Tesis sobre el tema "Antibiotiques – Environnement"
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Sadikalay, Syndia. "Influence des rejets humains et animaux sur la diffusion de l'antibiorésistance à l'homme, aux animaux et à l'environnement en Guadeloupe". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0251.
Texto completoThe pressure of selection related to the overuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicines is responsible for this increase, but the environment also plays a role in the diffusion of these resistances.In Guadeloupe, very few things are known on the state of resistance to antibiotics, but both veterinary and human uses are intense and amendments resulting from human and animal wastes are widely used.In Guadeloupe, the use of waste from animal, plant and human activities in crop production does not appear to favor E. coli resistant strains spreading from the environment to humans. However, composting quality, soil physicochemical characteristics and climatic conditions should be taken into account when planning amendments to reduce the exposure risk, spread and persistence of E. coli resistant strains.Fifteen strains of E. coli were isolated from horses feces were isolated during their antibiotic treatment, three in the first horse and 12 in the second. Profiles of antibiotic resistance were congruent with the plasmid analysis, genotypes for resistance genes detected using WGS, and with the phylogenetic analysis based on the core genome. Three clones and four singletons could be distinguished indicating that a high genetic diversity exists among E. coli producing ESBL. This study evidenced the persistence of E. coli producing ESBL in the microbiota of horses treated with antibiotics. This study was able to demonstrate the resurgence of resistant phenotypes even before the first day of treatment with persistence of these strains more than one month after treatment. The absence of detection of E. coli producing ESBL was evedenced a few months after treatment. Thus, the diversity of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms has probably higher than that described in previous studies
Gbaguidi, Bénédicte. "Caractérisation structurale de LmrP, protéine membranaire associée à la résistance bactérienne aux antibiotiques, dans son environnement lipidique". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210714.
Texto completoMokh, Samia. "Optimisation de techniques analytiques pour caractériser les antibiotiques dans les systèmes aquatiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14950.
Texto completoAntibiotics are pollutants present in aquatic ecosystems ultimate receptacles of anthropogenic substances. These compounds are studied as their persistence in the environment or their effects on natural organisms. Numerous efforts have been made worldwide to assess the environmental quality of different water resources for the survival of aquatic species, but also for human consumption and health risk related. Towards goal, the optimization of analytical techniques for these compounds in aquatic systems remains a necessity. Our objective is to develop extraction and detection methods for 12 molecules of aminoglycosides and colistin in sewage treatment plants and hospitals waters. The lack of analytical methods for analysis of these compounds and the deficiency of studies for their detection in water is the reason for their study. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) in classic mode (offline) or online followed by Liquid Chromatography analysis coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/ MS) is the most method commonly used for this type of analysis. The parameters are optimized and validated to ensure the best conditions for the environmental analysis. This technique was applied to real samples of wastewater treatment plants in Bordeaux and Lebanon
Ngaiganam, Edgarthe. "Etude de la résistance aux antibiotiques chez les animaux et dans l'environnement en France". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0241.
Texto completoEmergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) are a major public health problem worldwide. Nowadays, some antibiotics are increasingly used in veterinary medicine as well as in human medicine and also in agriculture, particularly in animal feed and aquaculture. Therefore, resistance to β-lactams, carbapenems and colistin is not only observed in pathogenic bacteria, but also in environmental organisms that serve as reservoirs and vectors for the spread of resistance. There are still unknown reservoirs of multi-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Thus, the understanding of reservoirs and the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes are essential to control their emergence and their spread in the community. In France, the use of antibiotics as a growth factor or prophylaxis is limited in the production of animals for consumption. It is in this respect that our thesis project is aimed at: (i) Isolation and characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing bacteria (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing bacteria from environmental samples in Marseille; (ii) Investigation of colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from water samples and animals. A review of the literature on the role of birds as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria was conducted as an introduction to this thesis project. Our results thus showed the possibility of horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from animals and the environment to humans and suggest a potential zoonotic transmission between humans and animals. It would be important to monitor antibiotic resistance in non-hospital settings and primarily in the environment
Touzri-Tekari, Souad. "Difficultés de mobilisation de raisonnements écosystémiques chez des élèves et des futurs enseignants dans des problèmes d'environnement et de santé : le cas de l'adaptation des micro-organismes à l'usage des antibiotiques". Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT3001.
Texto completoGuyomard, Rabenirina Stephanie. "Résistance aux antibiotiques des entérobactéries en Guadeloupe : importance en mileu communautaire et diffusion environnementale". Thesis, Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0074/document.
