Literatura académica sobre el tema "Annan plan"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Annan plan"
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Asmussen, Jan. "Reunifying Cyprus. The Annan Plan and beyond." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 50, no. 3 (July 2012): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2012.702520.
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Sözen, Ahmet, and Kudret Özersay. "The Annan Plan: State succession or continuity." Middle Eastern Studies 43, no. 1 (December 12, 2006): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263200601079773.
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Tocci, Nathalie. "Reunifying Cyprus: The Annan Plan and Beyond." South European Society and Politics 15, no. 2 (June 2010): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2010.503422.
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Tannam, Etain. "Cyprus and the Annan Plan Negotiations: An Organisational Model." Irish Studies in International Affairs 27, no. 1 (2016): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/isia.2016.0006.
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Etain Tannam. "Cyprus and the Annan Plan Negotiations: An Organisational Model." Irish Studies in International Affairs 27 (2016): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/isia.2016.27.4.
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Brewin, Christopher. "Changing Concepts of Interest and the Annan Plan for Cyprus†." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 2, no. 1 (2002): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221161103x00085.
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Moutsis, Ioannis. "Turkish Cypriot identity after 1974: Turkish Cypriots, Turks of Cyprus or Cypriots?" Synthesis: an Anglophone Journal of Comparative Literary Studies, no. 10 (May 1, 2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/syn.16247.
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The hopes created by the unexpected triumph of Mustafa Akıncı in the Turkish Cypriot parliamentary elections in 2015 opened once again the debate about Turkish Cypriot identity. Despite the various works on the issue since the opening of the borders in 2003, the issue of identity in the Turkish Cypriot community still remains under-researched. The hope of the Turkish Cypriots for reunification and an end to political isolation was replaced by skepticism after the rejection of the 2004 Annan Plan by the Greek Cypriots in a national referendum. Nevertheless the election of Mustafa Akιncı with an overwhelming sixty percent proves that the Turkish Cypriots should not be considered as loyal to the AKP-controlled Turkish political order as perhaps they were once thought to be. This article will attempt to examine the various aspects of Turkish Cypriot identity, as this has been formed by the Cyprus issue, their fifty-year-long isolation and the hope for an end of the present status quo that will open a window to the outside world forty-one years after the 1974 war and eleven years after the Annan Plan referenda.
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VURAL, YÜCEL, and NICOS PERISTIANIS. "Beyond ethno-nationalism: emerging trends in Cypriot politics after the Annan Plan†." Nations and Nationalism 14, no. 1 (January 21, 2008): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2008.00325.x.
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Hatzopoulos, Miltiades. "‘Pride and Prejudice’ in a British View of the Annan Plan Negotiations." Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 6, no. 4 (December 2006): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683850601016564.
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Rakhmatullaevich, Rakhmetov Alibek. "PROBLEMS OF UN SECURITY COUNCIL REFORM AND ITS LEGITIMACY." International Journal of Law And Criminology 4, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijlc/volume04issue02-12.
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This article discusses the role of the United Nations Security Council in international security law and the need to reform the Security Council as the main organ charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. The author deeply analyzes main issues of reform of the Council and proposals of states in this regard. In particular, formats of cooperation on reforming the Security Council, such as the Big Four, the Consensus Group, the Annan Plan, and the African Group will be more widely covered. In the article, the author develops several proposals for the effective organization of the Council's activities.
Tesis sobre el tema "Annan plan"
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Amaral, Joana. "Negotiations with peace settlement referendums : comparing the Annan Plan and Good Friday Agreement experiences." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/63870/.
