Tesis sobre el tema "Annotation de modèles"
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Flutre, Timothée. "L' annotation des éléments transposables par la compréhension de leur diversification". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077239.
Texto completoTransposable elements are DNA sequences that can move and duplicata within genomes. They hence have a major impact on genome structure but also on the expression of neighbouring genes, notably via epigenetiç mechanisms. However, except for some model organisms for which reference sequences are available, the annotation of transposable elements corresponds to a bottleneck in the analysis of genomic sequences. Therefore, I started by comparing existing computer programs used in de novo approaches of transposable element identification. In this aim, I designed a test protocol on the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana. As a result, I proposed a de novo approach combining several tools, thus enabling the automatic recovery of a great number of reference sequences. Moreover, I showed that our approach highlighted the structural variations present within well-known families, thus reflecting the diversification of such families during their evolution. This approach was implemented in a package (REPET) making possible the analysis of transposable elements in numerous genomes from plants, insects and fungi among others. This work lead to a roadmap describing, from a practical point of view, how to annotate the transposable element content of any newly sequenced genome. Finally, I propose several perspectives, notably the simulation of the data required for the improvement of the detection algorithms, a way complementary to the modeling of transposable element dynamics
Barrat, Sabine. "Modèles graphiques probabilistes pour la reconnaissance de formes". Phd thesis, Université Nancy II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00530755.
Texto completoMorlot, Jean-Baptiste. "Annotation of the human genome through the unsupervised analysis of high-dimensional genomic data". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066641/document.
Texto completoThe human body has more than 200 different cell types each containing an identical copy of the genome but expressing a different set of genes. The control of gene expression is ensured by a set of regulatory mechanisms acting at different scales of time and space. Several diseases are caused by a disturbance of this system, notably some cancers, and many therapeutic applications, such as regenerative medicine, rely on understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation. This thesis proposes, in a first part, an annotation algorithm (GABI) to identify recurrent patterns in the high-throughput sequencing data. The particularity of this algorithm is to take into account the variability observed in experimental replicates by optimizing the rate of false positive and false negative, increasing significantly the annotation reliability compared to the state of the art. The annotation provides simplified and robust information from a large dataset. Applied to a database of regulators activity in hematopoiesis, we propose original results, in agreement with previous studies. The second part of this work focuses on the 3D organization of the genome, intimately linked to gene expression. This structure is now accessible thanks to 3D reconstruction algorithm from contact data between chromosomes. We offer improvements to the currently most efficient algorithm of the domain, ShRec3D, allowing to adjust the reconstruction according to the user needs
Ayllón-Benítez, Aarón. "Development of new computational methods for a synthetic gene set annotation". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0305.
Texto completoThe revolution in new sequencing technologies, by strongly improving the production of omics data, is greatly leading to new understandings of the relations between genotype and phenotype. To interpret and analyze data grouped according to a phenotype of interest, methods based on statistical enrichment became a standard in biology. However, these methods synthesize the biological information by a priori selecting the over-represented terms and focus on the most studied genes that may represent a limited coverage of annotated genes within a gene set. During this thesis, we explored different methods for annotating gene sets. In this frame, we developed three studies allowing the annotation of gene sets and thus improving the understanding of their biological context.First, visualization approaches were applied to represent annotation results provided by enrichment analysis for a gene set or a repertoire of gene sets. In this work, a visualization prototype called MOTVIS (MOdular Term VISualization) has been developed to provide an interactive representation of a repertoire of gene sets combining two visual metaphors: a treemap view that provides an overview and also displays detailed information about gene sets, and an indented tree view that can be used to focus on the annotation terms of interest. MOTVIS has the advantage to solve the limitations of each visual metaphor when used individually. This illustrates the interest of using different visual metaphors to facilitate the comprehension of biological results by representing complex data.Secondly, to address the issues of enrichment analysis, a new method for analyzing the impact of using different semantic similarity measures on gene set annotation was proposed. To evaluate the impact of each measure, two relevant criteria were considered for characterizing