Texto completoAntibiotic resistance has become a major public health concern worldwide that could lead to therapeutic impasse. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine but also in veterinary medicine is largely responsible for the proliferation and spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Enterobacteriaceae are subject to this selective pressure, as the digestive tract is their main reservoir. Moreover, thanks to their ability to exchange genetic material, they can acquire new antibiotic resistance determinants. Through human and animal waste, antimicrobial resistant bacteria can spread in the environment. However, the environment is also a supplier for antibiotic resistance since environmental bacteria naturally harbor antibiotic resistance determinants.In Guadeloupe, except for data from MDR bacteria surveillance in the hospital, no studies concerning antibiotic resistance had been carried out. The objectives of this thesis were (i) to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance in the community by studying antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infection and (ii) to study the environmental spread of antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae (AREs) in river and sea waters receiving effluents from wastewater treatment plants but also in terrestrial wildlife.Our work highlighted the environmental spread of AREs linked to human activities. WWTPs discharge has been identified as a source of AREs, especially ESBLEs, in the environment. Nevertheless, other human activities may release ARB in the environment, and some will be explored in further studies. Thus, prevention requires an overall improvement in waste management, and wastewater discharge should occur in open sea as often as possible
Chen, Chen. "Antibiotics in the environment : impact of metal oxides and effect on denitrification". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023URENB021.
Texto completoAntibiotics have become ubiquitous in the environment due to their widespread use in human and veterinary medicine, as well as in agriculture. These compounds can persist in sediments for extended periods, potentially impacting microbial processes and ecosystem functioning. However, the effects of antibiotic pollutants on bacteria may be attenuated by natural minerals, such as manganese oxides. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the effects of antibiotics on denitrification bacteria and processes in river sedimentary ecosystems, with a specific emphasis on the interaction between antibiotics, minerals and bacteria. In the first part, the antibiotic resistance in a non-pathogenic denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas veronii was investigated,compared with the effects of several representative antibiotics on denitrifying activity. In the second part, the mechanisms of transformation of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline by a common redox soil mineral, birnessite (MnO2), were first studied, and then the effects of transformation byproducts on both growth and activity on a denitrifying isolate were determined. The third part focused on the transport of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline in sediments from the Seine Estuary (France), under nitrate reducing conditions. These findings improve our understanding of the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of antibiotics and their oxidation by-products especially against environmental bacteria, which has important implications for sustainable agriculture, quality management of the sediment, and global biogeochemical cycles
Almakki, Ayad Qasim Mahdi. "Résistance aux antibiotiques dans des eaux urbaines péri-hospitalières considérées dans un continuum hydrologique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS002.
Texto completoAquatic ecosystems subjected to anthropic pressures are places of rapid evolution of microbial communities. They are likely hotspots for emergence of infectious disease agents resistant to antibiotics. The city of Montpellier is located in a small watershed that undergoes brutal rainfall episodes and strong demographic pressures. A hospital is located in a runoff area including two small urban rivers originating from karstic groundwater few kilometers upstream. The aim of the study is to explore bacterial communities in urban rivers flowing near hospital settings in order to evaluate the influence of runoffs on antibiotics resistance in the bacterial communities. Bacterial communities are also described in upstream karstic aquifers.An introductive section presents the methods available for studying antimicrobial resistance in environment and then reviews comprehensively bibliography on antibiotics resistance in urban runoffs. This part supports the experimental strategies. The method developed herein, called community Inhibitory Concentration (c-IC) determination is combined to taxonomic richness description to provide a tool that gives a rapid snapshot of resistant bacterial communities in aquatic environments. A strategy derived from c-IC approach allows the exploration of bacterial resistance in the urban hydrologic system near the hospital and in karstic aquifers. The collected microbiological data has been completed by hydrological, hydrogeological, climatic and physico-chemical data.The impact of very low concentration of antibiotics on the bacterial community structure in various water bodies was demonstrated and appeared as an indicator of the vulnerability of ecosystems to antimicrobial pressures. The taxonomic repertory of the urban river communities was described and its dynamics was compared to environmental conditions. Hospital vicinity significantly increase the prevalence of resistant bacteria compared to a similar urban area remote from hospital. Diverse clinically relevant cephalosporins and carbapenems resistant bacteria have been isolated. Surprisingly, a NDM-producing Escherichia coli, which is a highly resistant and emerging pathogen was reported for the first time in a French River. The clone was detected in two independent sampling showing its persistence. The blaNDM-5 gene and its surrounding sequences were described on a transferable IncX3 plasmid, indicating possible genetic transfer to other bacteria. The antimicrobial resistance in karst groundwater varied in time and space and was hardly compared with that described in related rivers.In urban settings, water quality and infectious risk is generally assessed on sewers and wastewater treatment plants effluents. This study shows that runoff waters in urbanized area contribute to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Considering the worrisome epidemiology of infectious diseases, it urges to decipher all environmental reservoirs for resistant bacteria in order to complete knowledges about the epidemiological cycle of antimicrobial resistance and try to break or slow down it
Oberle, Kenny. "Devenir des antibiotiques et des populations d'Escherichia coli et d'Enterococcus spp. dans les hydrosytèmes de surface". Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828033.
