Literatura académica sobre el tema "Antennes commutées"

This paper presents two polarization reconfigurable patch antennas using semiconductor distributed doped areas (ScDDAs) as active components. One proposed antenna has a switching polarization between two linear ones, while the other one has a polarization able to commute from a linear to a circular one. The antennas are designed on a silicon substrate in order to have the ScDDAs integrated in the substrate, overcoming the needs of classical PIN diodes. Therefore, the proposed co-design method between the antenna and the ScDDAs permits us to optimize the global reconfigurable function, designing both parts in the same process flow. Both demonstrators have a resonant frequency of around 5 GHz. The simulated results fit well with the measured ones.

The ever-increasing demand for larger bandwidth with seamless and fast data access for commuters resulted in developing new challenges for wireless service providers. With the increasing network mobility, the communication channel based characteristics between base stations and mobile users are changing rapidly. To meet these challenges, smart antennas have become an essential component in the emerging wireless systems. The increasing requirement for increasing stable network performance and reducing electromagnetic pollution has strengthened smart antenna adoption. The primary objective of this research study is to highlight current research works in the area of smart antennas by evaluating the key technologies, service strategies, solutions and its importance in terms of 5G including network coverage enhancement, data speed, and Quality of Service (QoS).

Shipboard antenna tracking servo system uses dual-motor technology to overcome the anti-backlash backlash nonlinear transmission system, but when the load torque change quickly or commute, there will be two the motors case through the backlash or one motor at a faster speed bumps tooth surface phenomenon, thereby causing oscillation of the antenna load. Based on the established system model includes aspects of backlash on the system, the amplitude-frequency characteristic analysis, the first, with the increase in the width of the backlash, reduced bandwidth of the system, corresponding to a slower response systems, the more severe the delay, backlash when the end of the second drive, the driven part produced by the collision velocity inconsistent with increasing width of the backlash. the larger of speed control difference of PID becomes, the more serious such a collision. Resulting in the oscillation is possibility, the bandwidth of the system becomes narrow in the amplitude-frequency characteristic diagram.

Weather affects many aspects of our daily lives from our individual commutes to the global economy. Although much progress has been made in understanding atmospheric physics and weather forecasting, there is still a need for better in situ atmospheric data. Forecasts are based on high performance computer models which solve the differential equations that represent the dynamics of the atmosphere. In all of these models, initial conditions based on the current state of the atmosphere are ingested into the models. The initial conditions are based on data from many sources including remote sensing satellites, ground based weather stations, weather balloons and even aircraft. However, the amount of in situ atmospheric data is very limited and so often times the initial conditions for the models are not truly representative of the current atmosphere. This is especially true for severe storms such as super cell thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. Severe weather impacts millions of people every year costing both human life and substantial resources. A better understanding of severe weather will have a significant impact on human safety and infrastructure protection. Electronics miniaturization and advances in manufacturing such as 3D printing have allowed for the development of low-cost, light-weight probes capable of providing real-time in situ information about the atmosphere which can improve forecasts models and provide a better understanding to atmospheric scientists. The probes provide temperature, relative humidity, pressure, position and velocity data. MEMS sensors are used to monitor the ambient weather conditions and an on-board GPS provides position information. The sensors are combined with a microcontroller and radio to transmit data back to a receiver on the ground. Power is provided by zinc-air batteries and antennas for both the GPS and data radio are integrated into the package. In order to ensure correct operation of the electronics, 3D printing is used to generate a custom electronics/mechanical package that is both functional and robust while maintaining low weight and high drag coefficient. The desire is for the probes to stay airborne as long as possible without any active means of propulsion or buoyancy. The probes are designed to be small, light-weight and low-cost. They can be deployed from aircraft, weather balloons or launched directly into a storm. Although most probes can be recovered, our design is focused on minimizing the environmental impacts of any probes that are not recovered.