a "good" synthetic gene set annotation: (i) the number of annotation terms has to be drastically reduced while maintaining a sufficient level of details, and (ii) the number of genes described by the selected terms should be as large as possible. Thus, nine semantic similarity measures were analyzed to identify the best possible compromise between both criteria while maintaining a sufficient level of details. Using GO to annotate the gene sets, we observed better results with node-based measures that use the terms’ characteristics than with edge-based measures that use the relations terms. The annotation of the gene sets achieved with the node-based measures did not exhibit major differences regardless of the characteristics of the terms used. Then, we developed GSAn (Gene Set Annotation), a novel gene set annotation web server that uses semantic similarity measures to synthesize a priori GO annotation terms. GSAn contains the interactive visualization MOTVIS, dedicated to visualize the representative terms of gene set annotations. Compared to enrichment analysis tools, GSAn has shown excellent results in terms of maximizing the gene coverage while minimizing the number of terms.At last, the third work consisted in enriching the annotation results provided by GSAn. Since the knowledge described in GO may not be sufficient for interpreting gene sets, other biological information, such as pathways and diseases, may be useful to provide a wider biological context. Thus, two additional knowledge resources, being Reactome and Disease Ontology (DO), were integrated within GSAn. In practice, GO terms were mapped to terms of Reactome and DO, before and after applying the GSAn method. The integration of these resources improved the results in terms of gene coverage without affecting significantly the number of involved terms. Two strategies were applied to find mappings (generated or extracted from the web) between each new resource and GO. We have shown that a mapping process before computing the GSAn method allowed to obtain a larger number of inter-relations between the two knowledge resources
Liu, Hui. "Intégration des approches ontologiques et d'ingénierie dirigée par les modèles pour la résolution de problèmes d'interopérabilité". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662511.
Texto completoSavonnet, Marinette. "Systèmes d'Information Scientifique : des modèles conceptuels aux annotations sémantiques Application au domaine de l'archéologie et des sciences du vivant". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917782.
Texto completoSilveira, Mastella Laura. "Exploitation sémantique des modèles d'ingénierie : application à la modélisation des réservoirs pétroliers". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005770.
Texto completoTayari, Meftah Imen. "Modélisation, détection et annotation des états émotionnels à l'aide d'un espace vectoriel multidimensionnel". Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00838803.
Texto completoHacid, Kahina. "Handling domain knowledge in system design models. An ontology based approach". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/20157/7/HACID_kahina.pdf.
Texto completoRiviere, Peter. "Génération automatique d’obligations de preuves paramétrée par des théories de domaine dans Event-B : Le cadre de travail EB4EB". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP052.
Texto completoNowadays, we are surrounded by complex critical systems such as microprocessors, railways, home appliances, robots, aeroplanes, and so on. These systems are extremely complex and are safety-critical, and they must be verified and validated. The use of state-based formal methods has proven to be effective in designing complex systems. Event-B has played a key role in the development of such systems. Event-B is a formal system design method that is state-based and correct-by-construction, with a focus on proof and refinement. Event-B facilitates verification of properties such as invariant preservation, convergence, and refinement by generating and discharging proof obligations.Additional properties for system verification, such as deadlock-freeness, reachability, and liveness, must be explicitly defined and verified by the designer or formalised using another formal method. Such an approach reduces re-usability and may introduce errors, particularly in complex systems.To tackle these challenges, we introduced the reflexive EB4EB framework in Event-B. In this framework, each Event-B concept is formalised as a first-class object using First Order Logic (FOL) and set theory. This framework allows for the manipulation and analysis of Event-B models, with extensions for additional, non-intrusive analyses such as temporal properties, weak invariants, deadlock freeness, and so on. This is accomplished through Event-B Theories, which extend the Event-B language with the theory's defined elements, and also by formalising and articulating new proof obligations that are not present in traditional Event-B. Furthermore, Event-B's operational semantics (based on traces) have been formalised, along with a framework for guaranteeing the soundness of the defined theorems, including operators and proof obligations. Finally, the proposed framework and its extensions have been validated across multiple case studies, including Lamport's clock case study, read/write processes, the Peterson algorithm, Automated Teller Machine (ATM), autonomous vehicles, and so on
Liao, Yongxin. "Annotations sémantiques pour l'interopérabilité des systèmes dans un environnement PLM". Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00904822.
