Tesis sobre el tema "Armed Conflict"
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Buhaug, Halvard. "The geography of armed civil conflict". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of sociology and political science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1624.
Texto completoThis dissertation seeks to increase our general knowledge of the origins and dynamics of civil war by exploring the many possible functions of geography. Each of the five chapters that follow the introduction has its own specific ambition and empirical analysis, but they also serve a more general purpose: to investigate the geography-civil war nexus in more detail and with better data than what has previously been done.
Lujala, Päivi. "Natural Resources and Armed Civil Conflict". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2240.
Texto completoOtunba, Ganiyu. "Preventing Interstate Armed Conflict : whose responsibility?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Statsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14158.
Texto completoPech, Lisa. "Armed Conflict and Urban Growth Patterns". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21130.
Texto completoThis dissertation combines satellite imagery analysis and field research to investigate the influence of armed conflict on urban spatial development in the eastern periphery of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and western Rwanda. This border region continues to be affected by inter- and intra-state conflict since the early 1990s. The primary study area is the city of Goma in Congo's North Kivu province. Additionally, a comparison is drawn to the adjacent city of Gisenyi in Rwanda's Western Province. The literature on urban areas in Congo and throughout Sub-Saharan Africa often refers to large primary cities. Little is known about urban development of secondary cities in conflict zones, and spatially explicit studies are rare. By combining satellite imagery analysis with semi-structured interviews and observations from field visits, this dissertation provides two complementary perspectives. The second chapter uses a time series of high-resolution Landsat images to analyze Goma's expansion between 1986 and 2015, a timeframe that includes conflict in Rwanda (1990-1994), the Congo Wars (1996-2003), and their violent aftermath. It shows how stages of urban growth relate to waves of forced displacement. The third chapter relies on very high-resolution (VHR) images for a fine-scale mapping of urbanization patterns between 2005 and 2014, and attributes them to groups of key actors. The fourth chapter extends the analysis to Goma’s Rwandan twin-city Gisenyi. It compares how inter- and intra-state conflict, and recent stability in Rwanda affect urban development across a national border. The dissertation concludes by reflecting on the utility and limitations of this methodological combination for conflict regions, highlighting areas for further research.
Reddy, Joy Elise. "The law of non-international armed conflict and organised armed groups". Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604879.
Texto completoSzesnat, Felicity. "The applicability of the law of armed conflict regimes : the classification of armed conflicts in international law". Thesis, University of Essex, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701646.
Texto completoPark, Ian David. "The right to life in armed conflict". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5c14a488-9d06-43fd-a0e2-cb5bd900b508.
Texto completoTunfjord, Samuel. "Unequal Hunger : Pathways to Armed Conflict Onset". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393926.
Texto completoBergholt, Drago. "Natural Disasters, Economic Growth and Armed Civil Conflict". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for samfunnsøkonomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10170.
Texto completoKuper, Jenny Riva. "International law concerning child civilians in armed conflict". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362781.
Texto completoLis, Piotr. "Essays on economics of terrorism and armed conflict". Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/c623da9f-2bd0-0936-922d-1a52af5e590e/10/.
Texto completoHelle, Valeria, Andra-Stefania Negus y Jakob Nyberg. "Improving armed conflict prediction using machine learning : ViEWS+". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354845.
