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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Apprentissage automatique – Imagerie spectroscopique"
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Tesis sobre el tema "Apprentissage automatique – Imagerie spectroscopique"
Abushawish, Mojahed. "New Machine Learning-Based Approaches for AGATA Detectors Characterization and Nuclear Structure Studies of Neutron-Rich Nb Isotopes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10344.
Texto completoIn-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy, particularly with high-velocity recoil nuclei, requires precise Doppler correction. The Advanced GAmma Tracking Array (AGATA) represents a groundbreaking development in gamma-ray spectrometers, boosting the ability to track gamma-rays within the detector. This capability leads to exceptional position resolution which ensures optimal Doppler corrections. The high-purity germanium crystals used in AGATA are divided into 36 segments. The determination of interaction point positions is achieved by analyzing the shape of the measured electrical pulses. The algorithm used, PSA (Pulse Shape Analysis), compares the measured signals with simulated reference simulated databases, which presents accuracy limitations. On the other hand, experimental databases can be obtained by scanning crystals with collimated gamma-ray sources using a computationally expensive method called Pulse Shape Coincidence Scan (PSCS). This work proposes, a novel machine learning algorithm based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks that replaces the PSCS method, reducing processing time and achieving higher consistency and accuracy. This thesis also explores the nuclear structure of neutron-rich Niobium isotopes. These nuclei, with Z and N around 40 and 60, respectively, exhibit one of the most remarkable examples of a sudden shape transition between spherical and highly deformed nuclei. These isotopes were produced at GANIL during two experiments involving transfer-induced fission and fusion. The combination of the VAMOS++ spectrometer, AGATA, and the EXOGAM gamma spectrometer offers a unique opportunity to obtain precise isotopic identification (A, Z) on an event-by-event basis for one of the fission fragments, with the prompt and delayed gamma-rays emitted in coincidence with unprecedented resolution. The research presents updated level schemes for the Nb isotopes and introduces new band structures for the Nb nuclei, pushing the boundaries of what is possible in fission experiments. It highlights spherical/deformed shape coexistence in theNb isotope, reassesses the level scheme of Nb and the placement of its rotational band, and tracks the evolution of nuclear deformation with increasing neutron number, providing valuable experimental data to refine nuclear models. The results are compared with the most recent theoretical calculations of each isotope
Armanni, Thibaut. "Étude de nouveaux alliages de titane pour applications aéronautiques hautes températures". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0342.
Texto completoImproving the high-temperature resistance of titanium alloys is a major challenge for the aerospace industry. Exceeding the current limit of 550°C in aircraft engines requires finding the best compromise between good oxidation resistance and good mechanical properties. Near-alpha alloys consisting mainly of a compact hexagonal phase are the best candidates. Unfortunately, they are sensitive to cold creep-fatigue, known as the dwell effect. In this context, our work aims to achieve two main objectives. Firstly, to contribute to the design of new near-alpha alloys based on machine learning, supported by extensive mechanical testing, at both ambient and high temperatures. Secondly, to gain a better understanding of the effect of chemical composition, particularly silicon content, on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour. Our approach was based on multi-scale microstructure study of selected alloys using a combination of different microscopy techniques. We examined the influence of a variation in silicon content using a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We showed that silicide precipitation occurs above a certain silicon content. We demonstrated the limitations of two-dimensional analysis, and used an alternative technique combining ion beam cutting (FIB) with SEM observation to reconstruct the 3D microstructure. This approach enabled us to analyze and quantify the shapes, sizes and spatial distributions of the silicides. Finally, we carried out tensile tests at different strain rates as well as creep tests under various conditions to better understand how silicon addition improves the behaviour of near-alpha alloys
Mensch, Arthur. "Apprentissage de représentations en imagerie fonctionnelle". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS300/document.
