Tesis sobre el tema "Approche centrée sur l'humain"
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Bertrand, Astrid. "Misplaced trust in AI : the explanation paradox and the human-centric path. A characterisation of the cognitive challenges to appropriately trust algorithmic decisions and applications in the financial sector". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAT012.
Texto completoAs AI is becoming more widespread in our everyday lives, concerns have been raised about comprehending how these opaque structures operate. In response, the research field of explainability (XAI) has developed considerably in recent years. However, little work has studied regulators' need for explainability or considered effects of explanations on users in light of legal requirements for explanations. This thesis focuses on understanding the role of AI explanations to enable regulatory compliance of AI-enhanced systems in financial applications. The first part reviews the challenge of taking into account human cognitive biases in the explanations of AI systems. The analysis provides several directions to better align explainability solutions with people's cognitive processes, including designing more interactive explanations. It then presents a taxonomy of the different ways to interact with explainability solutions. The second part focuses on specific financial contexts. One study takes place in the domain of online recommender systems for life insurance contracts. The study highlights that feature based explanations do not significantly improve non expert users' understanding of the recommendation, nor lead to more appropriate reliance compared to having no explanation at all. Another study analyzes the needs of regulators for explainability in anti-money laundering and financing of terrorism. It finds that supervisors need explanations to establish the reprehensibility of sampled failure cases, or to verify and challenge banks' correct understanding of the AI
Benjelloun, Omar. "Active XML : une approche des services Web centrée sur les données". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112087.
Texto completoThis thesis introduces Active XML (AXML, for short), a declarative framework that harnesses Web services for distributed data management, and is put to work in a peer-to-peer architecture. An AXML document is an XML document that may contain embedded calls to Web services, whose invocation enriches the document. An AXML service is a Web service that exchanges AXML documents. An AXML "peer" is a repository of AXML documents. On the one hand, it acts as a client, by invoking the service calls embedded in its documents. On the other hand, a peer acts as a server, by providing AXML services that can be declaratively specified as queries or updates over the AXML documents of its repository. The AXML approach allows for gracefully combining stored information with data defined in an intensional manner (as service calls). The fact that AXML peers can exchange a mix of materialized and intensional data (via AXML documents) leads to a very powerful distributed data management paradigm. The AXML approach leads to a number of important problems that are studied in the thesis. First, we address the issue of controlling the exchange of AXML data. We propose to use declarative schema specifications, and provide algorithms to statically enforce them. Second, we propose techniques for the "lazy evaluation" of queries on AXML documents, that detect which embedded service calls may contribute to query answers. An implementation of AXML peers compliant with W3C standards is also described in the thesis
Tursi, Angela. "Approche basée sur les ontologies pour l'interopérabilité centrée sur le produit des systèmes d'entreprise de production". Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00432303.
Texto completoCrasnier, Françoise. "L'Approche Centrée sur la Personne en situation de handicap mental". Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828663.
Texto completoAndrieux, Yann. "Contribution à la réflexion sur l'évaluation des projets de création d'entreprise : une approche centrée sur l'élaboration de projet". Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20200.
Texto completoKpakpo, Miguel. "Une approche de gestion de la maintenance de parcs éoliens centrée sur les systèmes multiagents". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMIR33/document.
Texto completoOptimization & maintenance in the Industrial sector covers different aspects according to the objectives set by the industrial operator. Their common goal is to reduce downtime and failures. For the windfarm operators the goal is to ensure the wind farms high availibility. We went one step further by asking the question of the efficiency of maintenance costs and the profitability. The answer to this question comes from the results of a cost function associated to a simulation model based on multiagents systems. The choice of the multiagent paradigm is motivated by the use of MAS for other simulation purposes and the fact that they guarantee a kind of flexibility regarding the evolution in a moving business context. This Phd thesis focuses on a multi-agent systems model designed to improve the management of wind farms through the definition of a set of financial criteria specific to the wind farm operators
Mehmood, Kashif. "Conception des Systèmes d'Information : une approche centrée sur les Patrons de Gestion de la Qualité". Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00922995.
Texto completoMehmood, Kashif. "Conception des Systèmes d'Information : une approche centrée sur les Patrons de Gestion de la Qualité". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, CNAM, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CNAM0721.
Texto completoConceptual models (CM) serve as the blueprints of information systems and their quality plays decisive role in the success of the end system. It has been witnessed that majority of the IS change-requests result due to deficient functionalities in the information systems. Therefore, a good analysis and design method should ensure that CM are correct and complete, as they are the communicating mediator between the users and the development team. Our approach targets the problems related to conceptual modeling quality by proposing a comprehensive solution. We designed multiple artifacts for different aspects of CM quality. These artifacts include the following: i. Formulation of comprehensive quality criteria (quality attributes, metrics, etc.) by federating the existing quality frameworks and identifying the quality criteria for gray areas. Most of the existing literature on CM quality evaluation represents disparate and autonomous quality frameworks proposing non-converging solutions. Thus, we synthesized (existing concepts proposed by researchers) and added the new concepts to formulate a comprehensive quality approach for conceptual models that also resulted in federating the existing quality frameworks. ii. Formulation of quality patterns to encapsulate past-experiences and good practices as the selection of relevant quality criteria (including quality attributes and metrics) with respect to a particular requirement (or goal) remains trickier for a non-expert user. These quality patterns encapsulate valuable knowledge in the form of established and better solutions to resolve quality problems in CM. iii. Designing of the guided quality driven process encompassing methods and techniques to evaluate and improve the conceptual models with respect to a specific user requirement or goal. Our process guides the user in formulating the desired quality goal, helps him/her in identifying the relevant quality patterns or quality attributes with respect to the quality goal and finally the process helps in evaluating the quality of the model and propose relevant recommendations for improvement. iv. Development of a software prototype “CM-Quality”. Our prototype implements all the above mentioned artifacts and proposes a workflow enabling its users to evaluate and improve CMs efficiently and effectively. We conducted a survey to validate the selection of the quality attributes through the above mentioned federating activity and also conducted three step detailed experiment to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of our overall approach and proposed artifacts
Bisson, Isaline. "Approche multidimensionnelle et collaborative de la conception de formations professionnelles immersive centrée sur les utilisateurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCA024.