Texto completoI detta projekt, vilket vi valt att benämna ViEWS+, har vi förbättrat olika aspekter av ViEWS (Violence Early-Warning System), ett system som med maskinlärning försöker förutsäga var i världen väpnade konflikter kommer uppstå. Målet med ViEWS är att kunna förutsäga sannolikheten för konflikter så långt som 36 månader i framtiden. Målet med att förutsäga sannoliketen för konflikter är att politiker och beslutsfattare ska kunna använda dessa kunskaper för att förhindra dem. Indata till systemet är konfliktdata med ett stort antal egenskaper, så som tidigare konflikter, barnadödlighet och urbanisering. Dessa är av varierande användbarhet, vilket skapar ett behov för att sålla ut de som inte är användbara för att förutsäga framtida konflikter. Innan vårt projekt har forskarna som använder ViEWS valt ut egenskaper för hand, vilket blir allt svårare i och med att fler introduceras. Forskargruppen hade även ingen formell metodik för att välja parametervärden till de maskinlärningsfunktioner de använder. De valde parametrar baserat på erfarenhet och känsla, något som kan leda till onödigt långa exekveringstider och eventuellt sämre resultat beroende på funktionen som används. Våra mål med projektet var att förbättra systemets produktivitet, i termer av exekveringstid och säkerheten i förutsägelserna. För att uppnå detta utvecklade vi analysverktyg för att försöka lösa de existerande problemen. Vi har utvecklat ett verktyg för att välja ut färre, mer användbara, egenskaper från datasamlingen. Detta gör att egenskaper som inte tillför någon viktig information kan sorteras bort vilket sparar exekveringstid. Vi har även jämfört prestandan hos olika maskinlärningsfunktioner, för att identifiera de bäst lämpade för konfliktprediktion. Slutligen har vi implementerat ett verktyg för att analysera hur resultaten från funktionerna varierar efter valet av parametrar. Detta gör att man systematiskt kan bestämma vilka parametervärden som bör väljas för att garantera bra resultat samtidigt som exekveringstid hålls nere. Våra resultat visar att med våra förbättringar sänkes exekveringstiden med en faktor av omkring nio och förutsägelseförmågorna höjdes med en faktor av tre. Vi hoppas att vårt arbete kan leda till säkrare föutsägelser och vilket i sin tur kanske leder till en fredligare värld.
Derejko, Nathan S. "Understanding the contours of non-international armed conflict". Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20047/.
Texto completoWilliams, Jack F. "Archaeological ethics in armed conflicts". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28187.
Texto completoKapend, Richard Tshingamb. "The demography of armed conflict and violence : assessing the extent of population loss associated with the 1998-2004 D.R. Congo armed conflict". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366482/.
Texto completoLuna, Rassa Maria F. "Mapping heterotopias Colombian documentary films of the armed conflict". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284925.
Texto completoDocumentary films of an armed conflict take us to other spaces. Places of reality that for a regular citizen, are counter sites, unknown territories. Documentary filmmakers physically experiment with other spaces. They build trust bonds with their subjects, follow their pathways or re-enact memories of tragic experiences. Nevertheless they feel like witnesses or tourists. This shows a great distance between the realities of isolated rural zones and urban life in inter-connected megacities. This is the reason that led me to question the production of heterotopias between urban documentary filmmakers and communities filmed in remote rural zones of the armed conflict in Colombia. Mapping Heterotopias is a physical and conceptual cartography of rural documentaries recorded in Colombia during the the democratic security policy (2002-2010), a policy that restricted the circulation of people in the armed conflict zones. The first stage of this research identified a database of 110 documentaries recorded in rural zones. The spatial analysis explores in detail the production of heterotopias based on the selection of ten representative films. It is presented on three levels: First level, locating the visited zones and through semi-structured interviews with the filmmakers, describe the spatial media practice: the routines of production and the relationships with the communities in concrete rural zones. Second level interprets the production of heterotopias as poetic spaces that structure the documentary discourse. Third level observes the representational spaces of the film’s circulation. The results point out to the production of rural transnationalities in documentary films as a new contradictory space of national legitimisation that emerges when rural heterotopias are screened in international film festivals or on television channels. The documentary gaze, inspired in the representation of isolated rural zones of the armed conflict has been determinant in current co-productions of fictional films. Finally, it stresses the importance of social networking between the documentary filmmakers and the rural communities, not only to access to the distant territories, but to unveil the invisible heterotopias of the armed conflict.
Sollenberg, Margareta. "A Scramble for Rents : Foreign Aid and Armed Conflict". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-171720.
