Literatura académica sobre el tema "Arts martiaux – France"

This article comments on the notion of ‘constraint’ by analysing the specific difficulties in the translation of a martial arts (‘wuxia’) novel into French and English. The Legend of the Condor Heroes (射鵰英雄傳, she diao ying xiong zhuan) is the first part of the ‘Condor Trilogy’ (射鵰三部曲, she diao san bu qu), the masterpiece of Chinese writer Jin Yong (金庸). Little known in the West, the novel was recently translated by Anna Holmwood and Wang Jiann-Yuh. This article studies the strategies adopted by each translator to render the cultural specificities of the source context in the target culture. By so doing, it contributes to theoretical debates concerning transfers between two distant literary and cultural systems.

The present report provides a brief account of a workshop entitled “Organising, Managing and Regulating Martial Arts” organised during the 21^st EASM conference held in Istanbul (Turkey) on September 12^th, 2013. It was the first scientific workshop with regard to the organisational and policy related aspects of (full contact) martial arts. During this international meeting four scientists described in-depth the recent history and current situation regarding the organisation and regulation of martial arts in their country (i.e., France, Flanders (Belgium), Italy and the Netherlands). The workshop was a unique meeting which provided a good opportunity to obtain a better understanding of the specific situation with regard to the regulation of martial arts in some European countries and to exchange results of current research concerning this topic. Further research could be helpful to gain more insight in dealing with problems related to governance, regulation and management of martial arts within a European context.

<p>Development of the fighting arts begins with universal principles found in human anatomy. As a result, in every culture we find combative techniques that share common tactics and applications. Additionally, many techniques travel across cultures. To illustrate just one martial tactic and its worldwide presence among martial traditions, this article presents variations on the shoulder throw as found in Persia, Greece, Japan, China, England, and France. Two main methods are found in the shoulder throw where the defender moves either inside or outside the attacker’s leading arm. The technical variations seem endless, as the defender can not only throw an opponent, but also employ joint locks, breaks, and even weapons in the techniques. An academic understanding, and/or the practical learning, of trans-cultural techniques, brings greater understanding of martial arts in general and a practical component to those who learn the skills for practical application.</p>

Objective: to study the effect of genetic polymorphisms: rs rs9939609 (FTO gene), rs4994 (ADRB3 gene), rs1042713 (ADRB2 gene), rs2228570 (VDR gene), rs1801133 (MTHFR gene) on anthropometric and lipid metabolism indicators in athletes representing martial arts.Materials and methods: studies of anthropometric and biochemical parameters, genetic polymorphisms were carried out in 120 athletes (101 men and 19 women) who are engaged in martial arts. Anthropometric studies were performed by measuring height (cm), body weight (kg), followed by calculating body mass index (BMI, kg / m2). Biochemical nutritional status markers were determined using the ABX Pentra 400 analyzer (HORIBA ABX SAS, France) in an automatic mode. Genotyping was performed using allele­specific amplification using TaqMan probes complementary to polymorphic DNA regions and real­time detection of the results using reagent kits from Syntol, Russia. Studies were performed on the device CFX96 Real Time System (Bio­Rad, USA). Statistical processing of the results was performed using the PASW Statistics 20 system.Results: as a result of generic Diovan athletes martial artists on the risk of non­communicable diseases, discovered that the frequency of allele A of rs9939609 polymorphism of the FTO gene they have is 43.9 %, allele polymorphism rs4994 ADRB3 gene — 10.9 %, G allele of rs1042713 ADRB2 gene polymorphism — 52.6 %, G allele of the polymorphism rs2228570 VDR gene with 44.9 % and allele t of rs1801133 in the MTHFR gene to 36.7 %. An association was found between the value of anthropometric indicators in male martial artists and the presence of polymorphisms rs9939609 (FTO), rs1042713 (ADRB2) and rs2228570 (VDR).Conclusions: the reason for the identified dyslipidemia in martial artists may be not only the previously detected violations of the structure of their nutrition, but also the presence of certain genetic polymorphisms, in particular, rs4994 of the ADRB3 gene and rs1042713 of the ADRB2 gene.