Texto completoToday, an increasing number of industrial companies are embracing immersive technologies (IT). These innovative technologies are primarily used in professional training to enhance operator learning. Numerous academic and industrial studies have demonstrated the benefits of using these new methods, both in terms of learning quality and the deployment of new learning situations that were previously inaccessible. However, there still exists a notable lack of user-centric consideration in designing these new training tools, which limits their full potential. However, there is still a lack of consideration for users in the design of these new training materials, which limits their potential benefits. Stäubli, a global supplier of industrial and mechatronic solutions (electrical fittings, fluid fittings, robots, and textiles), has decided to address this issue in the context of a CIFRE thesis in partnership with the ERCOS unit of the ELLIADD laboratory (UR 4661).Incorporating user perspectives into the design of products, especially immersive training systems, is challenging due to its multidisciplinary and highly collaborative nature. Therefore, the objective of our research is to propose a methodological framework for collaborative user-centered design of immersive professional training (IPT).Our research makes several contributions. Firstly, we conducted (i) an analysis of training practices within the Stäubli company, coupled with (ii) a qualitative analysis of the barriers and opportunities associated with IT. Based on this and a review of the field, our second contribution is the proposal of an original model of the user-centered collaborative design process for IPT. This model was tested in various training project cases, including initial design, redesign, and remote scenarios, in diverse execution contexts (mandatory IT use, absence of training plans, tight time constraints, etc.). On one hand, the design process was validated by evaluating the outcomes, namely the developed applications. Their usability, acceptability, and pedagogical value were assessed using qualitative and quantitative approaches. On the other hand, the model's validation was done by comparing the prescribed process with real-world practices. Iterative improvements were proposed until a design process model for FPI was aligned with Stäubli's practices.A third contribution of our work involved analyzing collaboration phases, particularly convergence phases within the proposed process. We specifically studied the co-design phases of pedagogical scenarios using Intermediate Objects (IO) as an approach. Preliminary results from qualitative analyses of collaboration quality highlighted the importance of properly specifying these IDOs.Building on these results, our fourth and final contribution was to operationalize our model within the company's context. We translated it into a roadmap that contains essential elements for the seamless integration of our work into Stäubli's teams for future projects. Our roadmap was tested through a simulated trial involving three training needs scenarios presented to an internal panel within the company. The results from semi-structured interviews were positive, indicating an easy adoption of the roadmap
Haudot, Luc. "Une approche orientée utilisateur pour la conception de systèmes coopératifs en ordonnancement de production". Toulouse, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAT0015.
Texto completoÖnen, Suna Melek. "La Sécurité des communications multipoints dans les réseaux satellitaires: Une approche centrée sur la satisfaction des utilisateurs". Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001363.
Texto completoLafaye, Christophe. "La phase de traque d'information sur internet dans un processus de veille stratégique : une approche longitudinale centrée sur les agents intelligents". Lyon 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO33030.
Texto completoInternet changes the paradigm of organizational information. Internet is, indeed, a new field of strategic informations to the environmental scanning process. Nevertheless, the activity of information acquisition is a complex and hard one on Internet. That's why, intelligent agents had been created to help gatekeepers. Our research deals with general dynamics of assimilation of this tool in an organizational context
Peres-Wierzbicki, Claudine. "Le développement de la fonction sémiotique chez l'enfant porteur de trisomie 21 : une approche comparative centrée sur l'image". Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100083.
Texto completoMorand, Nadège. "Effets des benzodiazépines sur le fonctionnement de l'appareil auditif périphérique et sur la perception auditive : approche pharmacologique de l'inhibition GABAergique chez l'humain". Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO1T231.
Texto completoChouiref, Zahira. "Contribution à l'étude de l'optimisation de requêtes de services Web : une approche centrée utilisateur". Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0016.
Texto completoThe internet has completely transformed the way how we communicate (access toinformation). Its evolution was marked by strong growth of published services which has been accompanied by a large explosion in the number of users and a diversity oftheir profiles and their contexts.The work presented in this thesis deal with the adaptive optimization of Web services queries to user needs. This problem is to select a service or a combination of relevant services from a collection of candidates able to perform a required task. These candidate services must meet the requirements requested by the user, the selection makes his/herchoice from non-functional criteria. In our approach, non-functional criteria considered are all associated with preferences of service requester. A significant interest is therefore carried to the user who is at the core of the selection system. This selection is generally considered a complex task because of the diversity of profile and context of the service,which it is performed.Our study focuses mainly on the analysis of different service selection approaches.We especially highlight their contribution to solving the problems inherent in selecting the best services in order to meet the non-functional parameters of the request. Second, our interest has focused on modeling the specification of supply and demand for services, their context and profile as well as the two families preferences : explicit and implicit. Finally, we propose a novel optimization approach that integrates a query reformulation strategy by introducing implicit preferences based on the fuzzy inference process. The idea is to combine the two families of preferences required by the user with consideration of profiles and contexts of services and the user simultaneously. The application of fuzzy set theory in the optimization of preference query of customers by integrating reasoning module on information related to the user leads of great interest in improving the quality of results. We present at the end a set of experiments to demonstrate the validity and relevance of the proposed approach
Curien, Rémi. "Evolution, variabilité et développement de la mandibule chez les hominidés : intérêt d'une approche structurale centrée sur le canal mandibulaire". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10065/document.
Texto completoThe mandible is composed of distinct units integrated into a single bone around the director axis of the mandibular nerve which osseous artefact is the mandibular canal.Our study of the evolution and development of the mandible in hominids use a method that permits the study of the individual developments in these sub-units, with the mandibular canal as reference system. 453 mandibles of the genera Homo, Pan, Gorilla and some fossil hominid species are studied. Our protocol is based on standardized digital photographs. Its validity is statistically verified. Global variability in hominids, development and interspecific variability are analyzed.Our methodology provides improved perspicacity concerning the phenomena at work during the mandibular development and allows it to be modeled. The evolution of the mandible is not global but follows a ?mosaic? pattern. We differentiate an anterior mandible and a posterior mandible linked by the neural axis.Our work confirms the primordial, central and leading role of the mandibular nerve in mandibular development. The phylogenetic, adaptational, developmental and therapeutic implications are discussed
Gagnon-Rocque, Ariane. "La peine en droit de l’environnement canadien : de la sanction dissuasive à une approche centrée sur la réparation de l'atteinte". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28239/28239.pdf.