Weather affects many aspects of our daily lives from our individual commutes to the global economy. Although much progress has been made in understanding atmospheric physics and weather forecasting, there is still a need for better in situ atmospheric data. Forecasts are based on high performance computer models which solve the differential equations that represent the dynamics of the atmosphere. In all of these models, initial conditions based on the current state of the atmosphere are ingested into the models. The initial conditions are based on data from many sources including remote sensing satellites, ground based weather stations, weather balloons and even aircraft. However, the amount of in situ atmospheric data is very limited and so often times the initial conditions for the models are not truly representative of the current atmosphere. This is especially true for severe storms such as super cell thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. Severe weather impacts millions of people every year costing both human life and substantial resources. A better understanding of severe weather will have a significant impact on human safety and infrastructure protection. Electronics miniaturization and advances in manufacturing such as 3D printing have allowed for the development of low-cost, light-weight probes capable of providing real-time in situ information about the atmosphere which can improve forecasts models and provide a better understanding to atmospheric scientists. The probes provide temperature, relative humidity, pressure, position and velocity data. MEMS sensors are used to monitor the ambient weather conditions and an on-board GPS provides position information. The sensors are combined with a microcontroller and radio to transmit data back to a receiver on the ground. Power is provided by zinc-air batteries and antennas for both the GPS and data radio are integrated into the package. In order to ensure correct operation of the electronics, 3D printing is used to generate a custom electronics/mechanical package that is both functional and robust while maintaining low weight and high drag coefficient. The desire is for the probes to stay airborne as long as possible without any active means of propulsion or buoyancy. The probes are designed to be small, light-weight and low-cost. They can be deployed from aircraft, weather balloons or launched directly into a storm. Although most probes can be recovered, our design is focused on minimizing the environmental impacts of any probes that are not recovered. Over the past year, our team has designed and prototyped both the environmental probes and the base station for acquiring real-time data. Probe designs have been simulated through CFD to determine the optimal mechanical packaging. 3D printing has been used to generate custom mechanical packaging for the probe electronics. Electronic prototypes have been fabricated and tested. This paper will present our preliminary results and lessons learned through the design and fabrication process.

Weather affects many aspects of our daily lives from our individual commutes to the global economy. Although much progress has been made in understanding atmospheric physics and weather forecasting, there is still a need for better in situ atmospheric data. Forecasts are based on high performance computer models which solve the differential equations that represent the dynamics of the atmosphere. In all of these models, initial conditions based on the current state of the atmosphere are ingested into the models. The initial conditions are based on data from many sources including remote sensing satellites, ground based weather stations, weather balloons and even aircraft. However, the amount of in situ atmospheric data is very limited and so often times the initial conditions for the models are not truly representative of the current atmosphere. This is especially true for severe storms such as super cell thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. Severe weather impacts millions of people every year costing both human life and substantial resources. A better understanding of severe weather will have a significant impact on human safety and infrastructure protection. Electronics miniaturization and advances in manufacturing such as 3D printing have allowed for the development of low-cost, light-weight probes capable of providing real-time in situ information about the atmosphere which can improve forecasts models and provide a better understanding to atmospheric scientists. The probes provide temperature, relative humidity, pressure, position, and velocity data. MEMS sensors are used to monitor the ambient weather conditions and an on-board GPS receiver provides position information. The sensors are combined with a microcontroller and radio to transmit data back to a receiver on the ground. Power is provided by zinc-air batteries and antennas for both the GPS and data radio are integrated into the package. In order to ensure correct operation of the electronics, 3D printing is used to generate a custom electronics/mechanical package that is both functional and robust while maintaining low weight and high drag coefficient. The desire is for the probes to stay airborne as long as possible without any active means of propulsion or buoyancy. The probes designed are small, light-weight, and low cost. They can be deployed from aircraft, weather balloons, or dropped directly into a storm. The design of the probes was simulated through CFD to determine the optimal mechanical packaging of the device. The probes have been tested to validate the range of the probes and the accuracy of the measurements. Although most probes can be recovered after testing, designs focus on minimizing the environmental impact of unrecovered probes. This was done by utilizing 3D printing to create custom mechanical packaging for the electronics that is environmentally friendly along with using zinc air batteries which are a less hazardous battery chemistry. The devices have been designed, fabricated, and tested and the results will be presented. This paper will explain the design processes, design decisions, and testing procedures utilized along with the testing results.

