Artículos de revistas:

1

Ratnadass, Alain y Péninna Deberdt. "Pratiques de protection des cultures en agroécosystèmes tropicaux et risques de maladies humaines et animales d’origine bactérienne". Cahiers Agricultures 30 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2021028.

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Une revue bibliographique récente montre que les pratiques de protection agroécologique des cultures (PAEC) contre les ravageurs, pathogènes et adventices, réduisent généralement les risques zoonotiques viraux en santé publique et vétérinaire, alors que les pratiques conventionnelles (à base agrochimique) tendent à les augmenter. Nous avons analysé la littérature scientifique pour déterminer si ces conclusions pouvaient être élargies aux infections bactériennes, avec focus sur les agroécosystèmes tropicaux. En santé publique et vétérinaire, les principales infections bactériennes impactées par des pratiques de protection des cultures sont celles ayant pour réservoirs des rongeurs (avec arthropodes vecteurs, comme la peste, ou pas, comme la leptospirose), et les maladies à entérobactéries (e.g., Salmonella) et autres bactéries opportunistes (e.g., Pseudomonas). La problématique d’antibiorésistance en santé publique est peu affectée par les pratiques de protection des cultures conventionnelles. Des pratiques relevant de la substitution aux intrants de synthèse (variétés résistantes aux attaques de rongeurs ou à la colonisation par des entérobactéries ; pesticides minéraux; solarisation) peuvent se traduire par une réduction plus importante du risque sanitaire que certaines pratiques relevant de la reconception des agroécosystèmes (push-pull ; intégration agriculture-élevage). Toutefois, vu ses effets vertueux en termes de réduction des pollutions, conservation de la biodiversité et résilience climatique, la PAEC, basée sur la reconception, contribue, à des échelles spatiotemporelles supérieures, à la réduction du risque sanitaire lié aux infections bactériennes. Les impacts des pratiques de protection des cultures, basées sur l’amélioration de l’efficience des pratiques conventionnelles, sur la substitution ou sur la reconception, sur les risques d’infection bactérienne en santé publique et vétérinaire, sont sensiblement différents de ceux observés avec les risques zoonotiques viraux. Des recherches sont encore nécessaires pour concilier, dans une perspective « Une seule santé », les trois types de pratiques, afin de réduire les risques sanitaires liés aux maladies infectieuses autant à bactéries qu’à virus, parasites (protozoaires et vers) ou champignons.

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2

El-Naggar, Jehan B. y Nour El-Hoda A. Zidan. "FIELD EVALUATION OF IMIDACLOPRID AND THIAMETHOXAM AGAINST SUCKING INSECTS AND THEIR SIDE EFFECTS ON SOIL FAUNA". Journal of Plant Protection Research 53, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2013): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2013-0056.

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Abstract This work was carried out at Sakha Agriculture Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt during the 2010 and 2011 cotton growing seasons to evaluate the effectiveness of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, used separately as seed treatments and foliar applications at the recommended rate against the sucking insects: thrips, thrips tabaci (lind), jassid, Empoasca spp., whitefly, Bemicia tabaci, and cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover.). The side effects of both insecticides on soil fauna was investigated as well. The experimental results showed the following trends: Seed treatment with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam protected cotton seedlings from thrips for at least 6 weeks from the onset of seed planting. Also, both insecticides induced a fast initial effect (after one week of treatment) on whitefly (immature stages). This fast initial effect then gradually decreased to reach a moderate effect according to the general mean of percent reduction. The two tested insecticides exhibited a moderate initial reduction in the population of whitefly (mature stages) and jassids during the two seasons and then this gradually decreased. Imidacloprid had a better efficiency against this sap sucking pest than thiamethoxam. Treatments with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam as foliar applications were highly effective against aphids, up to 14 days in the case of jassids, while the effect was moderate on the whitefly population (mature and immature stages). Imidacloprid had more initial and residual effect than thiamethoxam against jassids. For all soil arthropod groups implicated in this investigation, the used pesticide and depth, significantly affected their mean numbers. The least number of soil arthropods was sampled from the 10-20 cm layer treated with pesticides compared with the 0-10 cm layer. The control plot at both depths recorded the highest number of soil arthropods sampled. Collembola was most abundant while Psocoptera, Oribatida, Actinedida, and Gamasida were least abundant. Pesticide application increased the overall Collembola density compared to the control plots, while it decreased overall Psocoptera, Oribatida, Actinedida, and Gamasida density compared to the control plots. In case of the foliar treatment, there was a reduction in the mean number of examined micro-arthropods either under plants or between plants, in both depths. The reduction in the number of soil arthropods was significantly more in the 0-10 layer. The reduction was more significant between plants than under plants. The most influenced micro-arthropod was Oribatida. The results also revealed that imidacloprid had more adverse effects on soil fauna than thiamethoxam.

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3

Raupp, Michael, John Holmes, Clifford Sadof, Paula Shrewsbury y John Davidson. "Effects of Cover Sprays and Residual Pesticides on Scale Insects and Natural Enemies in Urban Forests". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 27, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2001): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.022.

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Cover sprays and residual insecticides are tactics used by landscapers and arborists to control arthropod pests on trees and shrubs in urban settings. Trees in residential landscapes that received three cover sprays annually for at least 4 years harbored a greater diversity of scale insect pests and were much more likely to be infested with scales than trees in landscapes treated with cover sprays for shorter periods of time. Oak (Quercus palustris) trees in an institutional landscape treated with residual insecticides harbored significantly lower numbers of beneficial arthropods than trees treated with a pesticide that lacked residual activity. The suppressive effect of the residual insecticides on natural enemies was pronounced on the community of parasitic wasps that attack the obscure scale (Melanaspis obscura), a common scale insect pest of oak. The effect of residual insecticides on individual wasp species persisted 4 weeks after the pesticides were applied. By reducing the use of cover sprays and residual insecticides, arborists may be able to conserve communities of natural enemies in managed landscapes. This will enhance the biological diversity of beneficial insects found in urban forests and thereby aid in increasing their sustainability.

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4

Skvarla, Michael y Jonathan Larson. "A survey of pesticide use in horticulturally-grown carnivorous plants, with a review of arthropod pests". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 53, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2024): 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.55360/cpn532.ms168.

