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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Atmosphere formation"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Atmosphere formation"

Kurosaki, Kenji y Shu-ichiro Inutsuka. "Giant Impact Events for Protoplanets: Energetics of Atmospheric Erosion by Head-on Collision". Astrophysical Journal 954, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 2023): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace9ba.

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Abstract Numerous exoplanets with masses ranging from Earth to Neptune and radii larger than Earth have been found through observations. These planets possess atmospheres that range in mass fractions from 1% to 30%, reflecting the diversity of atmospheric mass fractions. Such diversities are supposed to be caused by differences in the formation processes or evolution. Here, we consider head-on giant impacts onto planets causing atmosphere losses in the later stage of their formation. We perform smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations to study the impact-induced atmosphere loss of young super-Earths with 10%–30% initial atmospheric mass fractions. We find that the kinetic energy of the escaping atmosphere is almost proportional to the sum of the kinetic impact energy and self-gravitational energy released from the merged core. We derive the relationship between the kinetic impact energy and the escaping atmosphere mass. The giant impact events for planets of comparable masses are required in the final stage of the popular scenario of rocky planet formation. We show it results in a significant loss of the atmosphere, if the impact is a head-on collision with comparable masses. This latter fact provides a constraint on the formation scenario of rocky planets with substantial atmospheres.

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Helling, Christiane y Aleksejs Fomins. "Modelling the formation of atmospheric dust in brown dwarfs and planetary atmospheres". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, n.º 1994 (13 de julio de 2013): 20110581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0581.

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Atmospheric dust from volcanoes, sand storms and biogenic products provides condensation seeds for water cloud formation on the Earth. Extrasolar planetary objects such as brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets have no comparable sources of condensation seeds. Hence, understanding cloud formation and further its implications for the climate requires a modelling effort that includes the treatment of seed formation (nucleation), growth and evaporation, in addition to rain-out, mixing and gas-phase depletion. This paper discusses nucleation in the ultra-cool atmospheres of brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets whose chemical gas-phase composition differs largely from the terrestrial atmosphere. A kinetic model for atmospheric dust formation is described, which, in recent work, has become part of a cloud-formation model. For the first time, diffusive replenishment of the upper atmosphere is introduced as a source term into our model equations. This paper further aims to show how experimental and computational chemistry work links into our dust-formation model, which is driven by applications in extraterrestrial environments.

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Shematovich, Valery, Dmitry Bisikalo y Grigory Tsurikov. "Non-Thermal Nitric Oxide Formation in the Earth’s Polar Atmosphere". Atmosphere 14, n.º 7 (29 de junio de 2023): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071092.

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Auroral events are the prominent manifestation of solar/stellar forcing on planetary atmospheres because they are closely related to the stellar energy deposition by and evolution of planetary atmospheres. A numerical kinetic Monte Carlo model was developed with the aim to calculate the steady-state energy distribution functions of suprathermal N(4S) atoms in the polar upper atmosphere formed due to the precipitation of high-energy auroral electrons in the N2-O2 atmospheres of rocky planets in solar and exosolar planetary systems. This model describes on the molecular level the collisions of suprathermal N(4S) atoms and atmospheric gas taking into account the stochastic nature of collisional scattering at high kinetic energies. It was found that the electron impact dissociation of N2 is an important source of suprathermal N atoms, significantly increasing the non-thermal production of nitric oxide in the auroral regions of the N2-O2 atmospheres of terrestrial-type planets.

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Ohno, Kazumasa y Jonathan J. Fortney. "Nitrogen as a Tracer of Giant Planet Formation. I. A Universal Deep Adiabatic Profile and Semianalytical Predictions of Disequilibrium Ammonia Abundances in Warm Exoplanetary Atmospheres". Astrophysical Journal 946, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acafed.

