Tesis sobre el tema "Apprentissage de contextes"
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Eyraud, Rémi. "Inférence grammatical de langages hors-contextes". Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STET4008.
Texto completoThe purpose of the grammatical inference is to study the learnability of the formal language classes. Until recently, the researches had been focused on the regular languages and this successfully. But things tend to be harder when the following class of complexity, namely context-free languages, is considered. Indeed, important theoretical barrier exist : the majority of the theoretical results are negative and show impossibility of learning the whole class. In this document, after having analyzed the inherent difficulties of this inference and having studied the solutions brought by previous works, we propose three approaches. The first one consists in modifying an algorithm of compression in order to structure the learning examples. We use then an existing algorithm able to learn the whole class from structured examples. The second approach relies on a change of representation : we use string rewriting systems to represent and handle context-free languages. We introduce hybrid and almost non-overlapping delimited string rewriting systems for which we show an identification in the limit theorem, in polynomial time, using positive and negative examples. A study of the learned class of languages and some experiments are also detailed. The third work presented here consists in a restriction to a subclass. We define the class of the substitutable languages and propose an algorithm able to identify it in the limit from positive examples only, with polynomial bounds on time and data
Verny, Louis. "Apprentissage de réseaux causaux avec variables latentes et applications à des contextes génomiques et cliniques". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066545/document.
Texto completoDuring my PhD, I worked on the development of an information theory based algorithm allowing the reconstruction of a wide variety of graphical model classes from observationnal datas. This method also allows to tackle the effect of latent (unobserved) latent variables ; which is essential given the difficultyto observe a biological/clinical system as a whole. Our method, called Miic (for Multivariate Information-based Inductive Causation), starts from a complete network (all nodes are connected to each other), and iteratively removes non essential edges from it. The second part of my thesis was to analyze and interpret the networks reconstructed from two kinds of biological datasets : Genomic dataset on one hand : Miic was used to learn networks of transcriptomic interactions driving the differentiation of the first hematopoietic cells of the embryo. Clinical datasets on the other hand : Miic was also used on two datasets extracted from two distinct cohort, obtained thanks to two collaborations, with la Pitié-Salpétrière (neurology dataset) and with Institut Curie Hospital (breast cancer dataset). The testing during Miic development, along with the results obtained when we analyzed the different applications presented in this manuscript show Miic’s efficiency at both confirming already known interactions, and getting previously unknown associations
Boudebia-Baala, Afaf. "L'impact des contextes sociolinguistique et scolaire sur l'enseignement/apprentissage du français dans le Souf à travers l'analyse des représentations comme outil de description". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942722.
Texto completoChifu, Adrian-Gabriel. "Adaptation des systèmes de recherche d'information aux contextes : le cas des requêtes difficiles". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30061/document.
Texto completoThe field of information retrieval (IR) studies the mechanisms to find relevant information in one or more document collections, in order to satisfy an information need. For an Information Retrieval System (IRS) the information to find is represented by "documents" and the information need takes the form of a "query" formulated by the user. IRS performance depends on queries. Queries for which the IRS fails (little or no relevant documents retrieved) are called in the literature "difficult queries". This difficulty may be caused by term ambiguity, unclear query formulation, the lack of context for the information need, the nature and structure of the document collection, etc. This thesis aims at adapting IRS to contexts, particularly in the case of difficult queries. The manuscript is organized into five main chapters, besides acknowledgements, general introduction, conclusions and perspectives. The first chapter is an introduction to RI. We develop the concept of relevance, the retrieval models from the literature, the query expansion models and the evaluation framework that was employed to validate our proposals. Each of the following chapters presents one of our contributions. Every chapter raises the research problem, indicates the related work, our theoretical proposals and their validation on benchmark collections. In chapter two, we present our research on treating the ambiguous queries. The query term ambiguity can indeed lead to poor document retrieval of documents by the search engine. In the related work, the disambiguation methods that yield good performance are supervised, however such methods are not applicable in a real IR context, as they require the information which is normally unavailable. Moreover, in the literature, term disambiguation for IR is declared under optimal
Cherfi, Zohra Leila. "Diagnostic de systèmes complexes en contextes non supervisé et partiellement supervisé : application au circuit de voie ferroviaire". Phd thesis, UNIVERSITE DE TECHNOLOGIE DE COMPIEGNE, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01006538.
Texto completoMapfala, Aniceto. "La formation des enseignants de Français Langue Etrangère à l'université dans les contextes plurilingues et multiculturels du Mozambique". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2071/document.
Texto completoThe research work herein addresses the issue of training teachers of FFL for Mozambique secondary schools. Mozambique, like most countries in Africa is characterized by the presence of multiple languages (20 languages of African origin are listed) shared by different ethnic groups integrate in their daily communication. The objective of this research is to understand the context in which the training of Mozambican teachers unfolds. In this perspective we relied on the current approaches to teacher training and the development of research in the field of teaching foreign languages and French in particular. In this work we analyze the linguistic and cultural origin of future teachers of FFL and its involvement in the educational process and training of French culture. We seek in this case to realize to what extent the multilingualism of students influences the formation in French. Then we analyze the perception of students from their own culture and its involvement in the understanding and representation of the target culture (the one linked to the French language). In other words, is the intercultural game or multiculturalism and multiplicity of languages in contact that interested us in order to understand the manifestation of these two concepts in the classroom where they are students who have different languages and cultures and that all aim to learn and train in a new language and also appropriating culture related to it. To this end, we developed a questionnaire that was distributed in 600 copies in four Mozambican cities where there is training of French teachers. One of the results obtained from the analysis of the 422 questionnaires that have been sent back by the students is that the national languages are often used during training in the classroom and this influences the practice of language learning. Another result indicates that the differences between the culture of the students and the French or Francophone culture is taken as a positive aspect for the students, but in some cases, these differences demonstrate the existence of stereotypes and representations. These differences cause cultural shocks that can fool the students in the look they have on the Other (native French or Francophone)
Draghici, Cornelia carmen. "Portraits d’enfants de migrants à l’école maternelle : Développement des répertoires de pratiques des jeunes enfants dans différents contextes linguistiques et culturels". Thesis, Paris 13, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA131078.