On 17 January 2013, Wired chose the smart contact lens as one of “7 Massive Ideas That Could Change the World” describing a Google-led research project. Wired explains that the inventor, Dr. Babak Parviz, wants to build a microsystem on a contact lens: “Using radios no wider than a few human hairs, he thinks these lenses can augment reality and incidentally eliminate the need for displays on phones, PCs, and widescreen TVs”. Explained further in other sources, the technology entails an antenna, circuits embedded into a contact lens, GPS, and an LED to project images on the eye, creating a virtual display (Solve for X). Wi-Fi would stream content through a transparent screen over the eye. One patent describes a camera embedded in the lens (Etherington). Another mentions medical sensing, such as glucose monitoring of tears (Goldman). In other words, Google proposes an imagined future when we use contact lenses to search the Internet (and be searched by it), shop online, communicate with friends, work, navigate maps, swipe through Tinder, monitor our health, watch television, and, by that time, probably engage in a host of activities not yet invented. Often referred to as a bionic contact, the smart contact lens would signal a weighty shift in the way we work, socialize, and frame our online identities. However, speculative discussion over this radical shift in personal computing, rarely if ever, includes consideration of how the body, acting as a host to digital information, will manage to assimilate not only significant affordances, but also significant constraints and vulnerabilities. At this point, for most people, the smart contact lens is just an idea. Is a new medium of communication started when it is launched in an advertising campaign? When we Like it on Facebook? If we chat about it during a party amongst friends? Or, do a critical mass of people actually have to be using it to say it has started? One might say that Apple’s Macintosh computer started as a media platform when the world heard about the famous 1984 television advertisement aired during the American NFL Super Bowl of that year. Directed by Ridley Scott, the ad entails an athlete running down a passageway and hurling a hammer at a massive screen depicting cold war style rulers expounding state propaganda. The screen explodes freeing those imprisoned from their concentration camp existence. The direct reference to Orwell’s 1984 serves as a metaphor for IBM in 1984. PC users were made analogous to political prisoners and IBM served to represent the totalitarian government. The Mac became a something that, at the time, challenged IBM, and suggested an alternative use for the desktop computer that had previously been relegated for work rather than life. Not everyone bought a Mac, but the polemical ad fostered the idea that Mac was certainly the start of new expectations, civic identities, value-systems, and personal uses for computers. The smart contact lens is another startling start. News of it shocks us, initiates social media clicks and forwards, and instigates dialogue. But, it also indicates the start of a new media paradigm that is already undergoing popular adoption as it is announced in mainstream news and circulated algorithmically across media channels. Since 2008, news outlets like CNN, The New York Times, The Globe and Mail, Asian International News, United News of India, The Times of London and The Washington Post have carried it, feeding the buzz in circulation that Google intends. Attached to the wave of current popular interest generated around any technology claiming to be “wearable,” a smart contact lens also seems surreptitious. We would no longer hold smartphones, but hide all of that digital functionality beneath our eyelids. Its emergence reveals the way commercial models have dramatically changed. The smart contact lens is a futuristic invention imagined for us and about us, but also a sensationalized idea socializing us to a future that includes it. It is also a real device that Parviz (with Google) has been inventing, promoting, and patenting for commercial applications. All of these workings speak to a broader digital culture phenomenon. We argue that the smart contact lens discloses a process of nascent posthuman adaptation, launched in an era that celebrates wearable media as simultaneously astonishing and banal. More specifically, we adopt technology based on our adaptation to it within our personal, political, medial, social, and biological contexts, which also function in a state of flux. N. Katherine Hayles writes that “Contemporary technogenesis, like evolution in general, is not about progress ... rather, contemporary technogenesis is about adaptation, the fit between organisms and their environments, recognizing that both sides of the engagement (human and technologies) are undergoing coordinated transformations” (81). This article attends to the idea that in these early stages, symbolic acts of adaptation signal an emergent medium through rhetorical processes that society both draws from and contributes to. In terms of project scope, this article contributes a focused analysis to a much larger ongoing digital rhetoric project. For the larger project, we conducted a discourse analysis on a collection of international publications concerning Babak Parviz and the invention. We searched for and collected newspaper stories, news broadcasts, YouTube videos from various sources, academic journal publications, inventors’ conference presentations, and advertising, all published between January 2008 and May 2014, generating a corpus of more than 600 relevant artifacts. Shortly after this time, Dr. Parviz, a Professor at the University of Washington, left the secretive GoogleX lab and joined Amazon.com (Mac). For this article we focus specifically on the idea of beginnings or genesis and how digital spaces increasingly serve as the grounds for emergent digital cultural phenomena that are rarely recognized as starting points. We searched through the corpus to identify a few exemplary international mainstream news stories to foreground predominant tropes in support of the claim we make that smart contacts lenses are a startling idea. Content producers deliberately use astonishment as a persuasive device. We characterize the idea of a smart contact lens cast in rhetorical terms in order to reveal how its allure works as a process of adaptation. Rhetorician and philosopher, Kenneth Burke