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Abstract A major motivation of spectroscopic observations of giant exoplanets is to unveil planet formation processes from atmospheric compositions. Several recent studies suggested that atmospheric nitrogen, like carbon and oxygen, can provide important constraints on planetary formation environments. Since nitrogen chemistry can be far from thermochemical equilibrium in warm atmospheres, we extensively investigate under what conditions, and with what assumptions, the observable NH3 abundances can diagnose an atmosphere’s bulk nitrogen abundance. In the first paper of this series, we investigate atmospheric T–P profiles across equilibrium temperature, surface gravity, intrinsic temperature, atmospheric metallicity, and C/O ratio using a 1D radiative–convective equilibrium model. Models with the same intrinsic temperature and surface gravity coincide with a shared “universal” adiabat in the deep atmosphere, across a wide equilibrium temperature range (250–1200 K), which is not seen in hotter or cooler models. We explain this behavior in terms of the classic “radiative zero solution” and then establish a semianalytical T–P profile of the deep atmospheres of warm exoplanets. This profile is then used to predict vertically quenched NH3 abundances. At solar metallicity, our results show that the quenched NH3 abundance only coincides with the bulk nitrogen abundance (within 10%) at low intrinsic temperature, corresponding to a planet with a sub-Jupiter mass (≲1 M J) and old age (≳1 Gyr). If a planet has a high-metallicity (≳10× solar) atmosphere, the quenched NH3 abundance significantly underestimates the bulk nitrogen abundance at almost all planetary masses and ages. We suggest modeling and observational strategies to improve the assessment of bulk nitrogen from NH3.

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Hands, Tom O. y R. Helled. "Super stellar abundances of alkali metals suggest significant migration for hot Jupiters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 509, n.º 1 (18 de octubre de 2021): 894–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2967.

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ABSTRACT We investigate the origin of the measured overabundance of alkali metals in the atmospheres of hot gas giants, relative to both their host stars and their atmospheric water abundances. We show that formation exterior to the water snow line followed by inward disc-driven migration results in excess accretion of oxygen-poor, refractory-rich material from within the snow-line. This naturally leads to enrichment of alkali metals in the planetary atmosphere relative to the bulk composition of its host star but relative abundances of water that are similar to the stellar host. These relative abundances cannot be explained by in situ formation which places the refractory elements in the planetary deep interior rather than the atmosphere. We therefore suggest that the measured compositions of the atmospheres of hot Jupiters are consistent with significant migration for at least a subset of hot gas giants. Our model makes robust predictions about atmospheric composition that can be confirmed with future data from JWST and Ariel.

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Chowdhury, Sohini, Yadaiah Nirsanametla y Muralidhar Manapuram. "Investigation on keyhole mode fiber laser welding of SS 316 in a self-protected atmosphere". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, n.º 18 (19 de julio de 2019): 6602–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219864137.

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This work focuses on examining the influence of welding parameters under different welding atmospheres and evaluation of keyhole profile during fiber laser welding operation. The experiments are carried out in two different welding atmospheres, namely self-protected atmosphere of Ar gas and open atmospheric conditions. The effect of these two atmospheric conditions on weld profile formation and dimensions, and microstructural evolution for SS 316 plates are examined. In addition, the keyhole profile is evaluated by using a semi-analytical mathematical model, a point-by-point energy balance determination at the keyhole wall, which is mapped with experimentally measured weld macrographs for similar welding conditions. It has been determined that the weld quality is profound in the case of a self-protected atmosphere with respect to aspect ratio, weld defects, and microstructural characterization. Moreover, better weld bead profile and cleaner weld seam on the upper surface is determined in samples welded in a self-protected atmosphere.

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Helling, Christiane. "Exoplanet Clouds". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47, n.º 1 (30 de mayo de 2019): 583–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060401.

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Clouds, which are common features in Earth's atmosphere, form in atmospheres of planets that orbit other stars than our Sun, in so-called extrasolar planets or exoplanets. Exoplanet atmospheres can be chemically extremely rich. Exoplanet clouds are therefore composed of a mix of materials that changes throughout the atmosphere. They affect atmospheres through element depletion and through absorption and scattering; hence, they have a profound impact on an atmosphere's energy budget. While astronomical observations point us to the presence of extrasolar clouds and make first suggestions on particle size and material composition, we require fundamental and complex modeling work to merge the individual observations into a coherent picture. Part of this work includes developing an understanding of cloud formation in nonterrestrial environments. ▪ Exoplanet atmospheres exhibit a wide chemical diversity that enables the formation of mineral clouds in contrast to the predominant water clouds on Earth. ▪ Clouds consume elements, causing specific atoms and molecules to drop in abundance. Transport processes such as gravitational settling or advection delocalize this process. ▪ Extrasolar planets can have extreme weather conditions where day- and nightside temperatures vary hugely. This affects cloud formation, and hence the cloud coverage and atmosphere's appearance can change dramatically. ▪ Dynamic extrasolar clouds develop intracloud lightning, and electric circuits may occur on more local, smaller scales in giant exoplanets compared to smaller, Earth-like planets with less dramatic hydrodynamics.

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Berndt, Torsten, Jing Chen, Eva R. Kjærgaard, Kristian H. Møller, Andreas Tilgner, Erik H. Hoffmann, Hartmut Herrmann, John D. Crounse, Paul O. Wennberg y Henrik G. Kjaergaard. "Hydrotrioxide (ROOOH) formation in the atmosphere". Science 376, n.º 6596 (27 de mayo de 2022): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn6012.