Texto completoPeeler, Bryan. "Expectations of reciprocity in the law of armed conflict". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59075.
Texto completoArts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
Carstens, Anne-Marie. "The affirmative protection of cultural property during armed conflict". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617097.
Texto completoMoir, Lindsay. "The protection of civilians during non-international armed conflict". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284993.
Texto completoJormanainen, Jim Lars Emil. "Does Armed Conflict Affect Violence Against the LGBT Community?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-377248.
Texto completoNorberg, Niklas. "Framing Mali : Swedish media portrayal of an armed conflict". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för mediestudier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157058.
Texto completoLee, Uih Ran. "An economic analysis of human cost in armed conflicts". Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2013. http://digirep.rhul.ac.uk/items/e112705e-c357-b1c8-9aa2-2c555d6485f5/1/.
Texto completoMacak, Jakub (Kubo). "Internationalized armed conflicts in international law". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:793d605d-dea3-403c-95df-c88bfe0cf19f.
Texto completoPacheco, Ivan Francisco. "Conflict, Postconflict, and the Functions of the University: Lessons from Colombia and other Armed Conflicts". Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3407.
Texto completo"Education and conflict" has emerged as a new field of study during the last two decades. However, higher education is still relatively absent from this debate as most of the research has focused on primary and non-formal education. This dissertation is an exploratory qualitative study on the potential role of higher education in peacebuilding processes. The conceptual framework for the study is a taxonomy of the functions of higher education designed by the author. The questions guiding the dissertation are: 1) What can we learn about the role of higher education in conflict and postconflict from the experience of countries that have suffered internal conflicts in the last century? 2) How are universities in Colombia affected by the ongoing armed conflict in the country? 3) How can Colombian higher education contribute to build sustainable peace in the country? First, based on secondary sources, the dissertation explores seven armed conflicts that took place during the twentieth century. Then, the focus turns to the Colombian case. The research incorporates the analysis of 23 semi-structured interviews, published and unpublished documents, institutional websites, and government statistics, among others. In most of the conflicts included in the international overview, higher education institutions (HEIs) played instrumental roles during the conflict and the postconflict. Yet, those roles were not always conducive for peacebuilding. Universities, professors and students have been affected by the conflict, have participated in it, and sometimes, have been used by the combating parties for logistical purposes or to promote an ideology. In contrast, delegating a peacebuilding role to higher education is a relatively new phenomenon. Armed conflict in Colombia tends to affect public HEIs more than private ones. Public and private HEIs in Colombia have participated in peacebuilding activities. Sometimes they collaborated with government agencies and NGOs; other times, they worked independently. The contribution of higher education to peacebuilding goes beyond its traditional teaching function and includes many other functions that are hardly mentioned in peacebuilding literature
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education
Prest, Stewart. "Rough peace : understanding the avoidance of armed conflict in Bolivia". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55893.
Texto completoArts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
Ramrattan, Hemma. "A right to redress for victims of internal armed conflict". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441812.
Texto completoMolefhe, Ishmael Rapula Moagi. "An analysis of military power sharing in Mozambique: a conflict management perspective". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19212.
Texto completoPandey, Sajala. "Essays on the Economic Consequences of Conflict:". Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108747.