Texto completoBased on a multidisciplinary approach that combines elements of sociology and anthropology of childhood and migration, this thesis aims to explore how children’s experiences reflect the development of their repertoires of cultural and linguistic practices that are built from an earlyage in their daily life between several cultural contexts. This concept of « repertoires of practices » (Rogoff et al., 2006) approaches culture as being the experience related to the daily activities of people and thus allows de-essentialising the notion of « culture » to analyze its interbreeding and its hybridizations by learning. A multi-method that relies on visual research tools (video observation, filmed interviews,guided tours and picture taking by children) strives to capture the views of 22 children, 3-4 years old, among those of parents and professionals in two nursery schools located in a strengthened priority education network in the Parisian region. The description and analysis of situations and experiences within the nursery school and, in part, those in the family, allow to build portraits of children to show the social realities when they live in different cultural traditions.The aim is to identify the particularities of the identity dynamics underlying children’s experiences and to understand the hybridization of their repertoires of linguistic and cultural practices, while contributing to give an overall picture of the children of migrant’s lives in nursery school. Empirical evidence shows a great diversity of the dynamics of participation of children of migrants in nursery school and domestic contexts, diversity that is little (or not) taken into account in other studies and research contexts dealing with children of migrants.The results show that nursery school has a great impact in integrating practices into children’scultural repertoires. But on the other hand, it can also result in suffering or tensions in family life, especially around the language, the links with the extended family, and some children remain deficient vis-à-vis the language and school performance expected from teachers in nursery school
Rançon, Julie. "Le discours explicatif de l'enseignant en classe de langue : contextes interactionnels et processus cognitifs". Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523784.
Texto completoDaraut, Sandrine. "De l'apprentissage technico-organisationnel ou du rôle des règles dans la structuration de contextes d'interactions - Fondements théoriques et illustrations empiriques". Phd thesis, Université des Sciences Sociales - Toulouse I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00141424.
Texto completoLamago, Merlin Ferdinand. "Réingénierie des fonctions des plateformes LMS par l'analyse et la modélisation des activités d'apprentissage : application à des contextes éducatifs avec fracture numérique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0589/document.
Texto completoThe present research aims to model learning processes on Learning ManagementSystems (LMS) in a bid to maximize users’ efficiency. We came about this idea whilethinking over the possible ways of facilitating the use of LMS for teachers and learnersin countries affected by the digital divide. Drawing from that, the following question hasbeen stated: in a given learning context, how can we insert a Learning ManagementSystem that provides users with both easy handling and optimal using conditions? Thisissue raises the problem of LMS adaptability and suggests two levels of modeling: thelearning tool on one hand and the planned context of use on the other. To address thisissue of adaptability, we adopt a two-pronged approach including the functionalanalysis of LMS tools and the reengineering of user interfaces. The first step is todevelop an approach for the analysis of teaching and learning processes on LMS. Thisentails modeling common learning situations and cross-checking them with thefeatures available in LMS solutions. This preliminary work enabled to build a formalismfor LMS analysis which is referred to as the OCGPI approach (Organize-Collaborate-Guide-Produce-Inform). The second step proposes an adaptive reengineering of LMSbased on the context of use. This is namely an embedded configurator which adaptsthe working environment according to each use and each user. This tool aims at givingbeginners the possibility of acquainting themselves quickly with the virtual platform
Déguernel, Ken. "Apprentissage de structures musicales en contexte d'improvisation". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0011/document.
Texto completoCurrent musical improvisation systems are able to generate unidimensional musical sequences by recombining their musical contents. However, considering several dimensions (melody, harmony...) and several temporal levels are difficult issues. In this thesis, we propose to combine probabilistic approaches with formal language theory in order to better assess the complexity of a musical discourse, both from a multidimensional and multi-level point of view in the context of improvisation where the amount of data is limited. First, we present a system able to follow the contextual logic of an improvisation modelled by a factor oracle whilst enriching its musical discourse with multidimensional knowledge represented by interpolated probabilistic models. Then, this work is extended to create another system using a belief propagation algorithm representing the interaction between several musicians, or between several dimensions, in order to generate multidimensional improvisations. Finally, we propose a system able to improvise on a temporal scenario with multi-level information modelled with a hierarchical grammar. We also propose a learning method for the automatic analysis of hierarchical temporal structures. Every system is evaluated by professional musicians and improvisers during listening sessions
Anjou, Claire. "L’énergie géothermique : Représentation, contextes et enseignements aux Antilles et dans la zone Caraïbe". Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0318/document.
Texto completoGeothermal energy has great potential in the West Indies. The exploitation of such resources requires a deep awareness of the local populations, to which an effort in terms of training and education could participate. This science education thesis takes part in the studies related to scientific conceptions and didactic contextualization. It is also part of the GEOTREF project, which aims to develop knowledge and techniques on geothermal energy in the West Indies. The first part of the thesis describes conceptions of students in three territories (Guadeloupe, Martinique and Dominica). It reveals that the conceptions in these three islands are very different, and that they are mainly related to geothermal contexts. The second part presents a pedagogical experiment based on context effects. This experiment brings together students from Quebec and from Guadeloupe. The results confirm the possibility of a teaching based on the effects of contexts, and also make it possible to specify the emergence modalities and the characteristics of these phenomena. The study shows that the confrontation of students’ conceptions, with different geothermal contexts, help with the acquisition of expert conceptions on the subject. Context effects can be used as a tool for the acquisition of knowledge. Finally, geothermal education can be built by taking into account the learners' prior conceptions, while relying on the local geothermal context
Guillou-Kerédan, Hélène. "Contextes d’apprentissage scolaire et postures : approches didactique et langagière : construction et évolution des postures d’élèves dans deux disciplines scolaires (français et sciences) entre la fin de l’école maternelle et le début de l’école élémentaire". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0074.
Texto completoThis longitudinal research concerns the emergence of pupils learning attitudes in school disciplines (French and sciences) at the beginning of primary school education. It lays on the Vygotski’s Theory of human development and on the dialogic, enunciative and pragmatic approach of language which consider that pupils should be part of different disciplinary contexts (with specific purposes, values and practicies) and adjust their utterance status to be relevant in relation to the knowledge involved in classroom situations. It is based on didactic concepts as learning enunciation attitudes and school discourse communities specialized in academic fields. It focuses on the description of how young people learn to adapt to different communities like school discourse community for french or science subject, and how they can possibly change their initial enunciation attitude in each discipline to differentiate them. For a social and discursive space of mutual linguistic understandin happens to develop between teacher, pupils, cultural objects, practicies, values, uses of language, hnowledge wording etc. It may have a retroactive effect on learning enunciation attitudes and empower them. The purpose is to identify how pupils adjust their utterance status, that would mean they can sucessfully adapt the way to do, think and speak when they enter the field from another discipline. It would also mean that they manage to change and adapt their enunciation learning attitude, which is necessary for accessing knowledge. It is a three years study that seeks to highlight the construction process of learning attitudes in scientific and french disciplines and its progression for pupils between 5 and 7 years old. It aims to show the incidence of learning attitudes and their emergence, stiffening or évolution on learning difficulties. Corpus analysis is based on transcriptions of recorded interviews and learning sessions concerning 11 pupils and their three teachers during three years so as to reveal pupils activity as well as teachers and pupils joint action in standard teaching practicies throughout french class and science class. Data has been collected then analyzed to determine the relationship between the setting of school discourse communities specialized in academic fields and the emergence of learning enunciation attitudes
Sofyani, Mohammed al. "Apprentissage des langues et communication interculturelle en contexte militaire". Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030105.