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Organic hydrotrioxides (ROOOH) are known to be strong oxidants used in organic synthesis. Previously, it has been speculated that they are formed in the atmosphere through the gas-phase reaction of organic peroxy radicals (RO 2 ) with hydroxyl radicals (OH). Here, we report direct observation of ROOOH formation from several atmospherically relevant RO 2 radicals. Kinetic analysis confirmed rapid RO 2 + OH reactions forming ROOOH, with rate coefficients close to the collision limit. For the OH-initiated degradation of isoprene, global modeling predicts molar hydrotrioxide formation yields of up to 1%, which represents an annual ROOOH formation of about 10 million metric tons. The atmospheric lifetime of ROOOH is estimated to be minutes to hours. Hydrotrioxides represent a previously omitted substance class in the atmosphere, the impact of which needs to be examined.

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Ohno, Kazumasa y Takahiro Ueda. "Jupiter’s “cold” formation in the protosolar disk shadow". Astronomy & Astrophysics 651 (julio de 2021): L2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141169.

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Context. Atmospheric compositions offer valuable clues to planetary formation and evolution. Jupiter has been the most well-studied giant planet in terms of its atmosphere; however, the origin of the Jovian atmospheric composition remains a puzzle as the abundances of nitrogen and noble gases as high as those of other elements could only originate from extremely cold environments. Aims. We propose a novel idea for explaining the Jovian atmospheric composition: dust pileup at the H2O snow line casts a shadow and cools the Jupiter orbit so that N2 and noble gases can freeze. Planetesimals or a core formed in the shadowed region can enrich nitrogen and noble gases as much as other elements through their dissolution in the envelope. Methods. We compute the temperature structure of a shadowed protosolar disk with radiative transfer calculations. Then, we investigate the radial volatile distributions and predict the atmospheric composition of Jupiter with condensation calculations. Results. We find that the vicinity of the current Jupiter orbit, approximately 3 − 7 AU, could be as cold as ≲30 K if the small-dust surface density varies by a factor of ≳30 across the H2O snow line. According to previous grain growth simulations, this condition could be achieved by weak disk turbulence if silicate grains are more fragile than icy grains. The shadow can cause the condensation of most volatile substances, namely N2 and Ar. We demonstrate that the dissolution of shadowed solids can explain the elemental abundance patterns of the Jovian atmosphere even if proto-Jupiter was formed near Jupiter’s current orbit. Conclusions. The disk shadow may play a vital role in controlling atmospheric compositions. The effect of the shadow also impacts the interpretation of upcoming observations of exoplanetary atmospheres by JWST.

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Watanabe, Yasuto y Kazumi Ozaki. "Relative Abundances of CO₂, CO, and CH₄ in Atmospheres of Earth-like Lifeless Planets". Astrophysical Journal 961, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad10a2.

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Abstract Carbon is an essential element for life on Earth, and the relative abundances of major carbon species (CO2, CO, and CH4) in the atmosphere exert fundamental controls on planetary climate and biogeochemistry. Here we employed a theoretical model of atmospheric chemistry to investigate diversity in the atmospheric abundances of CO2, CO, and CH4 on Earth-like lifeless planets orbiting Sun-like (F-, G-, and K-type) stars. We focused on the conditions for the formation of a CO-rich atmosphere, which would be favorable for the origin of life. Results demonstrated that elevated atmospheric CO2 levels trigger photochemical instability of the CO budget in the atmosphere (i.e., CO runaway) owing to enhanced CO2 photolysis relative to H2O photolysis. Higher volcanic outgassing fluxes of reduced C (CO and CH4) also tend to initiate CO runaway. Our systematic examinations revealed that anoxic atmospheres of Earth-like lifeless planets could be classified in the phase space of CH4/CO2 versus CO/CO2, where a distinct gap in atmospheric carbon chemistry is expected to be observed. Our findings indicate that the gap structure is a general feature of Earth-like lifeless planets with reducing atmospheres orbiting Sun-like (F-, G-, and K-type) stars.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Atmosphere formation"

Pushpawela, Buddhi G. "The formation and characteristics of new particles in the atmosphere". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/122854/2/__qut.edu.au_Documents_StaffHome_StaffGroupH%24_halla_Desktop_Buddhi_Pushpawela_Thesis.pdf.