Texto completoThis dissertation strives to understand the short and long-run consequences of armed conflict. In short-run, as conflict increases, parents are less likely to send their children to school or take them to health facilities and more likely to keep them home. Less time in school might translate to more time spent at work for these children. Coping with conflict can disrupt human capital accumulation of children and exposes them to adverse experiences, the effects of which can also last into adulthood. Some of the persistent effects of conflict on educational and health outcomes have been widely studied in the literature. Nevertheless, relatively less is known about how these childhood exposures affect adult behavior, beliefs, and attitudes. One of the goals of this dissertation is to study such long-lasting impacts of childhood exposure to conflict. In the first chapter, “Victims of Consequence: Evidence on Child Outcomes using Microdata from a Civil War”, joint with Giri Subramaniam, we study the short-run impacts of violent events on child time allocation, curative health-care, and education. Exploiting the spatial and temporal variation in exposure to local-level armed conflict, we find that an increase in violent events: (i) leads to an increase in contemporaneous hours worked by children, with the effect being substantial for agricultural work; (ii) decreases the likelihood of parents taking their children to visit a health-care facility to seek curative care; and (iii) results in a reduced likelihood of attending school, along with a decline in years of education. Overall, the results indicate that war affected schooling and time allocation of boys whereas girls were less likely to get curative health-care. The second chapter of this dissertation, “Do Adverse Childhood Experience Shape Violent and Abusive Adult Behavior?", is motivated by the fact that family violence is pervasive and has detrimental economic consequences. Nevertheless, very little is known about how childhood experiences influence this behavior. In this study, I explore long-run determinants of family violence by linking exposure to adverse circumstances in childhood to the perpetration of abuse and neglect in adulthood. In particular, I examine the effects of men’s exposure to the Nepalese Civil War (1996-2006) in childhood. Exploiting spatial and temporal variation in childhood exposure to the armed conflict from ages 0 to 16, I find that exposed men are less likely to perpetrate spousal violence and to display controlling behaviors. Additionally, children of exposed fathers are less likely to experience violent disciplining at home. They also work fewer hours per week and are less likely to be involved in dangerous working conditions. In the third chapter, “Exploring the Channels”, I study the potential mechanisms that underlie the empirical results established by Chapter 2. I find that exposed men are more likely to complete secondary schooling, be employed at skilled non-agricultural occupations, and marry women who are more likely to have completed primary school and currently working. The most pertinent channel is that these men are less likely to justify wife-beating in different scenarios. Next, I assess the implications of the empirical results on the theories of domestic violence. Existing theories highlight two broader motives for perpetrating domestic violence: “Expressive” and “Instrumental”. Violence is instrumental if it is used to extract resources from the victim whereas it is expressive if the perpetrator gains direct non- pecuniary (dis)utility from it. I find that my results resonate strongly with “Expressive” theories of domestic violence where men who were exposed to conflict in childhood find using violence at home distasteful
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
Patsch, Megan. "Governed by Guerrillas: When Armed Insurgents Become Political Leaders". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1503494132675511.
Texto completoSvensson, Isak. "Elusive Peacemakers : A Bargaining Perspective on Mediation in Internal Armed Conflicts". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7412.
Texto completoThis composite dissertation explores mediation in internal armed conflicts from a bargaining perspective. Four separate essays investigate why mediation occurs, why it is successful, and why peace guarantors’ commitments are credible. Essay 1 examines the conditions under which mediation takes place. The study argues that whereas it is costly for governments to accept international mediation, it is a less costly intervention tool for potential third parties. This argument implies that mediation will be more likely when and where negotiated settlements are least likely to be reached, a contention that is supported by empirical tests. Essay 2 reviews the contemporary debate on what types of mediators that can disseminate information in a credible manner, and formulates a set of testable hypotheses on mediation partiality. The analysis shows that negotiated settlements are more likely if biased or interested mediators intervene, while neutral mediators are not associated with mediation success. Essay 3 elaborates on the role of biased mediators. It proposes that rebels face a commitment problem when negotiated settlements are to be reached, which government-biased mediators can mitigate. The study finds that such types of mediators outperform rebel-biased mediators in terms of helping combatants to settle the armed conflict. Essay 4 deals with the commitment problem that comes to pass between, on the one hand the primary parties, and on the other, the potential peace guarantors. The study probes the requests and promises for third-party security guarantees and suggests that the reputation of the United Nations (UN) enhances its credibility as peace guarantor compared to non-UN actors. It finds that although the UN is more restrictive with its promises, it is more likely that peacekeeping forces will be provided if the UN is one of the guarantors. In sum, utilizing unique data from two time-periods (post World War II and post Cold War), this dissertation arrives at new insights on the role of mediators in bringing about negotiated settlements of internal armed conflicts.