Texto completoSantiago, Massamuna Ndoma. "Apprentissage du français langue étrangère en contexte angolais : analyse d'erreurs". La Réunion, 2009. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/09_19_Santiago.pdf.
Texto completoThe aim of this study is to point out the specific dificulties of angolan learnes confronted with learning French as a Foreign language and to report the findings in a sociocognitive context. To reach this aim, we studied written works of 223 learners who are in angolan secondary school. To further supplement our study, we dedicated a part of our fact finding to questionnaires since it was, for us, a means of obtaining the opinions of both Angolan learners and teachers concerning the teaching of French as a Foreign Language, the conditions under which it was taught and about its reception. Since we did not wish to confine our findings to the questionnaires we analysed both the text book used in the secondary schools and also the teaching practices within the classroom. Finally, we presented new perspectives and concrete methological propositions applicable to teaching/learning French as a foreign language in Angola. Beyond this thesis, we wish that this research will be the basis of further studies, and that it will contrubute, throught the ability, even relative of the languages, to a better understanding between people themselves, or between the ones of countries, ethnic groups, nations. .
Molaie, Sayena. "Apprentissage de l’anglais en contexte universitaire : motivation, créativité et rétention". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAL038/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on language teaching from the perspective of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. The level of success of a student is not only influenced by the way in which instruction is delivered, but also by a set of correlations that influence each individual, be that by an immediate or a non-immediate environment. The human capacity to react appropriately to this set of correlations is what constitutes the modern definition of intelligence (Barrington 2007: 423), and more specifically, the theory of multiple intelligences. The thesis hypothesis questions whether a multiple intelligence approach has a positive effect on language learning.To confirm or not this hypothesis, we evaluated various sets of activities based on multiple intelligences. We first conducted a survey of LANSAD teachers on their class practices. Then, we asked teachers in Scientific English to set up these activities in their own classes in order to have a subjective view. Finally, we also carried out a specific investigation on motivation among ESP students.This thesis is divided into three main sections. The first section deals with the correlation between multiple intelligences and language sustainability in English. The second examines the correlation between multiple intelligences and creativity. The last section discusses the relationship between multiple intelligences and motivation in students. The conclusions offer some suggestions for teaching and learning English for specific purposes
Zaidenberg, Sofia. "Apprentissage par renforcement de modèles de contexte pour l'informatique ambiante". Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0088.
Texto completoThis thesis studies the automatic acquisition by machine learning of a context model for a user in a ubiquitous environment. In such an environment, devices can communicate and cooperate in order to create a consistent computerized space. Some devices possess perceptual capabilities. The environment uses them to detect the user's situation his context. Other devices are able to execute actions. Our problematics consists in determining the optimal associations, for a given user, between situations and actions. Machine learning seems to be a sound approach since it results in a customized environment without requiring an explicit specification from the user. A life long learning lets the environment adapt itself continuously to world changes and user preferences changes. Reinforcement learning can be a solution to this problem, as long as it is adapted to some particular constraints due to our application setting
Dureysseix, Fanny. "Des politiques linguistiques et éducatives aux conditions d’enseignement / apprentissage des langues. Quelle(s) approche(s) du contexte? Le cas de la nation angolaise". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA012/document.
Texto completoAngola remains a relatively unknown context, regardless of the discipline in the social sciences. For the didactics of languages and cultures, this baseline situation raises the question of the approach - or the approaches - to adopt in order to conduct research. This thesis proposes to examine the relevance of a plural approach calling upon history and involving two major lines of work: the diachronic-synchronic axis and the micro-macro axis. The major objective is to build on this approach to: (1) fill in for the lack of data that are essential to understand the singularity of the contemporary sociolinguistic context, and to develop adequate language and education policies; (2) determine, using historicization, the characteristics of the education system and the current educational culture; (3) propose implementing strategies to improve the teaching / learning in language and of languages. The first part of this thesis clarifies the research objectives and hypotheses (Chapter 1), presents the general elements defining the national context (Chapter 2), as well as the concepts mobilized for reflection and analysis (Chapter 3). The second part provides descriptive, explanatory and analytical elements hitherto unpublished regarding the context of this research: a historical background/context (Chapter 4), a sociolinguistic framework (Chapter 5) and a focus built around the French language in Angola leading to a broader reflection on the contemporary public education system (chapter 6). Based on the analysis of three teaching corpus selected following their date of production (1962, 1980 and 2005), the third part allows to exploit the findings made in the first two sections, in order to perform historicised corpus analysis aimed at revealing the characteristics of didactization over time, as well as the traces of this process in contemporary educational productions
Angola ainda é um contexto relativamente desconhecido, qualquer que seja a disciplina nas ciências sociais. Para a didática das línguas e culturas, esta situação inicial se presta a questionar a abordagem - ou as abordagens - a adoptar para realizar a pesquisa. Esta tese propõe a verificar a relevância de uma abordagem multifacetada que envolva história e duas linhas principais de trabalho: o eixo diacrónico-sincrônico e o eixo micro-macro. O objetivo principal é de tirar partido dessa abordagem para: (1) superar a falta de dados essenciais para a compreensão da singularidade do contexto sociolinguístico contemporâneo e para o desenvolvimento de políticas linguísticas e educativas adequadas; (2) determinar de modo historizado as características do sistema de educação e da cultura educacional vigente; (3) propor formas de aplicação para melhorar o ensino / aprendizagem na linguagem e das línguas. A primeira parte desta tese explícita os objectivos e as hipóteses de investigação (Capítulo 1), define os itens gerais sobre o contexto nacional (Capítulo 2) e os conceitos mobilizados para reflexão e análise (Capítulo 3). A segunda parte fornece elementos descritivos, explicativos e analíticos inéditos a respeito do contexto desta pesquisa: um cenário histórico (Capítulo 4), um quadro sociolinguístico (Capítulo 5) e um foco construído em torno da língua francesa em Angola que segue uma reflexão mais geral sobre o sistema educativo público contemporâneo (capítulo 6). A partir da análise de três corpus didáticos selecionados segundo a data de produção (1962, 1980 e 2005), a terceira parte permite alavancar as contribuições das duas primeiras partes para realizar a análise de corpus historizada no objetivo de descobrir as características da didatização com os tempos e vestígios de este processo em produções educacionais contemporâneas
Djiecheu, Yannick. "Cultures éducatives et traditions d’enseignement des langues officielles au Canada : Analyses de textes officiels, de manuels et de témoignages d’enseignants en Ontario et au Québec". Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030017.