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Airborne particles play a major role in climate change and human health. Drawing on the results of extensive measurements carried out in the relatively clean environment of Brisbane and the heavily polluted megacity of Beijing, this thesis has significantly furthered our knowledge of the physical mechanisms of new particle formation in the lower atmosphere. Several characteristics of new particle formation events, such as their temporal distribution, the effect of wind speed and the role of atmospheric ions on the particle formation rate, were investigated for the very first time.

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Kumar, Ravi. "Formation and properties of iodine oxide nano-particles in the atmosphere". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.582110.

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The results from the laboratory experiments of iodine oxide particle (lOP) formation processes and properties are presented. The formation and growth of lOPs, originating from molecular iodine precursor, have been studied at 293 K as a function of water vapour and sulphuric and oxalic acids vapour. Under dry conditions, a linear variation in total lOP mass in particles was observed for a range of iodine concentrations. The observed hygroscopic growth factors of <1 at RH 10 - 90% on addition of H20 vapour to the particles formed under dry conditions are consistent with the particles having a fractal-like, aggregated structure. The uptake of sulphuric acid vapour onto humidified particles lead to condensational growth, with an accommodation coefficient (α) of 0.75 ± 0.05 at RH = 90% and a predicted growth rate of ~ 0.03 - 0.3 nm per hour with respect to marine boundary layer (MBl) conditions. In contrast, growth of particles exposed to oxalic acid vapour was not observed on the experimental timescales employed, indicating an upper limit for ex of 10-3• The deliquescence behaviour of crystalline HI03 and 1205 at 273 - 303 K, and the properties (e.g. water activity, density, viscosity, and efflorescence) of subsaturated and saturated iodate solutions were investigated. The deliquescence of 1205 and HI03 crystals at 293 K occurred at a relative humidity of 80.8 ± 1.0% and 85.0 ± 1.0% respectively. These values are consistent with measured water activity values for saturated 1205 and HI03 solutions at 293 K of 0.80 ± 0.01 and 0.84 ± 0.01 respectively. Optical and Raman microscope studies at low relative humidity indicate that 103- solution droplets do not exhibit efflorescence and may become ultra-viscous or glassy under atmospherically relevant conditions. In the presence of humic acid, 103- photo-chemically transforms to aqueous rand soluble iodinated humic acid and the fixing of iodine within humic structures is likely to occur at aromatic 1,2 diol groups. Transfer of 12 to the gas phase from the reduction of 103- to r, shows the oscillatory behaviour of the 'Bray-Liebhafsky' reaction and is enhanced in the presence of H202 and salinity (CI). The reduction of 103- to r shows first - order loss rate of (1.1 ± 0.1) x 10-5 s-1 which corresponds to a lifetime ~ 2 days for 103- in marine aerosol. This lifetime is consistent with the THAMOD model predictions. The predicted uptake coefficient of 03 (35 ppbv i.e. an atmospherically relevant concentration) on 100 nM I solution at 293 K was determined as (7.0 ± 0.2) x 10-7 with a resulting I2 flux of (2.9 ± 0.1) x 109 cm-2 s-1 which is ~ 5 times larger than the modelled flux at Sao Vicente (Cape Verde Island) in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. v

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Garbarienė, Inga. "Origin, chemical composition and formation of submicron aerosol particles in the atmosphere". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140520_134625-72680.

