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De Martino, B., R. Kalisch, G. Rees y R. J. Dolan. "Enhanced Processing of Threat Stimuli under Limited Attentional Resources". Cerebral Cortex 19, n.º 1 (29 de abril de 2008): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn062.
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Huynh Cong, Stanislas y Dirk Kerzel. "Allocation of resources in working memory: Theoretical and empirical implications for visual search". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 28, n.º 4 (17 de marzo de 2021): 1093–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-01881-5.
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AbstractRecently, working memory (WM) has been conceptualized as a limited resource, distributed flexibly and strategically between an unlimited number of representations. In addition to improving the precision of representations in WM, the allocation of resources may also shape how these representations act as attentional templates to guide visual search. Here, we reviewed recent evidence in favor of this assumption and proposed three main principles that govern the relationship between WM resources and template-guided visual search. First, the allocation of resources to an attentional template has an effect on visual search, as it may improve the guidance of visual attention, facilitate target recognition, and/or protect the attentional template against interference. Second, the allocation of the largest amount of resources to a representation in WM is not sufficient to give this representation the status of attentional template and thus, the ability to guide visual search. Third, the representation obtaining the status of attentional template, whether at encoding or during maintenance, receives an amount of WM resources proportional to its relevance for visual search. Thus defined, the resource hypothesis of visual search constitutes a parsimonious and powerful framework, which provides new perspectives on previous debates and complements existing models of template-guided visual search.
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Wahn, Basil, Supriya Murali, Scott Sinnett y Peter König. "Auditory Stimulus Detection Partially Depends on Visuospatial Attentional Resources". i-Perception 8, n.º 1 (enero de 2017): 204166951668802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669516688026.
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Humans’ ability to detect relevant sensory information while being engaged in a demanding task is crucial in daily life. Yet, limited attentional resources restrict information processing. To date, it is still debated whether there are distinct pools of attentional resources for each sensory modality and to what extent the process of multisensory integration is dependent on attentional resources. We addressed these two questions using a dual task paradigm. Specifically, participants performed a multiple object tracking task and a detection task either separately or simultaneously. In the detection task, participants were required to detect visual, auditory, or audiovisual stimuli at varying stimulus intensities that were adjusted using a staircase procedure. We found that tasks significantly interfered. However, the interference was about 50% lower when tasks were performed in separate sensory modalities than in the same sensory modality, suggesting that attentional resources are partly shared. Moreover, we found that perceptual sensitivities were significantly improved for audiovisual stimuli relative to unisensory stimuli regardless of whether attentional resources were diverted to the multiple object tracking task or not. Overall, the present study supports the view that attentional resource allocation in multisensory processing is task-dependent and suggests that multisensory benefits are not dependent on attentional resources.
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Intaitė, Monika, Mika Koivisto y Antti Revonsuo. "Perceptual reversals of Necker stimuli during intermittent presentation with limited attentional resources". Psychophysiology 50, n.º 1 (6 de diciembre de 2012): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01486.x.
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Lin, J. Y., B. Hubert-Wallander, S. J. Joo, S. O. Murray y G. M. Boynton. "It's not just gist! Recognition memory for scrambled scenes with limited attentional resources". Journal of Vision 12, n.º 9 (10 de agosto de 2012): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.1076.
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Strauss, Gregory P., Lauren T. Catalano, Katiah Llerena y James M. Gold. "The processing of emotional stimuli during periods of limited attentional resources in schizophrenia." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 122, n.º 2 (2013): 492–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031212.
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Biesanz, Jeremy C., Steven L. Neuberg, Dylan M. Smith, Terrilee Asher y T. Nicole Judice. "When Accuracy-Motivated Perceivers Fail: Limited Attentional Resources and the Reemerging Self-Fulfilling Prophecy". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27, n.º 5 (mayo de 2001): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275010.
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Moore, K. S., E. F. Darling, J. B. Steinberg, E. A. Pinsker y D. H. Weissman. "Contingent attentional capture influences performance not only by depleting limited target processing resources, but also by changing attentional control settings". Journal of Vision 10, n.º 7 (2 de agosto de 2010): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.113.
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Wahn, Basil y Scott Sinnett. "Shared or Distinct Attentional Resources? Confounds in Dual Task Designs, Countermeasures, and Guidelines". Multisensory Research 32, n.º 2 (2019): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20181328.
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Abstract Human information processing is limited by attentional resources. That is, via attentional mechanisms humans select information that is relevant for their goals, and discard other information. While limitations of attentional processing have been investigated extensively in each sensory modality, there is debate as to whether sensory modalities access shared resources, or if instead distinct resources are dedicated to individual sensory modalities. Research addressing this question has used dual task designs, with two tasks performed either in a single sensory modality or in two separate modalities. The rationale is that, if two tasks performed in separate sensory modalities interfere less or not at all compared to two tasks performed in the same sensory modality, then attentional resources are distinct across the sensory modalities. If task interference is equal regardless of whether tasks are performed in separate sensory modalities or the same sensory modality, then attentional resources are shared across the sensory modalities. Due to their complexity, dual task designs face many methodological difficulties. In the present review, we discuss potential confounds and countermeasures. In particular, we discuss 1) compound interference measures to circumvent problems with participants dividing attention unequally across tasks, 2) staircase procedures to match difficulty levels of tasks and counteracting problems with interpreting results, 3) choosing tasks that continuously engage participants to minimize issues arising from task switching, and 4) reducing motor demands to avoid sources of task interference, which are independent of the involved sensory modalities.
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Wahn, Basil, Basil Wahn y Peter König. "Vision and Haptics Share Spatial Attentional Resources and Visuotactile Integration Is Not Affected by High Attentional Load". Multisensory Research 28, n.º 3-4 (2015): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002482.
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Human information processing is limited by attentional resources. Two questions that are discussed in multisensory research are (1) whether there are separate spatial attentional resources for each sensory modality and (2) whether multisensory integration is influenced by attentional load. We investigated these questions using a dual task paradigm: Participants performed two spatial tasks (a multiple object tracking [‘MOT’] task and a localization [‘LOC’] task) either separately (single task condition) or simultaneously (dual task condition). In the MOT task, participants visually tracked a small subset of several randomly moving objects. In the LOC task, participants either received visual, tactile, or redundant visual and tactile location cues. In the dual task condition, we found a substantial decrease in participants’ performance and an increase in participants’ mental effort (indicated by an increase in pupil size) relative to the single task condition. Importantly, participants performed equally well in the dual task condition regardless of whether they received visual, tactile, or redundant multisensory (visual and tactile) location cues in the LOC task. This result suggests that having spatial information coming from different modalities does not facilitate performance, thereby indicating shared spatial attentional resources for the tactile and visual modality. Also, we found that participants integrated redundant multisensory information optimally even when they experienced additional attentional load in the dual task condition. Overall, findings suggest that (1) spatial attentional resources for the tactile and visual modality overlap and that (2) the integration of spatial cues from these two modalities occurs at an early pre-attentive processing stage.