writes that “rhetorical language is inducement to action (or to attitude)” (42). A rhetorical approach is instrumental because it offers a model to explain how we deploy, often times, manipulative meaning as senders and receivers while negotiating highly complex constellations of resources and contexts. Burke’s rhetorical theory can show how messages influence and become influenced by powerful hierarchies in discourse that seem transparent or neutral, ones that seem to fade into the background of our consciousness. For this article, we also concentrate on rhetorical devices such as ethos and the inventor’s own appeals through different modes of communication. Ethos was originally proposed by Aristotle to identify speaker credibility as a persuasive tactic. Addressed by scholars of rhetoric for centuries, ethos has been reconfigured by many critical theorists (Burke; Baumlin Ethos; Hyde). Baumlin and Baumlin suggest that “ethos describes an audience’s projection of authority and trustworthiness onto the speaker ... ethos suggests that the ethical appeal to be a radically psychological event situated in the mental processes of the audience – as belonging as much to the audience as to the actual character of a speaker” (Psychology 99). Discussed in the next section, our impression of Parviz and his position as inventor plays a dramatic role in the surfacing of the smart contact lens. Digital Rhetoric is an “emerging scholarly discipline concerned with the interpretation of computer-generated media as objects of study” (Losh 48). In an era when machine-learning algorithms become the messengers for our messages, which have become commodity items operating across globalized, capitalist networks, digital rhetoric provides a stable model for our approach. It leads us to demonstrate how this emergent medium and invention, the smart contact lens, is born amid new digital genres of speculative communication circulated in the everyday forums we engage on a daily basis. Smart Contact Lenses, Sensationalism, and Identity One relevant site for exploration into how an invention gains ethos is through writing or video penned or produced by the inventor. An article authored by Parviz in 2009 discusses his invention and the technical advancements that need to be made before the smart contact lens could work. He opens the article using a fictional and sensationalized analogy to encourage the adoption of his invention: The human eye is a perceptual powerhouse. It can see millions of colors, adjust easily to shifting light conditions, and transmit information to the brain at a rate exceeding that of a high-speed Internet connection.But why stop there?In the Terminator movies, Arnold Schwarzenegger’s character sees the world with data superimposed on his visual field—virtual captions that enhance the cyborg’s scan of a scene. In stories by the science fiction author Vernor Vinge, characters rely on electronic contact lenses, rather than smartphones or brain implants, for seamless access to information that appears right before their eyes. Identity building is made to correlate with smart contact lenses in a manner that frames them as exciting. Coming to terms with them often involves casting us as superhumans, wielding abilities that we do not currently possess. One reason for embellishment is because we do not need digital displays on the eyes, so the motive to use them must always be geared to transcending our assumed present condition as humans and society members. Consequently, imagination is used to justify a shift in human identity along a future trajectory.This passage above also instantiates a transformation from humanist to posthumanist posturing (i.e. “the cyborg”) in order to incent the adoption of smart contact lenses. It begins with the bold declarative statement, “The human eye is a perceptual powerhouse,” which is a comforting claim about our seemingly human superiority. Indexing abstract humanist values, Parviz emphasizes skills we already possess, including seeing a plethora of colours, adjusting to light on the fly, and thinking fast, indeed faster than “a high-speed Internet connection”. However, the text goes on to summon the Terminator character and his optic feats from the franchise of films. Filmic cyborg characters fulfill the excitement that posthuman rhetoric often seems to demand, but there is more here than sensationalism. Parviz raises the issue of augmenting human vision using science fiction as his contextualizing vehicle because he lacks another way to imbricate the idea. Most interesting in this passage is the inventor’s query “But why stop there?” to yoke the two claims, one biological (i.e., “The human eye is a perceptual powerhouse”) and one fictional (i.e. Terminator, Vernor Vinge characters). The query suggests, Why stop with human superiority, we may as well progress to the next level and embrace a smart contact lens just as fictional cyborgs do. The non-threatening use of fiction makes the concept seem simultaneously exciting and banal, especially because the inventor follows with a clear description of the necessary scientific engineering in the rest of the article. This rhetorical act signifies the voice of a technoelite, a heavily-funded cohort responding to global capitalist imperatives armed with a team of technologists who can access technological advancements and imbue comments with an authority that may extend beyond their fields of expertise, such as communication studies, sociology, psychology, or medicine. The result is a powerful ethos. The idea behind the smart contact lens maintains a degree of respectability long before a public is invited to use it.Parviz exhumes much cultural baggage when he brings to life the Terminator character to pitch smart contact lenses. The Terminator series of films has established the “Arnold Schwarzenegger” character a cultural mainstay. Each new film reinvented him, but ultimately promoted him within a convincing dystopian future across the whole series: The Terminator (Cameron), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (Cameron), Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (Mostow), Terminator Salvation (McG) and Terminator Genisys (Taylor) (which appeared in 2015 after Parviz’s article). Recently, several writers have addressed how cyborg characters figure significantly in our cultural psyche (Haraway, Bukatman; Leaver). Tama Leaver’s Artificial Culture explores the way popular, contemporary, cinematic, science fiction depictions of embodied Artificial Intelligence, such as the Terminator cyborgs, “can act as a matrix which, rather than separating or demarcating minds and bodies or humanity and the digital, reinforce the symbiotic connection between people, bodies, and technologies” (31). Pointing out the violent and ultimately technophobic motive of The Terminator films, Leaver reads across them to conclude nevertheless that science fiction “proves an extremely fertile context in which to address the significance of representations of Artificial Intelligence” (63).Posthumanism and TechnogenesisOne reason this invention enters the public’s consciousness is its announcement alongside a host of other technologies, which seem like parts of a whole. We argue that this constant grouping of technologies in the news is one process indicative of technogenesis. For example, City A.M., London’s largest free commuter daily newspaper, reports on the future of business technology as a hodgepodge of what ifs: As Facebook turns ten, and with Bill Gates stepping down as Microsoft chairman, it feels like something is drawing to an end. But if so, it is only the end of the technological revolution’s beginning ... Try to look ahead ten years from now and the future is dark. Not because it is bleak, but because the sheer profusion of potential is blinding. Smartphones are set to outnumber PCs within months. After just a few more years, there are likely to be 3bn in use across the planet. In ten years, who knows – wearables? smart contact lenses? implants? And that’s just the start. The Internet of Things is projected to be a $300bn (£183bn) industry by 2020. (Sidwell) This reporting is a common means to frame the commodification of technology in globalized business news that seeks circulation as much as it does readership. But as a text, it also posits how individuals frame the future and their participation with it (Pedersen). Smart contacts appear to move along this exciting, unstoppable trajectory where the “potential is blinding”. The motive is to excite and scare. However, simultaneously, the effect is predictable. We are quite accustomed to this march of innovations that appears everyday in the morning paper. We are asked to adapt rather than question, consequently, we never separate the parts from the whole (e.g., “wearables? smart contact lenses? Implants”) in order to look at them critically.In coming to terms with Cary Wolf’s definition of posthumanism, Greg Pollock writes that posthumanism is the questioning that goes on “when we can no longer rely on ‘the human’ as an autonomous, rational being who provides an Archimedean point for knowing about the world (in contrast to “humanism,” which uses such a figure to ground further claims)” (208). With similar intent, N. Katherine Hayles formulating the term technogenesis suggests that we are not really progressing to another level of autonomous human existence when we adopt media, we are in effect, adapting to media and media are also in a process of adapting to us. She writes: As digital media, including networked and programmable desktop stations, mobile devices, and other computational media embedded in the environment, become more pervasive, they push us in the direction of faster communication, more intense and varied information streams, more integration of humans and intelligent machines, and more interactions of language with code. These environmental changes have significant neurological consequences, many of which are now becoming evident in young people and to a lesser degree in almost everyone who interacts with digital media on a regular basis. (11) Following Hayles, three actions or traits characterize adaptation in a manner germane to the technogenesis of media like smart contact lenses. The first is “media embedded in the environment”. The trait of embedding technology in the form of sensors and chips into external spaces evokes the onset of The Internet of Things (IoT) foundations. Extensive data-gathering sensors, wireless technologies, mobile and wearable components integrated with the Internet, all contribute to the IoT. Emerging from cloud computing infrastructures and data models, The IoT, in its most extreme, involves a scenario whereby people, places, animals, and objects are given unique “embedded” identifiers so that they can embark on constant data transfer over a network. In a sense, the lenses are adapted artifacts responding to a world that expects ubiquitous networked access for both humans and machines. Smart contact lenses will essentially be attached to the user who must adapt to these dynamic and heavily mediated contexts.Following closely on the first, the second point Hayles makes is “integration of humans and intelligent machines”. The camera embedded in the smart contact lens, really an adapted smartphone camera, turns the eye itself into an image capture device. By incorporating them under the eyelids, smart contact lenses signify integration in complex ways. Human-machine amalgamation follows biological, cognitive, and social contexts. Third, Hayles points to “more interactions of language with code.” We assert that with smart contact lenses, code will eventually govern interaction between countless agents in accordance with other smart devices, such as: (1) exchanges of code between people and external nonhuman networks of actors through machine algorithms and massive amalgamations of big data distributed on the Internet;(2) exchanges of code amongst people, human social actors in direct communication with each other over social media; and (3) exchanges of coding and decoding between people and their own biological processes (e.g. monitoring breathing, consuming nutrients, translating brainwaves) and phenomenological (but no less material) practices (e.g., remembering, grieving, or celebrating). The allure of the smart contact lens is the quietly pressing proposition that communication models such as these will be radically transformed because they will have to be adapted to use with the human eye, as the method of input and output of information. Focusing on genetic engineering, Eugene Thacker fittingly defines biomedia as “entail[ing] the informatic recontextualization of