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The objective of the work was to investigate physical and chemical properties and sources of the atmospheric aerosol particles in the submicron fraction by combining different analytical techniques. The dependence of concentrations of organic and elemental carbon in different air masses was determined and the contribution of regional and local sources to the net aerosol particle pollution was estimated. Analysis of the size distribution of carbonaceous aerosol particles in background and urban areas was performed. Biogenic organic aerosol made up 15 % of the organic aerosol mass at the Preila atmospheric pollution research station, but in the North Atlantic air masses this factor was up to 50 %. Aerosol and stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry has revealed that traffic is the primary source of aerosol particles in the city, while biomass burning is the primary source at the Rūgšteliškis background station. It was determined that secondary anthropogenic organic compounds were dominating (76 %) in Vilnius, while in Rūgšteliškis secondary biogenic organic compounds made up 50 % of the total organic aerosol mass. The influence of the long-range air mass transport on the local origin aerosol particle formation and transformation has been evaluated and it has been shown that volcanic aerosol particles can significantly change the concentration, chemical composition and size distribution of local aerosol particles in the submicron range.
Disertacija skirta smulkiosios aerozolio dalelių frakcijos šaltinių, fizikinių ir cheminių savybių įvertinimui kompleksiškai apjungiant įvairius tyrimo metodus. Darbe susieti elementinės ir organinės anglies koncentracijų pokyčiai su tolimąja oro masių pernaša, įvertinta regiono bei vietinių šaltinių įtaka bendrai aerozolio dalelių taršai. Aprašyti anglies turinčių aerozolio dalelių pasiskirstymai pagal dydį foninėse vietovėse ir miesto aplinkoje. Naudojant aerozolio masių spektrometrą Preilos atmosferos užterštumo tyrimų stotyje buvo identifikuotas biogeninis organinių medžiagų šaltinis, kuris vidutiniškai sudaro 15 % nuo organinių medžiagų masės, tačiau Šiaurės Atlanto oro masėje biogeninių medžiagų indėlis siekia net 50 %. Atlikus kompleksinę aerozolio ir stabiliųjų anglies izotopų masių spektrometrinę analizę buvo nustatyta, kad pirminis anglies turinčio aerozolio dalelių šaltinis mieste yra autotransportas, o Rūgšteliškio foninėje vietovėje – biomasės deginimas. Taip pat buvo nustatyta, kad Vilniuje dominavo antropogeninės antrinės organinės medžiagos (76 %), o Rūgšteliškyje vyravo biogeninės antrinės organinės medžiagos (apie 50%). Vertinant tolimosios oro masių pernašos įtaką vietinės kilmės aerozolio dalelių formavimuisi ir kaitai, buvo nustatyta, kad vulkaninės kilmės aerozolio dalelės turi įtakos submikroninės aerozolio dalelių frakcijos koncentracijai, cheminei sudėčiai ir pasiskirstymui pagal dydį.

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Saunders, Russell W. "Laboratory studies of aerosol formation in the Earth's lower and upper atmosphere". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433795.

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Asa-Awuku, Akua Asabea. "The effect of solute dissolution kinetics on cloud droplet formation". Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11112005-141441/.

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Lee, Charles Chi-Woo. "Multiple stable oxygen isotopic studies of atmospheric sulfate : a new quantitative way to understand sulfate formation processes in the atmosphere /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9970662.

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Hennigan, Christopher James. "Properties of secondary organic aerosol in the ambient atmosphere sources, formation, and partitioning /". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26598.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Weber, Rodney; Committee Co-Chair: Bergin, Michael; Committee Member: Mulholland, James; Committee Member: Nenes, Athanasios; Committee Member: Russell, Armistead. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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Villa, Andres Eduardo. "Autonomous Formation Flying and Proximity Operations Using Differential Drag on the Mars Atmosphere". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1571.

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Due to mass and volume constraints on planetary missions, the development of control techniques that do not require fuel are of big interest. For those planets that have a dense enough atmosphere, aerodynamic drag can play an important role. The use of atmospheric differential drag for formation keeping was first proposed by Carolina L. Leonard in 1986, and has been proven to work in Earth atmosphere by many missions. Moreover, atmospheric drag has been used in the Mars atmosphere as aerobraking technique to decelerate landing vehicles, and to circularize the orbit of the spacecraft. Still, no literature was available related to formation flying on Mars. To analyze the use of differential drag on the Mars atmosphere, the researcher accessed the two high resolution models available: NASA’s Mars-GRAM and ESA’s Mars Climate Database. These models allowed the simulation of conditions that a spacecraft would experience while in orbit around the planet. To explore the feasibility, the researcher first conducted a study where Mars atmosphere density was compared to Earth atmosphere, determining its applicability. Then, a simulation using MATLAB® was conducted, using a Keplerian two-body problem including the effects of Mars zonal harmonics (i.e. J2) and drag perturbations. Two 6U CubeSat were used in the simulation with deployable drag plates of different sizes, giving the possibility of having five differential drag scenarios as means of formation control. The conclusions showed that, although with some limitations, the use of differential drag as means of autonomous formation flying and proximity operations control is feasible using proven techniques previously validated in Low Earth Orbit. Lyapunov control was selected as the control strategy, where three different methods were evaluated and compared.

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Mauk, Rachel Grant. "Tropical Cyclone Formation in Environments with Cool SST and High Wind Shear over the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean (1975-2005)". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275445016.

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Ermel, Michael [Verfasser]. "Microbial formation of nitrous acid and its exchange processes between soils and atmosphere / Michael Ermel". Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1063756464/34.

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Libros sobre el tema "Atmosphere formation"

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Asteroid entry in Venusian atmosphere: Pressure and density fields effect on crater formation : final report. [Seattle, Wash.]: Boeing Defense & Space Group, 1995.

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Surkova, Galina. Atmospheric chemistry. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079840.