In his poem “Our Military!” published in 1919, Kurt Tucholsky describes the great enthusiasm that he, or rather his pseudonym Kaspar Hauser, felt as a boy before World War II for the sis–boom–bah of martial music when the soldiers marched by. Only when he was a soldier himself “in the Russian wind” of the First World War were the young man's eyes opened to the barbarity, desperation, and despair of war and the actual power relations in the army. While the poem's antimilitaristic intentions are readily apparent, Tucholsky nevertheless also managed to capture a view widely held during the interwar years: that before 1914 there still existed in the population an unbroken enthusiasm for the army and its colorful displays, but that the experience during the war of death on such a massive scale put an end to it. Walter Rathenau echoed precisely these sentiments in his 1919 treatise Der Kaiser: Eine Betrachtung, seeing the prewar society of the German Empire as a “militarily-drilled mass” that sought “to display their acquired military arts in grand public spectacles.” The stereotypical image of a bygone prewar era of military glory and pageantry received a more popular, less “critical” treatment in the 1934 film “Frühjahrsparade,” a musical that evoked “the good old days” of the Habsburg Empire and the k. u. k. army, and not least the passion of women for “the man in uniform.”

Abstract Long attributed to François-Hubert Drouais or his atelier, a three-quarter length portrait of Marie-Antoinette, together with a curiously inscribed frame, displayed in the lobby of the Hôtel Le Bristol, Paris, serves as a pretext for reconstructing the queen’s practice of gifting portraits of herself to members of her chapel. This essay explores Marie-Antoinette’s tendency in the early part of her reign to entrust the production of portraits to the Cabinet des tableaux. It argues on the basis of stylistic analysis that the Le Bristol portrait was probably the work of Jean-Martial Frédou and on the basis of iconographical analysis that it accommodated the quarrel between philosophes and clerics over reform of the Catholic Church in France, which made it suited to Monsignor du Chilleau, Bishop of Chalon.

This article highlights the history of the development of French Savat boxing. It is indicated that French boxing savat is a spectacular form of martial arts that is gaining popularity in Ukraine, and therefore the question of studying the history of its development is relevant. The purpose of the article is to get acquainted with the history of the development of French Savat boxing. The final recognition of the respectability of sawat came in 1924, when it was included as a demonstration sport at the Olympic Games in Paris. In 2008, Savat was recognized by the International University Sports Federation (FISU) - this recognition allows the World Federation to hold official university world championships; the first was held in Nantes, France in 2010. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the International Savat Federation in March 2010 was marked by a visit to Lausanne to meet the President of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge. FISav President Gilles Le Dugot received a souvenir with the image of the Olympic rings. In April 2010, the International Sawat Federation was accepted as a member of SportAccord (formerly known as AGFIS) - a major step forward towards Olympic inclusion. However, the history of the development of French Savat boxing was not conducted by Ukrainian scientists. Studying the specifics of this sport will allow a deeper understanding of not only the sport itself, but also the peculiarities of the worldview and aesthetic preferences of the French people. An in-depth study of the cultural history of Savat through a historical lens will help to more vividly present the uniqueness and value of this tradition. This can interest and encourage young people to engage in French boxing, not only young men, but also girls, and it will inspire young athletes to reach the heights of sportsmanship. Conclusion. If the Europeans discovered the French boxing savat a long time ago and are developing it at a high professional and technical level, this sport is relatively young in Ukraine. Therefore, the scope for research in this area is large. French boxing sawat is an interesting and spectacular sport, which owes its technical elements. Therefore, it is worth paying great attention to the study of various aspects of this type of martial arts.

Purpose: to conduct a comparative analysis of the indicators of the competitive activity of the strongest fighters of men and women of mixed martial arts MMA from the TOP-10, regardless of weight. Material and methods. The research used the following methods: analysis of scientific and methodological information and Internet sources; generalization of best practical experience; analysis of protocols and videos of the competitive activity of men and women fighters from the TOP-10, regardless of weight; methods of mathematical statistics. The performance output of the strongest male and female MMA fighters is taken from the UFC website. Results: the analysis of the strongest fighters of women and men from the TOP-10, regardless of weight, showed that the average age of women is 32,7±3,74 years, and of men – 33,2±2,75 years. The average fight time for women is 16,25±3,43 minutes, and for men – 12,76±3,05 minutes. The TOP-10 strongest female fighters, regardless of weight, include representatives of six countries (four fighters from the United States, two representatives from Brazil and one athlete each from Kyrgyzstan, China, and the Netherlands), and the TOP-10 strongest male fighters regardless of weight also includes representatives of six countries (four fighters from the USA, two representatives from Russia and one athlete each from France, Nigeria, Brazil, Australia). It was found that male fighters from the TOP-10, regardless of weight, during their sports careers won 204 fights and lost 17 fights. For female fighters, these results are worse – 151 wins and 35 losses. Conclusions. Comparative analysis of the indicators of the competitive activity of the strongest fighters of women and men from the TOP-10, regardless of weight, showed that fighters of women and men deliver the same number of punches per minute (4,52 punches), and women fighters miss more punches (3,36 punches) than male fighters (2,60 strokes). The greatest number of punches was carried out by women and men in a standing position (women – 66,9 %; men – 64,6 %), then on the ground (women – 19,0 %; men – 21,6 %) and in a clinch (women – 14,1 %; men – 13,8 %). The largest number of blows are in the head (women – 60,2 %; men – 68,4 %), then on the body (women – 20,9 %; men – 18,3 %) and on the legs (women – 18,9 %; men – 13,3 %). The strongest fighters, women and men, defend against takedowns more efficiently (women – 77,5 %; men – 81,6 %) than against punches (women – 56,8 %; men – 59,8 %). The number of takedown attempts in 15 minutes is greater (women – 1,53 times; men – 1,86 times) than performing a submission in 15 minutes (women – 0,55 times; men – 0,53 times). Keywords: competitive activity, mixed martial arts MMA, TOP-10, indicators, fighters, men, women.