biological components and processes, for ends that may be medical or nonmedical (economic, technical) and with effects that are as much cultural, social, and political as they are scientific” (123). He specifies, “biomedia are not computers that simply work on or manipulate biological compounds. Rather, the aim is to provide the right conditions, such that biological life is able to demonstrate or express itself in a particular way” (123). Smart contact lenses sit on the cusp of emergence as a biomedia device that will enable us to decode bodily processes in significant new ways. The bold, technical discourse that announces it however, has not yet begun to attend to the seemingly dramatic “cultural, social, and political” effects percolating under the surface. Through technogenesis, media acclimatizes rapidly to change without establishing a logic of the consequences, nor a design plan for emergence. Following from this, we should mention issues such as the intrusion of surveillance algorithms deployed by corporations, governments, and other hegemonic entities that this invention risks. If smart contact lenses are biomedia devices inspiring us to decode bodily processes and communicate that data for analysis, for ourselves, and others in our trust (e.g., doctors, family, friends), we also need to be wary of them. David Lyon warns: Surveillance has spilled out of its old nation-state containers to become a feature of everyday life, at work, at home, at play, on the move. So far from the single all-seeing eye of Big Brother, myriad agencies now trace and track mundane activities for a plethora of purposes. Abstract data, now including video, biometric, and genetic as well as computerized administrative files, are manipulated to produce profiles and risk categories in a liquid, networked system. The point is to plan, predict, and prevent by classifying and assessing those profiles and risks. (13) In simple terms, the smart contact lens might disclose the most intimate information we possess and leave us vulnerable to profiling, tracking, and theft. Irma van der Ploeg presupposed this predicament when she wrote: “The capacity of certain technologies to change the boundary, not just between what is public and private information but, on top of that, between what is inside and outside the human body, appears to leave our normative concepts wanting” (71). The smart contact lens, with its implied motive to encode and disclose internal bodily information, needs considerations on many levels. Conclusion The smart contact lens has made a digital beginning. We accept it through the mass consumption of the idea, which acts as a rhetorical motivator for media adoption, taking place long before the device materializes in the marketplace. This occurrence may also be a sign of our “posthuman predicament” (Braidotti). We have argued that the smart contact lens concept reveals our posthuman adaptation to media rather than our reasoned acceptance or agreement with it as a logical proposition. By the time we actually squabble over the price, express fears for our privacy, and buy them, smart contact lenses will long be part of our everyday culture. References Baumlin, James S., and Tita F. Baumlin. “On the Psychology of the Pisteis: Mapping the Terrains of Mind and Rhetoric.” Ethos: New Essays in Rhetorical and Critical Theory. Eds. James S. Baumlin and Tita F. Baumlin. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1994. 91-112. Baumlin, James S., and Tita F. Baumlin, eds. Ethos: New Essays in Rhetorical and Critical Theory. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1994. Bilton, Nick. “A Rose-Colored View May Come Standard.” The New York Times, 4 Apr. 2012. Braidotti, Rosi. The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity, 2013. Bukatman, Scott. Terminal Identity: The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction. Durham: Duke University Press, 1993. Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950. Cameron, James, dir. The Terminator. Orion Pictures, 1984. DVD. Cameron, James, dir. Terminator 2: Judgment Day. Artisan Home Entertainment, 2003. DVD. Etherington, Darrell. “Google Patents Tiny Cameras Embedded in Contact Lenses.” TechCrunch, 14 Apr. 2014. Goldman, David. “Google to Make Smart Contact Lenses.” CNN Money 17 Jan. 2014. Haraway, Donna. Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. London: Free Association Books, 1991. Hayles, N. Katherine. How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2012. Hyde, Michael. The Ethos of Rhetoric. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004. Leaver, Tama. Artificial Culture: Identity, Technology, and Bodies. New York: Routledge, 2012. Losh, Elizabeth. Virtualpolitik: An Electronic History of Government Media-Making in a Time of War, Scandal, Disaster, Miscommunication, and Mistakes. Boston: MIT Press. 2009. Lyon, David, ed. Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk and Digital Discrimination. New York: Routledge, 2003. Mac, Ryan. “Amazon Lures Google Glass Creator Following Phone Launch.” Forbes.com, 14 July 2014. McG, dir. Terminator Salvation. Warner Brothers, 2009. DVD. Mostow, Jonathan, dir. Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines. Warner Brothers, 2003. DVD. Parviz, Babak A. “Augmented Reality in a Contact Lens.” IEEE Spectrum, 1 Sep. 2009. Pedersen, Isabel. Ready to Wear: A Rhetoric of Wearable Computers and Reality-Shifting Media. Anderson, South Carolina: Parlor Press, 2013. Pollock, Greg. “What Is Posthumanism by Cary Wolfe (2009).” Rev. of What is Posthumanism?, by Cary Wolfe. Journal for Critical Animal Studies 9.1/2 (2011): 235-241. Sidwell, Marc. “The Long View: Bill Gates Is Gone and the Dot-com Era Is Over: It's Only the End of the Beginning.” City A.M., 7 Feb. 2014. “Solve for X: Babak Parviz on Building Microsystems on the Eye.” YouTube, 7 Feb. 2012. Taylor, Alan, dir. Terminator: Genisys. Paramount Pictures, 2015. DVD. Thacker, Eugene “Biomedia.” Critical Terms for Media Studies. Eds. W.J.T Mitchell and Mark Hansen, Chicago: Chicago Press, 2010. 117-130. Van der Ploeg, Irma. “Biometrics and the Body as Information.” Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk and Digital Discrimination. Ed. David Lyon. New York: Routledge, 2003. 57-73. Wired Staff. “7 Massive Ideas That Could Change the World.” Wired.com, 17 Jan. 2013.