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The textbook contains material corresponding to the course of lectures on atmospheric chemistry prepared for students studying meteorology and climatology. The basic concepts of atmospheric chemistry are given, its gaseous components, as well as aerosols and chemical processes related to their life cycles, which are important from the point of view of the formation of the radiation, temperature and dynamic regime of the atmosphere, as well as its pollution, are considered. The main regularities of the transport of impurities in the atmosphere and the role of processes of different spatial and temporal scales in this process are presented. The concept of approaches of varying degrees of complexity used to model the transport of matter in the atmosphere, taking into account its chemical transformations, is presented. The processes in the gaseous and liquid phases that affect the chemical composition and acidity of clouds and precipitation are described. Modern methods of using information about the concentration and state of chemical compounds, including their radioactive and stable isotopes, to obtain information about the meteorological regime of the atmosphere in the present and past are considered. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the field of training "Hydrometeorology".

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Bai︠a︡nov, I. M. Cloud formation. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Kondratʹev, K. I͡A. Atmospheric aerosol properties: Formation processes and impacts. Berlin: Springer, 2011.

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Canary Islands Winter School on Astrophysics (3rd 1992 Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands). Star formation in stellar systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

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Christian, Vovelle, ed. Pollutants from combustion: Formation and impact on atmospheric chemistry. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

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R, Leone Stephen y United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Rate coefficients for reactions of ethynyl radical (C₂H) with HCN and CH₃CN: Implications for the formation of complex nitriles on Titan. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Lee, Timothy J. The heat of formation of HNO. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Lee, Timothy J. The heat of formation of HNO. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Bapst, Claude. Formations nouvelles: Repères pour l'action. Paris: Editions Entente, 1990.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Atmosphere formation"

Lushnikov, A. A., V. A. Zagaynov y Yu S. Lyubovtseva. "Formation of Aerosols in the Atmosphere". En The Atmosphere and Ionosphere, 69–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3212-6_2.

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Maurette, Michel. "Formation of the Post-lunar Atmosphere". En Micrometeorites and the Mysteries of Our Origins, 93–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-34335-0_10.

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Fujisaki, K., H. Okubo, Y. Uchida, S. Hirose, S. Cable y S. Tsuneta. "Polar X-Ray Arcade Formation and Giant Cusp". En Magnetodynamic Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere, 495–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0315-9_111.

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Sasaki, Sho. "Dust Blobs in the Solar Nebula — Primary Distended Atmosphere". En Planetary Systems: Formation, Evolution, and Detection, 33–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1154-6_4.

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Schäfer, B., H. W. Georgii y R. Staubes. "Formation and Distribution of Cloud Condensation Nuclei in the Marine Environment". En Dimethylsulphide: Oceans, Atmosphere and Climate, 297–302. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1261-3_31.

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Schmieder, B., P. Heinzel, L. Van Driel-Gesztelyi, J. E. Wiik y J. Lemen. "Hot and Cool Post-Flare Loops: Formation and Dynamics". En Magnetodynamic Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere, 211–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0315-9_39.

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Matsumoto, R., T. Tajima, W. Chou y K. Shibata. "Formation of a Kinked Alignment of Solar Active Region". En Magnetodynamic Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere, 355–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0315-9_66.

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Steinolfson, R. S. "Theories of shock formation in the solar atmosphere". En Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere: Reviews of Current Research, 1–12. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm035p0001.

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Sakai, J. I., M. Suzuki y T. Fushiki. "Formation and Emergence of Current Loops in Weakly Ionized Plasmas". En Magnetodynamic Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere, 599–600. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0315-9_158.

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Hasegawa, Y., J. I. Sakai y K. I. Nishikawa. "Formation of Current Loops Driven By The Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability". En Magnetodynamic Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere, 601–2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0315-9_159.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Atmosphere formation"

Mettler, Edward, Ahmet Acikmese, William Breckenridge, Steven Macenka y Eldred Tubbs. "Earth Atmosphere Observatory Formation at L2". En Space 2004 Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-5917.

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Goryachev, B. V. y S. B. Mogilnitsky. "Formation of radiation balance in a cloudy atmosphere". En SPIE Proceedings, editado por Gennadii G. Matvienko y Victor A. Banakh. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.783047.

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Lukin, Igor P. "Formation of optical beams in turbulent atmosphere with precipitation". En SPIE Proceedings, editado por Gennadii G. Matvienko y Victor A. Banakh. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.723040.

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Lukin, Igor P. "Conditions of formation of vortex beams in turbulent atmosphere". En 2013 International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCON 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sibcon.2013.6693598.