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Arthropod pests are sometimes reported from horticulturally-grown carnivorous plants. While it is broadly known which pest groups are involved, little work has been done to characterize them specifically, which can be important when implementing control strategies. Pesticide recommendations are available through books and other media, but pesticides have not been systematically tested for phytotoxic effects in carnivorous plants so growers may worry about using them. In response to these issues, we conducted a survey of carnivorous plant growers to understand what pests they encounter, which pesticides they use, and if any of those pesticides have caused issues to the plants, the results of which are reported herein. We also provide a summary of different arthropod pests recorded from carnivorous plants in order to provide context for these pests and their control, and to encourage growers to document pests they encounter to fill in knowledge gaps.

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5

Maute, Kimberly, Paul Story, Grant C. Hose, Andrew Warden, Greg Dojchinov y Kristine French. "Observations on populations of a small insectivorous bird",. Australian Journal of Zoology 69, n.º 6 (25 de octubre de 2022): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo22006.

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The use of chemical pesticides to manage locust populations in natural ecosystems is likely to impact non-target arthropods and their predators. However, the relative effects of different locust control applications on Australian birds are unknown. Aerial applications of fipronil and fenitrothion are examples of two pesticides used in locust control in semiarid Australia. To test the relative impacts of pesticides on non-target fauna, pesticides were applied to replicate sites using aerial ultra-low-volume application methods. The body condition and biomarkers of pesticide exposure in resident white-winged fairy wrens (Malurus leucopterus leuconotus) at treatment and control sites were measured for two weeks before and after treatments. No measures suggested negative impacts of pesticide applications. However, birds monitored at treatment sites gained mass, possibly due to indirect impacts of pesticides on bird feeding patterns or the availability or behaviour of insect prey. Bird mass measures remained high at fipronil sites, whereas the mass of birds at fenitrothion sites returned to baseline levels within one week. As this study was conducted during dry conditions, when locust plagues are less likely, future insecticide research should also consider the availability of insect prey, its effect on insectivore feeding behaviour and the interaction of rainfall events.

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6

Echeverría-Sáenz, Silvia, Manuel Spínola-Parallada y Ana Cristina Soto. "Pesticides Burden in Neotropical Rivers: Costa Rica as a Case Study". Molecules 26, n.º 23 (29 de noviembre de 2021): 7235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237235.

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Neotropical ecosystems are highly biodiverse; however, the excessive use of pesticides has polluted freshwaters, with deleterious effects on aquatic biota. This study aims to analyze concentrations of active ingredients (a.i) of pesticides and the risks posed to freshwater Neotropical ecosystems. We compiled information from 1036 superficial water samples taken in Costa Rica between 2009 and 2019. We calculated the detection frequency for 85 a.i. and compared the concentrations with international regulations. The most frequently detected pesticides were diuron, ametryn, pyrimethanil, flutolanil, diazinon, azoxystrobin, buprofezin, and epoxiconazole, with presence in >20% of the samples. We observed 32 pesticides with concentrations that exceeded international regulations, and the ecological risk to aquatic biota (assessed using the multi-substance potentially affected fraction model (msPAF)) revealed that 5% and 13% of the samples from Costa Rica pose a high or moderate acute risk, especially to primary producers and arthropods. Other Neotropical countries are experiencing the same trend with high loads of pesticides and consequent high risk to aquatic ecosystems. This information is highly valuable for authorities dealing with prospective and retrospective risk assessments for regulatory decisions in tropical countries. At the same time, this study highlights the need for systematic pesticide residue monitoring of fresh waters in the Neotropical region.

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7

Chen, Li-Lin, Pei Yuan, Min-Sheng You, Gabor Pozsgai, Xu Ma, Huaiping Zhu y Guang Yang. "Cover Crops Enhance Natural Enemies While Help Suppressing Pests in a Tea Plantation". Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, n.º 4 (14 de enero de 2019): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/say050.

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Abstract Tea is an economically important crop, consumed by billions of people. Despite the increasing market for pesticide-free products, the use of pesticide in tea is still high. In order to investigate whether intercropping promotes biological control organisms, Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene, Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq., Trifolium repens L., and Vigna sinensis (L.) were separately intercropped with free weeding as control in a tea plantation at Yangli, China. Arthropods were collected by taking sweep-net samples, and treatment effects on assemblages were investigated. The combined species richness of all arthropods and that of parasitoids was significantly increased in intercropped treatments while the species richness of herbivores and predators was only greater in C. rotundifolia and I. hendecaphylla intercropped treatments. Compared with control, the combined abundance of all arthropods, and that of herbivores was lower, while the abundance of parasitoids and its taxa was greater in all intercropped treatments. The abundance of predators and its taxa was greater only in tea plantations intercropped with C. rotundifolia or I. hendecaphylla. Of the herbivores, the abundance of Empoasca onukii Matsuda, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae, and Pentatomidae was greater in the areas intercropped with C. rotundifolia in comparison with the control, but the abundance of Thysanoptera and Geometridae caterpillars was lower. The recorded increase in the abundance of beneficial arthropods may explain the lower abundance of Thysanoptera or Geometridae caterpillars detected in the intercropped tea plantations. Our results indicate that intercropping has the potential to enhance arthropod biodiversity, and to provide an option for sustainable pest control in tea plantations.

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8

Desneux, Nicolas, Axel Decourtye y Jean-Marie Delpuech. "The Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial Arthropods". Annual Review of Entomology 52, n.º 1 (enero de 2007): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091440.

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9

Sterk, G. "STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON BENEFICIAL ARTHROPODS". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 347 (octubre de 1993): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.347.26.

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10

Kattwinkel, Mira, Matthias Liess, Maria Arena, Stephanie Bopp, Franz Streissl y Jörg Römbke. "Recovery of aquatic and terrestrial populations in the context of European pesticide risk assessment". Environmental Reviews 23, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2015): 382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0013.

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In the present review, we compiled and evaluated the available information supporting the assessment of population and community recovery after pesticide application. This information is crucial for the environmental risk assessment of pesticides. We reviewed more than 3900 manuscripts on those organism groups relevant or likely to become relevant for the risk assessment procedures in Europe, that is, aquatic invertebrates, algae, aquatic plants, fish, aquatic microbes, amphibians, as well as birds and mammals, non-target terrestrial arthropods including honeybees, non-arthropod invertebrates, terrestrial microbes, non-target terrestrial plants, nematodes, and reptiles. Finally, 106 aquatic and 76 terrestrial studies met our selection criteria and were evaluated in detail. We extracted the following general conclusions. (i) Internal recovery depends strongly on reproduction capacity. For aquatic invertebrates, recovery was generally observed within a maximum of five generation times. (ii) In cases where recovery occurred within one generation, migration from uncontaminated areas was identified as the main pathway for aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, in particular, for insect species with the ability for aerial recolonization. (iii) Community composition in general did not recover within the study duration in the majority of cases. (iv) The ecological context, including factors such as food resources, habitat quality, and recolonization potential, is a crucial factor for recovery from pesticide effects. (v) Indirect effects acting through food chain processes, including predation and competition, are highly relevant for increasing the magnitude of effect and for prolonging recovery time. Based on our findings, we recommend defining realistic scenarios for risk assessment regarding exposure, taxa considered, environmental conditions, and ecological context. In addition to experimental studies, field monitoring was shown to yield valuable information to identify relevant taxa, long-term effects, and the conditions for recovery, and should therefore be considered to validate approaches of risk assessment. Likewise, ecological modelling was found to be a valuable tool for assessing recovery. Finally, both study design and interpretation of results still often suffer from missing ecological information or from neglect of the available knowledge. Hence, a more rigorous utilization of existing knowledge (e.g., from general disturbance ecology) and the generation of systematic ecological knowledge on the various factors influencing recovery are needed.