Texto completoPaul-Savoie, Émilie. "Identification des caractéristiques des soignants liées à l'utilisation d'une approche centrée sur le patient dans un contexte de douleur chronique". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6974.
Texto completoSchmitt, Bénédicte. "Conception de techniques d'interaction mixtes dédiées aux environnements virtuels hétérogènes : approche centrée sur les usages et guidée par les modèles". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2460/.
Texto completo3D environments are increasingly present in our life (games, cultural situation, or professional applications). At the same time, new interaction techniques continuously appear to improve the user interaction with systems. Evaluations are usually proposed to assess the implementation of an interaction technique in a specific type of environment for elementary tasks (e. G. Selection or navigation) to determine the consistency of the technique in terms of performance and satisfaction. Our works aim at defining an evaluation method in 3D environment that is based on the standard ISO 9241-9. To answer to issues of linked multi-views systems, we adapt the standard ISO 9241-9 to a heterogeneous environment that mixes 2D and 3D
Gagnon-Rocque, Ariane. "La peine en droit de l'environnement canadien : de la sanction dissuasive à une approche centrée sur la réparation de l'atteinte". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22832.
Texto completoEn raison du peu de doctrine portant sur la pénologie environnementale canadienne, le présent mémoire visait d'abord à présenter le portrait du paysage juridique en cette matière. Ce faisant, il est rapidement apparu que la détermination de la peine en droit de l'environnement par les tribunaux canadiens souffrait de certaines lacunes, principalement au niveau de l'importance accordée à l'objectif pénologique de la dissuasion. Cet accent indu menant à l'imposition de sanctions pénales aussi inefficaces qu'ineffectives, une nouvelle approche devait être offerte aux tribunaux canadiens. Il s'agit donc du second objectif du présent mémoire. S'inspirant de la philosophie de la justice réparatrice, une approche centrée sur la réparation de l'atteinte découlant de la commission d'une infraction environnementale est proposée aux tribunaux canadiens afin que la peine imposée puisse s'avérer aussi efficace qu'effective et s'harmoniser au particularisme du droit de l'environnement.
Sechi, Nathalie. "Assistance au pilotage économique du processus d'innovation coopératif : une approche centrée sur le processus de construction de la valeur collective". Valenciennes, 2004. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/a57e535c-b333-430f-b262-b7d1d433c057.
Texto completoThe Design process of radical product, services and processes innovations is characterised by its framework of co-operation, by its interactions with its environment and the relationships between the Innovation Network’s actors. This pluridisciplinary study is a contribution to the assistance to the co-operative and economic steering of the innovation process within the preliminary Design Phase. We propose an approach for assisting the Innovation Process Steering which is based on an instrumentation permitting the representation of different innovative solutions in term of value indicators and indicators networks. These indicators are collectively built by the actors from the Extended Enterprise. This approach is especially focused on the co-operative construction process of indicators, which are often complex, uncertain and highly variable along the Innovation Process
Urrego, Giraldo Germán. "ABC-besoins : une approche d'ingénierie de besoins fonctionnels et non-fonctionnels centrée sur les agents, les buts, et les contextes". Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010031.
Texto completoBernadet, Sabrina. "Consommation de substances psychoactives et comportements antisociaux à l’adolescence : étude psychopathologique multi-échantillons, approche centrée sur la personne et facteurs de vulnérabilité". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21977/document.
Texto completoThis work aims to study, among adolescents, the psychopathological and psychological mechanisms involved in the co-occurrence of antisocial behaviors and psychoactive substance use and in the “pathologizing” of psychoactive substance use through a person-centered and a variable-centered approach and based on a multi-sample plan. This research focus on: 1) 1 025 middle and high school students aged between 12 to 16 years old, 2) 168 inpatients and outpatients adolescents aged between 12 to 18 years old, and 3) 43 psychoactive substance abusers/dependent adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. A multi-source assessment (adolescents, parents, teachers) was used to collect information about adolescents’ antisocial behaviors, psychoactive substance use, risk-taking behaviors, past and present externalized and internalized disorders and symptoms, personality, perceived stress and coping strategies. The results show that adolescents are most likely to associate antisocial behaviors and psychoactive substances use and to have a risky psychoactive substance use when they present both relational problems (low cooperation, oppositional defiant disorder, low transcendence), emotional difficulties (depressive symptoms, internalizing disorder, intolerance to frustration, perceived stress in school and in relationships with parents, dysfunctional coping strategies) and behavioral dysregulation (high novelty seeking, ADHD/ODD comorbidity). Mechanisms involved in the pathologizing of psychoactive substance use are similar to the adoption of risky psychoactive substance use. Nevertheless, the risk of pathologizing is all the more important when emotional and relational problems are temperamental expression (low social reward dependence). In terms of prevention of risky psychoactive substance use in adolescence and of its pathologizing, it seems important to distinguish between these different levels of vulnerability (psychopathological, psychological, temperamental, adaptative)
Etchepare, Aurore. "Cognition sociale et Schizophrénie : une approche centrée sur la personne à l’aide du Protocole d’Evaluation de la Cognition Sociale de Bordeaux (PECS-B)". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0922/document.