Texto completoAlighardashi, Abolghasem. "Composés pharmaceutiques et eaux usées urbaines. I, Analyse bibliographique. II, Effet de deux antibiotiques de type macrolide sur les boues activées". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL050N.
Texto completoThe main sources of dispersion of pharmaceutical substances in environment are wastewater treatment plants. Based on the analysis of the database built during this project, the amounts of pharmaceutical substances found in plants can be directly related to the amount consumed. Regarding their elimination from the liquid phase, the situation is very disparate. The elimination yield of hormones can be null or very large. Halogen-based X-ray contrast media (or AOX) are mainly non biodegradable. The effects of antibiotics on activated sludge have been especially investigated due to their consumption, presence in aquatic environment and specific action on bacteria. Batch tests have been performed to evaluate the toxicity of these active pharmaceutical ingredients on activated sludge. Sludge morphology was monitored by analysis of light microscopy images. Depending upon the applied dose, erythromycin and tylosin, two macrolides widely used for human and animal health care, inhibit the elimination of organic pollution and damage biomass. These antibiotics have a deleterious effect on ammonification, nitritation and nitratation
Guironnet, Alexandre. "Développements méthodologiques autour du couplage chromatographie liquide-spectrométrie de masse, pour la quantification de composés vétérinaires présents à l'état de traces dans des matrices complexes environnementales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1287.
Texto completoWhen antibiotics are used in human and veterinary medicine, the active ingredients are only slightly assimilated and are then excreted unchanged. They are then released into the environment, principally through the spreading of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge and agricultural effluents on the fields. These antibiotics can spread in the soil and river water, causing antibioresistance. It is therefore necessary to evaluate their presence in both aqueous and solid environmental matrices. Although they are amongst the most widely used antibiotics, aminoglycosides and beta-lactams families are rarely analysed in environmental matrices. Aminoglycosides being ultra-polar molecules, are not chromatographically retained with classical reverse phase conditions. Beta-lactams are highly degradable in the environment and sufficiently sensitive and specific methods are necessary. Finally, to achieve a more global vision of the contamination of an environment, it is important to develop screening methods, allowing to widen the scope of searched molecules. Within the framework of this thesis, different analytical methods based on liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) have been developed. A first ion-pairing method was developed for aminoglycosides analysis in WWTP inputs and effluents. By optimizing the pairing salts, limits of quantification (LoQ) between 0.7 ng.ml-1 and 465 ng.ml-1 were achieved. For beta-lactams, an extraction based on the QuEChERS methodology was optimised. The addition of a dispersion step increased the extraction yields, leading to LOQs between 2.4 ng.g-1 and 17.4 ng.g-1. An LC-MS/MS/MS (MRM3) analytical method was also developed to increase sensitivity and specificity when analysing extracts from matrices highly loaded with organic matter, such as sludge, to lower LoQs. Finally, an analytical method by suspect screening (MS/MS and HRMS) of different families of veterinary compounds has been set up, allowing the detection of 19 substances and degradation products in sludge, slurry and cattle manure
Capdeville, Marion-Justine. "Études des cycles biogéochimiques des contaminants organiques dits « émergents » dans les systèmes aquatiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14304.