Texto completoThanks to the advent of functional brain-imaging technologies, cognitive neuroscience is accumulating maps of neural activity responses to specific tasks or stimuli, or of spontaneous activity. In this work, we consider data from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), that we study in a machine learning setting: we learn a model of brain activity that should generalize on unseen data. After reviewing the standard fMRI data analysis techniques, we propose new methods and models to benefit from the recently released large fMRI data repositories. Our goal is to learn richer representations of brain activity. We first focus on unsupervised analysis of terabyte-scale fMRI data acquired on subjects at rest (resting-state fMRI). We perform this analysis using matrix factorization. We present new methods for running sparse matrix factorization/dictionary learning on hundreds of fMRI records in reasonable time. Our leading approach relies on introducing randomness in stochastic optimization loops and provides speed-up of an order of magnitude on a variety of settings and datasets. We provide an extended empirical validation of our stochastic subsampling approach, for datasets from fMRI, hyperspectral imaging and collaborative filtering. We derive convergence properties for our algorithm, in a theoretical analysis that reaches beyond the matrix factorization problem. We then turn to work with fMRI data acquired on subject undergoing behavioral protocols (task fMRI). We investigate how to aggregate data from many source studies, acquired with many different protocols, in order to learn more accurate and interpretable decoding models, that predicts stimuli or tasks from brain maps. Our multi-study shared-layer model learns to reduce the dimensionality of input brain images, simultaneously to learning to decode these images from their reduced representation. This fosters transfer learning in between studies, as we learn the undocumented cognitive common aspects that the many fMRI studies share. As a consequence, our multi-study model performs better than single-study decoding. Our approach identifies universally relevant representation of brain activity, supported by a few task-optimized networks learned during model fitting. Finally, on a related topic, we show how to use dynamic programming within end-to-end trained deep networks, with applications in natural language processing
Pitiot, Alain. "Segmentation Automatique des Structures Cérébrales s'appuyant sur des Connaissances Explicites". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001346.
Texto completoBertrand, Hadrien. "Optimisation d'hyper-paramètres en apprentissage profond et apprentissage par transfert : applications en imagerie médicale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLT001.
Texto completoIn the last few years, deep learning has changed irrevocably the field of computer vision. Faster, giving better results, and requiring a lower degree of expertise to use than traditional computer vision methods, deep learning has become ubiquitous in every imaging application. This includes medical imaging applications. At the beginning of this thesis, there was still a strong lack of tools and understanding of how to build efficient neural networks for specific tasks. Thus this thesis first focused on the topic of hyper-parameter optimization for deep neural networks, i.e. methods for automatically finding efficient neural networks on specific tasks. The thesis includes a comparison of different methods, a performance improvement of one of these methods, Bayesian optimization, and the proposal of a new method of hyper-parameter optimization by combining two existing methods: Bayesian optimization and Hyperband.From there, we used these methods for medical imaging applications such as the classification of field-of-view in MRI, and the segmentation of the kidney in 3D ultrasound images across two populations of patients. This last task required the development of a new transfer learning method based on the modification of the source network by adding new geometric and intensity transformation layers.Finally this thesis loops back to older computer vision methods, and we propose a new segmentation algorithm combining template deformation and deep learning. We show how to use a neural network to predict global and local transformations without requiring the ground-truth of these transformations. The method is validated on the task of kidney segmentation in 3D US images
Ratiney, Hélène. "Quantification automatique de signaux de spectrométrie et d'imagerie spectroscopique de résonance magnétique fondée sur une base de métabolites : une approche semi-paramétrique". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10195.
Texto completoWei, Wen. "Apprentissage automatique des altérations cérébrales causées par la sclérose en plaques en neuro-imagerie multimodale". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4021.
Texto completoMultiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common progressive neurological disease of young adults worldwide and thus represents a major public health issue with about 90,000 patients in France and more than 500,000 people affected with MS in Europe. In order to optimize treatments, it is essential to be able to measure and track brain alterations in MS patients. In fact, MS is a multi-faceted disease which involves different types of alterations, such as myelin damage and repair. Under this observation, multimodal neuroimaging are needed to fully characterize the disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a fundamental imaging biomarker for multiple sclerosis because of its high sensitivity to reveal macroscopic tissue abnormalities in patients with MS. Conventional MR scanning provides a direct way to detect MS lesions and their changes, and plays a dominant role in the diagnostic criteria of MS. Moreover, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, an alternative imaging modality, can provide functional information and detect target tissue changes at the cellular and molecular level by using various radiotracers. For example, by using the radiotracer [11C]PIB, PET allows a direct pathological measure of myelin alteration. However, in clinical settings, not all the modalities are available because of various reasons. In this thesis, we therefore focus on learning and predicting missing-modality-derived brain alterations in MS from multimodal neuroimaging data
Richard, Hugo. "Unsupervised component analysis for neuroimaging data". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG115.