Cette thèse étudie deux aspects d'un système de contrôle d'accès de véhicule par localisation de clés.D'une part, dans le cadre d'une localisation par triangulation à l'aide de réseaux de capteurs commutés, l'optimisation de la séquence de commutation est étudiée.Un modèle est proposé pour étudier l'estimation des paramètres de sinusoïdes reçues par un réseau de capteur, dont les capteurs sont échantillonnés de manière asynchrone.Ce modèle est notamment, mais pas exclusivement, applicable à des approches industrielles telles que celle proposée par Bluetooth 5.1, qui sert d'application de référence.Du modèle sont dérivées des bornes de Cramér-Rao, qui servent à l'établissement de critères d'optimisation des instants d'échantillonnage de chaque capteur indépendants de la géométrie du réseau de capteurs.Les formes analytiques de ces critères permettent d'établir des propriétés préférables pour les instants d'échantillonnage de chaque capteur, particulièrement lorsque la fréquence des signaux reçus n'est pas connue à priori.Des stratégies sont proposées pour générer des séquences de commutation, et sont évaluées numériquement à l'aide des critères proposés. L'évolution des critères proposés est comparée à celle de bornes numériques sur l'estimation d'angle d'incidence pour des géométries populaires, illustrant un lien qualitatif entre ces critères.D'autre part, dans le cadre d'une localisation par mesure des délais de propagation en bande UWB, un système de détection de passagers reposant sur le matériel de localisation est proposé.On propose d'utiliser des machines à vecteurs-supports (SVM) pour réaliser la détection des passagers sous la forme d'une classification des réponses impulsionnelles de canal mesurées entre les transmetteurs du système de localisation de clé.Une preuve de concept et un prototype sont réalisés et utilisés pour collecter des données sur le problème et montrer la faisabilité.L'étude de ces données permet d'identifier des invariances, que l'on propose de traduire pour les SVM à travers des traitements et métriques adaptés.Les performances offertes par ces traitements sont ensuite mesurées expérimentalement, et permettent d'affirmer qu'un des traitements proposés est avantageux pour l'application choisie
This thesis studies two aspects of a vehicle access control system which relies on the estimation of a key's location to grant access.Firstly, within the context of a triangulation-based system, we study the optimisation of the switching sequence for switched antenna-arrays.A model is given to study the estimation of the parameters of sines received by a switched array, where sensors are not necessarily sampled synchronously.This model is relevant, but not exclusive, to industrial approaches to direction of arrival estimation, such as the one proposed by Bluetooth 5.1, which serves as our reference application.From the model, Cramér-Rao lower bounds are computed, and are used to define design criteria for switching sequences that do not rely on the array's geometry.These criteria's analytical forms allow us to highlight desirable properties in switching sequences, especially in the case where the signal's frequency is unknown.Strategies to build switching sequences are proposed, and numerically evaluated using the provided criteria. Comparison of the criteria with numerical bounds on direction of arrival for common array geometries shows that they are qualitatively linked.Secondly, within the context of a time of flight based system, we propose a system for passenger detection that relies solely on the localization system's original hardware.To achieve this, we propose to use support vector machines (SVM) to classify the channel impulse responses measured between the system's transmitters.A proof of concept is designed to demonstrate feasability, and data is collected on a prototype for further evaluation.By studying the available data, invariants are identified, and processing functions are proposed to translate these invariants to the SVM in order to improve performance.One of the proposed processing is shown to give performance gains for our application through experiments

Ce mémoire s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet CEDRE (Collaboration entre l'université de Limoges et l'université Libanaise) sur le thème des antennes intelligentes dans les radio- communications mobiles. Le travail a consisté en une contribution à l'optimisation du lobe de rayonnement pour une antenne intelligente. Deux approches complémentaires ont été développées pour implémenter la technique de formage du lobe, une basée sur un algorithme d'optimisation qui calcule les phases des excitations en fonction des spécifications désirés (lobe pointé, multi- lobes, création des zéros) et l'autre utilisant les résultats de la première technique pour implémenter un modèle avec des réseaux de neurones. La première méthode a un inconvénient concernant le temps de calcul (quelques seconds), la deuxième est quasiment une application en temps réel. La prise en compte de l'effet de couplage sur le rayonnement a été implémentée directement dans la technique de synthèse, et une validation pratique de cet effet a été réalisée. De nombreuses mesures d'une antenne réseau 8 éléments, excités seulement en phase, ont permis de valider nos outils développés
. This report joins within the framework of a project CEDRE (Collaboration between the University of Limoges and the Lebanese university) on the topic of the intelligent antennas in the radio mobile communications. Work consisted with a contribution to the optimization of the lobe of radiation for an intelligent antenna. Two complementary approaches were developed to implement the technique of forming of the lobe, one based on an algorithm of optimization which calculates the phases of the excitations according to the specifications desired (pointed lobe, multiple lobes and creation of the zeros) and the other using the results of the first technique to implement a model with networks of neurons. The first method has a disadvantage concerning the computing time (some seconds), the second is almost an application in real time. The taking into account of the effect of coupling on the radiation was implemented directly in technique of synthesis, and a practical validation of this effect was carried out. Many measurements of an antenna arrays 8 elements, excited only in phase, made it possible to validate our developed tools