Texto completoTetley, Romain. "Analyse mixte de protéines basée sur la séquence et la structure - applications à l'annotation fonctionnelle". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4111/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, the focus is set on reconciling the realms of structure and sequence for protein analysis. Sequence analysis tools shine when faced with proteins presenting high sequence identity (≤ 30\%), but are lack - luster when it comes to remote homolog detection. Structural analysis tools present an interesting alternative, but solving structures - when at all possible- is a tedious and expensive process. These observations make the need for hybrid methods - which inject information obtained from available structures in a sequence model - quite clear. This thesis makes four main contributions toward this goal. First we present a novel structural measure, the RMSDcomb, based on local structural conservation patterns - the so called structural motifs. Second, we developed a method to identify structural motifs between two structures using a bootstrap method which relies on filtrations. Our approach is not a direct competitor to flexible aligners but can provide useful to perform a multiscale analysis of structural similarities. Third, we build upon the previous methods to design hybrid Hidden Markov Models which are biased towards regions of increased structural conservation between sets of proteins. We test this tool on the class II fusion viral proteins - particularly challenging because of their low sequence identity and mild structural homology. We find that we are able to recover known remote homologs of the viral proteins in the Drosophila and other organisms. Finally, formalizing a sub - problem encountered when comparing filtrations, we present a new theoretical problem - the D-family matching - on which we present various algorithmic results. We show - in a manner that is analogous to comparing parts of two protein conformations - how it is possible to compare two clusterings of the same data set using such a theoretical model
Chevalier, Max. "Usagers & Recherche d'Information". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00573946.
Texto completoBocquet, Aurélien. "Infrastructure logicielle multi-modèles pour l'accès à des services en mobilité". Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10132/document.
Texto completoThe middlewares are nowadays unavoidable when developing dlstributed applications. Every design needs adapted and efficient· tools. ln addition, their context of deployment needs special mechanisms in order to adapt to it. To do so, the middlewares offer different programming and communication models, supplying efficient ways to communicate in some situations. ln mobility, interoperability becomes unavoidable, and the context changes. This thesis deals with the requirements of a middleware in mobility. We thus propose a multi-model approach, based on the current works in this domain, and presenting innovative concepts. This approach is composed by a generic programming model and by a combination of communication models. Adaptation policies define the rules of combination of models, regarding context observations and dynamic adaptation mechanisms allow to handle the context in realtime, and to reconfigure the system when it is running. Our approach has been validated through a concrete application to problems caused by the use of an embedded Intemet proxy in trains: the design and development of a mufti-model graft iIIustrated and justified our approach, and the evaluation of this graft demonstrated the benefits of this approach via-a-vis the changes of context. We also designed and developed our multi-model software infrastructure, proposing ail these concepts, and thus allowing to benefit from our multi-model approach
Feng, Haifeng. "Etudes des liens entre couleurs et émotions à partir des annotations spontanées". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066627.
Texto completoAlbatal, Rami. "Annotation automatique d'images à base de Phrases Visuelles". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENM038.
Texto completoThis thesis aims to propose a general model for automatic image annotation in the context of image retrieval. Seeking images requires abstract symbolic representations of theit semantic content (words, concepts. . . ) to satisfy the users information needs. While many studies have aimed to define a machine learning process of visual descriptors extracted from image regions, issues related to choices and grouping of descriptive and discriminative regions of different object classes are less studied. Visual variations of obects of a class cause serious problems for annotating images by object classes. These variations are caused by several factors: changes in scale, rotation and chages in brightness, in addition to variations of shapes and colors proper to any given object. Our work also aims to minimize the negative impact of this phenomenon. In this work, the passage from visual signal to its meaning is defined based on an intermediate representation called "Visual Phrases". These Phrases represent sets of regions of interest grouped according to a predetermined topological criterion. A learning process can detect relationships between Visual Phrases and object classes. Several evaluations of this approach have been conducted on the VOC2009 corpus. The results show the significant imact of the mode of grouping of regions of interest, and that a grouping based on spatial relationships among these regions gives the best results in terms of average precision
Albatal, Rami. "Annotation automatique d'images à base de Phrases Visuelles". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00520474.