Texto completoPharmaceutical substances belong to the group of emerging contaminants due to their recent interest in environmental studies in comparison with pollutants who have been studied for a longer time like pesticides. They correspond to the active ingredient of drugs and by this mean are responsible for their pharmacological properties. Consequently they are biologically active molecules that can act on living organisms present in impacted ecosystems. The origin of pharmaceuticals in the environment is variable but the main sources are related to their use in human and veterinary medicine. Once consumed, pharmaceutical substances are excreted in urine or feces and are found in wastewater (human consumption) or animal manure (veterinary consumption). In the first case, they can be discharged directly in the environment, or indirectly, with treated wastewater or sludge from sewage treatment plants (SWTP). In the second case, they directly reach the environment when animals are bred on grassland or indirectly when livestock wastes are spread on agricultural soils as fertilizer. This PhD work has been focused on the study of the origin and fate of pharmaceutical substances in these 2 cases. Thus according to consumption data, occurrence in the environment reported in previous studies, toxicity and ecotoxicity data, originality and availability of reference standard compounds, 32 then 78 molecules belonging to 5 different therapeutic classes (antibiotics, antineoplastics, beta-blockers, anti-HIV, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5 inhibitors)) were studied in 2 continuums : i) hospital wastewater effluents – raw and treated wastewater – surface water, and ii) raw and treated wastewater – surface water – ground water. Based on the same selection criteria, the fate of 7 antibiotics was studied in pig manure in simple manure storage facilities (storage tank), in aerobic manure treatment facilities (treatment system like in small SWTP) and in mesocosms under controlled conditions. In order to achieve all these studies, analytical protocols implementing an extraction step by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) or an ASE extraction (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) followed by a SPE purification and an analytical step by LC / MS / MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) have been developed. These protocols, by filling out quality criteria such as limits of detection and quantification compatible with environmental analysis (ng/l to dozen of ng/l), good linearity, precision, accuracy and performance, were used to analyze the dissolved phase of water samples and dissolved and solid phases of pig manure samples. The water samples analysis shows : i) beta-blockers, anti-HIV and antibiotic belonging to the families of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are the most representative molecules of the environmental contamination from the classes studied; ii) SWTP releases are a major source of aquatic systems’ contamination; iii) wastewaters are more contaminated in winter than in summer; and iv) surface water are more contaminated in summer than in winter. The pig manure samples analysis shows : i) the levels of contamination of manure by antibiotics are high, from a few µg/l to mg/l; ii) the manure level of contamination is not related to the physiological stage of pigs; iii) the interest to store manure before spreading in order to reduce the antibiotics contamination is not highlighted; iv) oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin and marbofloxacin are mainly present in the solid phase whereas sulfadiazine, lincomycin and monensin are mainly present in the liquid phase of manure; v) the separation of solid and liquid phases reduce manure contamination in aerobic treatment facilities; and vi) antibiotics degradation is mainly aerobic.Key words:
Sadikalay, Syndia. "Influence des rejets humains et animaux sur la diffusion de l'antibiorésistance à l'homme, aux animaux et à l'environnement en Guadeloupe". Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0251/document.
Texto completoThe pressure of selection related to the overuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicines is responsible for this increase, but the environment also plays a role in the diffusion of these resistances.In Guadeloupe, very few things are known on the state of resistance to antibiotics, but both veterinary and human uses are intense and amendments resulting from human and animal wastes are widely used.In Guadeloupe, the use of waste from animal, plant and human activities in crop production does not appear to favor E. coli resistant strains spreading from the environment to humans. However, composting quality, soil physicochemical characteristics and climatic conditions should be taken into account when planning amendments to reduce the exposure risk, spread and persistence of E. coli resistant strains.Fifteen strains of E. coli were isolated from horses feces were isolated during their antibiotic treatment, three in the first horse and 12 in the second. Profiles of antibiotic resistance were congruent with the plasmid analysis, genotypes for resistance genes detected using WGS, and with the phylogenetic analysis based on the core genome. Three clones and four singletons could be distinguished indicating that a high genetic diversity exists among E. coli producing ESBL. This study evidenced the persistence of E. coli producing ESBL in the microbiota of horses treated with antibiotics. This study was able to demonstrate the resurgence of resistant phenotypes even before the first day of treatment with persistence of these strains more than one month after treatment. The absence of detection of E. coli producing ESBL was evedenced a few months after treatment. Thus, the diversity of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms has probably higher than that described in previous studies
Legrand, Baptiste. "Analyse d'interactions moléculaires par RMN : Étude de la DHFR en présence d'osmolytes et structures de pseudopeptides antimicrobiens en environnement". Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453405.
Texto completoThe osmolytes are small molecules accumulated by cells of a wide variety of organisms in response to hyperosmotic stress to maintain the cellular volume. Nervetheless, enzyme activity is inhibited by these cosolutes and the molecular basis of their effects on the proteins properties is of great interest. We studied the DHFR in presence of the osmolytes. We demonstrate that its overall structure is maintained. While the osmolytes stabilize the DHFR structure, they inhibit its activity at the same time. The k[index :]off, of substrate analogues decreases with increasing the osmolyte concentrations and reflects the variation of DHFR catalytic rate. The study of the DHFR dynamic on several timescales gives answer of the origins of the DHFR inhibition in presence of osmolytes. The second chapter concerns the study of the structure-activity relationship of antimicrobial peptides. The main objective of this project is to develop new drugs. We solved NMR solution structure of in various model membranes
Gay, Noellie. "Homme, animal, environnement : quel est le principal réservoir d’Entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamases à spectre étendu dans le Sud-Ouest de l’océan Indien ?" Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0024.