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This thesis investigates how peace negotiation processes influence peace settlement referendum outcomes. It addresses a re-occurring problem in peace processes of settlements being rejected by popular vote after strenuous political negotiations. For this purpose, it investigates and compares how the Annan Plan negotiations in Cyprus and the Good Friday Agreement (GFA) negotiations in Northern Ireland culminated with the acceptance of the latter and the rejection of the former. In doing so, it effectively bridges an existing gap in academic research and literature. Research and theory on peace negotiations and mediation has traditionally focused on uncovering how the process helped the political leaders sitting at the negotiations table reduce military tensions, improve relationships, and come to different types of agreements. It had not yet considered referendum results as a crucial outcome of contemporary peace negotiation processes. Existing research on referendums, on the other hand, traditionally studies voting behaviours through public opinion polls and surveys, or the analysis of referendum campaigns, seldom considering how they are shaped by negotiation processes. The comparative case study analysis of the Annan Plan and GFA negotiations and referendums presented in this thesis provides for unique comparative features and a novel research design. It aims, not only at understanding how the Annan Plan and GFA negotiations led to opposing overall referendum outcomes, but also how they shaped differences in support between and across the four communities. While the Annan Plan was rejected due to the low 23 percent Greek Cypriot 'yes' vote, 65 percent of Turkish Cypriots actually voted for its ratification. The GFA was ratified with a similar difference in support between the local communities, the very high 96-97 per cent vote from the Nationalist community and the 51-53 per cent from the Unionist community. Bridging existing knowledge in peace negotiations and referendums literatures, this thesis compares how specific features of the negotiation process, namely, mediation strategies, political inclusion, civil society inclusion, and the agreement's design, shaped the political parties' support for the agreement in the referendum, the organization and strength of the campaigns, and voter information and uncertainty. Its findings are based on an empirically rich analysis of interviews conducted in Cyprus and Northern Ireland during the first half of 2014, which included key political stakeholders and civil society actors. The thesis demonstrates that the secretive and exclusionist nature of the Annan Plan negotiations, and the comparatively less secretive and more inclusive GFA negotiation process, shaped the referendum campaign periods leading to the opposing outcomes of the two cases. It further shows that support for the peace settlement was higher in the communities where the mediated negotiations included more political parties and where civil society was, directly or informally, included in the negotiations. The findings support existing claims that inclusive and participatory negotiation processes can foster support for the peace process, adding that they can deeply shape peace settlement referendum experiences and outcomes. It argues that referendums are unsuitable for traditional secretive and exclusive peace negotiation practices that fail to educate and engage the public. The contribution is novel in arguing that, as a tool of democratic politics, peace settlement referendums need to be preceded by inclusive negotiations that involve a broad spectrum of political stakeholders and civil society and that, therefore, when referendums are used to seal a peace settlement, the entirety of its negotiation process needs to be adapted from the start.
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Grefve, Josefine. "Evaluation of margins and plan robustness for proton therapy of unilateral tonsil cancer." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-186403.
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During proton therapy both target volumes and healthy tissue, including organs at risk (OARs), receives radiation dose. Thus, radiotherapy is a trade-off between good target coverage and OAR sparing. For protons, most of the dose is deposited right before it is stopped, a phenomenon termed the Bragg peak. Beyond this point no dose will be deposited, which is an advantageous feature since it enables more OAR sparing. However, this feature also makes proton therapy sensitive to variations in patient position, uncertainties in dose calculation and geometry/anatomy changes. Geometrical margins are therefore added around the target volume to ensure proper coverage. An evaluation of the margins and plan robustness for proton therapy of unilateral tonsil cancer was conducted in this study, where the endpoint was to further optimize the margins to account for the trade-off between target coverage and doses to OAR. Verification CTs were compared with the plan CT of seven patients using the software Elastix and MICE toolkit. Dose volume histograms (DVHs) were evaluated together with Hausdorff distances (HdD), target coverage and dose differences along the craniocaudal direction, and related to the patient vertebrae. Tendencies for the need of larger margins caudally of the cervical vertebra C3 was concluded from the HdD and two patients were selected for replanning. Four new treatment plans were created for each patient in the treatment planning system Eclipse and the resulting proton dose distributions were evaluated in MICE toolkit. Two plans utilized a uniform uncertainty of 4 and 5 mm respectively, and two plans utilized a varying uncertainty around the CTV. Since Eclipse only allows the user to evaluate and optimize a plan with uniform setup uncertainty, new structures for the CTV had to be created for the varying uncertainty before the optimization. Caudally of C3 added PTV margins of 2 and 3 mm were created. Thereafter these new structures were evaluated and optimized with a setup uncertainty of 3 mm. The limited available data suggests that the treatment plans with varying margins shows favorable characteristics and may improve the treatment quality. Tendencies for improved balance between target coverage and OAR sparing could be seen for the plan with a PTV margin of 3 mm caudally of C3 and a setup uncertainty of 3 mm. However, more patients need to be included in the study before certain conclusions can be made.
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Eklund, Linda. "Friyta på lika villkor! : En studie av 8 kap. 9 § plan- och bygglagen." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för Matematik, Data- och Lantmäteriteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-15623.