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Porch, W. M. y W. Shaw. "Application of Optical Remote Sensing to the Study of Surface Fluxes Related To Cloud Formation". En Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.tuc.2.

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One of the largest uncertainties in climate change prediction is associated with cloud formation. A change in cloudiness small enough to be undetectable by satellites can have a large impact on global climate. It is therefore very important to accurately measure the meteorological parameters associated with cloud formation. These parameters include water vapor, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and vertical lofting of air to colder altitudes. For boundary layer clouds, the vertical velocities associated with lofting need only be a few centimeters per second. The vertical velocity can be induced by topographical features and/or surface heat flux. We will describe an experiment that used optical techniques to quantify surface heat flux changes related to boundary layer cloud formation and cloud shadowing effects and relate these changes to convergence associated with vertical velocities over a dry prairie grassland. The major result of this experiment showed that optical turbulence at different scales provides heat and momentum flux changes associated with cloud effects on a time scale fast enough to resolve cloud formation and movement. Standard tower measurements, because they are not spatially averaged, require tens of minutes for valid comparable estimates.

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Dong-lei, He y Cao Xi-bin. "Reestablishment and Keeping of J2 Invariant Formation under Atmosphere Perturbation". En 2007 2nd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2007.4318467.

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Mori, S. "Interaction Of Petroleum Deposits To Atmosphere In Formation Of Tornadoes". En 4th Congress of the Balkan Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.26.o12-03.

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Tarbell, T., M. P. Ryutova, J. Covington y A. Fludra. "Heating and jet formation by colliding shocks in solar atmosphere". En The solar wind nine conference. AIP, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.58654.

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Acikmese, Ahmet, Edward Mettler, William Breckenridge, Steven Macenka y Eldred Tubbs. "L2 Earth Atmosphere Observatory: Formation Guidance, Metrology, and Control Synthesis". En AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-5212.

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Arshinov, Yu F., S. M. Bobrovnikov, S. N. Volkov, V. E. Zuev y V. K. Shumskii. "Remote Determination of Meteorological and Optical Parameters of the Atmosphere Using a Raman Lidar". En Laser and Optical Remote Sensing: Instrumentation and Techniques. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lors.1987.mc2.

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As known, the boundary atmospheric layer is just the region between the Earth’s surface and the free atmosphere where most dynamic processes take place. The investigation of these processes is very important for obtaining the information on the conditions of temperature inversions formation as well as on the diffusion of various atmospheric components including pollutions. It is also important for studying the heat transfer from the ground to the atmosphere.

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Informes sobre el tema "Atmosphere formation"

McMurry, P. H. Ultrafine aerosol size distributions and sulfuric acid vapor pressures: Implications for new particle formation in the atmosphere. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5220187.

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McMurry, P. H. Ultrafine aerosol size distributions and sulfuric acid vapor pressures: Implications for new particle formation in the atmosphere. Year 1 progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), julio de 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10151005.

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McMurry, P. H. Ultrafine aerosol size distributions and sulfuric acid vapor pressures: Implications for new particle formation in the atmosphere. Year 2 progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), julio de 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10168795.

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McMurry, Peter H. y Fred Eisele. Ultrafine aerosol size distribution: A study of new particle formation in the atmosphere. Final report on DOE Grant number: DE-FG02-91ER61205. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), diciembre de 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/810268.

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Humpage, Owen F. On the Origins of the Federal Reserve System and Its Structure. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, agosto de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202317.

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The creation of the Federal Reserve System ultimately stemmed from fundamental changes in the banking industry that heightened the risks associated with shifts in the public’s liquidity preferences and that created an atmosphere of distrust between the small, traditional, country banks and the large, transforming, Wall Street banks. The severity of the Panic of 1907 became the proximate factor in the Federal Reserve’s formation. The panic, which the New York Clearing House’s slow, discriminative, and insufficient response characterized, gave credence to concerns of growing financial risks and invigorated calls for reform. The Federal Reserve’s unique structure reflects compromises reached in attempts to dampen the risks in the banking industry while easing the distrust and fears of dominance among its various stakeholders.

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Patil, Bhimanagouda S., Ron Porat, G. K. Jayaprakasha y K. N. C. Murthy. Optimization of Postharvest Storage Conditions to Maintain Fruit Quality and Health Maintaining Properties of Grapefruit. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613879.bard.