Texto completoStarting from the premise that practical language teaching is deeply characterized by variations,this research suppose that face to face and divergent educational and linguistic cultures canexplain these variations and their factors. Through a comparative analysis of Canadian officialtexts, textbooks and teachers’ discourses, we aim to show that divergent teaching traditionsbetween French and English as second language can appear in the discourses about secondlanguage teaching in this country. In this way, these traditions could ask the question about acommon and shared educational and teaching culture in Canada
Arcadias, Marie. "Apprentissage non supervisé de dépendances à partir de textes". Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2080/document.
Texto completoDependency grammars allow the construction of a hierarchical organization of the words of sentences. The one-by-one building of dependency trees can be very long and it requries expert knowledge. In this regard, we are interested in unsupervised dependency learning. Currently, DMV give the state-of-art results in unsupervised dependency parsing. However, DMV has been known to be highly sensitive to initial parameters. The training of DMV model is also heavy and long. We present in this thesis a new model to solve this problem in a simpler, faster and more adaptable way. We learn a family of PCFG using less than 6 nonterminal symbols and less than 15 combination rules from the part-of-speech tags. The tuning of these PCFG is ligth, and so easily adaptable to the 12 languages we tested. Our proposed method for unsupervised dependency parsing can show the near state-of-the-art results, being twice faster. Moreover, we describe our interests in dependency trees to other applications such as relation extraction. Therefore, we show how such information from dependency structures can be integrated into condition random fields and how to improve a relation extraction task
Bawden, Rachel. "Going beyond the sentence : Contextual Machine Translation of Dialogue". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS524/document.
Texto completoWhile huge progress has been made in machine translation (MT) in recent years, the majority of MT systems still rely on the assumption that sentences can be translated in isolation. The result is that these MT models only have access to context within the current sentence; context from other sentences in the same text and information relevant to the scenario in which they are produced remain out of reach. The aim of contextual MT is to overcome this limitation by providing ways of integrating extra-sentential context into the translation process. Context, concerning the other sentences in the text (linguistic context) and the scenario in which the text is produced (extra-linguistic context), is important for a variety of cases, such as discourse-level and other referential phenomena. Successfully taking context into account in translation is challenging. Evaluating such strategies on their capacity to exploit context is also a challenge, standard evaluation metrics being inadequate and even misleading when it comes to assessing such improvement in contextual MT. In this thesis, we propose a range of strategies to integrate both extra-linguistic and linguistic context into the translation process. We accompany our experiments with specifically designed evaluation methods, including new test sets and corpora. Our contextual strategies include pre-processing strategies designed to disambiguate the data on which MT models are trained, post-processing strategies to integrate context by post-editing MT outputs and strategies in which context is exploited during translation proper. We cover a range of different context-dependent phenomena, including anaphoric pronoun translation, lexical disambiguation, lexical cohesion and adaptation to properties of the scenario such as speaker gender and age. Our experiments for both phrase-based statistical MT and neural MT are applied in particular to the translation of English to French and focus specifically on the translation of informal written dialogues
Gruber, Jost Sylvie. "L'autoévaluation des compétences en contexte : l'intime au service d'un apprentissage expansif". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG014/document.
Texto completoSelf-evaluation involves making a value judgement of oneself. It also involves accepting to reveal something about oneself, but to whom ? If another person, such as a teacher, a parent or friend, is a necessary part of the process, it is vital to wonder about his or her role and his or her view. This relation calls into question the idea of transmission in educational experience (Vieille-Grosjean, 2009). If the goal of the teacher is to make a child competent (Reboul, 1980), what is the goal of the child who learns at school ? This empirical study examines the practice of skill self-evaluation among primary school students. The practice of self-evaluation, if situated in the area of pedagogy, creates a meeting space between the teacher, the student and knowledge. It reveals the expectations of some and the perceptions of others, and allows the student to work toward expansive learning (Holzkamp, 1993). The child can, by becoming aware of his/her responsibility, move from being a person who is being evaluated to a person who is learning
Goujon, Annabelle. "Apprentissage implicite de régularités contextuelles au cours de l'analyse de scènes visuelles". Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX10099.
Texto completoRemaud, Jessica. "Étude de la plasticité synaptique hippocampique induite par un apprentissage contextuel". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2961/.
Texto completoLong term potentiation (LTP) is a process by which the strength of the connection between neurons is increased when they are synchronously and repeatedly activated. This process has been well studied in mammals, especially in a brain region involved in contextual memory: the hippocampus. Literature tends to show a direct link between memory and LTP, but their mechanisms are not clear and there is only a few studies evidencing that LTP actually occurs during learning. In this work, we evidenced that the hippocampus could quickly form a representation of the context to which mice were exposed, this had never been reported before. Then, using electrophysiological tools, we were able to record for the first time LTP in the hippocampus after a learning task with mice. We showed that not all the connections are potentiated during memory formation; LTP is spread in the hippocampus. This repartition of LTP seems to differ between learning tasks. We showed that the hippocampus is needed to rapidly encode a new context, and we validated a method to reliably record learning-induced LTP in mice
Béji, Ferjani Jihène. "Construction d'une compétence plurilingue dans l'enseignement/apprentissage de l'écrit en contexte scolaire tunisien". Paris 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA030061.