Texto completoSocial cognition has received a growing interest in clinical neuropsychology. This popularity can be explained by the transdiagnostic and negative outcome of social cognition disorders. However, this construct faces many difficulties, conceptual as well as methodological. Thus, concerning schizophrenia, data from the international literature is inconsistent. We hypothesize that these contradictions may be underpinned by: 1) a lack of consideration for the multidimensionality of social cognition, and 2) interindividual heterogeneity of functioning. The overall goal of this thesis was to explore and compare the social cognition functioning profiles in the general population with those for schizophrenia. To do this, a first step was devoted to a systematic review of studies that explored the factor structure of social cognition in clinical neuropsychology (Article 1). This review allowed the proposition of a two-dimensional model of social cognition, in which low and high-level processes cross affective and cognitive ones. A second step was to provide additional validation elements to the PECS-B, a social cognition assessment battery with seven tasks assessing five dimensions (Article 2). The results reported satisfactory psychometric qualities in the general population (N = 131) as well as in schizophrenia (N = 101). Finally, the third step was to carry out cluster analyses to explore interindividual heterogeneity in these same populations (Article 3). Three different profiles in the general population sample were highlighted, of which two were characterized by specific weaknesses. In contrast, the three profiles in the schizophrenia sample were characterized by three levels of social cognition functioning: good (similar to controls), medium and low. The last two levels were also characterized by alexithymic or neurocognitive difficulties. From an evidence-based practice perspective, these findings have important implications for both the assessment and the direction of therapeutic interventions
Faria-Fortecoëf, Clarisse. "Formation tout au long de la vie en Europe : approche comparée exploratoire centrée sur l'initiative individuelle : le cas de la France et du Portugal". Paris 8, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA083809.
Texto completoWith the introduction of specific legal frameworks to training, as part of the Lisbon strategy and which aims at achieving the objectives of the European Union by 2010, European countries like France and Portugal, provide a favourable framework to the employee with for example, the creation of a right to the education or training, in which the different actors have a new role to play. The individual is thus expected to become actor of his development throughout life. After having seen how progressively we moved from a context of continuing education or lifelong education to the one of lifelong vocational education and training in Europe, the research has for goal to be situated in the comparative education field by producing an approach centred on individual initiative. The question then becomes: Beyond the cultural, economical, social and historical diversities, what has been set up in France and Portugal for addressing the problematic of Lifelong Learning and what is the individual initiative degree that it means or involves?A contextualization work based on official documents, programs, implementations, investigations and testimonials, represents the opportunity to bring out the common trends and the dimension or significance of the differences between the both studied countries. The research then tries to establish links, by scale changing between a macro and a meso level (historical and legal frameworks, programs, devices, implementations, etc. ) as well as with a micro level (individual paths), and suggests an exploratory comparative approach of four educational individual trajectories. Finally, by focusing on individual paths, a new problematization of the individual initiative in training, is proposed: How does an individual who learns on his own initiative use the available schemes to build his project and individualize his educational path?
Bergeron, Jean R. "Difficultés d'apprentissage en mathématiques au primaire, une étude de cas dans le cadre d'une approche remédiatrice centrée sur le développement affectif et cognitif de l'enfant". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38019.pdf.
Texto completoHammami, Hajer. "Modélisation des déterminants des activités de transfert de connaissances : Une approche centrée sur les courtiers de connaissances oeuvrant dans les organisations de santé au Canada". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29043/29043.pdf.
Texto completoHammami, Hajer. "Modélisation des déterminants des activités de transfert de connaissances : une approche centrée sur les courtiers de connaissances œuvrant dans les organisations de santé au Canada". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23462.
Texto completoNous constatons que l'interaction sociale et la culture organisationnelle sont les seules variables qui ont exercé un impact significatif et positif sur l'ensemble des six activités de transfert de connaissances. Pour ce qui est des dimensions du climat organisationnel, les différents lieux d'affiliation, la capacité cognitive, et le statut, leurs effets significatifs ainsi que leurs ampleurs varient d'une activité de transfert à l'autre. Les résultats des analyses des équations structurelles font ressortir deux principaux constats : le premier, relatif aux variables exerçant des effets directs sur les activités de transfert de connaissances qui sont le climat organisationnel, l'interaction sociale, les lieux d'affiliation, la capacité cognitive; le deuxième, relatif aux variables entraînant des effets indirects sur les activités de transfert de connaissances. Ces effets indirects retracés se manifestent via les variables médiatrices telles que le climat organisationnel et l'interaction sociale. L'identification de tous ces déterminants a permis de proposer des leviers d'actions pouvant soutenir les activités de transfert de connaissances réalisées par les courtiers et d'évaluer les effets qu'ils ont sur les processus décisionnels au sein des organisations de santé.
Mvé, Bekale Marc. "La dialectique de la violence dans l'oeuvre de Richard Wright : approche psycho-existentielle de l'acte meurtrier centrée sur trois héros : Big Boy, Bigger Thomas, Cross Damon". Nancy 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN21025.
Texto completoThe present dissertation argues that the theme of violence, which pervades Wright’s work, is rooted in the emotional insecurity to which the author was the heir from his childhood in the south. Consequently, Big Boy, Bigger Thomas, Cross Damon represent different phases in Wright’s spiritual development. Big Boy is an adamic character. But the process of violence in which he is propelled implies, for him, the end of innocence. He flees to Chicago to reappear in the traits of a morbid character : Bigger Thomas. The hero of Native Son is an archetype, for his overwhelming feelings spring from the long tradition of the Negro’s oppression in America. With The Outsider, Wright goes beyond racial themes to explore, in a philosophical perspective, the human condition on earth. Man's fate is absurd. This truth turns Cross Damon into a nihilist. But in the final analysis, the author invites mankind to more solidarity
Laitano, María Inés. "Le modèle trifocal : une approche communicationnelle des interfaces numériques : Contributions à la conception d'interfaces accessibles". Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080025.
Texto completoObject of study for several disciplines, digital interfaces appear as a heterogeneous object: a human-computer dialogue, a reflection of a mental model, an instrument, a set of semiotic signs ... All these dimensions, addressed individually by disciplinary approaches, have never been gathered in a common paradigmatic framework. This thesis argues that interfaces, as a complex object of study, must be addressed in a framework capable of dealing with this complexity. It proposes to do so by the Systemic Communication Theory and to think about not in terms of interface quality attributes (usability, communicability, conviviality...) but in terms of meanings. This implies a human-centered model and provides an integrated point of view enabling the design of new interfaces as well as their implementation in numerous contexts and sensory modalities.The trifocal model is thus a systemic approach to communication via the interface. It studies the relationships between user and machine, between user and object of his activity and between user and designer, as well as emergent properties of the system. The trifocal model provides an interface description transposable from one modality to another. It allows, on one hand, to study the meaning of non-visual interfaces and, on the other, to translate interfaces from one modality to another. The trifocal model takes a fresh look on designing accessible interfaces since it complements existing methods with new analytical dimensions
Ait, Lahcen Ayoub. "Développement d'Applications à Base de Composants avec une Approche Centrée sur les Données et dans une Architecture Orientée Service et Pair-à-Pair : Spécification, Analyse et Intergiciel". Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766329.