Texto completoBacterial antibiotic drug resistance is a worldwide health issue affecting human, animal, and agriculture. Extended-spectrum bêta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), mutidrug-resistant bacteria, are a main health priority for the South-western Indian Ocean (SWIO) composed of islands (i.e. Madagascar, Maurice, Mayotte, Les Seychelles, l’Union des Comores et La Réunion). The main objective of this PhD thesis was estimating the ESBL-E prevalence in the three « One Heath approach » compartments (human, animal, environment) in order to identify the main ESBL-E reservoir in IO. This prevalence was independently estimated for each compartment by a sectorial approach and by a holistic approach connecting all compartments spatially and temporally.Both approaches suggest that livestock could be the main ESBL-E reservoir in IO and point out permeability between these three compartments in Madagascar. If the idea of a main reservoir of ESBL-E in livestock seems plausible, its contribution to human colonisation could differ between SWIO territories. Indeed, human direct and/or undirect exposure to this reservoir could be reduced in high-income countries (i.e. Seychelles, La Réunion) but significant for low-income countries (i.e. Madagascar, Union des Comores). In the absence, or reduced application, of food safety, sanitation, and drinking water access, the exposure to ESBL-E from livestock could be substantial in SWIO low-income countries. Consequently, the relative contribution of livestock in human ESBL-E subsequent colonisation could be significant in low-income countries but currently understudied. Research on that topic should strengthen antibiotic drug resistance control measures in low sanitation contexts
Laval, Lucie. "Les intégrons comme marqueurs de pollution anthropique dans l'environnement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LIMO0083.
Texto completoAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health issue. It is now necessary to tackle AMR globally, in humans, animals and in the environment (« One Health » approach). Among genetic elements involved in AMR, integrons play a key role. Integrons are bacterial genetic elements able to capture and express antibiotic resistance genes in the form of gene cassettes and are distinguished according to several classes. In the environment, class 1 integrons are considered as a good marker of anthropogenic pollution and are used to study AMR dissemination; however, little is known about their genes cassettes content (or « cassettome »). In the first part of this thesis, we studied the « cassettomes » of integrons in the effluents of healthcare facilities of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine Region and showed that they were stable over times and similar to each other despite large differences in healthcare activities between the facilities. The « cassettomes » were mainly composed of aminoglycosides and β-lactams resistance gene cassettes, the last one being the main antibiotics delivered in hospitals. We also characterized the « cassettomes » of slaughterhouse effluents and showed that the « cassettomes » of class 1 integrons were different from those of healthcare facilities effluents. The second part of this thesis work showed different prevalences of integrons in Aeromonas strains infecting/colonizing fish subjected to different antibiotic selective pressures. We showed that integrons were more prevalent in fish populations subjected to stronger antibiotic selective pressure contrary to Aeromonas from wild fish where they were not detected. Our work shows that integrons and more specifically « cassettomes » are good markers in the environment to differentiate different types of effluents (healthcare facilities versus slaughterhouses) and secondly to reflect an antibiotic selective pressure exerted on fish
Delépée, Raphaël. "Devenir dans l'environnement dulçaquicole de l'oxytétracycline, l'acide oxolinique et la fluméquine, antibiotiques utilisés en thérapeutique piscicole". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353666.
Texto completoAlliot, Nolwenn. "Étude phénotypique de souches de Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolées de contextes cliniques et environnementaux. : Évaluation du lien entre les signatures métaboliques, de virulence et d'antibiorésistance". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1152.
Texto completoIn the clinical settings, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is described as an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections mainly in immunocompromised patients or with severe or chronic diseases. The heavy shield of antibiotic resistances observed in clinical strains lead to particularly complex treatments for patients. S. maltophilia strains represent a real threat to human health. Moreover, the high potential for adaptation of S. maltophilia allow their dispersion in a wide range of clinical habitats but also environmental. Indeed, S. maltophilia strains also colonize widely environmental niches such as the rhizospheric soils. The knowledge about these environmental strains is particularly limited compared to the available medical data. The properties as opportunistic pathogenic of environmental strains remain poorly known and controversial. To better assess the potential health hazard of these environmental S. maltophilia compared to the clinical ones, were assessed in this Ph-D project phenotypic characteristics of a group of S. maltophilia strains from contexts differentially affected by human and environment imprints. S. maltophilia heavily impacted by human contacts have been isolated from patients with varying disease (cystic fibrosis, nosocomial infections, severe pathologies). This group of strains considered as the most at risk to humans, was compared to a group of S. maltophilia from environmental contexts that could promote acquisition/maintaining of resistances to antimicrobial molecules such as rhizospheric soils, heavy metal-contaminated soils or agricultural soils. Firstly, metabolic signatures (growth, substrate degradations) and antibiotic resistance capacities were evaluated among the collection of S. maltophilia strains. In a second part, were studied pathogenic potentialities of these strains such as mobility, enzyme secretions, biofilm formation and virulence to amoebae. Finally, a statistical analysis made connections on the different signatures obtained from the metabolic data, antibiotic resistance and virulence with the origins of the strains and human impacts. According to the datasets of the project, four distinct signatures emerged between S. maltophilia strains structured by the effects of human proximity and origin of the strains. Environmental strains potentially the most impacted by contact with humans showed similar characteristics with the clinical strains; they could potentially be as dangerous as clinical strains
Amoureux-Boyer, Lucie. "Achromobacter xylosoxidans : épidémiologie au centre de ressources et de compétences de la mucoviscidose de Dijon et réservoir environnemental". Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS070/document.