In recent years there has been a boom in the study of the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes) and ancient Chinese forms of physical exercise in European countries such as Germany, Belgium and France, with research themes focusing on psychotherapeutic and medical clinical experimental studies, such as a study conducted at the Institute of Psychology at the University of T&#252;bingen in Germany that emphasised that moderate general physiological activation, exercise-dependent regulation of the heart rhythm ANS can induce a typical state of calm to regulate Qi. There are few theoretical studies on the metaphysical aspects of the existence of such healthful and beneficial underlying psychophysiological mechanisms of mind-body exercise Florens&#65288;2021&#65289;, so this paper chooses to use the practice of Qi as a case study, where Qi practice refers to the classical and systematic use in Chinese martial arts’ internal styles and systems such as Taijiquan (Taichi), Qigong and shaolinquan(Shaolin Boxing). A primarily documentary research approach is adopted, this paper using classical theories from the Yi Jing to analyse a metaphysical analysis of the physical exercises associated with Qi. The conclusions of the study show that: Firstly, Chinese traditional methods and practical experience can be drawn upon. Secondly, the classical theory of the Yi Jing, which uses Qi as the core of practice, enriches the ontology of human life perception in the field of philosophy. Thirdly, the ultimate pursuit of life through the practice of Qi is a concrete manifestation of the metaphysical holistic view of life in traditional Chinese physical exercises.

RESUMENEste artículo está dedicado a los tratados musicales escritos en latín entre los siglos vi y vii. A través de estas páginas se dará una visión concisa, ecléctica y panóptica de autores latinos que vivieron entre estos siglos y que dedicaron su obra o parte de ella a nociones relacionadas con la ciencia harmónica de los antiguos griegos. En este estudio se evidenciará la selección de ciertos aspectos de la teoría musical griega en su paso hasta la Edad Media, como la pérdida paulatina de la cuestión notacional vocal e instrumental, así como la progresiva importancia que fue adquiriendo la rítmica y la métrica en los tratados musicales de esta época. Palabras clave: Boecio, Casiodoro, Isidoro de Sevilla, música griega antiguaTopónimo: EuropaPeríodo: Edad Media ABSTRACTThis article is dedicated to the musical treatises written in Latin between the 6thand 7thcenturies. 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Cette étude, basée sur une enquête anthropologique effectuée en France et au Japon, a pour objectif d'analyser la pluralité des discours portant sur les arts martiaux japonais, que ce soit auprès de pratiquants ou au sein de la culture populaire qui les a inspirés (cinéma, magazines spécialisés, séries télévisées, documentaires, etc.). Nous tentons ainsi de comprendre quelles sont les principales représentations les plus communément partagées par des pratiquants français tout en les confrontant avec celles de pratiquants japonais. Ce travail permet de mettre en évidence une certaine acculturation franco-japonaise, fruit d'un japonisme rédempteur perçu par des pratiquants français comme une sorte d'antidote à une société occidentale dépeinte comme amorale et déracinée. Évoluant dans un environnement où les références prétendument japonaises sont devenues monnaie courante, certains espèrent expérimenter une certaine forme de japonité à travers ce qui serait à leurs yeux l'un des éléments fondateurs : les arts martiaux. Ces disciplines deviennent alors une sorte de prisme à travers lequel le Japon et sa culture sont imaginés. La figure du samurai est ainsi considérée comme un modèle de vertu chevaleresque « art-martialiste » dont les codes comportementaux sont perçus comme les principales influences de ceux ayant cours aujourd'hui au Japon. Notre travail permet ainsi d'analyser les raisons de telles représentations, fruits d'interprétations idéologiques et de désirs d'exotisme, dont le poids est devenu tel qu'il est parvenu à se juxtaposer à la réalité et à influencer certains travaux universitaires
This study, based on anthropological fieldwork I conducted in France and Japan, aims to analyse the plurality of discourses about Japanese martial arts among French and Japanese practitioners and the popular culture (media, cinema, video games, etc.) that inspired them. The purpose of this study is to understand the main representations most commonly shared by French practitioners and to compare them with the views of Japanese practitioners. This study helps to reveal a certain process of acculturation of French practitioners regarding what they believe to be "Japanese culture". This phenomenon is the consequence of a redemptive Japanism, which is used as an antidote against a Western civilisation depicted as amoral and uprooted from its traditions by the French practitioners I interviewed. Living in an environment surrounded by many supposedly "Japanese references" that have become very common, some French practitioners hope to experience a certain kind of Japaneseness through what they believe to be an important part of its roots: martial arts. As a result, Japan and its culture are imagined through this distorting prism. The samurai figure is seen as a model of chivalric virtue, whose codes of behaviour are believed to be the main influences of those currently used in Japan. Our work enables the analysis of the reasons for such representations in France, which are the results of ideological manipulations and desires for exoticism. These have been so significant that they have been juxtaposed to reality and have even influenced some academic research