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Chen, Yuzhi y Eyal Seidemann. "Attentional Modulations Related to Spatial Gating but Not to Allocation of Limited Resources in Primate V1". Neuron 74, n.º 3 (mayo de 2012): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.033.
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Shtyrov, Yury. "Automaticity and attentional control in spoken language processing". Words and their meaning: A deep delve from surface distribution intounderlying neural representation 5, n.º 2 (10 de diciembre de 2010): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.5.2.06sht.
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A long-standing debate in the science of language is whether our capacity to process language draws on attentional resources, or whether some stages or types of this processing may be automatic. I review a series of experiments in which this issue was addressed by modulating the level of attention on the auditory input while recording event-related brain activity elicited by spoken linguistic stimuli. The overall results of these studies show that the language function does possess a certain degree of automaticity, which seems to apply to different types of information. It can be explained, at least in part, by robustness of strongly connected linguistic memory circuits in the brain that can activate fully even when attentional resources are low. At the same time, this automaticity is limited to the very first stages of linguistic processing (<200 ms from the point in time when the relevant information is available in the auditory input). Later processing steps are, in turn, more affected by attention modulation. These later steps, which possibly reflect a more in-depth, secondary processing or re-analysis and repair of incoming speech, therefore appear dependant on the amount of resources allocated to language. Full processing of spoken language may thus not be possible without allocating attentional resources to it; this allocation in itself may be triggered by the early automatic stages in the first place.
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Cutting, Joe, Paul Cairns y Gustav Kuhn. "Nothing else matters: Video games create sustained attentional selection away from task-irrelevant features". Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, n.º 8 (11 de septiembre de 2020): 3907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02122-y.
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Abstract Feature-based attention allocates resources to particular stimulus features and reduces processing and retention of unattended features. We performed four experiments using self-paced video games to investigate whether sustained attentional selection of features could be created without a distractor task requiring continuous processing. Experiments 1 and 2 compared two versions of the game Two Dots, each containing a sequence of images. For the more immersive game post-game recognition of images was very low, but for the less immersive game it was significantly higher. Experiments 3 and 4 found that post-game image recognition was very low if the images were irrelevant to the game task but significantly higher if the images were relevant to the task. We conclude that games create sustained attentional selection away from task-irrelevant features, even if they are in full view, which leads to reduced retention. This reduced retention is due to differences in attentional set rather than a response to limited processing resources. The consistency of this attentional selection is moderated by the level of immersion in the game. We also discuss possible attentional mechanisms for the changes in recognition rates and the implications for applications such as serious games.
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Zhang, Qing, Tengfei Liang, Jiafeng Zhang, Xueying Fu y Jianlin Wu. "Electrophysiological evidence for temporal dynamics associated with attentional processing in the zoom lens paradigm". PeerJ 6 (3 de abril de 2018): e4538. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4538.
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BackgroundVisuospatial processing requires wide distribution or narrow focusing of attention to certain regions in space. This mechanism is described by the zoom lens model and predicts an inverse correlation between the efficiency of processing and the size of the attentional scope. Little is known, however, about the exact timing of the effects of attentional scaling on visual searching and whether or not additional processing phases are involved in this process.MethodElectroencephalographic recordings were made while participants performed a visual search task under different attentional scaling conditions. Two concentric circles of different sizes, presented to the participants at the center of a screen modulated the attentional scopes, and search arrays were distributed in the space areas indicated by these concentric circles. To ensure consistent eccentricity of the search arrays across different conditions, we limited our studies to the neural responses evoked by the search arrays distributed in the overlapping region of different attentional scopes.ResultsConsistent with the prediction of the zoom lens model, our behavioral data showed that reaction times for target discrimination of search arrays decreased and the associated error rates also significantly decreased, with narrowing the attentional scope. Results of the event-related potential analysis showed that the target-elicited amplitude of lateral occipital N1, rather than posterior P1, which reflects the earliest visuospatial attentional processing, was sensitive to changes in the scaling of visuospatial attention, indicating that the modulation of the effect of changes in the spatial scale of attention on visual processing occurred after the delay period of P1. The N1 generator exhibited higher activity as the attentional scope narrowed, reflecting more intensive processing resources within the attentional focus. In contrast to N1, the amplitude of N2pc increased with the expansion of the attentional focus, suggesting that observers might further redistribute attentional resources according to the increased task difficulty.ConclusionThese findings provide electrophysiological evidence that the neural activity of the N1 generator is the earliest marker of the zoom lens effect of visual spatial attention. Furthermore, evidence from N2pc shows that there is also a redistribution of attentional resources after the action of the zoom lens mechanism, which allows for better perform of the search task in the context of low attentional resolution. On the basis of the timing of P1, N1, and N2pc, our findings provide compelling evidence that visuospatial attention processing in the zoom lens paradigm involves multi-stage dynamic processing.
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Rabinowitz, Mitchell y Kenneth E. Wooley. "Much Ado About Nothing: The Relation Among Computational Skill, Arithmetic Word Problem Comprehension, and Limited Attentional Resources". Cognition and Instruction 13, n.º 1 (marzo de 1995): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s1532690xci1301_2.
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Raisbeck, Louisa, Masa Yamada y Jed A. Diekfuss. "Focus of attention in trained distance runners". International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, n.º 6 (4 de septiembre de 2018): 1143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118798396.
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The superiority of using an external focus of attention for learning and performance benefits has been documented in distance running. However, there is limited research examining the actual attentional focus strategies adopted by distance runners. The purpose of this study was to describe the focus of attention used by distance runners in practice and competition and to better understand where these athletes seek information about improving performance. Sixteen distance runners (32.1 ± 10.0 yr) who run at least 20 mile/week (37.7 ± 10.8 mile/week) completed a questionnaire examining information related to attentional focus during training and competition and where athletes go for educational resources. Results indicate that distance runners do not solely adhere to external focus of attention, rather utilize multiple forms of attentional focus strategies that are not examined in laboratory research. Further, it seems that most training advice is received from coaches or training partners and not scientific literature.
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O'Brien, Jennifer L., Marni L. Jacob y Morgan King. "Preliminary evidence of biased attentional mechanisms and reward processing in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder". Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 83, n.º 2 (junio de 2019): 128–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2019.83.2.128.
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Individuals with obsessive-compulsive-disorder (OCD) may have difficulties in using feedback from rewarding and punishing experiences to optimally guide future decisions. The current aim was to examine how adults with OCD use associative learning feedback to direct attention toward learned stimuli when the action-outcome contingency for those stimuli has changed. Participants first learned to select high-probability (over low-probability) rewarding stimuli and low-probability (over high-probability) loss stimuli. Participants then saw these stimuli as the second of two targets in a task where available attentional resources were limited. Recognition of learned stimuli during limited attention was driven by previously learned stimulus-response associations instead of an attentional benefit toward the most favorable action-outcome associations (reward-associated stimuli), as demonstrated in prior research with non-OCD adults. The current evidence supports the hypothesis that individuals with OCD have difficulties shifting from learned stimulus-response associations when the response-outcome contingencies change.