L'objectif de ce travail est l'etude de la detection et de la localisation des victimes d'avalanches par exploration microonde. Pour cela nous avons etudie le probleme dans tous ses aspects: theorique et experimental. Pour effectuer l'etude theorique du probleme, nous utilisons une methode temporelle (transmission line matrix: tlm) pour calculer le champ diffracte par des objets enfouis. Pour l'aspect experimental nous proposons deux systemes de detection d'objets enfouis: systeme temporel et systeme frequentiel. Pour le systeme temporel nous presentons son principe de fonctionnement et nous montrons sa faisabilite avec les composants disponibles dans le commerce. De meme pour le systeme frequentiel (radar a impulsion modulee lineairement en frequence: fmcw) nous decrivons le systeme realise et nous proposons un dispositif pour valider son principe de fonctionnement. Nous mettons en evidence la localisation des objets enfouis a partir de l'analyse du spectre fourni par le fmcw. Pour secourir des vies humaines, les systemes de detection se doivent d'etre rapides. Pour cela nous proposons un systeme a balayage electronique qu'on a nomme scannaire microonde. La conception d'un tel systeme nous a amenes a etudier en detail les sous-ensembles suivants: commutateurs microondes, multiplexeurs microondes, antennes derivees de la ligne a fente. Une version limitee comportant 15 antennes du scannaire microonde a ete concue et realisee. Un systeme d'emission-reception et les interfaces necessaires pour gerer et coordonner le scannaire en mode de transmission ont ete concus et realises. Enfin le scannaire microonde a ete teste avec succes

All over the United States, phone companies are planting artificial trees. An old-growth, imitation pine has just gone up in the community of Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, where it towers 100 feet over barns and fields. Holes in its synthetic brown bark admit bundles of black cables that travel up through the hollow metal trunk to the wireless digital phone antennas hidden among the plastic pine branches high above. In the desert near Phoenix, Arizona, where pines are scarce, another phone company plans to conceal its antennas inside a giant, imitation saguaro cactus. Evidently some large corporations are finally beginning to realize that the destruction of nature by their business activities is not accept-able. To improve public relations, they are now providing facsimiles of the nature they eliminate. This solves many annoying problems, but, alas, other difficulties have arisen. Copying nature is not as easy as it looks—it’s not like using a photocopier. If the phone companies don’t know this, somebody ought to tell them. I first became aware of the downside of artificial nature when I was living in Middlesex, New Jersey. To get to work at the university I had to drive through South Bound Brook, a down-at-the-heels little town nestled cozily between American Cyanamid’s huge organic chemical factory on one side and GAF and Union Carbide—also cooking up organics—on the other. True, the Raritan River runs alongside of South Bound Brook, and George Washington, an experienced surveyor who had seen many rivers, once described the Raritan as the most beautiful of all. But the river’s magic seemed to work feebly in South Bound Brook; my memories are only of floods, brown mud, and the occasional corpse of carp or sucker floating belly up past the dirty red brick of the aged factory walls. Then one day as I made my daily commute, I noticed an unexpected splash of color in the town. A popular saloon along the road I travelled had erected a very large plastic palm tree on the sidewalk next to the entrance.

On September 11, 2001, the terrorist attacks that destroyed the World Trade Center (WTC) in Lower Manhattan, New York City, also damaged the Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corp.’s (PATH’s) busiest terminal serving the heart of the thriving downtown financial, commercial, and residential district. The aftermath of the attacks also forced the closure of PATH’s key station at Exchange Place that serves Jersey City, New Jersey’s expanding “Gold Coast” business and residential area. PATH’s more than 260,000 average weekday commuters between New Jersey and New York were affected in some way by these tragic events, and PATH ridership fell sharply during the following months. Among the PATH facilities that were damaged or destroyed at WTC, and in the two Hudson River tubes, and at Exchange Place Station were all of the electrical, power, signal, and communications systems. Recovery and restoration work began immediately, but was hampered by the extensive rescue, recovery, removal, and demolition work at the World Trade site. Broken water lines and fire fighting efforts flooded both river tubes, which were later sealed at Exchange Place to prevent additional potential damage to PATH’s New Jersey facilities. This paper describes PATH’s recovery program to replace the electrical, power, signal, and communications facilities from Exchange Place to the WTC Terminal. A temporary WTC terminal has been built to restore direct service to Lower Manhattan’s financial, business, and residential center as of November 23, 2003. As part of this program, new trackwork was installed to enhance operational flexibility and provide temporary interim service to Exchange Place Station, which reopened June 29, 2003. Capacity expansion provisions were included to allow for future 10-car train operations when a new rail car fleet is procured. Facilities replaced include a new traction power and auxiliary services substation, new cables, ductbanks, new signals and central control system, wayside phones, emergency power removal switches, tunnel lighting, radio antenna, and fiber optics. An accelerated design and construction schedule was followed, using a broad combination of in-house, consulting, and contractor forces.