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11

Vlasova, О., M. Sekun y M. Zatserkliana. "Toxicology of insecticides — theory, implemented in practice". Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, n.º 67 (20 de diciembre de 2021): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2021.67.98-114.

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Goal. Ecological and toxicological substantiation of improving the chemical protection of agricultural crops and perennial plantations from harmful arthropods based on the updated assortment of insectoacaricides, the properties of chemicals and the characteristics of harmful insect and mite species in the technology of growing strategic crops. Methods. The sensitivity of phytophages was investigated on natural populations collectedё on crops of certain crops and determined by various methods of poisoning adopted in toxicology. The coefficient of selectivity of the insecticide in the phytophage — entomophage system was calculated by the ratio CK50 , % a.v. for phytophage to SC50 , % a.v. for an entomophage. The effect of urea on the properties of working solutions of chemical and microbiological preparations was studied in their mixture using special techniques. Results. Studies have shown different susceptibility of natural arthropod populations to modern insecticides, which have different selective effects on entomophages. The selectivity factor ranged from 15 to 560. Improved anti-resistance system to protect crops from harmful arthropods. The information on the possibilities of joint application of insecticides of different nature with Urea in a single technological process is generalized, which leads to a significant reduction in the evaporation of drops of solution from the treated surface. Conclusions. Expansion of the range of pesticides, especially those with a different mechanism of toxic action, makes it possible to prevent or slow down the development of resistance in arthropods to insecticides. An improved anti-resistance system for protecting agricultural crops from harmful arthropods provides a decrease in the toxic load on the agrocenosis and a reversal of resistance to the initial parameters. Urea is an active anti-evaporation agent for working solutions of insecticides of various nature.

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12

Flexner, J. L., B. Lighthart y B. A. Croft. "The effects of microbial pesticides on non-target, beneficial arthropods". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 16, n.º 3-4 (julio de 1986): 203–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(86)90005-8.

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13

CHARLIER, C. y G. PLOMTEUX. "EFFETS PERTURBATEURS ENDOCRINIENS DES PESTICIDES ORGANOCHLORES". Acta Clinica Belgica 57, sup1 (enero de 2002): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/acb.2002.068.

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14

Gamet-Payrastre, Laurence. "Effets physiopathologiques des mélanges de pesticides". Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 46, n.º 2 (abril de 2011): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnd.2011.02.003.

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15

Gamet-Payrastre, Laurence y Céline Lukowicz. "Les effets des mélanges de pesticides". Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 52, n.º 5 (noviembre de 2017): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnd.2017.03.002.

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16

Michaud, Dominique. "Impact environnemental des cultures transgéniques". Articles de synthèse 86, n.º 2 (9 de marzo de 2006): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012511ar.

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La publication d’un article scientifique sur les effets néfastes d’un hybride de maïs transgénique exprimant une δ-endotoxine duBacillus thuringiensiscontre des larves du papillon monarque causait, il y a quelques années, une controverse sans précédent sur l’impact environnemental des caractères recombinants introduits au bagage génétique des cultures agricoles. Le présent article de synthèse, complémentaire à un article de ce même numéro abordant la migration des transgènes dans l’environnement (Michaud 2005), discute de l’impact des caractères recombinants encodés par les transgènes sur l’incidence et le développement des différents organismes vivants du milieu. L’impact des nouveaux caractères est d’abord considéré à l’échelle des écosystèmes, à la lumière des effets exercés par les pratiques agricoles courantes sur la diversité biologique au champ. L’impact de ces caractères est ensuite considéré en fonction des interactions spécifiques établies au champ ou en conditions de laboratoire entre la plante modifiée et une gamme d’espèces modèles incluant des ravageurs herbivores secondaires, des arthropodes prédateurs et différents organismes du sol.

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17

Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco. "Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods". Toxics 9, n.º 8 (30 de julio de 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9080177.

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Pesticides released to the environment can indirectly affect target and non-target species in ways that are often contrary to their intended use. Such indirect effects are mediated through direct impacts on other species or the physical environment and depend on ecological mechanisms and species interactions. Typical mechanisms are the release of herbivores from predation and release from competition among species with similar niches. Application of insecticides to agriculture often results in subsequent pest outbreaks due to the elimination of natural enemies. The loss of floristic diversity and food resources that result from herbicide applications can reduce populations of pollinators and natural enemies of crop pests. In aquatic ecosystems, insecticides and fungicides often induce algae blooms as the chemicals reduce grazing by zooplankton and benthic herbivores. Increases in periphyton biomass typically result in the replacement of arthropods with more tolerant species such as snails, worms and tadpoles. Fungicides and systemic insecticides also reduce nutrient recycling by impairing the ability of detritivorous arthropods. Residues of herbicides can reduce the biomass of macrophytes in ponds and wetlands, indirectly affecting the protection and breeding of predatory insects in that environment. The direct impacts of pesticides in the environment are therefore either amplified or compensated by their indirect effects.

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18

Moretti, Marco, Peter Duelli y Martin K. Obrist. "La biodiversité des châtaigneraies dans le canton du Tessin et du Misox (GR)". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 172, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2021.0376.

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Les châtaigneraies à fruits sont des milieux créés et entretenus par l’homme depuis leur introduction il y a quelque 2000 ans. Sans entretien régulier, elles sont vouées à disparaître, ce qui aurait des effets négatifs sur le paysage et la biodiversité. Afin de mieux comprendre ces processus, des études comparatives sur les chauves-souris, les oiseaux, les lichens et les arthropodes ont été réalisées dans des châtaigneraies entretenues et abandonnées. Tous les taxons et tout particulièrement les espèces rares et menacées profitent de l’entretien des châtaigneraies. La restauration de ces dernières est donc indispensable pour la conservation à long terme d’un paysage agro-forestier comportant des arbres-habitats séculaires de grande valeur écologique.