Texto completoIn a plurilingual situation, contact between languages facilitates certain practices of interlinguistic relations. These interactions can be sollicited according to a methodological perspective which recognizes their role in the development of writing for the construction of a plurilingual competence. Our research aims at investigating how plurilinguism contributes to the construction of this competence. Our two research hypotheses, transversality and diversification, suggest interactional, analogical and contrastive, links within the learning process and they correspond to the two caracteristics of the plurilingual competence : global and heterogeneous. Diachronic and transversal studies which we have undertaken in the Tunisian scholar system showed evidence of the interaction between the four languages in contact in the Tunisian school : Arabic, Dialect, French and English
Gazaille, Mariane. "Contexte multimédia et motivation étudiante en apprentissage de l'anglais langue seconde au collégial /". Thèse, Trois-Rivières : Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2001. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/resume/03-2231559R.html.
Texto completoGazaille, Mariane. "Contexte multimédia et motivation étudiante en apprentissage de l'anglais langue seconde au collégial". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2001. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/2729/1/000682933.pdf.
Texto completoMolet, Mikaël Leconte-Lambert Claire. "Temps, saillance et contexte une approche cognitive de l'apprentissage /". Lille : A.N.R.T, 2006. http://documents.univ-lille3.fr/files/pub/www/recherche/theses/MOLLET_MICKAEL.pdf.
Texto completoVareilles, Gaëlle. "Comprendre la performance des volontaires de santé communautaire : une évaluation réaliste en lien avec la Fédération internationale des Sociétés de la Croix Rouge et du Croissant Rouge". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G036/document.
Texto completoContext The recruitment of community health volunteers, such as the volunteers of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, is an established approach to improve the health of underserved communities. However, there is a dearth of evidence about what works to improve volunteers’ performance. Objectives To understand why, how, for which volunteers and under which circumstances intervention approaches to improve volunteers’ performance is more likely to be successful. Methods Given the complexity of the intervention under study, a realist evaluation as methodological approach and a case study as study design was adopted. Firstly, a realist review together with interviews with the main stakeholders and a review of the theories underlying community health volunteers programme have been conducted to develop the theoretical basis for the evaluation. Secondly for the case study, two contrasted cases have been then selected at district level in the capital of Uganda, where the Red Cross Society is implementing a community-based programme. A case is as a Red Cross unit run by a programme manager that operate around one governmental district structures. Data collection included document review, participant observation and interviews. The constant comparative method was used for the analysis. Results Intervention approaches that include supervision supportive of autonomy, skills and knowledge enhancement and that is adapted to the different sub-groups of volunteers, leads to satisfaction of the three key drivers of volunteer motivation: feelings of autonomy, of competence and of connectedness. This contributes to volunteers’ better performance. Enabling contextual conditions include the responsiveness of the organisation to community needs and recognition from the organisation and the community of the work of the volunteers. Discussion The findings will inform the management of community health volunteers and have implication for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies regrading organisational learning. It also contributed to building the field of programme evaluation in Health and led to methodological developments for doing realist evaluation
Randrianarivo, Hicham. "Apprentissage statistique de classes sémantiques pour l'interprétation d'images aériennes". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CNAM1117/document.
Texto completoThis work is about interpretation of the content of very high resolution aerial optical panchromatic images. Two methods are proposed for the classification of this kind of images. The first method aims at detecting the instances of a class of objects and the other method aims at segmenting superpixels extracted from the images using a contextual model of the relations between the superpixels. The object detection method in very high resolution images uses a mixture of appearance models of a class of objects then fuses the hypothesis returned by the models. We develop a method that clusters training samples into visual subcategories based on a two stages procedure using metadata and visual information. The clustering part allows to learn models that are specialised in recognizing a subset of the dataset and whose fusion lead to a generalization of the object detector. The performances of the method are evaluate on several dataset of very high resolution images at several resolutions and several places. The method proposed for contextual semantic segmentation use a combination of visual description of a superpixel extract from the image and contextual information gathered between a superpixel and its neighbors. The contextual representation is based on a graph where the nodes are the superpixels and the edges are the relations between two neighbors. Finally we predict the category of a superpixel using the predictions made by of the neighbors using the contextual model in order to make the prediction more reliable. We test our method on a dataset of very high resolution images
Clanet, Joël. "Contribution à l'intelligibilité du système "enseignement-apprentissage". Stabilisations du système et interactions en contexte". Toulouse 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20061.
Texto completoWith prescriptive aims, our study of the intelligibility of teaching/learning (t/l) situations was carried out using linear causality modelisation programs. The process-product model is the best known and most used one. More elaborate models - the process-mediator model or others referring to cybernetic or systemic paradigms-are still based on the principle of a correspondance between school results and one or several dimensions which would account for them. By confronting various models to empirical studies, we have been able to appreciate their qualities and their limits. T/l situations, self organized and self built in (inter) action and in relation to a given context cannot be considered as elaborate systems but as complex ones. Modelisation was required to take this complexity into account. We created one, using a systemic approach. One of the aspects of this modelisation concerns the configuration of the interplay between the various elements which constitute the building of the system. By confronting our systemic model to empirical study, we were hoping to construct a new signifiance in relation to t/l situations. The methodology used (asending hierarchical classifications) enabled us to study the agregation configurations corresponding to differnt levels of study of the system. We noted the perenniality of some configurations. The latter appear therefore not the be mere result of chance. This perenniality may allow the possibility of an underlying stable structure. This one is swept away by the addition to the model of the dimensions of interaction in class. The power of organization of the variables of interaction asserts itself and brings a perenniality of configurations ; this perenniality is less important without them. The interactive movement brings stability. Depending on the closingof the t/l system, the configurations are separate. They give an account of the processes inscribed in a given contextualising and in-context dynamic procedure
Paulo, Amadeu Antonio. "Motivation et enseignement/apprentissage du Français langue étrangère. Etude de cas : élèves angolais de la région sud (collégiens et lycéens)". Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA1004.
Texto completoIn a school context, teaching and learning are both determined by the learner’s motivation status in lessons of French as a foreign language. An active participation is required from the pupil for learning especially since, as far as a foreign language is concerned, learning very often entails a more important psychological commitment than in other school subjects. The learner should prove a complete availability and involvement in learning activities, which is far from being the case: in the Southern region of Angola in our scope of interest, the secondary school children prove very passive in lessons of French as a foreign language.In this work we have been above all wondering why a recurring passive attitude and a behaviour of evasive efforts, even a troublemaking one, mainly occur specifically in lessons of French as a foreign language. Is it due to a lack of motivation? If yes, what would then be the deep causes of it, as motivation simply results from other factors? The answers to these interrogations are based on a set of questionnaires sent to pupils, teachers and to pupils’ parents and on observing pupils’ behaviour and teachers’ practice in lessons of French as a foreign language. Thus the results obtained enabled us to answer to questions asked beforehand. For helping improve teaching/learning French as a foreign language we built up proposals of teaching remediation in accordance to difficulties met in the field
Verseils-Bruguière, Catherine. "Contribution à l'identification des réseaux conceptuels associés à l'enseignement-apprentissage de l'énergie : L'enseignement-apprentissage de l'énergie pris dans un contexte pluridisciplinaire et une problématique environnementale". Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20158.