Texto completoDescorps-Declere, Stéphane. "Modélisation du processus d'annotation par une architecture blackboard". Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066165.
Texto completoBecause of the huge increase in sequencing projects of complete genomes, it is essential today to have powerful computer softwares able to help biologists towards a better use of analysis methods. This is particularly important because there exists many methods of analysis as well as a great amount of data. In order to solve this issue, we propose in this thesis to develop of a new bioinformatic model suitable for the annotation of complete genomes. From studying the "state of the art", we concluded that we could approach the modelisation of the annotation process of two different ways. This enabled us to propose a new model based on this analysis. We then decided to re-formalize the annotation process; it gave us the opportunity to propose an adequate software architecture in order to handle the process thus reformulated. The thesis is then a double contribution : it is both a modelisation of the annotation process, and a technical proposal based on a blackboard architecture
Liao, Yongxin. "Annotations sémantiques pour l'intéropérabilité des systèmes dans un environnement PLM". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0135/document.
Texto completoIn manufacturing enterprises the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) approach has been considered as an essential solution for improving the product competitive ability. It aims at providing a shared platform that brings together different enterprise systems at each stage of a product life cycle in or across enterprises. Although the main software companies are making efforts to create tools for offering a complete and integrated set of systems, most of them have not implemented all of the systems. Finally, they do not provide a coherent integration of the entire information system. This results in a kind of "tower of Babel", where each application is considered as an island in the middle of the ocean of information, managed by many stakeholders in an enterprise, or even in a network of enterprises. The different peculiarities of those stakeholders are then over increasing the issue of interoperability. The objective of this thesis is to deal with the issue of semantic interoperability, by proposing a formal semantic annotation method to support the mutual understanding of the semantics inside the shared and exchanged information in a PLM environment
Dessaigne, Nicolas. "Le modèle DOAN (DOcument ANnotation Model) : modélisation de l'information complexe appliquée à la plateforme Arisem Kaliwatch Server". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00465962.
Texto completoUgarte, Ari. "Combining machine learning and evolution for the annotation of metagenomics data". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066732/document.
Texto completoMetagenomics is used to study microbial communities by the analyze of DNA extracted directly from environmental samples. It allows to establish a catalog very extended of genes present in the microbial communities. This catalog must be compared against the genes already referenced in the databases in order to find similar sequences and thus determine their function. In the course of this thesis, we have developed MetaCLADE, a new methodology that improves the detection of protein domains already referenced for metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequences. For the development of MetaCLADE, we modified an annotation system of protein domains that has been developed within the Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology clade called (closer sequences for Annotations Directed by Evolution) [17]. In general, the methods for the annotation of protein domains characterize protein domains with probabilistic models. These probabilistic models, called sequence consensus models (SCMs) are built from the alignment of homolog sequences belonging to different phylogenetic clades and they represent the consensus at each position of the alignment. However, when the sequences that form the homolog set are very divergent, the signals of the SCMs become too weak to be identified and therefore the annotation fails. In order to solve this problem of annotation of very divergent domains, we used an approach based on the observation that many of the functional and structural constraints in a protein are not broadly conserved among all species, but they can be found locally in the clades. The approach is therefore to expand the catalog of probabilistic models by creating new models that focus on the specific characteristics of each clade. MetaCLADE, a tool designed with the objective of annotate with precision sequences coming from metagenomics and metatranscriptomics studies uses this library in order to find matches between the models and a database of metagenomic or metatranscriptomic sequences. Then, it uses a pre-computed step for the filtering of the sequences which determine the probability that a prediction is a true hit. This pre-calculated step is a learning process that takes into account the fragmentation of metagenomic sequences to classify them. We have shown that the approach multi source in combination with a strategy of meta-learning taking into account the fragmentation outperforms current methods
Ugarte, Ari. "Combining machine learning and evolution for the annotation of metagenomics data". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066732.pdf.