Texto completoGuechtouli, Manel. "Contribution à l'ingénierie des sytèmes d'information de veille stratégique : une approche centrée sur la motivation des acteurs : l'expérience du système de veille stratégique d'une grande entreprise technologique". Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32076.
Texto completoThis research aims at inducing executives for getting involved, participating and collaborating in a business intelligence system context. We particularly apprehend this kind of systems by its executives’ considerations. Our research’s goal is to understand those executives’ motivations in order to influence their behaviors. We use an “abductive approach” here. It is based on several backwards and forwards interactions between theory (concerning information systems as well as human resource motivation) and reality. This reality was approached through 46 interviews of business intelligence executives in a large technological firm and a four months training at one of its strategy units. The exploitation of the information gathered happened to be extremely rich and complex. We identify three big results in our approach. First, we suggest a deep reflection concerning a business intelligence system organization and implementation. Then, we construct a model to apprehend executives’ motivations and incentives in a business intelligence context. We put forward two kinds of characteristics here: the work environment and individuals personal skills. At last, those personal skills contribute in creating a “motivational profile” of a business intelligence typical executive, especially in order to make the recruiting process easier for managers
Palagi, Emilie. "Évaluation des moteurs de recherche exploratoire : élaboration d'un corps de méthodes centrées utilisateurs, basées sur une modélisation du processus de recherche exploratoire". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4116/document.
Texto completoExploratory search systems are search engines that help users to explore a topic of interest. A shortcoming of current evaluation methods is that they cannot be used to determine if an exploratory search system can effectively help the user in performing exploratory search tasks. Indeed, the assessment cannot be the same between classic search systems (such as Google, Bing, Yahoo!...) and exploratory search systems. The complexity and the difficulty to have a consensus definition of the exploratory search concept and process are reflected in the difficulties to evaluate such systems. Indeed, they combine several specifics features and behaviors forming an alchemy difficult to evaluate. The main objective of this thesis is to propose for the designers of these systems (i.e. computer scientists) user-centered evaluation methods of exploratory search systems. These methods are based on a model of exploratory search process in order to help the evaluators to verify if a given system supports effectively the exploratory search process. Thus, after elaborating a model of exploratory search process, we propose two model-based methods, with and without users, which can be used all along the design process. The first method, without users, can be used from the first sketch of the system, consists of a set of heuristics of exploratory search and a procedure for using them. We also propose two tools facilitating their use: an online form format and an Google Chrome plugin, CheXplore. The second method involves real end-users of exploratory search systems who test a functional prototype or version of an exploratory search system. In this thesis, we mainly focus on two model-based elements of a customizable user testing procedure: a protocol for the elaboration of exploratory search tasks and a video analysis grid for the evaluation of recorded exploratory search sessions
Schmitt, Bertrand. "Les déterminants économiques des transformations de l'espace rural : une approche centrée sur la dynamique des systèmes de production agricoles : le cas de deux petites régions du plateau Lorrain". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10019.
Texto completoMoreau, Alain. "Intérêt et limites de l'Approche Centrée sur le Patient dans une Démarche Educative vis-à-vis du patient diabétique de type 2 en médecine générale. Approche phénoménologique exploratoire (étude DEADIEM)". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01027772.
Texto completoMoreau, Alain. "Intérêts et limites de l'approche centrée sur le patient dans une démarche éducatice vis-à-vis du patient diabétique de type 2 en médecine générale : approche phénoménologique exploratoire (étude DEADIEM)". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01056294.
Texto completoDouce, Perrine. "Existe-t-il un lien entre ce que je pense et ce que j’imagine ? : une approche processuelle centrée sur les pensées répétitives négatives et la perspective visuelle en imagerie mentale". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH041/document.
Texto completoCurrent research in clinical psychology is focused on the study of psychological processes implicated on the onset and maintenance of many psychological disorders. Two of these processes have been extensively explored: repetitive negative thinking (RNT), which is predominantly verbal, and the visual perspective adopted in mental images (i.e., actor vs. observer). Even if they represent two distinct phenomena, RNT and the observer perspective both seem to serve an avoidance function and be underpinned by a process of abstraction focused on the analysis of the “why” of events (i.e., the adoption of an abstract level of construal). These functional and processual similarities suggest a potential association between RNT and the observer perspective. However, few studies have examined this association. Therefore, this dissertation explored the association between RNT and the visual perspective in mental imagery as well as their underlying process (i.e., abstraction) and function (i.e., avoidance). Results of four correlational studies showed that RNT and the observer perspective were not associated. They also replicated results from previous studies on the role of avoidance and abstraction in RNT but not in visual perspective. Results from three experimental studies also showed that the induction of RNT at an abstract level had no effect on visual perspective or emotional reactivity, and more generally, that the induction of an abstract level of construal did not influence visual perspective, RNT, and emotional response during the anticipation or the post-event processing of an emotional task. Finally, a meta-analysis conducted on published studies as well as on our studies confirmed the absence of association between RNT and the observer perspective. Overall, it seems that RNT and the observer perspective adopted in mental imagery are not associated. These results are discussed in light of theoretical models and methodological implications
Laitano, María Inés. "Le modèle trifocal : une approche communicationnelle des interfaces numériques : Contributions à la conception d'interfaces accessibles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080025.