Texto completoAchromobacter xylosoxidans is an aerobic nonfermentative Gram-Negative rod considered as an important emerging pathogen among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients worldwide. In Dijon (Burgundy), the prevalence of colonised patients is high among CF patients and increasing among non-CF hospitalised patients. The natural habitat of this organism as well as the possible sources of patient contamination remain unknown.The aims of this study were to report the first epidemiological data about A. xylosoxidans in a French CF centre and to identify potential reservoirs of this organism in Burgundy. In a retrospective study, all the isolates recovered from the patients affiliated with our centre in 2010 since their first visit were analysed. Out of 120 patients, 21 (17.5%) had at least one positive culture with A. xylosoxidans. Genotyping analysis by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis revealed that cross-Contamination was very rare. Acquired resistance was frequent to ciprofloxacin (since primocolonisation), to ceftazidime and to carbapenems (in persistent colonisations). Thanks to our protocol designed to detect A. xylosoxidans in environment, a total of 50 strains were isolated in hospital (33 isolates), domestic (9 isolates) and outdoor (8 isolates) samples, mainly in handwashing sinks, showers, and water. These environmental isolates shared characteristics with clinical ones: 6 genotypes in common and a constant resistance to ciprofloxacin. These results reveal potential sources of contamination for the patients at home or in hospital. Further studies are needed to help understanding the emergence of this bacterium and the mechanisms involved in acquired antibiotic resistance
Deredjian, Amélie. "Les métaux lourds dans les écosystèmes anthropisés : une pression favorisant la sélection de pathogènes opportunistes résistants à des antibiotiques ?" Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834182.
Texto completoMokh, Samia. "Optimisation de techniques analytiques pour caractériser les antibiotiques dans les systèmes aquatiques". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14950/document.
Texto completoAntibiotics are pollutants present in aquatic ecosystems ultimate receptacles of anthropogenic substances. These compounds are studied as their persistence in the environment or their effects on natural organisms. Numerous efforts have been made worldwide to assess the environmental quality of different water resources for the survival of aquatic species, but also for human consumption and health risk related. Towards goal, the optimization of analytical techniques for these compounds in aquatic systems remains a necessity. Our objective is to develop extraction and detection methods for 12 molecules of aminoglycosides and colistin in sewage treatment plants and hospitals waters. The lack of analytical methods for analysis of these compounds and the deficiency of studies for their detection in water is the reason for their study. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) in classic mode (offline) or online followed by Liquid Chromatography analysis coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/ MS) is the most method commonly used for this type of analysis. The parameters are optimized and validated to ensure the best conditions for the environmental analysis. This technique was applied to real samples of wastewater treatment plants in Bordeaux and Lebanon
Almakki, Ayad Qasim Mahdi. "Résistance aux antibiotiques dans des eaux urbaines péri-hospitalières considérées dans un continuum hydrologique". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS002/document.