Texto completoMetagenomics is used to study microbial communities by the analyze of DNA extracted directly from environmental samples. It allows to establish a catalog very extended of genes present in the microbial communities. This catalog must be compared against the genes already referenced in the databases in order to find similar sequences and thus determine their function. In the course of this thesis, we have developed MetaCLADE, a new methodology that improves the detection of protein domains already referenced for metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequences. For the development of MetaCLADE, we modified an annotation system of protein domains that has been developed within the Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology clade called (closer sequences for Annotations Directed by Evolution) [17]. In general, the methods for the annotation of protein domains characterize protein domains with probabilistic models. These probabilistic models, called sequence consensus models (SCMs) are built from the alignment of homolog sequences belonging to different phylogenetic clades and they represent the consensus at each position of the alignment. However, when the sequences that form the homolog set are very divergent, the signals of the SCMs become too weak to be identified and therefore the annotation fails. In order to solve this problem of annotation of very divergent domains, we used an approach based on the observation that many of the functional and structural constraints in a protein are not broadly conserved among all species, but they can be found locally in the clades. The approach is therefore to expand the catalog of probabilistic models by creating new models that focus on the specific characteristics of each clade. MetaCLADE, a tool designed with the objective of annotate with precision sequences coming from metagenomics and metatranscriptomics studies uses this library in order to find matches between the models and a database of metagenomic or metatranscriptomic sequences. Then, it uses a pre-computed step for the filtering of the sequences which determine the probability that a prediction is a true hit. This pre-calculated step is a learning process that takes into account the fragmentation of metagenomic sequences to classify them. We have shown that the approach multi source in combination with a strategy of meta-learning taking into account the fragmentation outperforms current methods
Cleynen, Alice. "Approches statistiques en segmentation : application à la ré-annotation de génome". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00913851.
Texto completoAlili, Hiba. "Intégration de données basée sur la qualité pour l'enrichissement des sources de données locales dans le Service Lake". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED019.
Texto completoIn the Big Data era, companies are moving away from traditional data-warehouse solutions whereby expensive and timeconsumingETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes are used, towards data lakes in order to manage their increasinglygrowing data. Yet the stored knowledge in companies’ databases, even though in the constructed data lakes, can never becomplete and up-to-date, because of the continuous production of data. Local data sources often need to be augmentedand enriched with information coming from external data sources. Unfortunately, the data enrichment process is one of themanual labors undertaken by experts who enrich data by adding information based on their expertise or select relevantdata sources to complete missing information. Such work can be tedious, expensive and time-consuming, making itvery promising for automation. We present in this work an active user-centric data integration approach to automaticallyenrich local data sources, in which the missing information is leveraged on the fly from web sources using data services.Accordingly, our approach enables users to query for information about concepts that are not defined in the data sourceschema. In doing so, we take into consideration a set of user preferences such as the cost threshold and the responsetime necessary to compute the desired answers, while ensuring a good quality of the obtained results
Liao, Yongxin. "Annotations sémantiques pour l'intéropérabilité des systèmes dans un environnement PLM". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0135.
Texto completoIn manufacturing enterprises the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) approach has been considered as an essential solution for improving the product competitive ability. It aims at providing a shared platform that brings together different enterprise systems at each stage of a product life cycle in or across enterprises. Although the main software companies are making efforts to create tools for offering a complete and integrated set of systems, most of them have not implemented all of the systems. Finally, they do not provide a coherent integration of the entire information system. This results in a kind of "tower of Babel", where each application is considered as an island in the middle of the ocean of information, managed by many stakeholders in an enterprise, or even in a network of enterprises. The different peculiarities of those stakeholders are then over increasing the issue of interoperability. The objective of this thesis is to deal with the issue of semantic interoperability, by proposing a formal semantic annotation method to support the mutual understanding of the semantics inside the shared and exchanged information in a PLM environment
Cormier, Alexandre. "Le modèle algue brune pour l'analyse fonctionnelle et évolutive du déterminisme sexuel". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066646/document.
