network behaviour through the internet.

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Hegedus, Jessica y Judy Mullan. "Are we adequately providing support services for optimal infant nutrition in Australia? A study in regional NSW". Australian Journal of Primary Health 21, n.º 3 (2015): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py14044.

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Evidence from the literature suggests that parents of infants in Australia may not be receiving appropriate professional assistance to support best practice in infant feeding. This study aimed to investigate whether services for infant nutrition (including breastfeeding, infant formula feeding and support for at-risk infants) complied with current recommendations. Relevant services in a regional area of NSW completed a questionnaire to characterise the assistance they provided for parents of infants in the first 6 months of life. Services for breastfeeding, unlike services for use of infant formula, were consistent with recommendations in the literature. Services were significantly more likely to provide education (χ2 (1, n = 44) = 5.939, P < 0.025) and various forms of professional support (χ2 (1, n = 44) = 20.29, P < 0.0001) for breastfeeding compared with infant formula. At-risk infants were mostly identified through growth monitoring, and extra support services were mostly provided on site. Parents of at-risk infants were encouraged to attend services; strategies included involving family in consultations, offering multiple services on site, free services and home visits. Other important measures recommended in the literature, such as providing continuous care from the antenatal period and transport, were provided infrequently.

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Blythe, Stacy, Kath Peters, Emma Elcombe, Elaine Burns y Karleen Gribble. "Australian Foster Carers’ Views and Concerns Regarding Maternal Drug Use and the Safety of Breastmilk". Children 8, n.º 4 (7 de abril de 2021): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8040284.

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Parental substance misuse and mental health issues are major factors associated with infant placement into out-of-home care. Such placements may result in disruption and/or cessation of breastfeeding. Provision of breastmilk to infants in out-of-home care (OOHC) is desirable in terms of infant health and development, and also in supporting maternal caregiving. However, little is known about how breastfeeding is supported for infants in out-of-home care. This study used an online survey to explore the facilitation of breastfeeding in the context of OOHC and foster carers’ management of expressed breastmilk (EBM). Foster carers were generally open to the idea of maternal breastfeeding and infants in their care receiving EBM from their mothers. However, the majority of respondents expressed concern regarding the safety of EBM for infant consumption due to the possibility of harmful substances in the milk. Concerns regarding the safety of handling EBM were also prevalent. These concerns caused foster carers to discard EBM. Findings suggest foster carers’ may lack knowledge related to maternal substance use and breastmilk. Better integration between health care and social service systems, where the voices of mothers, foster carers and child protection workers are heard, is necessary to develop solutions enabling infants living in OOHC access to their mother’s breastmilk.

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