Texto completoThis thesis in computer science and mathematics is applied to the field ofneuroscience, and more particularly to the mapping of brain activity based on imaging electrophysiology. In this field, a rising trend is to experiment with naturalistic stimuli such as movie watching or audio track listening,rather than tightly controlled but outrageously simple stimuli. However, the analysis of these "naturalistic" stimuli and their effects requires a huge amount of images that remain hard and costly to acquire. Without mathematical modeling, theidentification of neural signal from the measurements is very hard if not impossible. However, the stimulations that elicit neural activity are challenging to model in this context, and therefore, the statistical analysis of the data using regression-based approaches is difficult. This has motivated the use of unsupervised learning methods that do not make assumptions about what triggers brain activations in the presented stimuli. In this thesis, we first consider the case of the shared response model (SRM), wheresubjects are assumed to share a common response. While this algorithm is usefulto perform dimension reduction, it is particularly costly on functional magneticresonance imaging (fMRI) data where thedimension can be very large. We considerably speed up thealgorithm and reduce its memory usage. However, SRM relies on assumptions thatare not biologically plausible. In contrast, independent component analysis (ICA) is more realistic but not suited to multi-subject datasets. In this thesis, we present a well-principled method called MultiViewICA that extends ICA to datasets containing multiple subjects. MultiViewICA is a maximum likelihood estimator. It comes with a closed-formlikelihood that can be efficiently optimized. However, it assumes the same amount of noise for all subjects. We therefore introduce ShICA, a generalization of MultiViewICA that comes with a more general noise model. In contrast to almost all ICA-based models, ShICA can separate Gaussian and non-Gaussian sources and comes with a minimum mean square error estimate of the common sources that weights each subject according to its estimated noise level. In practice, MultiViewICA and ShICA yield on magnetoencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging a more reliable estimateof the shared response than competitors. Lastly, we use independent component analysis as a basis to perform data augmentation. More precisely, we introduce CondICA, a data augmentation method that leverages a large amount of unlabeled fMRI data to build a generative model for labeled data using only a few labeled samples. CondICA yields an increase in decoding accuracy on eight large fMRI datasets. Our main contributions consist in the reduction of SRM's training time as well as in the introduction of two more realistic models for the analysis of brain activity of subjects exposed to naturalistic stimuli: MultiViewICA and ShICA. Lastly, our results showing that ICA can be used for data augmentation are promising. In conclusion, we present some directions that could guide future work. From apractical point of view, minor modifications of our methods could allow theanalysis of resting state data assuming a shared spatial organization instead of a shared response. From a theoretical perspective, future work could focus on understanding how dimension reduction and shared response identification can be achieved jointly
Bertrand, Hadrien. "Optimisation d'hyper-paramètres en apprentissage profond et apprentissage par transfert : applications en imagerie médicale". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLT001/document.
Texto completoIn the last few years, deep learning has changed irrevocably the field of computer vision. Faster, giving better results, and requiring a lower degree of expertise to use than traditional computer vision methods, deep learning has become ubiquitous in every imaging application. This includes medical imaging applications. At the beginning of this thesis, there was still a strong lack of tools and understanding of how to build efficient neural networks for specific tasks. Thus this thesis first focused on the topic of hyper-parameter optimization for deep neural networks, i.e. methods for automatically finding efficient neural networks on specific tasks. The thesis includes a comparison of different methods, a performance improvement of one of these methods, Bayesian optimization, and the proposal of a new method of hyper-parameter optimization by combining two existing methods: Bayesian optimization and Hyperband.From there, we used these methods for medical imaging applications such as the classification of field-of-view in MRI, and the segmentation of the kidney in 3D ultrasound images across two populations of patients. This last task required the development of a new transfer learning method based on the modification of the source network by adding new geometric and intensity transformation layers.Finally this thesis loops back to older computer vision methods, and we propose a new segmentation algorithm combining template deformation and deep learning. We show how to use a neural network to predict global and local transformations without requiring the ground-truth of these transformations. The method is validated on the task of kidney segmentation in 3D US images
Couteaux, Vincent. "Apprentissage profond pour la segmentation et la détection automatique en imagerie multi-modale : application à l'oncologie hépatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021IPPAT009.
Texto completoIn order to characterize hepatic lesions,radiologists rely on several images using different modalities (different MRI sequences, CT scan, etc.) because they provide complementary information.In addition, automatic segmentation and detection tools are a great help in characterizing lesions, monitoring disease or planning interventions.At a time when deep learning dominates the state of the art in all fields related to medical image processing, this thesis aims to study how these methods can meet certain challenges related to multi-modal image analysis, revolving around three axes : automatic segmentation of the liver, the interpretability of segmentation networks and detection of hepatic lesions.Multi-modal segmentation in a context where the images are paired but not registered with respect to each other is a problem that is little addressed in the literature.I propose a comparison of learning strategies that have been proposed for related problems, as well as a method to enforce a constraint of similarity of predictions into learning.Interpretability in machine learning is a young field of research with particularly important issues in medical image processing, but which so far has focused on natural image classification networks.I propose a method for interpreting medical image segmentation networks.Finally, I present preliminary work on a method for detecting liver lesions in pairs of images of different modalities