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19

Karamaouna, Filitsa, Josep A. Jaques y Vaya Kati. "Practices to Conserve Pollinators and Natural Enemies in Agro-Ecosystems". Insects 12, n.º 1 (5 de enero de 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010031.

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Intensive agriculture has put great pressure on populations of beneficial arthropods such as natural enemies and pollinators, especially through adverse effects of pesticide use and the impact on resources in the agricultural landscape, i [...]

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20

Kirsch, Philipp. "Pheromones: Their potential role in control of agricultural insect pests". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, n.º 2-3 (1988): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002241.

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Serious side effects from the conventional use of traditional chemical pesticides for routine arthropod pest management have prompted the investigation and development of alternate strategies for the minimization of pest damage. Insect sex pheromones have been proposed as a potential group of alternative control agents for over twenty years. The possible uses of these substances for insect control are discussed and factors influencing their development for pest management are presented. The scientific research and commercial development of oriental fruit moth mating disruption is presented as a case study for the commercialization of this approach. Advantages and limitations of pheromone-based control tactics are presented. Mating disruption technology is starting to find its place in a number of diverse cropping situations. The use of pheromones for pest control promises to be an important component of the ongoing challenge to develop alternatives that may help to solve major environmental and human health problems associated with chemical pesticide use in agriculture.

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21

Reiff, Jo, Sebastian Kolb, Martin Entling, Thomas Herndl, Stefan Möth, Andreas Walzer, Matthias Kropf, Christoph Hoffmann y Silvia Winter. "Organic Farming and Cover-Crop Management Reduce Pest Predation in Austrian Vineyards". Insects 12, n.º 3 (4 de marzo de 2021): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030220.

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Habitat simplification and intensive use of pesticides are main drivers of global arthropod declines and are, thus, decreasing natural pest control. Organic farming, complex landscapes, and local vineyard management practices such as implementation of flower-rich cover-crop mixtures may be a promising approach to enhance predator abundance and, therefore, natural pest control. We examined the effect of organic versus integrated management, cover-crop diversity in the vineyard inter-rows, and landscape composition on the natural pest control of Lobesia botrana eggs and pupae. Predation of L. botrana pupae was reduced by organic farming and species-poor cover-crops by about 10%. Predation rates of L. botrana eggs did not differ significantly in any of the studied management options. Dominant predators were earwigs (Forficulidae), bush crickets (Tettigoniidae), and ants (Formicidae). Negative effects of organic viticulture are most likely related to the negative nontarget effects on arthropods related to the frequent sulfur and copper applications in combination with the avoidance of strongly damaging insecticides by integrated winegrowers. While a 10% difference in predation rates on a single pest stage is unlikely to have strong practical implications, our results show that the assumed effectiveness of environmentally friendly agriculture needs to be evaluated for specific crops and regions.

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22

Aribi, Nadia, Béatrice Denis, Samira Kilani-Morakchi y Dominique Joly. "L’azadirachtine, un pesticide naturel aux effets multiples". médecine/sciences 36, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2019268.

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Une littérature abondante traite de l’impact négatif des pesticides conventionnels, très efficaces dans la gestion des ravageurs mais responsables d’une large pollution environnementale. Les pesticides d’origine naturelle qui auraient un moindre impact environnemental suscitent ainsi un intérêt majeur. Parmi ceux-ci, l’azadirachtine, commercialisée sous diverses formulations (huile de neem, Neem-Azal, Bioneem, etc.) reste la molécule la plus recommandée dans les agro-écosystèmes. L’argument d’une innocuité environnementale de l’azadirachtine est cependant nuancé par des effets collatéraux qui, bien que controversés, sont notables sur des organismes non ciblés.

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23

Everts, J. W., B. Aukema, R. Hengeveld y J. H. Koeman. "Side-effects of pesticides on ground-dwelling predatory arthropods in arable ecosystems". Environmental Pollution 59, n.º 3 (1989): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(89)90227-3.

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24

Bigot, Louis, Mhd Maher Kabakibi y Roger Loisel. "Effets différés du débroussaillement sur le peuplement frondicole des arthropodes du chêne liège des Maures (Var)". Ecologia mediterranea 14, n.º 1 (1988): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecmed.1988.1205.

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25

Williamson, Joe R. y Donn T. Johnson. "Effects of Grape Berry Moth Management Practices and Landscape on Arthropod Diversity in Grape Vineyards in the Southern United States". HortTechnology 15, n.º 2 (enero de 2005): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.2.0232.

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Agricultural monocultures with intensive pest management practices reduce diversity and create instability in agricultural ecosystems, thereby increasing reliance upon pesticides. This study compares the influence of three insect pest management programs in vineyards on arthropod diversity as well as parasitism and control of grape berry moth (Endopiza viteana), the key pest of grapes (Vitis labrusca) in eastern North America. Vineyards in Bald Knob, Hindsville, Judsonia, Lowell, and Searcy, Ark., were managed with a range of intensity of insecticide use, a reduced insecticide program with Exosex-GBM dispensers for mating disruption, or no pesticide use in abandoned vineyards. Arthropod diversity and carabid (Carabidae) density in each vineyard was sampled with pitfall traps. Grape berry moth flight was monitored by pheromone traps. Grape berry moth–infested grapes were collected from the field and reared in the lab until parasites or moths emerged. There were significant differences in arthropod diversity between vineyard sites, with Shannon diversity index values generally higher in woods and managed vineyards with conventional sprays and/or mating disruption than in abandoned sites. Shannon index values for arthropod diversity were significantly lower at the vineyard edge in Searcy (recently abandoned), vineyard center and edge in Bald Knob (abandoned), and the vineyard edge in Hindsville (conventional sprays). In 2003, carabid density was significantly highest in the edge and center of the Hindsville vineyard (high insecticide usage) and the abandoned Bald Knob vineyard had significantly lowest carabid density. Apparently, insecticide sprays resulted in more food on the vineyard floor for carabids. The vineyard floor management was too variable among vineyards to deduce its effect on carabid density. With some exceptions, low-spray and no-spray vineyards generally showed greater diversity and parasitism of grape berry moth than high-spray vineyards. Parasitism was higher in some high-spray vineyards than in low-spray with mating disruption vineyards. Grape berry moth flight and berry damage were more dependent on spray timing than intensity. This study demonstrates that insect pest management programs impact arthropod diversity and parasitism. Further testing is needed to determine why parasitism of grape berry moth decreased in the vineyards using the mating disruption tactic.