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Domes, G., M. Sibold, L. Schulze, A. Lischke, S. C. Herpertz y M. Heinrichs. "Intranasal oxytocin increases covert attention to positive social cues". Psychological Medicine 43, n.º 8 (12 de noviembre de 2012): 1747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712002565.
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BackgroundThe neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has positive effects on the processing of emotional stimuli such as facial expressions. To date, research has focused primarily on conditions of overt visual attention.MethodWe investigated whether a single intranasal dose of OT (24 IU) would modulate the allocation of attentional resources towards positive and negative facial expressions using a dot-probe paradigm in a sample of 69 healthy men. Attentional capacity for these facial cues was limited by presentation time (100 or 500 ms). In addition, we controlled for overt visual attention by recording eye movements using a remote eye tracker.ResultsReaction times (RTs) in the dot-probe paradigm revealed a pronounced shift of attention towards happy facial expressions presented for 100 ms after OT administration, whereas there were no OT-induced effects for longer presentation times (500 ms). The results could not be attributed to modulations of overt visual attention as no substance effects on gazes towards the facial target were observed.ConclusionsThe results suggest that OT increased covert attention to happy faces, thereby supporting the hypothesis that OT modulates early attentional processes that might promote prosocial behavior.
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Shieh, Kong-King, Whey-Ming Kuo y Chien-Jung Lai. "Effects of Duration of Stimulus and Variability of Foreperiod on the Identification of Multidimensional Stimuli". Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 1997): 1379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1379.
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Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of duration of stimulus and variability of foreperiod on the identification of multidimensional stimuli. Statistical analysis showed that performance speed and accuracy deteriorated as duration of stimulus was severely limited. Further, subjects seemed to change the allocation of attentional resources according to the attributes of stimulus. They tended to distribute more attentional resources to the less salient attribute which resulted in a statistically nonsignificant effect of order of report under time stress. Variability of foreperiod had very little effect on performance and may not be important to consider in reactions. Implications of these results for the design of multidimensional displays and for human information processing were discussed.
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Popov, Vencislav, Ivan Marevic, Jan Rummel y Lynne M. Reder. "Forgetting Is a Feature, Not a Bug: Intentionally Forgetting Some Things Helps Us Remember Others by Freeing Up Working Memory Resources". Psychological Science 30, n.º 9 (30 de julio de 2019): 1303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619859531.
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In the present study, we used an item-method directed-forgetting paradigm to test whether instructions to forget or remember one item affect memory for subsequently studied items. In two experiments ( Ns = 138 and 33, respectively), recall was higher when a word pair was preceded during study by a to-be-forgotten word pair. This effect was cumulative: Performance increased when more preceding study items were to be forgotten. The effect decreased when memory was conditioned on instructions for items appearing farther back in the study list. Experiment 2 used a dual-task paradigm that suppressed, during encoding, verbal rehearsal or attentional refreshing. Neither task removed the effect, ruling out that rehearsal or attentional borrowing is responsible for the advantage conferred from previous to-be-forgotten items. We propose that memory formation depletes a limited resource that recovers over time and that to-be-forgotten items consume fewer resources, leaving more resources available for storing subsequent items. A computational model implementing the theory provided excellent fits to the data.
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Bahcall, D. y E. Kowler. "Interference, Not Enhancement, When Attending to Two Nearby Targets". Perception 25, n.º 1_suppl (agosto de 1996): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0103.
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In an attempt to determine the size of the spatial window of attention we required subjects to identify 2 target letters from a display of 24 letters, expecting performance to improve the closer the targets were to each other. The results were opposite to this expectation. The 2 target letters were chosen randomly from a circular display (radius 4 deg) containing 24 letters. The display (duration 100 to 300 ms) was preceded and followed by masks. Attention was directed to the target locations by means of either a colour cue or a numeral cue. Identification of target letters improved as the directional separation between targets was increased from 15° to 180°. Performance was better when targets were in different hemifields but also improved with increasing separation within a hemifield. The results demonstrate interference at an attentional level analogous to lateral sensory masking. Attending to one item does not enhance recognition of nearby items, as might be expected with an expandable attentional beam or zoom lens, but rather interferes with the perception of nearby items. This outcome is consistent with the idea that nearby locations share limited processing resources and with neurophysiological findings on attentionally-mediated changes in receptive fields.
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Sandon, Peter A. "Simulating Visual Attention". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2, n.º 3 (julio de 1990): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1990.2.3.213.
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Selective visual attention serializes the processing of stimulus data to make efficient use of limited processing resources in the human visual system. This paper describes a connectionist network that exhibits a variety of attentional phenomena reported by Treisman, Wolford, Duncan, and others. As demonstrated in several simulations, a hierarchical, multiscale network that uses feature arrays with strong lateral inhibitory connections provides responses in agreement with a number of prominent behaviors associated with visual attention. The overall network design is consistent with a range of data reported in the psychological literature, and with neurophysiol-ogical characteristics of primate vision.
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Bonnel, Anne-Marie, Camille-Aimé Possamaï y Michel Schmitt. "Early Modulation of Visual Input: A Study of Attentional Strategies". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1987): 757–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748708401812.
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Despite agreement among many attentional theories that processing resources are limited and allocated according to task demands, controversy continues about the locus of selectivity. Studies of spatial orientation of attention suggest an early effect. These results, however, can be explained instead by effects of decision processes. The present study avoids this difficulty by directly manipulating attention in a dual-task paradigm and by using SDT to dissociate sensory tuning from criterion shifts. Ten subjects judged whether two lines to the left of fixation were the same or different in length; they also judged two lines presented simultaneously to the right. In a given block of 64 trials, the subject was to allocate 80%, 50%, or 20% of attention to one pair of lines and the rest to the other. On every trial, the subject judged both pairs. Results showed that d′ increased from 0.77 with 20% allocation to 1.69 with 80%, indicating that sensitivity is modulated by attentional instructions. These results are predicted quantitatively by Luce's sample-size model.
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Cannella, Stefania, Alessia Folegatti, Massimiliano Zampini y Francesco Pavani. "Multisensory integration in body perception is unaffected by concurrent interoceptive and exteroceptive tasks". Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646550.
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A recent study (Tsakiris et al., 2011) suggested that lower interoceptive sensitivity, as assessed by heat-rate estimation, predicts malleability of body representations, as measured by proprioceptive drift and ownership in a rubber hand illusion (RHI) task. The authors suggested that one explanation of their finding is linked to the notion of limited attentional resources: individuals with high interoceptive sensitivity are more aware of internal states and, in turns, they have less attentional resources available for multisensory processing. If this is the case, the competition between interoceptive and multisensory processing should be strongest when they are concurrent. Here we tested this prediction using a visuo-proprioceptive conflict produced through prismatic goggles, without affecting body ownership (unlike the RHI). In three experiments, participants looked at their own hand while wearing neutral or prismatic goggles (visual field shifted 20° leftwards). Meanwhile, they performed a concurrent counting tasks on interoceptive (Exp. 1–2: heart-beats; Exp. 3: breaths) or exteroceptive signals (pure-tones). A no-task condition was also included. We measured proprioceptive drift in each condition an indicator of illusion strength. All experiments documented a significant drift of perceived hand position after prism exposure. This bodily illusion, however, was never affected by the concurrent task, regardless of whether it involved interoceptive or exteroceptive signals. These result reveal that multisensory integration underlying body perception is unaffected by concurrent tasks capturing attentional resources, strongly suggesting a low-level and automatic phenomenon. Furthermore, they indicate that the origin of increased body malleability in individuals with low interoceptive awareness is not competition for attentional resources.