Texto completoGenetically determined sex determination mechanisms, which are controlled by non-recombinant chromosome regions or sex chromosomes, have emerged independently and repeatedly across several eukaryotic lineages. Most of the knowledge acquired in this area has been obtained for a limited number of eukaryotic groups. The availability of a model organism for the brown algae, Ectocarpus, whose genome has been sequenced, allows the development of tools to study these mechanisms in a lineage that is phylogenetically distant from classically studied models. One of the first challenges was to identify the sex chromosomes in Ectocarpus and to carry out a comparative analysis of these genomic structures. Analysis of gene expression in males and females at different stages of the life cycle then allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes. The functions and molecular evolution of these sex-biased genes was then studied. The large amount of data generated during the course of these analyses allowed the establishment of a new version of the genome assembly and refined structural and functional annotation of both coding and non-coding genes in Ectocarpus. This work helped made a significant contribution to knowledge in the field of functional and evolutionary analysis of sex determination in brown algae and a significantly updated the genomic resources available for the model organism Ectocarpus
Mitran, Mădălina. "Annotation d'images via leur contexte spatio-temporel et les métadonnées du Web". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2399/.
Texto completoThe documents processed by Information Retrieval (IR) systems are typically indexed according to their contents: Text or multimedia. Search engines based on these indexes aim to provide relevant answers to users' needs in the form of texts, images, sounds, videos, and so on. Our work is related to "image" documents. We are specifically interested in automatic image annotation systems that automatically associate keywords to images. Keywords are subsequently used for search purposes via textual queries. The automatic image annotation task intends to overcome the issues of manual and semi-automatic annotation tasks, as they are no longer feasible in nowadays' context (i. E. , the development of digital technologies and the advent of devices, such as smartphones, allowing anyone to take images with a minimal cost). Among the different types of existing image collections (e. G. , medical, satellite) in our work we are interested in landscape image collections for which we identified the following challenges: What are the most discriminant features for this type of images ? How to model and how to merge these features ? What are the sources of information that should be considered ? How to manage scalability issues ? The proposed contribution is threefold. First, we use different factors that influence the description of landscape images: The spatial factor (i. E. , latitude and longitude of images), the temporal factor (i. E. , the time when the images were taken), and the thematic factor (i. E. , tags crowdsourced and contributed to image sharing platforms). We propose various techniques to model these factors based on tag frequency, as well as spatial and temporal similarities. The choice of these factors is based on the following assumptions: A tag is all the more relevant for a query-image as it is associated with images located in its close geographical area ; A tag is all the more relevant for a query-image as it is associated with images captured close in time to it ; sourcing concept). Second, we introduce a new image annotation process that recommends the terms that best describe a given query-image provided by a user. For each query-image we rely on spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal filters to identify similar images along with their tags. Then, the different factors are merged through a probabilistic model to boost the terms best describing each query-image. Third, the contributions presented above are only based on information extracted from image photo sharing platforms (i. E. , subjective information). This raised the following research question: Can the information extracted from the Web provide objective terms useful to enrich the initial description of images? We tackle this question by introducing an approach relying on query expansion techniques developed in IR. As there is no standard evaluation protocol for the automatic image annotation task tailored to landscape images, we designed various evaluation protocols to validate our contributions. We first evaluated the approaches defined to model the spatial, temporal, and thematic factors. Then, we validated the annotation image process and we showed that it yields significant improvement over two state-of-the-art baselines. Finally, we assessed the effectiveness of tag expansion through Web sources and showed its contribution to the image annotation process. These experiments are complemented by the image annotation prototype AnnoTaGT, which provides users with an operational framework for automatic image annotation
Er, Ngurah Agus Sanjaya. "Techniques avancées pour l'extraction d'information par l'exemple". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENST0060.