Texto completoAquatic ecosystems subjected to anthropic pressures are places of rapid evolution of microbial communities. They are likely hotspots for emergence of infectious disease agents resistant to antibiotics. The city of Montpellier is located in a small watershed that undergoes brutal rainfall episodes and strong demographic pressures. A hospital is located in a runoff area including two small urban rivers originating from karstic groundwater few kilometers upstream. The aim of the study is to explore bacterial communities in urban rivers flowing near hospital settings in order to evaluate the influence of runoffs on antibiotics resistance in the bacterial communities. Bacterial communities are also described in upstream karstic aquifers.An introductive section presents the methods available for studying antimicrobial resistance in environment and then reviews comprehensively bibliography on antibiotics resistance in urban runoffs. This part supports the experimental strategies. The method developed herein, called community Inhibitory Concentration (c-IC) determination is combined to taxonomic richness description to provide a tool that gives a rapid snapshot of resistant bacterial communities in aquatic environments. A strategy derived from c-IC approach allows the exploration of bacterial resistance in the urban hydrologic system near the hospital and in karstic aquifers. The collected microbiological data has been completed by hydrological, hydrogeological, climatic and physico-chemical data.The impact of very low concentration of antibiotics on the bacterial community structure in various water bodies was demonstrated and appeared as an indicator of the vulnerability of ecosystems to antimicrobial pressures. The taxonomic repertory of the urban river communities was described and its dynamics was compared to environmental conditions. Hospital vicinity significantly increase the prevalence of resistant bacteria compared to a similar urban area remote from hospital. Diverse clinically relevant cephalosporins and carbapenems resistant bacteria have been isolated. Surprisingly, a NDM-producing Escherichia coli, which is a highly resistant and emerging pathogen was reported for the first time in a French River. The clone was detected in two independent sampling showing its persistence. The blaNDM-5 gene and its surrounding sequences were described on a transferable IncX3 plasmid, indicating possible genetic transfer to other bacteria. The antimicrobial resistance in karst groundwater varied in time and space and was hardly compared with that described in related rivers.In urban settings, water quality and infectious risk is generally assessed on sewers and wastewater treatment plants effluents. This study shows that runoff waters in urbanized area contribute to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Considering the worrisome epidemiology of infectious diseases, it urges to decipher all environmental reservoirs for resistant bacteria in order to complete knowledges about the epidemiological cycle of antimicrobial resistance and try to break or slow down it
Stalder, Thibault. "Implication des effluents d'activités hospitalières et de la filière carnée sur la dissémination de l’antibiorésistance : Dynamique des intégrons de l’émission au rejet". Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/38891773-0b9d-4f34-a342-a2da4509ecac/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4031.pdf.
Texto completoThis work aims to assess the global contribution and influence of hospital activities and livestock industries on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment. For this purpose, the dynamics of a genetic element used as a biomarker of antibiotic resistance, the resistance integrons (RI), was monitored. Indeed, a wide range of solids and liquids biological wastes from different geographical and anthropogenic origins are involved in the antibiotic resistance dissemination. However, we showed that hospital effluents contained a high proportion of RIs in bacterial communities, and the gene cassette (GC) content of class 1 RI mainly showed antibiotic resistance GCs. Hospital effluent contributed to 14% of the Ris introduced in the waste water treatment plant (WWTP). While urban effluents diluted the risk associated with hospital effluent, RIs harboring GCs of clinical interest, such as ESBLencoding GCs, were found in these effluents unaffected by medical and industrial activities. The WWTP did not reduce the proportion of RIs in treated effluents but eliminated a fraction of the bulk of GCs from the influent. Large quantities of RIs harboring antibiotic-resistance GCs, and also GCs with unknown functions were released daily into the environment. In addition, a pilot study showed that the treatment of hospital wastewater by the activated sludge process promoted the increase of IR and potentially pathogenic bacteria in the sewage sludge, and consequently increased the issue of antibiotic- resistance spread in these matrices. Finally the use of RI as biomarker to assess the efficiency of advanced treatment processes for hospital effluents (membrane bioreactor ozonation, activated carbon) highlighted the effectiveness of membrane bioreactors using ultrafiltration to reduce both bacteria and IR of anthropogenic origins
Alighardashi, Abolghasem. "Composés pharmaceutiques et eaux usées urbaines. I, Analyse bibliographique. II, Effet de deux antibiotiques de type macrolide sur les boues activées". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL050N/document.
Texto completoThe main sources of dispersion of pharmaceutical substances in environment are wastewater treatment plants. Based on the analysis of the database built during this project, the amounts of pharmaceutical substances found in plants can be directly related to the amount consumed. Regarding their elimination from the liquid phase, the situation is very disparate. The elimination yield of hormones can be null or very large. Halogen-based X-ray contrast media (or AOX) are mainly non biodegradable. The effects of antibiotics on activated sludge have been especially investigated due to their consumption, presence in aquatic environment and specific action on bacteria. Batch tests have been performed to evaluate the toxicity of these active pharmaceutical ingredients on activated sludge. Sludge morphology was monitored by analysis of light microscopy images. Depending upon the applied dose, erythromycin and tylosin, two macrolides widely used for human and animal health care, inhibit the elimination of organic pollution and damage biomass. These antibiotics have a deleterious effect on ammonification, nitritation and nitratation
Youenou, Benjamin. "Les sols anthropisés, incubateurs d'agents bactériens pathogènes de l'homme : typage génétique, métabolique et antibio-résistance d'agents opportunistes". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10150.