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TAKAMURA, Kenzi, Seiichi NOHARA, Teiji KARIYA, Mihoko OKAZAKI y Kinuko ITO. "Effects of Pesticide Contamination from Rice Fields on Stream Benthic Arthropods." Japanese Journal of Limnology (Rikusuigaku Zasshi) 52, n.º 2 (1991): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3739/rikusui.52.95.

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González-Núñez, Manuel, Pilar Sandín-España, Miguelina Mateos-Miranda, Guillermo Cobos, Antonieta De Cal, Ismael Sánchez-Ramos, Jose-Luis Alonso-Prados y Inmaculada Larena. "Development of a Disease and Pest Management Program to Reduce the Use of Pesticides in Sweet-Cherry Orchards". Agronomy 12, n.º 9 (23 de agosto de 2022): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12091986.

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A protocol for managing the main diseases and pests of sweet cherry in Spain (New IPM) has been implemented in order to reduce the use of pesticides. This New IPM includes nonchemical strategies, such as biological products against diseases and mass trapping of pests, and adjusts the timing and number of pesticide applications according to damage thresholds and a predictive model of diseases based on climatic factors. The New IPM was compared—in commercial orchards from the main cherry-producing areas in Spain (Aragon and Extremadura)—to the integrated management usually carried out in these areas (Standard IPM). Furthermore, a multiresidue method for the determination of the residues in cherries was developed. The number of applications, active ingredients used, and residue levels in fruit were reduced very significantly with this New IPM without affecting the effectiveness in the control of the main cherry diseases (brown rot, shot-hole, and leaf-spot) and pests (European cherry fly, spotted wing drosophila, and black cherry aphid). Neither significant differences in the abundance and diversity of microorganisms in flowers and fruit nor soil and canopy dwelling arthropods were observed between the two protocols, although some positive effects of this New IPM were seen on some groups of natural enemies.

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Theiling, Karen M. y B. A. Croft. "Pesticide side-effects on arthropod natural enemies: A database summary". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 21, n.º 3-4 (octubre de 1988): 191–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(88)90088-6.

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Otto, Stefan, Luca Lazzaro, Antonio Finizio y Giuseppe Zanin. "Estimating ecotoxicological effects of pesticide drift on nontarget arthropods in field hedgerows". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry preprint, n.º 2008 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/08-260.1.

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Otto, Stefan, Luca Lazzaro, Antonio Finizio y Giuseppe Zanin. "ESTIMATING ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE DRIFT ON NONTARGET ARTHROPODS IN FIELD HEDGEROWS". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, n.º 4 (2009): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/08-260r.1.

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31

Narbonne, J. F. "Les pesticides ont-ils des effets sur la santé ?" Sciences des Aliments 28, n.º 3 (28 de junio de 2008): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/sda.28.213-221.

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32

Zaikonnikova, I. V., I. Z. Mukhutdinov, A. Kh Imamov, Kh Kh Minnekaev y S. V. Yurov. "Morbidity of children in rural areas under conditions of intensive use of pesticides". Kazan medical journal 69, n.º 3 (15 de junio de 1988): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj99569.

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In recent decades, in our country and abroad, chemical agents are widely used to protect crops and to control arthropod pests. The intensity of their use in agricultural zones of the country depends on the type of crops grown, natural-climatic and agrobiological conditions. Numerous hygienic studies proved that long-term and intensive use of chemicals in agriculture causes not only increase in their residual amounts in environmental objects, but also probability of toxic effects of pesticides on human and animal organisms. In areas with intensive use of pesticides, morbidity of children was 2.3-3.6 times higher.

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33

Kinareikina, Anna y Elena Silivanova. "Impact of Insecticides at Sublethal Concentrations on the Enzyme Activities in Adult Musca domestica L." Toxics 11, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2023): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010047.

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Nowadays, the use of pesticides is, as before, the most common way to control arthropod plant pests and the ectoparasites of animals. The sublethal effects of pesticides on insects can appear at different levels, from genetics to populations, and the study of these effects is important for a better understanding of the environmental and evolutionary patterns of pesticidal resistance. The current study aimed to assess the sublethal effects of chlorfenapyr and fipronil on the activities of detoxifying enzymes (carboxylesterase—CarE, acetylcholinesterase—AChE, glutathione-S-transferase—GST, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase—P450) in adults Musca domestica L. The insects were exposure to insecticides by a no-choice feeding test and the enzyme activities and the AChE kinetic parameters were examined in female and male specimens at 24 h after their exposure. According to Tukey’s test, the CarE activity was statistically significantly decreased by 29.63% in the females of M. domestica after an exposure to chlorfenapyr at a concentration of 0.015% when compared to the controls (p ≤ 0.05). An exposure to the sublethal concentration of fipronil (0.001%) was followed by a slightly decrease in the specific activity (33.20%, p ≤ 0.05) and the main kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km) of AChE in females in comparison with the control values. The GST and P450 activities had not significantly changed in M. domestica males and females 24 h after their exposure to chlorfenapyr and fipronil at sublethal concentrations. The results suggest that the males and females of M. domestica displayed biochemically different responses to fipronil, that is a neurotoxin, and chlorfenapyr, that is a decoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Further research needs to be addressed to the molecular mechanisms underlying the peculiarities of the insect enzyme responses to different insecticides.

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Prado, Julia, Carlos Quesada y Clifford Sadof. "Effects of Pesticide Application on Arthropod Pests of Nursery-Grown Maples". Journal of Economic Entomology 107, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2014): 708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec13531.

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Qadir, Ziyad Abdul, Atif Idrees, Rashid Mahmood, Ghulam Sarwar, Muhammad Abu Bakar, Saboor Ahmad, Muhammad Mohsin Raza y Jun Li. "Effectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)". Insects 12, n.º 11 (17 de noviembre de 2021): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12111032.