Texto completoObject of study for several disciplines, digital interfaces appear as a heterogeneous object: a human-computer dialogue, a reflection of a mental model, an instrument, a set of semiotic signs ... All these dimensions, addressed individually by disciplinary approaches, have never been gathered in a common paradigmatic framework. This thesis argues that interfaces, as a complex object of study, must be addressed in a framework capable of dealing with this complexity. It proposes to do so by the Systemic Communication Theory and to think about not in terms of interface quality attributes (usability, communicability, conviviality...) but in terms of meanings. This implies a human-centered model and provides an integrated point of view enabling the design of new interfaces as well as their implementation in numerous contexts and sensory modalities.The trifocal model is thus a systemic approach to communication via the interface. It studies the relationships between user and machine, between user and object of his activity and between user and designer, as well as emergent properties of the system. The trifocal model provides an interface description transposable from one modality to another. It allows, on one hand, to study the meaning of non-visual interfaces and, on the other, to translate interfaces from one modality to another. The trifocal model takes a fresh look on designing accessible interfaces since it complements existing methods with new analytical dimensions
Paris, Jean-Christophe. "Ingénierie cognitive pour l'aide à la conduite automobile de la personne âgée : analyse et modélisation de l'activité de conduite en situation naturelle pour la conception de fonctions de monitorage". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0425/document.
Texto completoThis thesis in Cognitics presents a Human Centered Design approach for thedevelopment of future driving assistance systems dedicated to elderly drivers orElderly Adapted Driver Assistance Systems (E-ADAS).To do so, this work relies on a multi-disciplinary approach for data collection andanalysis. Regarding Ergonomics, the aim is to better understand the specificrequirements of this population in order to identify their actual difficulties and actualneeds of assistance. In this frame, 76 drivers (aged from 70 to 87 years old) took partto an on-the-road experiment, driving an instrumented car. The dataset includes2100 km of ecological driving data and 1400 auto-evaluated driving situations,completed by 6 Focus Groups (involving 30 elderly drivers).The second part of this research, relying on Cognitive Engineering, explores thedesign and implementation of monitoring functions based on the aforementioneddataset. The objective is to have real-time models and analytical functions, able to:(1) supervise the driving activity as realized by an elderly driver, (2) taking in toconsideration the driving context or situational risks (3) in order to detect difficulties ordriving errors. Beyond this thesis, these diagnostics will have to be integrated inassistive systems to better adapt their support to the specific needs of elderly drivers.Specific monitoring functions related to basic vehicle control (speed management,lane positioning and headway regulation) are presented. Based on these results,integrated monitoring functions for intersection crossings in Left-Turn manoeuver,highway merging assistance, and, more broadly, lane change assistance areintroduced
Deniel, Jonathan. "Conscience du risque et automatisation de la conduite : de l’analyse des processus cognitifs en situation de changement de voie à la conception centrée sur l’humain d'un système d'automatisation human-like". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0445.
Texto completoDriving activity is both widespread and very complex. Among the most frequently executed manœuvres we identified the lane change (LC) with insertion between traffic vehicles. Current improvements in the field of driving automation are progressively paving the way for the gradual automation of the various components of the driving activity, including, among other things, lane changes.Our purposes in this thesis work in cognitive engineering were (1) to better understanding and contribution to the modeling of the driver's cognitive processes at work when making decisions and performing LC in manual driving (especially regarding the subjective risk assessment), in order to feed the development of the gls{COSMODRIVE} model (cites{bellet2003}). (2) Design and evaluate a textit{Human-like} automation capable of executing a LC as a human driver. This second objective also makes it possible to address questions about the acceptance of the behaviour of this type of automations. (3) Study the possible effects induced by the use of this LC automation, on decisions and judgments regarding lane change situations in subsequent manual driving situations.To achieve these objectives, we set up a research protocol (on the V-HCD driving simulation platform) divided into three intertwined experimental phases and involving the same participants for each of them. Participants were first invited to make decisions on LC and to assess the situational risk and acceptability of a hypothetical automated LC system. Then, in the second phase, they were invited to use and evaluate textit{Human-like} LC automation we designed for this experiment. Finally, in the last phase, participants were instructed to drive again manually and to make LC decisions in driving situations that were specially configured to approach their decision threshold (estimated from a direct analysis of their decisions during the first manual driving phase).The results obtained led us to identify a traffic merging strategy within the LC manœuvre allowing us, on the basis of the envelope zones theory, to explain the structure of the LC decisions. Concerning the human-like LC automation we found a better acceptance of the system by the participants than expected, even from the most reluctants to the autonomous vehicle. We also showed a decrease in the risk estimation of the situation and the manoeuvre when it was performed by the automation. We additionnaly validated the textit{Human-like} aspect of our automation's LC trajectory. Finally, we were able to highlight the occurence of an effect induced by the use of the automation during later manual driving LC situations. This induced effect was resulting in a lowering of the decision threshold as well as the risk assessment of the LC manoeuvre to be executed. These results suggest that the human-centred design approach to driving automation systems design is promising in terms of technology acceptance and adoption. However they may present some potential induced "side" effects that will require deeper investigation
Vermeulen, Mathieu. "Une approche meta-design des learning games pour développer leur usage". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS093.
Texto completoThis thesis in computer science is in the field of Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) and more specifically in the field of Learning Games (LG), serious games dedicated to learning. It deals with their design, tools and models to facilitate it, and their use. To tackle this problem, we use the meta-design, an approach aiming to strongly involve the end users in the design stage but also in the use stage. To implement this approach with teachers, whom we consider as end users of LG, we propose different iterations of a simple and representable LG model to facilitate the collaborative design of these TELs, but also their reengineering. After a first iteration, the second iteration propose a model named DISC and the associated design method. They were tested in the co-design of a learning game used by teachers of higher education in the context of a MOOC and as an additional activity of a course. To involve teachers in the use stage, we propose to articulate this model with a learners’ traces visualizations tool to detect problematic pattern and, thus, facilitate the reengineering process of LG, the visualizations allowing traces analysis collected during the use stage. To carry out this research work, we chose to work with the THEDRE method which proposes an iterative research cycle supported by the feedback of indicators evaluating the process throughout the method. This continuous improvement, supported by the experiments, allow us to validate our propositions about the meta-design for the learning games
Al, maghraoui Ouail. "Modéliser l'expérience voyageur pour concevoir la mobilité urbaine". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC006/document.