Notre hypothèse de départ est que les arts martiaux asiatiques sont le reflet des cultures asiatiques, notamment dans leur dimension traditionnelle. De ce point de vue, les aspects sociaux, politiques, militaires, philosophiques et religieux de l'histoire des arts martiaux des pays asiatiques ici étudiés - la Chine, la Corée et le Japon - fournissent des indications permettant de comprendre la civilisation asiatique et d'en discerner les caractéristiques. La compréhension des techniques martiales suppose qu'on ne les limite pas à des phénomènes physiques et mécaniques. Ces techniques représentent la vision de la vie, et du monde. Cette idée ontologique est l'application d'une conception holistique de l'homme et de l'univers reliés réciproquement par le Qi (énergie, souffle). Les arts martiaux traditionnels subissent cependant une transformation au contact des pays occidentaux à la fin du XIXe siècle et pendant la première moitié du XXe siècle. Ils suivent l'évolution et le développement culturel des populations asiatiques pour revêtir de nouveaux caractères. Ils sont ensuite exportés en France. C'est ici que nous posons la question suivante : comment les pratiquants français reçoivent-ils les arts martiaux asiatiques sachant qu'ils ne possèdent pas la base culturelle relative aux arts martiaux ? Cette étude comparative s'attache à révéler comment une culture étrangère s'adapte à la société qui la reçoit
In the beginning, our hypothesis is that the asian martial arts are the reflection of the asian cultures, especially in their traditional aspect. From the point of view, like one of the indicators, the history of the society, the politics, the military facts, the philosophy and the religion in the asian countries - China, Korea and Japan - should give us a comprehension for asian civilization and a discernment for their character. The comprehension of the martial techniques implies that it doesn't operate only on the physical phenomenon. Ii represents the vision of the life and of the worlds. The ontological idea is an application to a whole global concept of the human and of the universe connected reciprocally through the Qi (energy, breath). These traditional martial arts had suffered a transformation in contact with the occident at the end of 19th century and during the first half of 20th century. They result from the evolution and the cultural development characters. And then they are exported in french. It's here that we propose the following question: how the french patricians receives the asian martial arts, as we know they don't have any cultural basis for these martial arts. This comparative study is going to explain how a foreign culture is adapted to a society which receives it

L'aïkido au Japon est une mise en valeur du corps à la fois support incontournable à la prise de conscience de l'homme face à lui-même et pivot de l'intégration du sujet dans la trame sociale à laquelle il appartient. Différemment, cette même pratique en France, vise davantage une unification du sujet avec lui-même dans un souci d'intégration du mouvement et du vécu dans le jeu de la rencontre. L'aïkido participe de fait au discours envahissant qui veut répondre à la nécessité de restaurer un enracinement à l'existence humaine devenu évanescent par la modernité. Aussi notre étude porte sur la place du corps au Japon comme fondement de l'âme individuelle et sociale. L'aïkido, héritier du bushido, tout en participant à la modernité japonaise perpétue la tradition ancestrale, enracinant le sujet-acteur dans le tissu du monde auquel il est lié. Nous avons ainsi dégagé comment cette pratique culturelle convoquant le corporel engage le japonais dans un récit moderne qui est celui de la modernité, sans laisser de côté la tentative occidentale de rénover avec son corps, comme espace-temps intime de la condition humaine