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Antioxidant activity of fruits is gaining wide interest among consumers due to its importance in counteracting oxidative stress, free radicals and preventing DNA damage. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay is one of the commonly used assays to measure the antioxidant activity, which is based on hydrogen atom transfer mechanism. Furocoumarins present in grapefruit are reported to have antiproliferative activity, induce GST activity, inhibit biofilm formation and increase bioavailability of drugs. In the present project ORAC values were measured of Star Ruby grapefruit undergone ethylene degreening treatment, cold storage and temperature conditioning treatment, and modified atmosphere packaging which were stored at different temperatures for prolonged period. In addition, furocoumarins were quantified in Star Ruby grapefruits from cold storage and conditioning experiment conducted in Israel. Conditioning treatment is practiced prior cold storage to reduce chilling injury in grapefruits during cold storage for prolonged period. Levels of 6,7-dihyrdoxy bergamottin decreased during storage period in all three treatments.

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Ielpi, A., R. H. Rainbird y W. J. Davis. Record of Precambrian orogenic unroofing preserved in fluvial strata of western Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332496.

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Fluvial sandstone in the Kilohigok and Elu basins of western Nunavut record deposition related to the amalgamation and tenure of the Nuna supercontinent. The ca. 1.9 Ga Burnside River Formation was sourced by erosional unroofing of the nearly coeval Thelon Orogen, about 250 km away, in a regime of crustal flexure. This proximally sourced sandstone contains abundant clustered channel forms that point to high-magnitude discharge and sediment yield in weakly mobile channels. By comparison, the ca. 1.6 Ga Ellice Formation was sourced by the erosional unroofing of the ca. 1.8 Ga Trans-Hudson Orogen, about 1000 km away, in a geodynamic regime of thermally driven sagging. The distally sourced Ellice Formation contains some rare and nonclustered channel forms that point to lesser discharge and sediment yield in mobile channels. Provenance analysis and plate models support links between the fluvial style of the Burnside River and Ellice formations and orogenic unroofing facilitated by Hadley-cell atmospheric circulation at tropical paleolatitudes.

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Холошин, Ігор Віталійович, Ірина Миколаївна Варфоломєєва, Олена Вікторівна Ганчук, Ольга Володимирівна Бондаренко y Андрій Валерійович Пікільняк. Pedagogical techniques of Earth remote sensing data application into modern school practice. CEUR-WS.org, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3257.

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Abstract. The article dwells upon the Earth remote sensing data as one of the basic directions of Geo-Information Science, a unique source of information on processes and phenomena occurring in almost all spheres of the Earth geographic shell (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, etc.). The authors argue that the use of aerospace images by means of the information and communication technologies involvement in the learning process allows not only to increase the information context value of learning, but also contributes to the formation of students’ cognitive interest in such disciplines as geography, biology, history, physics, computer science, etc. It has been grounded that remote sensing data form students’ spatial, temporal and qualitative concepts, sensory support for the perception, knowledge and explanation of the specifics of objects and phenomena of geographical reality, which, in its turn, provides an increase in the level of educational achievements. The techniques of aerospace images application into the modern school practice have been analyzed and illustrated in the examples: from using them as visual aids, to realization of practical and research orientation of training on the basis of remote sensing data. Particular attention is paid to the practical component of the Earth remote sensing implementation into the modern school practice with the help of information and communication technologies.

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Kholoshyn, Ihor V., Iryna M. Varfolomyeyeva, Olena V. Hanchuk, Olga V. Bondarenko y Andrey V. Pikilnyak. Pedagogical techniques of Earth remote sensing data application into modern school practice. [б. в.], septiembre de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3262.

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The article dwells upon the Earth remote sensing data as one of the basic directions of Geo-Information Science, a unique source of information on processes and phenomena occurring in almost all spheres of the Earth geographic shell (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, etc.). The authors argue that the use of aerospace images by means of the information and communication technologies involvement in the learning process allows not only to increase the information context value of learning, but also contributes to the formation of students’ cognitive interest in such disciplines as geography, biology, history, physics, computer science, etc. It has been grounded that remote sensing data form students’ spatial, temporal and qualitative concepts, sensory support for the perception, knowledge and explanation of the specifics of objects and phenomena of geographical reality, which, in its turn, provides an increase in the level of educational achievements. The techniques of aerospace images application into the modern school practice have been analyzed and illustrated in the examples: from using them as visual aids, to realization of practical and research orientation of training on the basis of remote sensing data. Particular attention is paid to the practical component of the Earth remote sensing implementation into the modern school practice with the help of information and communication technologies.

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Steinfeld, J., C. Fell, M. Phillips, J. Klaassen y C. Van Zoeren. Formation and Deactivation of Vibrationally Excited Atmospheric Molecules. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, marzo de 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada222660.

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