Texto completoGicquel, Pierre-Yves. "Proximités sémantiques et contextuelles pour l'apprentissage en mobilité : application à la visite de musée". Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069547.
Texto completoChaumon, Maximilien. "Apprentissage implicite du contexte visuel et guidage de la perception : Expériences MEG et EEG intracrânien". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00310152.
Texto completoNous proposons que l'activité gamma permet la création et l'affûtage d'une représentation neuronale par des mécanismes de plasticité dépendante de la synchronie des potentiels d'action (spike timing dependent plasticity, STDP). Cette représentation une fois créée serait activée très rapidement pour biaiser le traitement cérébral, permettant la prise en compte de l'expérience vécue dès les étapes précoces du traitement sensoriel.
Reyes, Avendaño Claudia Gabriela. "Enseignement et apprentissage des fonctions numériques dans un contexte de modélisation et de travail mathématique". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7072.
Texto completoThe main objective of this research work is to know to what extent the mathematical modeling of movement phenomena influences the development and significance of the notion of function. In this sense, throughout the six chapters of this thesis, we have treated the domain of kinematics as a kind of intersection between physics and mathematics. The objective was to approach the notion of function through modeling cycles of motion phenomena, which led students not only to the notions of curve, function, parametric equations and derivative, but also to the concepts of distance, trajectory, tangential velocity, angular velocity, acceleration, centripetal acceleration and frames of reference. By means of Tracker (software for the analysis of motion videos) and GeoGebra, approaching the notion of function in this way triggered not only a transition between different function registers of semiotic representation (Duval, 1999), but also a series of cognitive processes that we analyzed with the theoretical methodological framework Kinematic Working Space (KWS), an extension of the framework Mathematical Working Space (Kuzniak et al., 2016a), which we developed in this thesis to characterize the work done by the students. To achieve the main objective of this research, we designed 4 modeling activities (URM, RUAM, UCM and the combination of an URM+UCM), for students in their last year of high school interestedin studying a scientific or engineering career, using the ETC, the modeling cycle (Blum et Leiss, 2007) and the registers of semiotic representation. The work carried out by the students was characterized by observing the evolution of the notion of function through the registers of semiotic representation and the cognitive processes triggered (KWS) during the modeling cycles. In summary, this work shows the coordination of different theoretical entities (modeling cycles, representation registers and the KWS) in the characterization of the work done by students when carrying out modeling processes of movement phenomena concerning the mathematical object, function
Leroy, Nadia. "Impact du contexte scolaire sur la motivation et ses conséquences au plan des apprentissages". Grenoble 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE29005.
Texto completoAbsent from the political considerations until recently, the generalized use of the concept of school failure reveals nowadays a growing concern from public authorities. Considering firstly an eroding perceived utility of studies, secondly, a contesting way to live school experience (Dubet & Martucelli, 1996) and finally, a school competition in witch only those who are likely to succeed engage themselves, motivation appears, for numerous professionals, as an essential asset for learning (e. G, Bandura, 1986; Schunk, 1992; Vallerand & Losier, 1994; Weiner, 1992). Based on the self determination and the achievement goal theories, this doctoral work begins a discussion about the potentialities of studying the psychological mechanisms at work in the teaching-learning porcess. Because of its crucial role in the explanation of school performance, we devote a broad part of our development to the motivation in learning context. The studies we present have two aims. On one hand, we test an ecological model of the impact of motivational classroom climate on school performance by considering motivation as the process that mediates this influence. On the other hand, we develop a longitudinal analysis to report the evolving nature of motivation as well as the influence of the temporal variations of these processes on differences in academic achievement during the first year of junior high school
Gu, Nahai. "Styles cognitifs, langue chinoise et apprentissage des mathématiques et de la statistique : etude exploratoire dans le contexte de l'enseignement secondaire en Chine". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2058/document.
Texto completoIn this research study, we will explore the learning characteristics of students of different cognitive styles of secondary education in China. Several studies, including our latest research, have highlighted the fact that students of different cognitive styles have manifested different learning characteristics. In our previous work, we noted that mathematical knowledge is essential for the learning of statistic. Meanwhile, Chinese students off different studies showed different cognitive styles. Moreover, some studies have shown the characteristics of generalization in Chinese student learning process which refers to the characteristics of Chinese language learning. Since all Chinese students do not study in the same context and the development of cognitive styles are closely linked to socio-cultural adaptation, we are interested in the relationships between the three elements that are respectively the cultural context, mathematics learning and cognitive styles. Thus, as a continuation study, this thesis focuses on the mathematics learning characteristics of the Chinese high school students of different campus and different cognitive styles.In this thesis, we aim firstly to validate the results that are revealed by different researches of different cultural contexts. Secondly, as the selection of students of each campus is based on the national competitions that play a key role in determining the school context, we are specifically interested in the field dependence-independence cognitive style as well as the reflexivity-impulsivity cognitive style as the characteristics of the two types of cognitive style are, theoretically, closely related to the competition context. We will explore the links between student selection and different cognitive styles. We will also see the relationship between the field dependent-independent cognitive style and the reflexivity-impulsivity cognitive style. Eventually, we will present the different mathematics learning characteristics of students of different cognitive styles and different school campus
Goujon, A. "Apprentissage implicite de régularités contextuelles au cours de l'analyse de scènes visuelles". Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00543817.
Texto completoZhang, Bingxue. "Design and implementation of WoBaLearn - a work-based context-aware mobile learning system". Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDL0032/document.