Les armes et armures de la période médiévale ont depuis longtemps suscité un intérêt certain. Aux premiers auteurs ont succédé des érudits enthousiastes. puis des chercheurs qui ont mis en place les bases et proposé les problématiques. les approches et les dynamiques de l'étude. Mais l'arme, l'objet matériel, est à même de constituer une source : elle contient dans ses formes et sa matière les traces des phénomènes liés à sa création et son utilisation, liés aux savoir-faire qui leur correspondaient. Cette thèse étudie le mobilier présent dans un cadre géographique et institutionnel restreint, dans une démarche qui place le chercheur en outil de compréhension de l'objet : l'approche expérimentale a montré à de nombreuses reprises sa pertinence, mais peut être approfondie encore si l'observateur se tait détenteur des savoir-faire liés à la matière ; de plus une riche documentation existe qui permet de s'approprier physiquement ces savoir-faire spécifiques liés à l'arme et au combat, livrés par les écrits des maîtres d'armes de la fin du Moyen âge. Trois groupes d'objet sont considérées : les épées, lances et haches. Après un rappel ou parfois une exploration historique plus appuyée, le matériel .est étudié : les observations réalisées permettent d'entrevoir le détail des étapes et des modes de fabrication des objets, proposés alors de manière théorique. La combinaison des informations issues des sources secondaires. des objets et surtout de l'approche corporelle du chercheur permettent de comprendre l'arme dans ses aspects fonctionnels, vivants, appliqués. Mais également, d'entrevoir dans la matière des phénomènes au-delà de ces aspects de fabrication ou d'utilisation.

Nous sommes partis de l'hypothèse que la pratique du judo pour les enfants était un objet d'étude privilégié pour la mise en évidence de certains traits culturels et de la régularité de structures d'organisation du pays dans lequel il s'applique. Au Japon comme en France, le judo des enfants est investi d'un enjeu éducatif, social et culturel. Autant de sphères avec lesquelles il interagit, qui le transforment et le redéfinissent faisant de la pratique du judo une ethnomotricité. Nous avons choisi la comparaison comme méthode globale d'analyse pour observer comment « les techniques du corps » employées en judo et leur enseignement se coloraient suivant le bain de culture dans lequel ils aient plongés. Après une étude de la représentativité culturelle et du contexte historique du judo des enfants au Japon et en France, nous nous sommes intéressés à la comparaison des représentations des enfants judokas, des parents et des professeurs sur les finalités de la pratique et les moyens adoptés en conséquence. La comparaison a porté ensuite sur les contenus d'enseignement et sur les procédures de leurs transmissions
Our working hypothesis was that the practice of judo for children was a particularly interesting study subject to show some cultural features and the regular organizations in different countries. In Japan as in France, judo for children has educational, social and cultural aims. All these aims interact, which transforms and redefines judo into an “ethnical motricity”. We chose to compare so as to analyze globally the observation of how the “body techniques” used in judo and the way they are taught varied according to their cultural background. After studying the cultural representativeness and the historical context of judo for children in Japan and in France, we compared how judoka children, parents and teachers see the aims of practicing and the means to it. Then we compared the curriculums and the way they are taught
ある国の文化の特徴と組織機構を明らかにするためには子供向けの柔道が最適の研 究の対象の一つであると仮定して本論文の研究を行った。日本でもフランスでも子 供の柔道は教育と社会と文化の三つの局面を持っている。この三つの局面がそれぞ れ柔道の修行に影響を及ぼすことによって柔道は定義し直されて変更を受けられて いるから柔道の修行は民族的な体の動き方であるといってもよい。柔道で用いられ ている「身体の技術」とその指導はどういう風に文化背景によって異なるかを識別 するように比較による分析方法を選んだ。日本の状況とフランスのを別々にして子供の柔道の文化的な代表性とその歴史背景 を研究してから柔道をする子供達と彼らの両親と指導者の柔道の修行の目的の表象 とそれを果たすための講じた方策を検討した。それから指導の内容とその伝え方に 対しての比較も行った。