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Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are essential for their products—honey, royal jelly, pollen, propolis and beeswax. They are also indispensable because they support ecosystems with their pollination services. However, the production and functions of honey bees are hindered by the arthropod pest Varroa destructor, which attacks bees through its feeding activities. Efforts to control varroa mites have been made through the development of various synthetic pesticide groups, but have had limited success because the mites developed resistance and some of these pesticides are harmful to bees. Branded pesticides are rarely used in Pakistan, as beekeepers utilize acaricides from unknown sources. There is a need to create awareness of available naturally occurring acaricides that may serve as an alternative to synthetic acaricides. Although some naturally occurring compounds are considered toxic to the environment, the soft acaricides oxalic acid, thymol, and formic acid 65% are usually safe for honey bee colonies and beekeepers, when handled appropriately. The current study investigated the effectiveness of formic acid (10, 15, and 20 mL/hive), oxalic acid (4.2, 3.2, and 2.1%/hive), and thymol (6, 4, and 2 g/hive) in controlling mite infestation. The results indicated that all treatments significantly reduced the mite population (p < 0.05). The average efficacies of oxalic acid at 3.2% (94.84% ± 0.34) and 4.2% (92.68% ± 0.37) were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. The lowest efficacy was recorded in formic acid 65% at 10 mL (54.13%). Overall, the results indicated that soft acaricides—such as oxalic acid at 3.2% and 4.2% concentrations—are very effective at controlling varroa mites and can be used in broodless conditions without side effects.

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36

Barbour, J. D. y R. L. Brandenburg. "Impact of Type and Timing of Southern Corn Rootworm Treatments on Predaceous Arthropods in Peanut". Journal of Entomological Science 30, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 1995): 447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.4.447.

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At-flowering and at-pegging treatments of soil-applied insecticides for southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, control were examined to determine if type and/or timing of insecticide affected the abundance of predaceous arthropods in reproductive-stage peanuts. Orius insidiosus (Say) and spiders comprised the majority of predators captured during the study. Effects of timing were variable, but indicated that earlier, at-flowering pesticide application may allow for better re-establishment of some predators (e.g., O. insidiosus), and for the total number of predators, than later, at-pegging pesticide applications. There was no consistent effect of chlorpyrifos or fonophos applied at flowering, or chlorpyrifos or ethoprop applied at pegging, on predator abundance in reproductive-stage peanuts.

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37

Atta, Bilal, Muhammad Rizwan, Arshed M. Sabir, Muhammad D. Gogi y Muhammad A. Ayub. "SILICON MEDIATED INDUCED RESISTANCE IN PLANTS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL INSECT PESTS: A REVIEW". World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 4, n.º 1 (15 de abril de 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.004.01.0192.

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Use of pesticides is the main approach adopted by many farmers to manage agricultural insect pests which not only reduced infestation level of these insect pests, but also responsible for the resistance and resurgence development, causes mortality of beneficial arthropods, and environmental and health hazards. Many researchers are busy to find out alternatives of pesticides due to adverse influences. Pest damage may also be reduced through the proper management of nutrient requirements and modification with mineral nutrients such as silicon. Silicon has been authoritatively designated as a “beneficial substance” by the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials and plant-available Si may now be listed on fertilizer labels. It plays an important role in the resistance of agricultural crops against several insect pests. Numerous direct and indirect effects had been observed on insect herbivores due to this micro-nutrient. Direct effects include decline in the performance which ultimately minimized plant damage while indirect effects include interruption in establishment, increasing population of natural enemies and reduction in the usage of pesticides. The purpose of this review article is to recapitulate the work of different researchers throughout the world on the management of insect pests by using an alternate strategy which have no side effects on human as well as environment and are easily available to the farmers in cheap price

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38

Labadie, Magali y Franck Saint-Marcoux. "Pesticides : quelles expositions et quels effets sur la santé humaine ?" Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 33, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2021): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxac.2021.06.022.

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Fedorenko, V., S. Mostoviak y I. Mostoviak. "Ecologically safe methods of pest control in modern agricultural technologies". Agroecological journal, n.º 4 (28 de octubre de 2021): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.4.2021.252957.

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The issue of agricultural crop protection against pests remains constantly relevant. Annual crop losses in the world are 18–20%, estimated at more than 470 billion US dollars because of the harmful effects of arthropods. Most part of the losses of the grown crop occurs under the field conditions before harvest and requires a number of measures to protect plants from pests. The chemical method of plant protection against pests continues to be used by most agricultural producers, which is confirmed by the positive dynamics of the pesticide market development in the world with an annual growth of 2.5–3%. Among the range of chemical plant protection products, sales of insecticides account for 25.3% of world sales. Despite the use of about 3 million tons of pesticides per year, the level of crop losses from harmful entomofauna remains significant. At the same time, deterioration of the phytosanitary condition of agroecosystems caused by a number of abiotic and biotic factors requires a qualitative estimation of the condition and determination of ways of complexes changing of pest organisms in agrobiocenoses and development of new innovative, environmentally safe measures to control their number. Alternative environmentally friendly methods of pest control which meets the principles of integrated plant protection and replacement of chemical insecticides with biological preparations or other environmentally safe methods in modern agrotechnologies for growing crops are increasingly used. This is evidenced by the positive dynamics in the development of the global market for biopesticides with a forecast of annual growth by 14.7%, which may reach $ 8.5 billion US dollars by 2025. 47% of preparations in the range of biopesticides by functional purpose on the world market are preparations against phytophagous insects. Effective control over the pest number in modern agrotechnologies is based on the use of biological control, microbial pesticides, chemical compounds produced by living organisms and can change pest behaviour, secondary metabolites of plants (eg, phenols and polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids), on formation of stable plant varieties and plant immunization, etc.

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40

Striegler, R. K., M. A. Mayse, U. O'Keefe y D. R. Wineman. "Response of `Thompson Seedless' Grapevines to Sustainable Viticultural Practices". HortScience 30, n.º 4 (julio de 1995): 806E—806. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.806e.

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Consumer concerns about pesticide residues and environmental degradation are having a significant impact on the California grape industry. Growers are using a variety of practices, from integrated pest management to certified organic production, to reduce the amount of pesticides and other synthetic inputs used in vineyards. This experiment was established to test selected sustainable cultural practices in a mature `Thompson Seedless' vineyard. Treatments included in the experiment were row middle management (cultivated vs. perennial legume cover crop) and nitrogen fertilization (compost vs. synthetic). Vine nutritional status, yield, fruit composition, pruning weight, and population levels of the variegated leafhopper were monitored each season (1992–1994). In addition, efforts were expanded during the 1994 season to include assessment of spider, herbivorous mite, and beneficial arthropod densities. Conventional cultural practices (cultivation and synthetic fertilizer) produced the highest yields during the 1992 and 1993 seasons. This result may have been due to the nutritional status of vines, which was generally better for the cultivation and synthetic fertilizer treatment, especially in 1992. In 1994, significant treatment effects on yield were not observed, indicating that legume cover crop plots had become fully established. Sustainable cultural practices had little impact on growth, fruit composition, or insect pest pressure. `Thompson Seedless' grapes were grown for three seasons without the use of insecticides or herbicides. Vine diseases were managed by cultural practices and application of sulfur.