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Chan, Jason L., Aaron Kucyi y Joseph F. X. DeSouza. "Stable Task Representations under Attentional Load Revealed with Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Human Brain Activity". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2015): 1789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00819.
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Performing multiple tasks concurrently places a load on limited attentional resources and results in disrupted task performance. Although human neuroimaging studies have investigated the neural correlates of attentional load, how attentional load affects task processing is poorly understood. Here, task-related neural activity was investigated using fMRI with conventional univariate analysis and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) while participants performed blocks of prosaccades and antisaccades, either with or without a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Performing prosaccades and antisaccades with RSVP increased error rates and RTs, decreased mean activation in frontoparietal brain areas associated with oculomotor control, and eliminated differences in activation between prosaccades and antisaccades. However, task identity could be decoded from spatial patterns of activation both in the absence and presence of an attentional load. Furthermore, in the FEFs and intraparietal sulcus, these spatial representations were found to be similar using cross-trial-type MVPA, which suggests stability under attentional load. These results demonstrate that attentional load may disrupt the strength of task-related neural activity, rather than the identity of task representations.
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Ellmers, Toby J., Adam J. Cocks y William R. Young. "Exploring attentional focus of older adult fallers during heightened postural threat". Psychological Research 84, n.º 7 (22 de mayo de 2019): 1877–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01190-6.
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Abstract Objectives Threats to balance, and subsequent increases in fall-related anxiety, can disrupt attentional processing during gait in older adults, leading to behavioral adaptations which may increase fall risk. However, limited research has investigated what changes in attention occur to contribute to these disruptions. The aim of this research was to describe changes in attention that occur during gait when older adults’ balance is threatened, while exploring how previous fall history and trait movement reinvestment (conscious monitoring and control of movement) also influence attention. Methods Forty older adults reported where they focus their attention when walking during two scenarios: (1) when they are relaxed and there is little risk of falling, and; (2) when their balance is threatened and they are anxious of falling. Results During the high-threat condition, participants reported greater attention towards movement processes, threats to balance, worries/disturbing thoughts and self-regulatory strategies, with less attention directed towards task-irrelevant thoughts. However, fall history influenced attentional focus, with fallers directing greater attention towards worries/disturbing thoughts. Contrary to predictions, trait movement reinvestment was not associated with attention directed towards movement processes. Discussion As processing worries/disturbing thoughts will likely reduce attentional resources available for effective postural control, we highlight this as one potential area to target interventions aimed at reducing the likelihood of repeated falling.
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Andres, Michael, Laurie Geers, Sophie Marnette, Françoise Coyette, Mario Bonato, Konstantinos Priftis y Nicolas Masson. "Increased Cognitive Load Reveals Unilateral Neglect and Altitudinal Extinction in Chronic Stroke". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 25, n.º 6 (21 de mayo de 2019): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617719000249.
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AbstractObjective: Neuropsychological studies suggest that the ability to compensate for the presence of spatial neglect highly depends on the attentional resources a patient can rely on. The present research aimed to study neglect in situations where attentional resources are limited due to multitasking. Method: We examined two patients more than 3 years after a right-hemispheric stroke. Both had received neuropsychological rehabilitation for left neglect and did not show any impairment in standard tests. We used a dual-task paradigm combining a peripheral target detection task with a central shape recognition task. Peripheral targets could appear in left/right positions but also in lower/upper positions. Results: In patient #1, dual-task condition exacerbated left neglect and extinction. Patient #2 did not show any sign of neglect along the horizontal axis, but omitted half of the lower targets when they were presented simultaneously with upper targets under dual-task condition. This behavior reflects altitudinal extinction as the detection of single targets appearing either in upper or lower position was preserved. Conclusion: The present findings show that dual-tasking is a sensitive tool for the quantitative and qualitative assessment of spatial attention deficits, which are often overlooked by standard methods, especially in chronic stage. (JINS, 2019, 25, 644–653)
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Bricolo, Emanuela, Tiziana Gianesini, Alessandra Fanini, Claus Bundesen y Leonardo Chelazzi. "Serial Attention Mechanisms in Visual Search: A Direct Behavioral Demonstration". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, n.º 7 (1 de octubre de 2002): 980–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902320474454.
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In visual search, inefficient performance of human observers is typically characterized by a steady increase in reaction time with the number of array elements—the so-called set-size effect. In general, set-size effects are taken to indicate that processing of the array elements depends on limited-capacity resources, that is, it involves attention. Contrasting theories have been proposed to account for this attentional involvement, however. While some theories have attributed set-size effects to the intervention of serial attention mechanisms, others have explained set-size effects in terms of parallel, competitive architectures. Conclusive evidence in favor of one or the other notion is still lacking. Especially in view of the wide use of visual search paradigms to explore the functional neuroanatomy of attentional mechanisms in the primate brain, it becomes essential that the nature of the attentional involvement in these paradigms be clearly defined at the behavioral level. Here we report a series of experiments showing that highly inefficient search indeed recruits serial attention deployment to the individual array elements. In addition, we describe a number of behavioral signatures of serial attention in visual search that can be used in future investigations to attest a similar involvement of serial attention in other search paradigms. We claim that only after having recognized these signatures can one be confident that truly serial mechanisms are engaged in a given visual search task, thus making it amenable for exploring the functional neuro-anatomy underlying its performance.
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Hartikainen, Kaisa M. "Emotion-Attention Interaction in the Right Hemisphere". Brain Sciences 11, n.º 8 (29 de julio de 2021): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081006.
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Hemispheric asymmetries in affective and cognitive functions have been extensively studied. While both cerebral hemispheres contribute to most affective and cognitive processes, neuroscientific literature and neuropsychological evidence support an overall right hemispheric dominance for emotion, attention and arousal. Emotional stimuli, especially those with survival value such as threat, tend to be prioritized in attentional resource competition. Arousing unpleasant emotional stimuli have prioritized access, especially to right-lateralized attention networks. Interference of task performance may be observed when limited resources are exhausted by task- and emotion-related processing. Tasks that rely on right hemisphere-dependent processing, like attending to the left visual hemifield or global-level visual features, are especially vulnerable to interference due to attention capture by unpleasant emotional stimuli. The aim of this review is to present literature regarding the special role of the right hemisphere in affective and attentional brain processes and their interaction. Furthermore, clinical and technological implications of this interaction will be presented. Initially, the effects of focal right hemisphere lesion or atrophy on emotional functions will be introduced. Neurological right hemisphere syndromes including aprosodia, anosognosia and neglect, which further point to the predominance of the intact right hemisphere in emotion, attention and arousal will be presented. Then there will be a brief review of electrophysiological evidence, as well as evidence from patients with neglect that support attention capture by emotional stimuli in the right hemisphere. Subsequently, experimental work on the interaction of emotion, attention and cognition in the right hemispheres of healthy subjects will be presented. Finally, clinical implications for better understanding and assessment of alterations in emotion–attention interaction due to brain disorder or treatment, such as neuromodulation, that impact affective brain functions will be discussed. It will be suggested that measuring right hemispheric emotion–attention interactions may provide basis for novel biomarkers of brain health. Such biomarkers allow for improved diagnostics in brain damage and disorders and optimized treatments. To conclude, future technological applications will be outlined regarding brain physiology-based measures that reflect engagement of the right hemisphere in affective and attentional processes.