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Since 2011, in Brazil (corresponding to a worldwide phenomenon), the MMA, which stands for Mix Martial Arts , has been conquering more and more fans, reaching the level of third most popular sport in the country (only behind Formula One and Soccer), according to Ferreira and Orsolini (2012), in a special report for the magazine Isto é Dinheiro. It s estimated that the trademark UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship) industry, main MMA worldwide tournament, is worth around one billion dollars, not considering the segments of clothing trade, sporting products and cable TV channels, all linked to it. Under such production conditions, intensive advertising campaigns were developed in Brazil which, as analysis point out, make possible a casual disconnection from the now reformulated MMA in relation to Vale- Tudo, seen as animalism and brutal, raising it to the status of sport, in a certain sense, denying the intrinsic violence of this physical combat. This sliding of senses (named demarginalization process ) is materialized in the corpus of the study: and ad of the chain of fast-food Burger King to advertise a new sandwich that is so scary (ironically like the fighter Anderson Silva), that você afina ( you become thin ). The purpose of this study is to comprehend the mechanisms that base de diffusion/promotion of speech (in this case, the ones to value MMA), which tangs the double relation of the linguistic fact (mainly the enunciation Tão assustador que você afina ( So scary that you cowers ) of the corpus) to the history (in function of the speech production conditions of the MMA/UFC). For that, the Pêcheux s (2009) presuppositions theory for speech analysis of French orientation, the propositions of Freud (1974) and Nolasco (2001) about the restraint of violence and aggressiveness and the analysis of the media effects, according to Chauí (2006), Eco (1987; 1984), Payer (2005) and Gregolin (2003), were used.
Desde 2011, no Brasil (correspondendo a um fenômeno mundial), o MMA, sigla que em tradução do inglês significa Artes Marciais Mistas , vem conquistando cada vez mais fãs, alcançando o patamar de terceiro esporte mais popular no país (somente atrás da Fórmula 1 e do Futebol), conforme Ferreira e Orsolini (2012), em reportagem especial para revista Istoé Dinheiro. Estima-se que a indústria da marca UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship), principal torneio mundial da modalidade MMA, valha cerca de um bilhão de dólares, desconsiderando os segmentos de comercialização de roupas, produtos esportivos e canais de TV a cabo, vinculados a ela. Sob tais condições de produção, desenvolveram-se campanhas publicitárias intensivas no Brasil que, conforme apontam as análises, propiciaram uma fortuita desvinculação do agora reformulado MMA em relação ao Vale-Tudo, tido como brutal e animalesco, elevando-o à condição de esporte, em certo sentido, negando a violência intrínseca a essa modalidade de combate físico. Esse deslizamento de sentidos (que se denominou processo de desmarginalização ) está materializado no corpus do estudo: uma campanha da rede de fast-food Burger King para divulgação de um novo sanduíche que, de tão assustador (ironicamente como o lutador Anderson Silva), você afina . O objetivo do estudo é compreender os mecanismos discursivos que embasam a difusão/promoção de discursos (no caso, os de valorização do MMA), no que tange à dupla relação do fato linguístico (principalmente o enunciado Tão assustador que você afina do corpus) com a história (em função das condições de produção dos discursos do MMA/UFC). Para tanto, utilizam-se os pressupostos teóricos da análise do discurso de orientação francesa de Pêcheux (2009); as proposições de Freud (1974) e Nolasco (2001) sobre a questão da coibição da violência e da agressividade e a análise dos efeitos da mídia, de acordo com Chauí (2006), Eco (1987; 1984), Payer (2005) e Gregolin (2003).

This chapter explores how military officers visited former battlefields and siegeworks to learn the art of war throughout the eighteenth century. It mentions that the frequent destinations included the coastal defences of northern France, the fortifications of the Low Countries, the historical and recent battlefields of Switzerland, Germany and Austria, as well as strategically important locations on the frontiers of France, Germany and Switzerland. The chapter highlights that terrain, geography and military structures can be seen in this way to be the means of the transmission of knowledge and learning, as the visible and undying reminder of past military experience. The chapter also emphasizes that maps and books relating to the campaigns being studied were an essential prerequisite for a successful martial grand tour and would allow tourists to understand not just the battlefield they were visiting but the broader political and strategic aspects of the wider war. Focusing on eighteenth-century military knowledge, the chapter argues that the strength of memory associated with physical place was profound.