Texto completoIncreased interest has been shown in context-aware mobile learning systems. These systems aim to provide learning supports via mobile devices and adapt them to specific educational needs, personal characteristics and particular circumstances of an individual learner or a group of interconnected learners. Work-based learning is a crucial approach to promote professionals’ working and learning efficiency, which is need-targeted, personalized, just-in-time and location-based. These characteristics predict that context-aware mobile learning systems can play a role in promoting the effect of work-based learning. However, relatively few context-aware mobile learning systems are proposed for learning and competence development in work contexts. This dissertation proposes the design, implementation and evaluation of a context-aware mobile system for work-based learning, named WoBaLearn. More specifically, in the dissertation, we worked on: (1) the learning theories related to work-based context-aware mobile learning; (2) the approaches for designing a work-based context-aware mobile learning system; and (3) the technologies and methodologies for implementing and testing the designed system. The main contributions of this thesis are: 1) Proposal of an ontology-based hierarchical context model for work-based learning We defined an initial context model for describing contextual information in work-based mobile learning, named WbML. This model adopts a hierarchical designing approach which classifies con-text into a common layer and a domain layer. This approach improves the reusability of this context model. Also, the WbML context model is built based on ontology for describing context semantically. 2) Design of a set of adaptation strategies for work-based learning and an adaptation engine to execute these strategies We proposed a set of adaptation strategies concerning learning units selection, learning units sequence, learning units navigation, learning partners communication, and learning activities generation. These strategies adapt learning supports depending on professionals’ just-in-time learning con-text. We proposed also an adaptation engine which executes these proposed strategies to implement learning adaptations. 3) Construction of the WoBaLearn architecture Combined with the conceptual design bases about the context model, learning contents, adaptation strategies and adaptation engine, we proposed the system architecture of WoBaLearn which enables the WoBaLearn system to achieve the adaptive learning services. 4) Implementation of WoBaLearn We implemented the proposed system with modern technologies, and set a user study to evaluate it. Evaluation results provided us with the evidence that this system can offer professionals a satisfactory learning experience and facilitate their work activities
Margeta, Ján. "Apprentissage automatique pour simplifier l’utilisation de banques d’images cardiaques". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0055/document.
Texto completoThe recent growth of data in cardiac databases has been phenomenal. Cleveruse of these databases could help find supporting evidence for better diagnosis and treatment planning. In addition to the challenges inherent to the large quantity of data, the databases are difficult to use in their current state. Data coming from multiple sources are often unstructured, the image content is variable and the metadata are not standardised. The objective of this thesis is therefore to simplify the use of large databases for cardiology specialists withautomated image processing, analysis and interpretation tools. The proposed tools are largely based on supervised machine learning techniques, i.e. algorithms which can learn from large quantities of cardiac images with groundtruth annotations and which automatically find the best representations. First, the inconsistent metadata are cleaned, interpretation and visualisation of images is improved by automatically recognising commonly used cardiac magnetic resonance imaging views from image content. The method is based on decision forests and convolutional neural networks trained on a large image dataset. Second, the thesis explores ways to use machine learning for extraction of relevant clinical measures (e.g. volumes and masses) from3D and 3D+t cardiac images. New spatio-temporal image features are designed andclassification forests are trained to learn how to automatically segment the main cardiac structures (left ventricle and left atrium) from voxel-wise label maps. Third, a web interface is designed to collect pairwise image comparisons and to learn how to describe the hearts with semantic attributes (e.g. dilation, kineticity). In the last part of the thesis, a forest-based machinelearning technique is used to map cardiac images to establish distances and neighborhoods between images. One application is retrieval of the most similar images
Ouédraogo, Étienne. "Qualité de l'éducation au Burkina-Faso : efficacité des enseignements-apprentissages dans les classes des écoles primaires". Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0031/document.
Texto completoThe topic of this Thesis is at the crossroad between many topics of education sciences: pedagogy, didactics, psychology and small group sociology in order to illuminate what concerns « educational relationship in schools ». It focuses on the effectiveness of teaching-learning in fourth grade classes. This Research paper focuses especially on organizers who structure and determine teachers' class activities in Burkina Faso. Classrooms were the places where we collected our data in 2013. An exploratory survey led us to narrow our goal, limiting it to the classroom-interactions between the teacher and his pupils during an educational session, namely grammar class. Secondly, we created a body of data including interviews and comments through films the a sample of 12 teachers and 36 pupils. Then, we tried to find the dimensions of the three areas compared with pupils' and teachers' declarations. The method is the deductive one. The results tend to illustrate that the "educational organization" dominates, followed by "relationship atmosphere" and lastly the "didactic management". Our goal is to better understand teachers' practices in order to suggest actions to be conducted towards improving the quality of education
Albardan, Mahmoud. "Combinaison robuste à la dépendance entre classifieurs dans un contexte d’apprentissage décentralisé". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I050/document.
Texto completoMachine learning is a rapidly growing field of science concerning both the number of methods used and the amount of data available for users. Classification is thus affected by these changes. The presence of a large number of classification algorithms thus encourages the creation of global systems that are based on classifier ensembles, in the purpose of providing efficient solutions to complex classification problems. This is the main motivation behind our thesis whose subject is the study of multi-classifiers systems. A multi-classifiers system is a set of classifiers whose decisions is aggregated according to a specific architecture and using a combination rule. There are different types architectures such as parallel, sequential or hybrid architectures. In this thesis, we are only interested in classifier ensembles having a parallel architecture. Briefly, the purpose of my research is then the design of multi-classifiers systems to improve classification performance and to offer certain level of robustness. However, the design of such systems, that can be seen as a fusion of different sources of information and which will be trained on correlated learning examples, generates dependence in the individual decisions of classifiers and consequently impose the creation of classifier ensembles that are adapted to dependency between individual classifiers. Thus, we propose two approaches that are the main contributions of this thesis. The first one is a possibilistic approach based on a well-known combination rule in fuzzy logic, the t-norm, while the second is a probabilistic approach based on a copula function which are models of dependence between random variables
Shi, Fanjuan. "A Smart Marketing Personalization Methodology Based On Real-Time Contextualisation In The Era of Big Data". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3019/document.
Texto completoPersonalization can enhance the relevance and usefulness of B2C marketing communications. However, it is not the panacea for all the B2C marketing challenges. With an aim to further enhance the relevance and usefulness of personalized marketing contents, we propose a context-aware marketing personalization approach that can analyze cross-channel shopping behaviors, interpret consumer intentions, detect consumers cognitive state, and use the appropriate personalization strategy to generate and deliver personalized marketing contents to them. Our approach takes into account the volume, variety, and variability of consumer data in a cross-channel shopping scenario. Using a learning mechanism, our approach allows a marketing personalization system to learn from consumers’ preference for the moment and medium of contact so that it can adjust its personalization strategy dynamically. A/B test indicates that our approach can significantly enhance the relevance and usefulness of personalized marketing contents and the knowledge of cross-channel shopping journeys may reshape the way firms plan, execute, and evaluate marketing events
Brenon, Alexis. "Modèle profond pour le contrôle vocal adaptatif d'un habitat intelligent". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM057/document.