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Blackett, Deena Schwen, Stacy M. Harnish, Jennifer P. Lundine, Alexandra Zezinka y Eric W. Healy. "The Effect of Stimulus Valence on Lexical Retrieval in Younger and Older Adults". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, n.º 7 (12 de julio de 2017): 2081–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_jslhr-l-16-0268.
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Purpose Although there is evidence that emotional valence of stimuli impacts lexical processes, there is limited work investigating its specific impact on lexical retrieval. The current study aimed to determine the degree to which emotional valence of pictured stimuli impacts naming latencies in healthy younger and older adults. Method Eighteen healthy younger adults and 18 healthy older adults named positive, negative, and neutral images, and reaction time was measured. Results Reaction times for positive and negative images were significantly longer than reaction times for neutral images. Reaction times for positive and negative images were not significantly different. Whereas older adults demonstrated significantly longer naming latencies overall than younger adults, the discrepancy in latency with age was far greater when naming emotional pictures. Conclusions Emotional arousal of pictures appears to impact naming latency in younger and older adults. We hypothesize that the increase in naming latency for emotional stimuli is the result of a necessary disengagement of attentional resources from the emotional images prior to completion of the naming task. We propose that this process may affect older adults disproportionately due to a decline in attentional resources as part of normal aging, combined with a greater attentional preference for emotional stimuli.
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Slagter, Heleen A., Antoine Lutz, Lawrence L. Greischar, Sander Nieuwenhuis y Richard J. Davidson. "Theta Phase Synchrony and Conscious Target Perception: Impact of Intensive Mental Training". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, n.º 8 (agosto de 2009): 1536–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21125.
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The information processing capacity of the human mind is limited, as is evidenced by the attentional blink—a deficit in identifying the second of two targets (T1 and T2) presented in close succession. This deficit is thought to result from an overinvestment of limited resources in T1 processing. We previously reported that intensive mental training in a style of meditation aimed at reducing elaborate object processing, reduced brain resource allocation to T1, and improved T2 accuracy [Slagter, H. A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Francis, A. D., Nieuwenhuis, S., Davis, J., et al. Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources. PloS Biology, 5, e138, 2007]. Here we report EEG spectral analyses to examine the possibility that this reduction in elaborate T1 processing rendered the system more available to process new target information, as indexed by T2-locked phase variability. Intensive mental training was associated with decreased cross-trial variability in the phase of oscillatory theta activity after successfully detected T2s, in particular, for those individuals who showed the greatest reduction in brain resource allocation to T1. These data implicate theta phase locking in conscious target perception, and suggest that after mental training the cognitive system is more rapidly available to process new target information. Mental training was not associated with changes in the amplitude of T2-induced responses or oscillatory activity before task onset. In combination, these findings illustrate the usefulness of systematic mental training in the study of the human mind by revealing the neural mechanisms that enable the brain to successfully represent target information.
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Wiegand, Iris, Natan Napiórkowski, Thomas Töllner, Anders Petersen, Thomas Habekost, Hermann J. Müller y Kathrin Finke. "Event-related Electroencephalographic Lateralizations Mark Individual Differences in Spatial and Nonspatial Visual Selection". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, n.º 4 (abril de 2018): 482–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01221.
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Selective attention controls the distribution of our visual system's limited processing resources to stimuli in the visual field. Two independent parameters of visual selection can be quantified by modeling an individual's performance in a partial-report task based on the computational theory of visual attention (TVA): (i) top–down control α, the relative attentional weighting of relevant over irrelevant stimuli, and (ii) spatial bias wλ, the relative attentional weighting of stimuli in the left versus right hemifield. In this study, we found that visual event-related electroencephalographic lateralizations marked interindividual differences in these two functions. First, individuals with better top–down control showed higher amplitudes of the posterior contralateral negativity than individuals with poorer top–down control. Second, differences in spatial bias were reflected in asymmetries in earlier visual event-related lateralizations depending on the hemifield position of targets; specifically, individuals showed a positivity contralateral to targets presented in their prioritized hemifield and a negativity contralateral to targets presented in their nonprioritized hemifield. Thus, our findings demonstrate that two functionally different aspects of attentional weighting quantified in the respective TVA parameters are reflected in two different neurophysiological measures: The observer-dependent spatial bias influences selection by a bottom–up processing advantage of stimuli appearing in the prioritized hemifield. By contrast, task-related target selection governed by top–down control involves active enhancement of target, and/or suppression of distractor, processing. These results confirm basic assumptions of the TVA framework, complement the functional interpretation of event-related lateralization components in selective attention studies, and are of relevance for the development of neurocognitive attentional assessment procedures.
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Chechlacz, Magdalena, Peter C. Hansen, Joy J. Geng y Dario Cazzoli. "Polarity-dependent Effects of Biparietal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Interplay between Target Location and Distractor Saliency in Visual Attention". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, n.º 6 (junio de 2018): 851–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01242.
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Visual attention allows the allocation of limited neural processing resources to stimuli based on their behavioral priorities. The selection of task-relevant visual targets entails the processing of multiple competing stimuli and the suppression of distractors that may be either perceptually salient or perceptually similar to targets. The posterior parietal cortex controls the interaction between top–down (task-driven) and bottom–up (stimulus-driven) processes competing for attentional selection, as well as spatial distribution of attention. Here, we examined whether biparietal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) would modulate the interaction between top–down and bottom–up processes in visual attention. Visual attention function was assessed with a visual discrimination task, in which a lateralized target was presented alone or together with a contralateral, similar or salient, distractor. The accuracy and RTs were measured before and during three stimulation sessions (sham, right anodal/left cathodal, left anodal/right cathodal). The analyses demonstrated (i) polarity-dependent effects of tDCS on the accuracy of target discrimination, but only when the target was presented with a similar distractor; (ii) the tDCS-triggered effects on the accuracy of discriminating targets, accompanied by a similar distractor, varied according to the target location; and (iii) overall detrimental effects of tDCS on RTs were observed, regardless of target location, distractor type, and polarity of the stimulation. We conclude that the observed polarity, distractor type, and target location-dependent effects of biparietal tDCS on the accuracy of target detection resulted from both a modulation of the interaction between top–down and bottom–up attentional processes and the interhemispheric competition mechanisms guiding attentional selection and spatial deployment of attention.