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41

Knozowski, Paweł, Jacek J. Nowakowski, Anna Maria Stawicka, Beata Dulisz y Andrzej Górski. "Effect of Management of Grassland on Prey Availability and Physiological Condition of Nestling of Red-Backed Shrike Lanius collurio". Animals 14, n.º 7 (3 de abril de 2024): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14071093.

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The study aimed to determine the influence of grassland management on the potential food base of the red-backed shrike Lanius collurio and the condition of chicks in the population inhabiting semi-natural grasslands in the Narew floodplain. The grassland area was divided into three groups: extensively used meadows, intensively used meadows fertilised with mineral fertilisers, and intensively used meadows fertilised with liquid manure, and selected environmental factors that may influence food availability were determined. Using Barber traps, 1825 samples containing 53,739 arthropods were collected, and the diversity, abundance, and proportion of large arthropods in the samples were analysed depending on the grassland use type. In the bird population, the condition of the chicks was characterised by the BCI (Body Condition Index) and haematological parameters (glucose level, haemoglobin level, haematocrit, and H:L ratio). The diversity of arthropods was highest in extensively used meadows. Still, the mean abundance and proportion of arthropods over 1 cm in length differed significantly for Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Arachne, and Carabidae between grassland use types, with the highest proportion of large arthropods and the highest abundance recorded in manure-fertilised meadows. The highest Body Condition Indexes and blood glucose levels of nestlings indicating good nestling nutrition were recorded in nests of birds associated with extensive land use. The H:L ratio as an indicator of the physiological condition of nestlings was high on manure-fertilised and extensively managed meadows, indicating stress factors associated with these environments. This suggests that consideration should be given to the effects of chemicals, such as pesticides or drug residues, that may come from slurry poured onto fields on the fitness of red-backed shrike chicks.

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42

Bacon, Marie-Hélène, Louise Vandelac y Sébastien Petrie. "Pesticides: Le Talon d’Achille des politiques alimentaires canadiennes et québécoises". Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 5, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2018): 153–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v5i3.274.

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Comment expliquer que le projet de politique alimentaire du Canada ignore le dossier des pesticides alors que la récente politique bioalimentaire du Québec évoque vaguement la question, mais sans engagements significatifs? Pourquoi évacuer ainsi l’analyse des enjeux et des effets sanitaires et environnementaux préoccupants des pesticides et notamment du glyphosate, premier pesticide au monde, en croissance exponentielle, qui, déclaré cancérogène probable par le Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (CIRC) de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) (IARC, 2015), constitue au Canada 56 pour cent des pesticides agricoles et 44 pour cent de ceux du Québec (Santé Canada, 2017a; MDDELCC, 2017)? Presqu’omniprésent dans les champs, les cours d’eau agricoles et dans 30 pour cent des aliments au Canada, le glyphosate est l’objet de vives controverses scientifiques et citoyennes dans le monde entier (Robin, 2008, 2018). En Europe, sa ré-autorisation, suite à deux ans de vives controverses a été limitée à 5 ans. Aux États-Unis, 3,500 victimes d’un lymphome non-hodgkinien attribué au Roundup, premier herbicide à base de glyphosate (HBG) en importance au monde, poursuivent en justice son principal fabricant Monsanto (Gonzague & Michel, 2017) alors qu’en France et en Argentine, des poursuites pour malformations congénitales s’amorcent également contre Monsanto (Foucart, 2018). Cet article examine, dans une approche interdisciplinaire et intersectorielle, les facteurs de la montée en puissance des HBG, leurs principaux effets sur l’environnement et la santé, et les lacunes d’évaluation et d’encadrement des pesticides, contribuant à leur diffusion massive et à leurs effets. Il met aussi en évidence que les projets et politiques alimentaires canadiennes et québécoises, centrés sur le développement de modèles agro-industriels intensifs et technicisés d’exportation soumis à une conception de croissance économique, sont peu compatibles avec les exigences de protection de la biodiversité, de la santé et de la sécurité alimentaire. Or, dans un contexte de globalisation des marchés et d’accords de libre-échange avec l’Europe, plus soucieuse du Principe de Précaution et de droits des consommateurs, la négligence de ces enjeux écologiques et sanitaires risque d’en constituer le talon d’Achille.

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43

Miller, Fredric y Susan Uetz. "Evaluating Biorational Pesticides for Controlling Arthropod Pests and their Phytotoxic Effects on Greenhouse Crops". HortTechnology 8, n.º 2 (abril de 1998): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.8.2.185.

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Horticultural oil and insecticidal soap were as effective as conventional insecticides and miticides in controlling a variety of sap-feeding insects and mites on common greenhouse crops. Neem extract (Margosan-O or Azatin) was less consistent and provided intermediate to good control of a variety of sap-feeding insects and mites on common greenhouse crops. Except for purple heart (Setcreasea purpurea K. Schum. & Sydow) and wax ivy (Hoya carnosa R. Br.), repetitive sprays of horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, and neem extract (Azatin) did not seem to cause any noticeable phytotoxicity or effect the growth of 52 species or cultivars of bedding plants and 13 species of foliage plants examined in this study. Repetitive sprays of horticultural oil and insecticidal soap significantly affected plant height and final quality of some poinsettia cultivars evaluated in this study.

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44

Guenser, Josépha, Emilie Bourgade, Marc Vergnes, Thierry Dufourcq y Séverine Mary. "Assessment of biodiversity and agronomic parameters in two Agroforestry vineyards". E3S Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185001013.

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Sustainability of agricultural production systems is nowadays considered as a major challenge to face. Viticulture is particularly affected by environmental issues, especially because of its consumption in pesticides. Besides, the social demand in environment-friendly products is increasing, and the reputation of wines produced under Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) is also built on the specificity of natural characteristics and resources such as soil, which has to be preserved. Biodiversity loss is largely admitted among the scientific community, and landscape simplification is known as a major driver in this process. Agroforestry, which combines trees with crops, could be a seducing response to biodiversity loss in agro-ecosystems, but the possibility of negative interactions between trees and vines (competition for water, nutrients, light) has to be considered. The Vitiforest project aims to assess south west of France agroforestry vineyard plots by spatializing different parameters in the domain of agronomy, ecology, micro-climate and economy. Field measurements were undertaken at different distances from the intercropped lines of trees in two agroforestry vineyard plots, in order to test potential effects of the trees. Arthropods were collected periodically with pitfall traps (for ground-dwelling individuals) and with D-vac system (aspiration of vine leaves). Pest insects (Empoasca vitis) were collected by specific yellow sticky traps. Data collected to describe biodiversity in these agroforestry systems was total arthropods abundances, abundances per order, carabidae richness and abundances. Nitrogen status was assessed by using Greenseeker® device, through the NDVI index. Our observations show that intercropped trees have no direct effects on vine nutrition. Slight effects on pests insects repartition were found, but these effects are inconstant according to experimental site and year of observation. The same trend is observed for arthropods abundances in the plots.