Texto completoSearching for information on the Web is generally achieved by constructing a query from a set of keywords and firing it to a search engine. This traditional method requires the user to have a relatively good knowledge of the domain of the targeted information to come up with the correct keywords. The search results, in the form of Web pages, are ranked based on the relevancy of each Web page to the given keywords. For the same set of keywords, the Web pages returned by the search engine would be ranked differently depending on the user. Moreover, finding specific information such as a country and its capital city would require the user to browse through all the documents and reading its content manually. This is not only time consuming but also requires a great deal of effort. We address in this thesis an alternative method of searching for information, i.e. by giving examples of the information in question. First, we try to improve the accuracy of the search by example systems by expanding the given examples syntactically. Next, we use truth discovery paradigm to rank the returned query results. Finally, we investigate the possibility of expanding the examples semantically through labelling each group of elements of the examples
Bocquet, Aurelien. "Infrastructure logicielle multi-modèles pour l'accès à des servcies en mobilité". Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00357495.
Texto completoFace à ces besoins, les intergiciels proposent des modèles de programmation et de communication différents, fournissant des moyens de communication efficaces dans certaines situations.
La mobilité introduit une problématique supplémentaire pour ces intergiciels. D'une part l'interopérabilité devient inévitable ; le nombre de composants répartis susceptibles d'être utilisés en mobilité est immense, et les composants peuvent être développés avec différents intergiciels. D'autre part le contexte varie, et avec lui les conditions et capacités de communication évoluent.
Nous traitons dans cette thèse des impératifs actuels d'un intergiciel en mobilité. Nous proposons pour cela une approche multi-modèles, basée sur les travaux actuels dans ce domaine, et présentant des concepts novateurs.
Cette approche se compose d'un modèle de programmation générique, proposant différents types de communications synchrones, asynchrones, et basées sur des patrons de conception. Elle se compose également d'une combinaison de modèles de communication, assurant l'interopérabilité avec les intergiciels standards, et offrant des possibilités de communications enrichies, capables de s'adapter aux changements de contextes.
Des politiques d'adaptation définissent les règles de combinaison des modèles en fonction d'observations du contexte, afin de se comporter au mieux face à ses évolutions.
Des mécanismes d'adaptation dynamique permettent à notre approche de proposer une prise en compte en temps réel des changements de contexte, et permettent également de reconfigurer le système pendant son exécution afin de répondre à des besoins de déploiement.
Nous avons validé notre approche au travers d'une application concrète aux problèmes engendrés par l'utilisation d'un proxy Internet à bord des trains : le développement d'un greffon multi-modèles a illustré et justifié notre approche, et l'évaluation de ce greffon a montré les bénéfices de celle-ci face aux changements de contexte.
Pour implémenter entièrement notre approche et proposer ainsi un intergiciel multi-modèles, nous avons conçu et développé notre infrastructure logicielle multi-modèles, proposant tous les concepts de l'approche. Une première version "statique" puis une version finale offrant les mécanismes d'adaptation dynamique ont été implémentées et permettent ainsi de profiter des bénéfices de notre approche multi-modèles.
Cormier, Alexandre. "Le modèle algue brune pour l'analyse fonctionnelle et évolutive du déterminisme sexuel". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066646.pdf.
Texto completoGenetically determined sex determination mechanisms, which are controlled by non-recombinant chromosome regions or sex chromosomes, have emerged independently and repeatedly across several eukaryotic lineages. Most of the knowledge acquired in this area has been obtained for a limited number of eukaryotic groups. The availability of a model organism for the brown algae, Ectocarpus, whose genome has been sequenced, allows the development of tools to study these mechanisms in a lineage that is phylogenetically distant from classically studied models. One of the first challenges was to identify the sex chromosomes in Ectocarpus and to carry out a comparative analysis of these genomic structures. Analysis of gene expression in males and females at different stages of the life cycle then allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes. The functions and molecular evolution of these sex-biased genes was then studied. The large amount of data generated during the course of these analyses allowed the establishment of a new version of the genome assembly and refined structural and functional annotation of both coding and non-coding genes in Ectocarpus. This work helped made a significant contribution to knowledge in the field of functional and evolutionary analysis of sex determination in brown algae and a significantly updated the genomic resources available for the model organism Ectocarpus
Tirilly, Pierre. "Traitement automatique des langues pour l'indexation d'images". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00516422.