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Hempel, Roelie J., Julian F. Thayer, Christian H. Röder, Hugo G. van Steenis, Nico J. M. van Beveren y Joke H. M. Tulen. "Cardiac Responses during Picture Viewing in Young Male Patients with Schizophrenia". Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology 2012 (10 de noviembre de 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/858562.
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Previous research investigating the emotion recognition ability in patients with schizophrenia has mainly focused on the recognition of facial expressions. To broaden our understanding of emotional processes in patients with schizophrenia, this study aimed to investigate whether these patients experience and process other emotionally evocative stimuli differently from healthy participants. To investigate this, we measured the cardiac and subjective responses of 33 male patients (9 with and 24 without antipsychotic medication) and 40 male control subjects to emotion-eliciting pictures. Cardiac responses were chosen as an outcome measure because previous research has indicated that these are linked with attentional and emotional processes and provide a more objective measure than self-report measures alone. The differences in cardiac responses between patients and controls were limited to medicated patients: only the medicated patients showed significantly decreased cardiac orienting responses compared with control subjects, regardless of picture contents. These results indicate that medicated patients directed less attention towards emotion-eliciting pictures than controls. Decreased attentional resources while processing emotional evocative stimuli could lead to incorrect appraisals of the environment and may have detrimental emotional and social consequences, contributing to chronic stress levels and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Kodithuwakku Arachchige, Sachini N. K., Harish Chander, Adam C. Knight, Reuben F. Burch V, Chih-Chia Chen y Jennifer C. Reneker. "Dual Tasking during Trip Recovery and Obstacle Clearance among Young, Healthy Adults in Human Factors Research". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 19 (27 de septiembre de 2021): 10144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910144.
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Trip-induced falls are extremely common in ergonomic settings. Such situations can lead to fatal or non-fatal injuries, affecting the workers’ quality of life and earning capacity. Dual tasking (DT) is a leading cause of trips and ineffective obstacle clearance among workers. DT increases their attentional demand, challenging both postural control and concurrent secondary tasks. As the human brain has limited attentional processing capacity, even young, healthy adults need to prioritize duties during DT. This article aimed to analyze these secondary task types and their applications in recent trip-related studies conducted on young, healthy adults. An extensive review of the recent trip-related literature was performed to provide a condensed summary of the dual tasks used. In previous trip-related literature, distinct types of secondary tasks were used. The choice of the concurrent task must be made vigilantly depending on the occupation, environmental context, available resources, and feasibility. DT can be used as a tool to train workers on selective attention, which is a lifesaving skill in ergonomic settings, especially in the occupations of roofers, construction workers, or truck drivers. Such training can result in successful obstacle clearance and trip recovery skills, which eventually minimizes the number of falls at the workplace.
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Braunstein-Bercovitz, Hedva y R. E. Lubow. "Are high-schizotypal normal participants distractible or limited in attentional resources? A study of latent inhibition as a function of masking task load and schizotypy level." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1998): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.107.4.659.
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Moustafa, Ahmed A. y Mark A. Gluck. "A Neurocomputational Model of Dopamine and Prefrontal–Striatal Interactions during Multicue Category Learning by Parkinson Patients". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, n.º 1 (enero de 2011): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21420.
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Most existing models of dopamine and learning in Parkinson disease (PD) focus on simulating the role of basal ganglia dopamine in reinforcement learning. Much data argue, however, for a critical role for prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine in stimulus selection in attentional learning. Here, we present a new computational model that simulates performance in multicue category learning, such as the “weather prediction” task. The model addresses how PD and dopamine medications affect stimulus selection processes, which mediate reinforcement learning. In this model, PFC dopamine is key for attentional learning, whereas basal ganglia dopamine, consistent with other models, is key for reinforcement and motor learning. The model assumes that competitive dynamics among PFC neurons is the neural mechanism underlying stimulus selection with limited attentional resources, whereas competitive dynamics among striatal neurons is the neural mechanism underlying action selection. According to our model, PD is associated with decreased phasic and tonic dopamine levels in both PFC and basal ganglia. We assume that dopamine medications increase dopamine levels in both the basal ganglia and PFC, which, in turn, increase tonic dopamine levels but decrease the magnitude of phasic dopamine signaling in these brain structures. Increase of tonic dopamine levels in the simulated PFC enhances attentional shifting performance. The model provides a mechanistic account for several phenomena, including (a) medicated PD patients are more impaired at multicue probabilistic category learning than unmedicated patients and (b) medicated PD patients opt out of reversal when there are alternative and redundant cue dimensions.
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Taitelbaum-Swead, Riki, Zvi Kozol y Leah Fostick. "Listening Effort Among Adults With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, n.º 12 (18 de diciembre de 2019): 4554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-h-19-0134.
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Purpose Few studies have assessed listening effort (LE)—the cognitive resources required to perceive speech—among populations with intact hearing but reduced availability of cognitive resources. Attention/deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is theorized to restrict attention span, possibly making speech perception in adverse conditions more challenging. This study examined the effect of ADHD on LE among adults using a behavioral dual-task paradigm (DTP). Method Thirty-nine normal-hearing adults (aged 21–27 years) participated: 19 with ADHD (ADHD group) and 20 without ADHD (control group). Baseline group differences were measured in visual and auditory attention as well as speech perception. LE using DTP was assessed as the performance difference on a visual–motor task versus a simultaneous auditory and visual–motor task. Results Group differences in attention were confirmed by differences in visual attention (larger reaction times between congruent and incongruent conditions) and auditory attention (lower accuracy in the presence of distractors) among the ADHD group, compared to the controls. LE was greater among the ADHD group than the control group. Nevertheless, no group differences were found in speech perception. Conclusions LE is increased among those with ADHD. As a DTP assumes limited cognitive capacity to allocate attentional resources, LE among those with ADHD may be increased because higher level cognitive processes are more taxed in this population. Studies on LE using a DTP should take into consideration mechanisms of selective and divided attention. Among young adults who need to continuously process great volumes of auditory and visual information, much more effort may be expended by those with ADHD than those without it. As a result, those with ADHD may be more prone to fatigue and irritability, similar to those who are engaged in more outwardly demanding tasks.
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Churton, Michael W. "Hyperkinesis: A Review of Literature". Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 6, n.º 4 (octubre de 1989): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.6.4.313.
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The review of literature focuses upon a disorder that affects between 2 and 25% of school-age children. Commonly referred to as hyperkinesis, the disorder lacks definitive consensus on nomenclature, etiology, treatment, and symptomatology. The divergence in identifying hyperkinesis as a homogeneous disorder has prevented the development of data based educational strategies. The disorder is often associated with learning disabilities, and research in hyperkinesis or attentional deficit disorder relative to psychomotor skills and learning has been limited. Subsequently, motor activity programs have not had the resources to address the motor needs of these children. This paper reviews the divergency in the literature on hyperkinesis and offers research considerations in the area of motor learning and development for these children.