Texto completoThis thesis addresses the challenge of designing urban mobility systems. It aims at developing a traveler experience model to help diagnose travel problems in a design approach and improve the relevance of transportation models for travelers. By combining the views of user-experience design and transportation, it helps to deepen the understanding of how travelers experience their journey and especially the problems they face. The first axis of investigation is related to the modeling of the traveler experience to feed a relevant and rich diagnosis of travel problems. In the second axis, travelers are involved, through a grounded theory approach, to identify the problems they encounter when using urban mobility systems, using appropriate stimuli.The third axis introduces travel subjective attributes into transport models to improve their accuracy.This research used action research as a methodology. It combines literature review in design and transportation disciplines, four field observations, fifteen in-depth interviews with transport travelers and experts, five problem-solving workshops, and two experiments, in a cyclical improvement of results. The various uses of the model have led to an in-depth diagnosis of three urban mobility systems (suburban train, on-demand bus, dedicated shuttle) and the development of traveler-centric attributes for an optimization model and a multi-agent simulation that was tested by a survey of over 450 participants
Giroux, Marie-Claude. "Le transfert d’une approche de gestion, de soins et de services centrée sur la personne au sein de cinq établissements de santé et de services sociaux québécois : le rôle de l’équipe de professionnels du Réseau Planetree Québec". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/165.
Texto completoGhorayeb, Abir. "Écovip, espace de communication visiophonique pour personnes agées : conception, réalisation et évaluation participatives". Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10164.
Texto completoThe multi-disciplinary work of this thesis results in its contributing to two research domains: Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Gerontechnology, a new domain created to increase the assistive systems development for elderly people. Our works contribute, mainly, to the participative design and the ergonomic realization of interactive systems for elderly people having a successful ageing. In the requirements analysis phase, we introduce a new definition of frailty, and an identification of capacities and limitations of the elderly people. The analysis of the existed assistive systems shows the need of a communication system that offers safety for this type of population. In this context, we have designed and developed two prototypes: ECOVIP and SYSPA. ECOVIP is an aware communication system that completes the "smart home" of the TIMC-IMAG laboratory, and it represents the main part of the thesis. SYSPA is a remembrance system; it helps to recollect memories via commented digital photos. However we present advantages, limits and corrective actions of our approach. We also elaborate ergonomic directives for usable interactive systems by elderly people. We report the results of two series of user experimentations performed with the ECOVIP system
Picarou, Émilie. "Le rôle du coordonnateur Planetree dans le transfert du modèle Planetree au sein de son établissement : une étude exploratoire menée auprès de cinq établissements de santé et de services sociaux du Québec". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6985.
Texto completoLê, Thi Thu Hang. "Exploration des facteurs relationnels propres aux médecins qui influencent sur la prise en charge du patient douloureux chronique". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10640.
Texto completoAbstract : Background: Chronic pain is difficult, both for the patient and the caregiver. Even though many studies and researches have been conducted (mostly with patients), chronic pain remains. It is suggested that a person-centered approach is the best way to help these patients. However, little is known about how physicians adapt their practice to their powerlessness when faced with chronic pain patient. Which strategies are to be used when the pharmacopoeia is insufficient? Though it is known that religious and spiritual commitments may allow patients to give meaning to their pain, little is known about how physicians deal with these commitments. Purpose: This study explores the factors influencing how physicians take charge of chronic pain patients to understand how their identity, their spirituality and their relationship shape their care approach. Methods: Within a qualitative research design in grounded theory, the conceptual framework developed is based on the two key concepts: the narrative identity by Ricœur and the concept of time by Tillich. Participants were recruited using a convenience sampling. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with seven physicians in various specialties dealing with the difficulties of chronic pain management. Four of them were interviewed a second time to further investigate the subjet, until data saturation. The transcripts were analyzed by Strauss and Corbin’s method of codification. Results: If the time factor was theoretically known from the literature on chronic pain, continuous and simultaneous data collecting and analyzing has brought its emergence as concept (axial coding), revealing thereby its implicit crucial importance within the therapeutic relationship. Our approach, inspired from both theological and philosophical anthropology‘s frames, have allowed us to identify “recognition” as an emerging process to explain the flow scheme of the physician’s professional and personal identity when faced with chronic pain. Although not researched explicitly, mutual recognition between patient and physician is a source of motivation to improve the quality of the relationship. The process of recognition to mutual re-co-birth (“re-co-naissance” in French) is proposed here as an explanatory framework for the development of the physician’s identity in the clinical context of chronic pain patient care. The French word “reconnaissance” (recognition) thus can be broken down into “re-co-naissance” (re-co-birth), the co-rebirth of a relationship to define oneself anew as a therapist and to not experience failure. Conclusions: The new acquired confidence and competence between physician and the patient, in addition to actual professional skills, enables the concerned physician not only to enrich his knowledge but also to make progress in time, along with his chronic pain patients, moving from professional identity to spiritual recognition and to a dynamic relationship of mutal re-birth and re-acknowledge (“re-co-naissance”), so that he no longer experiences medical failure. Various perspectives for clinicians and caregivers will be further discussed.
Leroux-Beaudout, Renan. "Méthodologie de conception de systèmes de simulations en entreprise étendue, basée sur l'ingénierie système dirigée par les modèles". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30089.