Texto completoTirilly, Pierre. "Traitement automatique des langues pour l'indexation d'images". Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S045.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we propose to integrate natural language processing (NLP) techniques in image indexing systems. We first address the issue of describing the visual content of images. We rely on the visual word-based image description, which raises problems that are well known in the text indexing field. First, we study various NLP methods (weighting schemes and stop-lists) to automatically determine which visual words are relevant to describe the images. Then we use language models to take account of some geometrical relations between the visual words. We also address the issue of describing the semantic content of images: we propose an image annotation scheme that relies on extracting relevant named entities from texts coming with the images to annotate
Guillaumin, Matthieu. "Données multimodales pour l'analyse d'image". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENM048.
Texto completoThis dissertation delves into the use of textual metadata for image understanding. We seek to exploit this additional textual information as weak supervision to improve the learning of recognition models. There is a recent and growing interest for methods that exploit such data because they can potentially alleviate the need for manual annotation, which is a costly and time-consuming process. We focus on two types of visual data with associated textual information. First, we exploit news images that come with descriptive captions to address several face related tasks, including face verification, which is the task of deciding whether two images depict the same individual, and face naming, the problem of associating faces in a data set to their correct names. Second, we consider data consisting of images with user tags. We explore models for automatically predicting tags for new images, i. E. Image auto-annotation, which can also used for keyword-based image search. We also study a multimodal semi-supervised learning scenario for image categorisation. In this setting, the tags are assumed to be present in both labelled and unlabelled training data, while they are absent from the test data. Our work builds on the observation that most of these tasks can be solved if perfectly adequate similarity measures are used. We therefore introduce novel approaches that involve metric learning, nearest neighbour models and graph-based methods to learn, from the visual and textual data, task-specific similarities. For faces, our similarities focus on the identities of the individuals while, for images, they address more general semantic visual concepts. Experimentally, our approaches achieve state-of-the-art results on several standard and challenging data sets. On both types of data, we clearly show that learning using additional textual information improves the performance of visual recognition systems
Guillaumin, Matthieu. "Données multimodales pour l'analyse d'image". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00522278/en/.
Texto completoDaoust, François. "Modélisation informatique de structures dynamiques de segments textuels pour l'analyse de corpus". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870410.
Texto completoDubuisson, Duplessis Guillaume. "Modèle de comportement communicatif conventionnel pour un agent en interaction avec des humains : Approche par jeux de dialogue". Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017542.
Texto completoThuilier, Juliette. "Contraintes préférentielles et ordre des mots en français". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781228.
Texto completoMille, Dominique. "Modèles et outils logiciels pour l'annotation sémantiquede documentspédagogiques". Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011468.
Texto completoPlus précisément, notre travail comporte une proposition de représentation formelle de l'annotation, que nous implantons et testons lors d'expérimentations écologiques. En résultat, nous produisons une spécification d'annoteur efficace basé sur les métaphores du papier et de la trousse : le lecteur conserve ses habitudes papier lors de la lecture et de la création et il bénéficie des avantages d'un traitement informatisé pour la valuation, la recherche et le partage.
Azouaou, Faical. "Modèles et outils d'annotations pour une mémoire personnelle de l'enseignant". Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00118602.
Texto completoLa mémoire résultante étend les capacités cognitives de l'enseignant en l'assistant dans la gestion de ses connaissances personnelles, nécessaires à la réalisation de ses activités de manière non intrusive.
La prise en compte des particularités de l'activité d'enseignement (connaissances impliquées, contexte de l'activité...) dans les modèles de la mémoire permet d'obtenir une mémoire qui est en même temps dédiée a l'activité d'enseignement et s'adapte au contexte de cette activité.
Deux versions de l'outil sont développées : une version mobile et une version web (implémentée par l'entreprise Pentila) intégrable dans un ENT.
Gerin, P. "Modèles de simulation pour la validation logicielle et l'exploration d'architectures des systèmes multiprocesseurs sur puce". Phd thesis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00558777.
Texto completoRouane, Khalid. "Théorie et pratique de la construction humaine supervisée du sens". Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14565.
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