Texto completoOpportunistic bacterial pathogens (obp) of Man are found in hospital setting where they are responsible for nosocomial infections as well as in terrestrial and aquatic natural environments. Obp often show high intrinsic antibiotic resistance level. Moreover, the intensive use of antibiotics in clinical settings can lead to the emergence of "Multi Drug Resistant" strains. The anthropisation of the natural environment leads to modifications in bacterial diversity of these environments and can affect the prevalence and the antibiotic resistance properties of obp. My research focused on the impact of organic amendments on the prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance properties of obp. A study on the species Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the “Burkholderia cepacia complex" (Bcc) was conducted on sites in Burkina Faso amended or not with raw urban wastes. This study showed differences in antibiotic resistance properties between the 3 models. S. maltophila frequently showed MDR phenotypes unlike P. aeruginosa and Bcc. A comparative genomics study between S. maltophilia strains from environmental or clinical origin showing sensitive or MDR phenotypes was performed to elucidate the genetic origins of heterogeneity in the resistance phenotypes. A variation in the efflux pumps content was observed between strains. The expression of an efflux pump specific to an environmental MDR strain was then evaluated and confirmed its likely involvement in antibiotic resistance and adaptation to environmental parameters such as temperature
Capdeville, Marion-Justine. "Études des cycles biogéochimiques des contaminants organiques dits « émergents » dans les systèmes aquatiques". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14304/document.
Texto completoPharmaceutical substances belong to the group of emerging contaminants due to their recent interest in environmental studies in comparison with pollutants who have been studied for a longer time like pesticides. They correspond to the active ingredient of drugs and by this mean are responsible for their pharmacological properties. Consequently they are biologically active molecules that can act on living organisms present in impacted ecosystems. The origin of pharmaceuticals in the environment is variable but the main sources are related to their use in human and veterinary medicine. Once consumed, pharmaceutical substances are excreted in urine or feces and are found in wastewater (human consumption) or animal manure (veterinary consumption). In the first case, they can be discharged directly in the environment, or indirectly, with treated wastewater or sludge from sewage treatment plants (SWTP). In the second case, they directly reach the environment when animals are bred on grassland or indirectly when livestock wastes are spread on agricultural soils as fertilizer. This PhD work has been focused on the study of the origin and fate of pharmaceutical substances in these 2 cases. Thus according to consumption data, occurrence in the environment reported in previous studies, toxicity and ecotoxicity data, originality and availability of reference standard compounds, 32 then 78 molecules belonging to 5 different therapeutic classes (antibiotics, antineoplastics, beta-blockers, anti-HIV, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5 inhibitors)) were studied in 2 continuums : i) hospital wastewater effluents – raw and treated wastewater – surface water, and ii) raw and treated wastewater – surface water – ground water. Based on the same selection criteria, the fate of 7 antibiotics was studied in pig manure in simple manure storage facilities (storage tank), in aerobic manure treatment facilities (treatment system like in small SWTP) and in mesocosms under controlled conditions. In order to achieve all these studies, analytical protocols implementing an extraction step by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) or an ASE extraction (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) followed by a SPE purification and an analytical step by LC / MS / MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) have been developed. These protocols, by filling out quality criteria such as limits of detection and quantification compatible with environmental analysis (ng/l to dozen of ng/l), good linearity, precision, accuracy and performance, were used to analyze the dissolved phase of water samples and dissolved and solid phases of pig manure samples. The water samples analysis shows : i) beta-blockers, anti-HIV and antibiotic belonging to the families of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are the most representative molecules of the environmental contamination from the classes studied; ii) SWTP releases are a major source of aquatic systems’ contamination; iii) wastewaters are more contaminated in winter than in summer; and iv) surface water are more contaminated in summer than in winter. The pig manure samples analysis shows : i) the levels of contamination of manure by antibiotics are high, from a few µg/l to mg/l; ii) the manure level of contamination is not related to the physiological stage of pigs; iii) the interest to store manure before spreading in order to reduce the antibiotics contamination is not highlighted; iv) oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin and marbofloxacin are mainly present in the solid phase whereas sulfadiazine, lincomycin and monensin are mainly present in the liquid phase of manure; v) the separation of solid and liquid phases reduce manure contamination in aerobic treatment facilities; and vi) antibiotics degradation is mainly aerobic.Key words:
Nguon, Rith Soulyvane. "Facteurs agro-environnementaux associés à la résistance antimicrobienne d'Escherichia coli dans l'eau potable des puits du sud de l'Ontario". Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7196.
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