Texto completoSmart-homes, resulting of the merger of home-automation, ubiquitous computing and artificial intelligence, support inhabitants in their activity of daily living to improve their quality of life.Allowing dependent and aged people to live at home longer, these homes provide a first answer to society problems as the dependency tied to the aging population.In voice controlled home, the home has to answer to user's requests covering a range of automated actions (lights, blinds, multimedia control, etc.).To achieve this, the control system of the home need to be aware of the context in which a request has been done, but also to know user habits and preferences.Thus, the system must be able to aggregate information from a heterogeneous home-automation sensors network and take the (variable) user behavior into account.The development of smart home control systems is hard due to the huge variability regarding the home topology and the user habits.Furthermore, the whole set of contextual information need to be represented in a common space in order to be able to reason about them and make decisions.To address these problems, we propose to develop a system which updates continuously its model to adapt itself to the user and which uses raw data from the sensors through a graphical representation.This new method is particularly interesting because it does not require any prior inference step to extract the context.Thus, our system uses deep reinforcement learning; a convolutional neural network allowing to extract contextual information and reinforcement learning used for decision-making.Then, this memoir presents two systems, a first one only based on reinforcement learning showing limits of this approach against real environment with thousands of possible states.Introduction of deep learning allowed to develop the second one, ARCADES, which gives good performances proving that this approach is relevant and opening many ways to improve it
Mbaissatar, Laoukoura Jacques. "L'enseignement/apprentissage de l'histoire dans un contexte sans manuel : cas de la classe de seconde au Tchad". Grenoble 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE29010.
Texto completoThe title of this thesis is: "teaching and learning history in the context without handbook: the case of fifth grade". First, we look at the history of handbook. We study also the Chadian context; this context shows malfunctioning; for this, we have this working hypothesis: in the context without handbook, pupils wait for the teacher's lessons before learning. We analyse some theoretical elements (readability, glossary, and so one) of handbook because they facilitate teaching and learning. We take into account the forward planification, the historical epistemology, and pedagogical strategies. After the empirical study, our results seam to confirm the working hypothesis
Soler, Millan Germana. "Pour une approche interculturelle de l'enseignement/apprentissage du FLE en milieu universitaire colombien : contexte, manques, besoins, propositions". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MON30044/document.
Texto completoThe piece's aim is to describe the teaching and learning of French as a Foreign Language (FLE) in Colombia using the University of Caldas as an example. It is about identifying what is lacking, the needs and proposing what is necessary to remedy the situation. We will first describe the situation of FLE and develop theoretical concepts that guide this work : intercultural, representations, stereotypes, FLE teaching, etc. Furthermore, we describe our methodology based on the study of two fields. The first one is composed of two bodies of work: students and teachers of the University of Caldas. Each data consists of two surveys, a sociolinguistic questionnaire distributed to 258 students and 20 semi-structured interviews; a questionnaire distributed to all the FLE teachers of the university and an interview of all these same teachers. Finally, the body of the second field consists of 6 expatriate Colombian FLE teachers who have settled in France. The quantitative study of the questionnaires, and the lexicometric and content study of the data help us to describe an educational context where the intercultural does not have enough emphasis in the teaching of FLE, where the right material and the right conditions to aid the development of this skill do not exist and where representations of learners and teachers can negatively influence the motivation for learning French. Moreover, the second field confirms that the teaching of FLE in Colombian Universities does not transmit intercultural and pragmatic skills to evolve as one would receive living in France. From these results, we will make didactic and political proposals for improving the teaching/learning of FLE in the Colombian universities and for the development of the status of French in the country
Boutin, Arnaud. "Conditions d'apprentissage moteur et représentations sensori-motrices : des mouvements discrets aus séquences motrices". Poitiers, 2009. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2009/Boutin-Arnaud/2009-Boutin-Arnaud-These.pdf.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the analysis of the cognitive processes underlying learning of new motor behavior, and the study of our faculties to adapt this behavior to new ones. To address this issue, three experiments were designed to analyze discrete and continuous movements. The main purpose of this work was to assess: 1) learning variables that are supposed to influence the acquisition of discrete and/or continuous movements (Experiments 1 and 2), and 2) the way sequential movements are coded (Experiment 3). Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that the schedule of practice and/or task similarity can modulate intra- and/or inter-task processing during practice, and thus, influence subsequent learning. Further, our results also indicated that both schedule of practice and task similarity interact with the amount of practice; thus, learning of new motor behavior supposes to consider all these factors. In Experiment 3, our data argue for the existence of both effectordependent and visual-spatial sequence representation, irrespective of the amount of practice. These findings are not consistent with the notion that the amount of practice is thought to be a determinant factor in the shifting from a visual-spatial (effector-independent) to a motor (effector-dependent) code representation (from 1 to 2 days of practice). Theoretical and practical implications emerging from these results are discussed with regard to pre-existent theoretical data and models
El-Khatib, Wassim. "Mise en place d'une approche par compétences en apprentissage de la langue française dans le contexte libanais : enjeux et diffucultés". Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10125.
Texto completoScicluna, James. "Grammatical inference of probalistic context-free grammars". Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NANT2071.
Texto completoProbabilistic Context-Free Grammars (PCFGs) are formal statistical models which describe probability distributions on strings and on tree structures of the same strings. Grammatical Inference is a sub-field of machine learning where the task is to learn automata or grammars (such as PCFGs) from information about their languages. In this thesis, we are interested in Grammatical Inference of PCFGs from text. There are various applications for this problem, chief amongst which are Unsupervised Parsing and Language Modelling in Natural Language Processing and RNA secondary structure prediction in Bioinformatics. PCFG inference is however a difficult problem for a variety of reasons. In spite of its importance for various applications, only few positive results have up till now been obtained for this problem. Our main contribution in this thesis is a practical PCFG learning algorithm with some proven properties and based on a principled approach. We define a new subclass of PCFGs (very similar to the one defined in (Clark, 2010)) and use distributional learning and MDL-based techniques in order to learn this class of grammars. We obtain competitive results on experiments that evaluate unsupervised parsing and language modelling. A minor contribution in this thesis is a compendium of undecidability results for distances between PCFGs along with two positive results on PCFGs. Having such results can help in the process of finding learning algorithms for PCFGs