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Grossman, Murray, Jenifer Mickanin, Kris Onishi, Keith M. Robinson y Mark D'Esposito. "Freehand drawing impairments in probable Alzheimer's disease". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2, n.º 3 (mayo de 1996): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700001168.
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AbstractWe evaluated freehand picture production of familiar objects in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. The overall recognizability of their drawings was significantly compromised. Error analyses revealed the production of category violations and the frequent inclusion of incorrect features in a picture that were borrowed from semantically related objects, suggesting difficulty distinguishing between items with overlapping feature sets in semantic memory. Analyses of individual patient drawing profiles also revealed that some patients are disproportionately compromised in expressing a particular perceptual feature, implicating difficulty at the level of perceptual processing. Regression analyses demonstrated the contribution of limited visual attentional resources. We conclude that impaired freehand drawing in probable Alzheimer's disease is multifactorial in nature. (JINS, 1996, 2, 226–235.)
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Klostermann, André. "Does the Simon Effect Interfere with the Synergy Between Perception and Action?" Perceptual and Motor Skills 128, n.º 4 (2 de junio de 2021): 1765–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00315125211022917.
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Research suggests that – particularly – the execution of precision-demanding far-aiming tasks necessitates an optimal coupling between perception and action. In this regard, the duration of the last fixation before initiating movement – i.e., the Quiet Eye (QE) – has been functionally related to subsequent motor performance. In the current study, we investigated potential mechanisms of QE by applying the Simon paradigm – i.e., cognitive interferences evoked by stimulus-effect incompatibilities over response selection. To this end, we had participants throw balls as precisely as possible, either with their left or right hand (hands condition, HC) or at left or right targets (targets condition, TC), respectively. Via monaural auditory stimuli, participants received information about the hand side and the target side, respectively, either with compatible (i.e., congruent stimulus-effect side) or incompatible (i.e., incongruent stimulus-effect side) stimulus-effect mappings. Results showed that participants reacted slower and showed later first fixation onsets at the target in incompatible vs. compatible trials, thus, replicating and extending the classical Simon effect. Crucially, in the HC, there were earlier QE onsets and longer QE durations in incompatible (vs. compatible) trials, suggesting an inhibition of cognitive interferences over response selection to preserve motor performance. These findings are in line with attentional explanations of QE, suggesting optimized attentional control with efficient management of limited cognitive resources (optimal-attentional-control explanation) or with the inhibition of alternative response parametrization (inhibition explanation).
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Feldmann-Wüstefeld, Tobias, Niko A. Busch y Anna Schubö. "Failed Suppression of Salient Stimuli Precedes Behavioral Errors". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, n.º 2 (febrero de 2020): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01502.
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Our visual system is constantly confronted with more information than it can process. To deal with the limited capacity, attention allows us to enhance relevant information and suppress irrelevant information. Particularly, the suppression of salient irrelevant stimuli has shown to be important as it prevents attention to be captured and thus attentional resources to be wasted. This study aimed at directly connecting failures to suppress distraction with a neural marker of suppression, the distractor positivity (Pd). We measured participants' EEG signal while they performed a visual search task in which they had to report a digit inside a shape target while ignoring distractors, one of which could be a salient color singleton. Reports of target digits served as a behavioral index of enhancement, and reports of color distractor digits served as a behavioral index of failed suppression, each measured against reports of neutral distractor digits serving as a baseline. Participants reported the target identity more often than any distractor identity. The singleton identity was reported least often, suggesting suppression of the singleton below baseline. Suppression of salient stimuli was absent in the beginning and then increased throughout the experiment. When the singleton identity was reported, the Pd was observed in a later time window, suggesting that behavioral errors were preceded by failed suppression. Our results provide evidence for the signal suppression hypothesis that states salient items have to be actively suppressed to avoid attentional capture. Our results also provide direct evidence that the Pd is reflecting such active suppression.
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de Ribaupierre, Anik y Christine Bailleux. "Developmental Change in a Spatial Task of Attentional Capacity: An Essay Toward an Integration of Two Working Memory Models". International Journal of Behavioral Development 17, n.º 1 (marzo de 1994): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549401700102.
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The objective of this paper is to illustrate the complementarity of two lines of studies on Working Memory, the neo-Piagetian models of Pascual-Leone and Case on the one hand, and Baddeley's model, on the other. After a brief summary of each model, their similarities and differences are reviewed. An empirical longitudinal study is then presented as an illustration. Four cohorts of children, aged 5, 6, 8, and 10 years on the first assessment, were examined once a year over five years, with a short-term memory task (Mr Peanut), asking for the recall of the location of coloured spots in a clown figure. Two versions were used: a unicoloured task (Peanut-P) and a multicoloured task (Peanut-C), in which subjects had to recall both positions and colours. Three aspects of the results are emphasised. First, it was found that performances in Peanut-C increased with item complexity up to a certain level, beyond which they tended to remain stable; this stability was interpreted as reflecting the limits in processing resources which are postulated by neo-Piagetian models. Secondly, a drastic diminution in the performances was observed on the fourth year, corresponding to a change in the way of responding: The task was computerised, and subjects had to answer, using a computer mouse. It is argued that the monitoring of the mouse disrupts performances because it draws on the same limited resources as the memory task. Finally, results showed that the monitoring of the mouse interferes more with the recall of positions than with the recall of colours, as could be expected if monitoring a computer mouse represents a spatial interference task. Methodological drawbacks of the studies are also discussed, and suggestions for further research indicated.
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Taylor, Phillip, Nathan Griffiths, Abhir Bhalerao, Zhou Xu, Adam Gelencser y Thomas Popham. "Investigating the Feasibility of Vehicle Telemetry Data as a Means of Predicting Driver Workload". International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction 9, n.º 3 (julio de 2017): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmhci.2017070104.
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Driving is a safety critical task that requires a high level of attention from the driver. Although drivers have limited attentional resources, they often perform secondary tasks such as eating or using a mobile phone. When performing multiple tasks in the vehicle, the driver can become overloaded and the risk of a crash is increased. If a vehicle is aware that the driver is currently under high workload, the vehicle functionality can be changed in order to minimise any further demand. Traditionally, workload is measured using physiological sensors that require often intrusive and expensive equipment. Another approach may be to use vehicle telemetry data as a performance measure for workload. In this paper, the authors present the Warwick-JLR Driver Monitoring Dataset (DMD) and analyse it to investigate the feasibility of using vehicle telemetry data for determining the driver workload. They perform a statistical analysis of subjective ratings, physiological data, and vehicle telemetry data collected during a track study. A data mining methodology is then presented to build predictive models using this data, for the driver workload monitoring problem.
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Huang, Qiaoli y Huan Luo. "Saliency-based Rhythmic Coordination of Perceptual Predictions". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, n.º 2 (febrero de 2020): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01371.