Bickerstaffe, Emma-Louise McQuilkan. "The use of force in armed conflict and the inherent right of self-defence of state armed forces". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709487.
Texto completoWalch, Colin. "Conflict in the Eye of the Storm : Micro-dynamics of Natural Disasters, Cooperation and Armed Conflict". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-268341.
Texto completoLindgren, Göran. "Studies in conflict economics and economic growth /". Uppsala : Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6942.
Texto completoMcGary, Jessica L. "Gender and the Poverty-Conflict Trap". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228456.
Texto completoKamanzi, Aziza. "Legal protection of humanitarian workers during a non-international armed conflict". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2491_1299492391.
Texto completoThis research paper focuses on the legal protection of humanitarian workers. It refers to the experience of governmental organizations with a humanitarian vocation, and international humanitarian organizations, such as, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), active in more than 80 countries. The ICRC was created in order provide assistance and protection to wounded combatants,11 but its activity has gradually extended to include prisoners of war and civilians, territories. Also Medecin Sans Frontiere (MSF), functioning in more than 70 countries, was established to provide medical assistance to victims of conflicts or natural and other disasters.
McRae, Peter. "Unaccountable Soldiers: Private Military Companies and the Law of Armed Conflict". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20580.
Texto completoPaola, Adarve-Zuluaga. "Facing Medusa : (intimate) art and resistance in the Colombian armed conflict". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54177.
Texto completoArts, Faculty of
Gender, Race, Sexuality and Social Justice, Institute for
Graduate
Ruiz-Roque, Orlando. "The laws of armed conflict and environmental protection: striking a balance". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26038.
Texto completoZafeer, Shaf. "The political economy of foreign direct investment during internal armed conflict". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6060/.
Texto completoMillan, Quijano J. A. "Essays on the economics of the Colombian armed conflict and violence". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1431699/.
Texto completoLötter, Rohan Johannes. "Medical professionals in armed conflict : the case of Dr Wouter Basson". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77407.
Texto completoMini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
González, Belén. "The dynamics of state violence : repression and genocide in armed conflict". Thesis, University of Essex, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702726.
Texto completoMcAllister, Bradley Duncan. "Code and conduct, an analysis of the modern law of armed conflict". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/MQ32184.pdf.
Texto completoCyr, Jeffrey B. A. "Smashing the myth, the Gulf War and the transformation of armed conflict". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0013/MQ41689.pdf.
Texto completoGowen, Claire D. "IMF Conditionality and Armed Civil Conflict: An Analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa". unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08062007-155735/.
Texto completoTitle from file title page. Carrie L. Manning, committee chair; Scott E. Graves, Charles R. Hankla, committee members. Electronic text (49 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Apr. 3, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-49).
Nortje, Windell. "The criminal accountability of child soldiers in the light of armed conflict". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4135_1365584342.
Texto completoBecker, Jeffrey Marcus. "Armed conflict and border society : the East and Middle Marches, 1536-60". Thesis, Durham University, 2006. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2743/.
Texto completoVivekananthan, Niranjini. "The international legal protection of persons internally displaced by internal armed conflict". Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5643.
Texto completoPihale, Estêvão. "The environmental impact of the armed conflict in Southern Mozambique, 1977-1992". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11640.
Texto completoThis dissertation analyses the main environmental problems that were faced during the armed conflict in Mozambique between 1977 to 1992. The subject matter covered by this dissertation is diverse, including the political economy of the Region South of the Save River, the character of armed conflict and the environmental profile on the effects of the conflict in Southern Mozambique. Because when South African regime backed Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (RENAMO) in the early 1980s, the conflict had escalated in Southern Mozambique, and accelerated environmental problems, combined with natural disasters such as floods and droughts.