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Rhoades, Stefan N. y Philip K. Stoddard. "Nonlethal Effects of Pesticides on Web-Building Spiders Might Account for Rapid Mosquito Population Rebound after Spray Application". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 4 (3 de febrero de 2021): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041360.

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Spiders are important population regulators of insect pests that spread human disease and damage crops. Nonlethal pesticide exposure is known to affect behavior of arthropods. For spiders such effects include the inability to repair their webs or capture prey. In this study, nonlethal exposure of Mabel’s orchard spider (Leucauge argyrobapta) to the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin, via web application, interfered with web reconstruction and mosquito capture ability for 1–3 days. The timing of this loss-of-predator ecosystem function corresponds to the rapid population rebound of the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) following insecticide application to control arbovirus epidemics. We suggest this temporal association is functional and propose that follow-up study be conducted to evaluate its significance.

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46

Görzen, Eugen, Tim Diekötter, Maike Meyerink, Helen Kretzschmar y Tobias W. Donath. "The Potential to Save Agrestal Plant Species in an Intensively Managed Agricultural Landscape through Organic Farming—A Case Study from Northern Germany". Land 10, n.º 2 (22 de febrero de 2021): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020219.

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Intensive agriculture is among the main drivers of diversity decline worldwide. In Central Europe, pressures related with agriculture include habitat loss due to the consolidation of farming units, pesticide and fertilizer use, and shortened crop rotations. In recent decades, this development has resulted in a severe decline of agrestal plant communities. Organic farming has been suggested as a biodiversity friendly way of farming, as it strongly restricts the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers and relies on longer crop rotations. It may thus help in saving agrestal plant communities in the future. In this study, we assessed the long-term effects of three types of arable field management (conventional farming, organic farming, and bio-dynamic farming) on three farms in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, Northern Germany. We collected data on above-ground plant communities and seed banks and analyzed them with regards to the impact of the farming system and their position in the field using nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) and linear mixed effects models (LME) combined with ANOVA and Tukey contrast tests. Plants in organically or bio-dynamically managed fields differed in their composition and traits from those occurring in conventionally managed fields, i.e., they showed a preference for higher temperatures and were dominated by insect-pollinated species. While conventional farming had negative effects on vegetation and the seed bank, organic and bio-dynamic farms had neutral or slightly positive effects on both. This highlights the potential of the latter two to conserve species even in an intensively managed landscape. In addition, this may halt or even reverse the decrease in arthropod, bird, and mammal species, since agrestal plants constitute an important component of food-webs in agricultural landscapes.

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CARTER, N. "Field trials to study the within-season effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods in cereals in summer". EPPO Bulletin 23, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1993): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb00572.x.

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Bale, J. S., J. C. van Lenteren y F. Bigler. "Biological control and sustainable food production". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, n.º 1492 (6 de septiembre de 2007): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2182.

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The use of biological control for the management of pest insects pre-dates the modern pesticide era. The first major successes in biological control occurred with exotic pests controlled by natural enemy species collected from the country or area of origin of the pest (classical control). Augmentative control has been successfully applied against a range of open-field and greenhouse pests, and conservation biological control schemes have been developed with indigenous predators and parasitoids. The cost–benefit ratio for classical biological control is highly favourable (1 : 250) and for augmentative control is similar to that of insecticides (1 : 2–1 : 5), with much lower development costs. Over the past 120 years, more than 5000 introductions of approximately 2000 non-native control agents have been made against arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands with remarkably few environmental problems. Biological control is a key component of a ‘systems approach’ to integrated pest management, to counteract insecticide-resistant pests, withdrawal of chemicals and minimize the usage of pesticides. Current studies indicate that genetically modified insect-resistant Bt crops may have no adverse effects on the activity or function of predators or parasitoids used in biological control. The introduction of rational approaches for the environmental risk assessment of non-native control agents is an essential step in the wider application of biological control, but future success is strongly dependent on a greater level of investment in research and development by governments and related organizations that are committed to a reduced reliance on chemical control.

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Smart, Lesley E., J. H. Stevenson y J. H. H. Walters. "Development of field trial methodology to assess short-term effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods in arable crops". Crop Protection 8, n.º 3 (junio de 1989): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(89)90023-9.

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Maute, Kimberly, Paul Story, Grant C. Hose, C. M. Bull y Kris French. "Applications of fipronil (Adonis 3UL) and Metarhizium acridum for use against locusts have minimal effect on litter decomposition and microbial functional diversity in Australian arid grassland". Soil Research 55, n.º 2 (2017): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16002.

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Litter and microbes are key drivers of nutrient cycles, particularly in arid ecosystems where decomposition rates are low. Locust control in arid regions represents a potentially important hazard to microbes, because local taxa are unlikely to have adapted to pesticide exposure and operations often occur during times of high microbial activity. We monitored the response of aboveground litter decomposition and soil bacteria functional diversity to aerial applications of fipronil (a chemical pesticide) barrier treatments and Metarhizium acridum (a fungal biopesticide) blanket treatments. Decomposition was monitored over 2 years (before and after treatments) using a replicated litter-bag experiment, whereas changes in bacteria functional diversity were measured over 1 month. Analysis of litter mass loss indicated there were no pesticide treatment effects relative to control. Less litter decomposed in small than large mesh bags, and less litter decomposed during the second year of the study. Litter had higher mean nitrogen (N) and carbon (C), and a lower C:N ratio, during the first year of the study. In contrast, within-treatment site analysis revealed a significant increase in litter mass remaining in bags at M. acridum-treated subsites. However, these values were only 4% different from control sites, suggesting that the effect detected may not be biologically significant. There appeared to be no pesticide treatment effect on bacterial community functional diversity and no significant temporal variation. The lack of large-scale pesticide treatment effects suggests that arid zone fungi and bacteria are resilient to such disturbances. Differences in decomposition was explained by differences in the activity of arthropods and in the shade provided by the two mesh sizes, and an annual decline could be attributed to lower litter C and N content and lower annual rainfall in Year 2. Results show the temporal variation possible in decomposition and microbe community measures in arid systems.

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