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Objects, shown explicitly or held in mind internally, compete for limited processing resources. Recent studies have demonstrated that attention samples locations and objects rhythmically. Interestingly, periodic sampling not only operates over objects in the same scene but also occurs for multiple perceptual predictions that are held in attention for incoming inputs. However, how the brain coordinates perceptual predictions that are endowed with different levels of bottom–up saliency information remains unclear. To address the issue, we used a fine-grained behavioral measurement to investigate the temporal dynamics of processing of high- and low-salient visual stimuli, which have equal possibility to occur within experimental blocks. We demonstrate that perceptual predictions associated with different levels of saliency are organized via a theta-band rhythmic course and are optimally processed in different phases within each theta-band cycle. Meanwhile, when the high- and low-salient stimuli are presented in separate blocks and thus not competing with each other, the periodic behavioral profile is no longer present. In summary, our findings suggest that attention samples and coordinates multiple perceptual predictions through a theta-band rhythm according to their relative saliency. Our results, in combination with previous studies, advocate the rhythmic nature of attentional process.
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Soangra, Rahul y Thurmon E. Lockhart. "Dual-Task Does Not Increase Slip and Fall Risk in Healthy Young and Older Adults during Walking". Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1014784.
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Dual-task tests can identify gait characteristics peculiar to fallers and nonfallers. Understanding the relationship between gait performance and dual-task related cognitive-motor interference is important for fall prevention. Dual-task adapted changes in gait instability/variability can adversely affect fall risks. Although implicated, it is unclear if healthy participants’ fall risks are modified by dual-task walking conditions. Seven healthy young and seven healthy older adults were randomly assigned to normal walking and dual-task walking sessions with a slip perturbation. In the dual-task session, the participants walked and simultaneously counted backwards from a randomly provided number. The results indicate that the gait changes in dual-task walking have no destabilizing effect on gait and slip responses in healthy individuals. We also found that, during dual-tasking, healthy individuals adopted cautious gait mode (CGM) strategy that is characterized by reduced walking speed, shorter step length, increased step width, and reduced heel contact velocity and is likely to be an adaptation to minimize attentional demand and decrease slip and fall risk during limited available attentional resources. Exploring interactions between gait variability and cognitive functions while walking may lead to designing appropriate fall interventions among healthy and patient population with fall risk.
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Hao, Mingsheng y Rohani Othman. "Automation of Function Assignment in the Models of Speech Production and Second Language Acquisition". Education Research International 2021 (7 de septiembre de 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2441598.
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This article explores the concept of function assignment in first language (L1) and second language (L2) speech production, compares automation of function assignment in L1 and L2 speech production, pursues factors hampering automation of function assignment in L2 speech production, and discusses how to improve automation of function assignment in L2 speech production. Grammatical encoding, of which function assignment is one of the subordinate processes, is also one of the processes in L2 speech production. While function assignment in L1 speech production is mostly automatic, it demands much attentional resources and is executed under conscious supervision in L2 speech production. L2 learners’ incomplete knowledge of the target language and their limited working memory resources hamper automation of function assignment in L2 speech production. Furthermore, as per generative models of learning, to improve automation of function assignment, teachers can either adopt strategies or improve instructional designs targeting this subprocess. Together, this conceptual paper gives a comprehensive overview of automation of function assignment, explores its impact on second language acquisition (SLA), and reveals that it is feasible to facilitate automation of function assignment in L2 speech production by improving instructional designs, especially the presentation methods of sentence elements.
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McCarty, Madeleine, Kelly Funkhouser, Jonathan Zadra y Frank Drews. "Effects of Auditory Working Memory Tasks while Switching between Autonomous and Manual Driving". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, n.º 1 (septiembre de 2016): 1741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601399.
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As the prevalence of autonomous vehicles onto the road increases, understanding the cognitive processes of the inevitably distracted driver is important. When engaged in a secondary task while driving, the driver’s limited supply of attentional resources is diminished, resulting in less attention available to process the unpredictable road ahead. While driving distracted causes performance to suffer across the board (Fitousi & Wenger, 2011), some individuals are more apt at multitasking than others due to a high working memory capacity (WMC). We evaluated the differences in braking reaction times (RT) according to individual difference in WMC, specifically while driving in an autonomous car simulation and engaged in a cognitively demanding task. Results showed an interaction between current level of cognitive load and an individual’s WMC where individuals who scored lower on a complex operation span task (OSPAN) experienced greater RTs compared to individuals who scored higher. Average RT during the autonomous scenario, in which OSPAN was concurrently performed, yielded a 33% increase in RT compared to baseline RT with the same OSPAN task. Additionally, sleep and length of time spent in autonomous mode influenced RT.
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Kan, Janis Y. Y., Ullanda Niel y Michael C. Dorris. "Evidence for a link between the experiential allocation of saccade preparation and visuospatial attention". Journal of Neurophysiology 107, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 2012): 1413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00534.2011.
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Whether a link exists between the two orienting processes of saccade preparation and visuospatial attention has typically been studied by using either sensory cues or predetermined rules that instruct subjects where to allocate these limited resources. In the real world, explicit instructions are not always available and presumably expectations shaped by previous experience play an important role in the allocation of these processes. Here we examined whether manipulating two experiential factors that clearly influence saccade preparation—the probability and timing of saccadic responses—also influences the allocation of visuospatial attention. Occasionally, a visual probe was presented whose spatial location and time of presentation varied relative to those of the saccade target. The proportion of erroneous saccades directed toward this probe indexed saccade preparation, and the proportion of correct discriminations of probe orientation indexed visuospatial attention. Overall, preparation and attention were significantly correlated to each other across these manipulations of saccade probability and timing. Saccade probability influenced both preparation and attention processes, whereas saccade timing influenced only preparation processes. Unexpectedly, discrimination ability was not improved in those trials in which the probe triggered an erroneous saccade despite particularly heightened levels of saccade preparation. To account for our results, we propose a conceptual dual-purpose threshold model based on neurophysiological considerations that link the processes of saccade preparation and visuospatial attention. The threshold acts both as the minimum activity level required for eliciting saccades and a maximum level for which neural activity can provide attentional benefits.
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Foster, Pauline y Peter Skehan. "The Influence of Planning and Task Type on Second Language Performance". Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1996): 299–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100015047.
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This study focuses on the impact of different variables on the nature of language performance in the context of task-based instruction. Characteristics of tasks are discussed, and then a framework is offered that can organize the nature of task-based instruction and relevant research. The framework is used to generate predictions regarding the effects of three different tasks (Personal Information Exchange, Narrative, and Decision-Making) and three different implementation conditions for each task (unplanned, planned but without detail, detailed planning) on the variables of fluency, complexity, and accuracy. The study reports strong effects of planning on fluency and clear effects also on complexity, with a linear relationship between degree of planning and degree of complexity. However, a more complex relationship was discovered between planning and accuracy, with the most accurate performance produced by the less detailed planners. In addition, interactions were found between task type and planning conditions, such that the effects of planning were greater with the Narrative and Decision-Making tasks than with the Personal Information Exchange task. The results are discussed in terms of an attentional model of learning and performance and highlight the importance of tradeoff effects between the goals of complexity and accuracy in the context of the use of limited capacity attentional resources. The study contributes to the development of cognitive models of second language performance and addresses a number of pedagogic issues.