Texto completoThis manuscript presents a methodology for the design of "early" simulations in extended enterprise, based on model-driven system engineering. The goal is to allow the system architect to explore alternative solutions, and to verify and/or validate the system architecture being designed, in relation to the user requirements. This methodology is divided into two complementary axes : the method part (new) and the means of execution, without which there can be no simulation. This new method is based on the following principle : starting from the user requirements to create the system architecture model, then derive the simulation architecture, develop the executable models and run the simulation in relation to objectives of verification and/or validation. By doing this, potential differences in interpretations between the system architecture model and simulation models are removed or at least reduced compared to a traditional approach. This method is of matrix type. The columns represent the actors, while the lines correspond to the different steps of the MBSE method used by the system architect for the product, including the refinement steps. The actors are the system architect for the product (SyA), a first new actor introduced by this method : the system architect for the simulation (SiA), the developers of the simulation executable models (SMD), and the second new actor in charge of the execution of the simulation (SEM). The analysis of its qualities and the production of results exploitable by the system architect for the product. As the method relies on a matrix structure, the SyA can request simulations, either in depth to specify a particular point of its model, or more in extension to check the good agreement of the functions between them. With this new matrix approach, the system architect for the product can reuse functions already defined during the upstream or downstream stages of its previous decompositions. Overall, saving time, costs, and confidence. The second axis of this methodology is the realization of an extended enterprise cosimulation (EE) platform, which is a project in itself. Based on a proposal of requirements specifications, the MBSE has defined a functional and physical architecture. The architecture of this platform can be modified according to the simulation needs expressed by the architect of the simulation. This is one of his prerogatives. The proposal introduces a third new player : the Infrastructure Project Manager (IPM) which is in charge of coordinating for the realization of the cosimulation platform, within his company. For an EE of federated type, that is to say from contractor to subcontractor, introduction of two new actors : - the supervisor of IPM, whose rôle is to link IPMs to solve the administrative and interconnection problems, - the person responsible in charge of the execution simulations. He coordinates, with the SEM of each partner, the implementation of simulations, ensures launches, and returns the results to all partners
Benmimoune, Lamine. "Une approche pour la conception de systèmes d'aide à la décision médicale basés sur un raisonnement mixte à base de connaissance". Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0307/document.
Texto completoTo support health professionals in their clinical processes, several monitoring and medical care systems have beenbuilt and deployed in the hospital setting. These systems are mainly used to collect medical data on patients,analyze and present the outcomes in different ways. They represent support and assistance to health professionalsin their decision making regarding the evolution in the health status of the patients followed. The use of suchsystems always requires an adaptation to both the medical field and the mode of intervention. It is necessary, in ahospital setting, to adapt and evolve these systems in a simple manner, limiting any corrective or evolutionarymaintenance. Moreover, these systems should be able to consider dynamically the domain knowledge from medicalexperts.To meet these requirements, we proposed an approach for the construction of a medical decision support system(MDSS). This MDSS can adapt to the medical field and to the appropriate mode of intervention to assist healthprofessionals in their clinical processes. This approach allows especially the organization of the medical datacollection by taking into account the patient¿s context, the ontology-based knowledge representation of the domainand permits the exploitation of the medical guidelines and the clinical experience.In continuity of our research team¿s previous work, we chose to expand with our approach, the E-care platformwhich is dedicated to monitoring and early detection of any abnormality of the health status of patients with chronicdiseases. We were able to adapt easily the E-care platform for the various experiments that have been conducted,including EPHAD of the Mutualité Française in Anjou-Mayenne, Hautepierre hospital and Lausanne hospital(CHUV).The outcomes of these experiments have shown the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Where, the adaptationof the platform regarding to the domain and mode of intervention of each of these experiments is limited to thesimple configuration. Furthermore, the proposed approach has attracted the interest of the medical staff regardingthe organization of the medical data collection, and the exploitation of the medical knowledge which bringsassistance to the health professionals for better decision making
Poisson, Céline. "Concevoir pour le développement de la conduite automobile : contribution pour la compréhension de l’activité et des genèses instrumentales des sujets et du véhicule autonome". Thesis, Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080061.
Texto completoThe development of the autonomous vehicle is at the heart of current industrial and political concerns: either economically, in terms of road safety, or for the development of sustainable forms of mobility. Since the launch of the Google Car in 2010 - a hallmark moment for the autonomous vehicle innovation - many car manufacturers, original equipment manufacturers, and research institutes have began to work on the subject. As a result, more and more research projects are emerging, often supported internationally by government authorities. It is in this context that our research has been conducted, funded by VEDECOM Institute.The autonomous vehicle whose control, partial or total, is managed by a computer. Our goal is to understand and document driver activity in a fully autonomous vehicle over a specified period. However, this type of vehicle is not yet on the market, and it is therefore impossible to observe its use in real-life situations. To overcome this paradox, we studied reference situations (assisted driving), and simulated situations (simulator and track).Based on the principles of the instrumental approach and the capable subject, we have developed knowledge on instrumental geneses related to the introduction of an autonomous vehicle, with an aim to provide perspectives for anthropocentric and developmental design of this technical device
Sun, Xiaoguang. "Une approche innovante basée sur un cadre de fonction-tâche-comportement pour intégrer les facteurs humains et l'ergonomie dès la première phase de conception". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAD044/document.
Texto completoHuman factors and ergonomics (HF/E) as a scientific discipline provide constraints for the engineering design of human and system (product) interactions. Most existing studies on HF/E cover the specialization of physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics. Numerous evidences show that insufficient consideration of HF/E information leads to poor design, and fully considering this information in the design phase can improve both the user experience and system performance. Existing methods for HF/E information integration (HF/EII) can be categorized into two types: Technology-Centred Design (TCD) and User-Centred Design (UCD). TCD methods integrate HF/E information from the detailed design phase or later, which may cause design modifications and iterations. UCD approaches address HF/E information from the early design phase, which are time-consuming for HF/E requirements collection. The objective of this thesis is dedicated to a new design methodology and tool for HF/EII from the early design phase in a systematic, time-saving, less expensive, and less iteration way. In this thesis, a function-task-behaviour framework has been developed, which provides a systematic and detailed guide for HF/EII from the early design phase. A case study has been presented to validate its feasibility, which offers the theoretical support for method implementation. Thus, an Interaction Design Centre (IDC) module was developed and integrated in CAD software to aid the design work, which provides a practical way for the implementation of FTB framework. It enables designers to (1) catch both functional requirements and non-functional requirements from the early design phase, and (2) convert them into design parameters to carry out the design work. By using IDC module, design modifications and iterations due to belated effort for HF/E consideration can be significantly reduced, thereby providing a satisfactory user experience in the case of meeting the functional requirements. Regarding current method of design solution generation overly relies on designers’ experience, a design solution generation model is developed for producing design solution. Different from current problem solving approaches, this model is easy for designers to cognize and operate. It offers a divergent thinking for design solution generation based on the individual design task. Finally, the major contributions and limitations of our study are presented and the future studies are previewed