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Sveriges befolkning ökar stadigt och städer förtätas. Flertalet av invånarna önskar bo centralt, där närhet till både jobb och service finns. Förtätningen leder i sin tur till att fler skolor och förskolor behöver byggas. I de förtätade städerna krymper ytan att bygga på vilket får till följd ett högre pris på marken. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur Sveriges kommuner tolkar "tillräckligt stor friyta" i 8 kap. 9 § 2 st plan- och bygglagen. Studien undersöker även om kommunerna ändrat sitt arbetssätt i och med att barnkonventionen blivit lag 1 januari 2020. Studien har använt sig av elektroniska enkäter som skickats ut till Sveriges 290 kommuners samhällsbyggnadsavdelningar med en svarsfrekvens på 44%. Nära hälften av studiens respondenter använder Boverkets checklista och nästan lika många har även egna riktlinjer. En del av studiens tillfrågade använder sig av funktionsprogram som följer läroplanens intentioner vid planering av skol- eller förskolegården. Resultatet av studiens tillfrågade visar att det är 61% av respondenterna som följer aktuell forskning om friytans storlek som är 30 kvadratmeter för elever åk F-6 och 40 kvadratmeter för förskolebarn. De respondenter som inte följer Boverkets allmänna råd om friyta tog fram egna riktlinjer för friytans storlek. En majoritet av dessa kommuner satte lägre storlek på friytorna än de rekommenderade. Resultatet visar att de respondenter som inte följer Boverkets allmänna råd om friyta tycker att lokaliseringen av friytan väger tyngre än friytans storlek och utformning. Av respondenterna är det endast 30 som arbetat med barnkonventionen redan innan lagen trädde ikraft. Övervägande del av respondenterna kommer att börja eller har börjat arbeta mer med barnkonventionen vid utformning av skol- och förskolegårdar från och med att barnkonventionen blivit lag. Trots att städer förtätas allt mer har nuvarande formuleringen i 8 kap. 9 § 2 st plan- och bygglagen i princip inte ändrats sedan byggnadsstadgan. Eftersom marken i dagens samhälle är mer attraktiv samt att barnkonventionen blivit lag bör formuleringen "tillräckligt stor friyta" i 8 kap. 9 § 2 st plan- och bygglagen ändras. Lagparagrafen bör innehålla preciseringar av ytans utformning och storlek för att säkerställa en så stor friyta som enligt forskning är lämplig för barn i skolan och förskolan.<br>Sweden's population is steadily increasing, and cities are densifying. Most of the residents wish to live centrally, where closeness to both jobs and service is located. The densification, in turn, means that more schools and preschools need to be built. In densified cities, the area is shrinking to build on, which results in a higher price on the land. The purpose of the study is to investigate how Sweden's municipalities interpret "sufficiently large free space" in Chapter 8. 9 § 2 of the Planning and Building Act. The study also examines whether the municipalities changed their way of working as the Children's Convention became law on January 1, 2020. The study has used electronic questionnaires sent to Sweden's 290 municipal building departments with a response rate of 44%. Nearly half of the study's respondents use the checklist from Boverket and almost as many also have their own guidelines. A part of the study respondents uses functional programs that follow the curriculum's intentions when planning the school or preschool. The results of the study's survey show that 61% of the respondents follow current research on the size of the free space, which is 30 square meters for students in F-6 and 40 square meters for preschool children. The respondents which not following the common advice from Boverket about free space, developed their own guidelines for the size of the free space. Most of these municipalities set the size of the free space lower than recommended. The result shows that the respondents who do not follow the general advice on free space from Boverket think that the location of the free space weighs heavier than the size and design of the free space. Of the respondents, only 30 have worked with the Convention on the Rights of the Child even before the law came into force. Most of the respondents will start or have started to work more with the Convention on the Rights of the Child when designing school and preschools since the Convention on the Rights of the Child has become law. Although cities are increasingly densified, the current wording in Chapter 8. 9 § 2 The Planning and Building Act has in principle not changed since the building charter. Since the ground today is more attractive and that the Children's Convention has become law, the wording "sufficiently large free area" in Chapter 8. 9 § 2, the Planning and Building Act need to be changed. The law section should contain clarifications on the design and size of the surface to ensure such a large surface area that according to research is suitable for children in school and preschool.
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Moberg, Hanna, and Linnéa Zakrisson. "Hänsynstagande av social hållbarhet i plan - och genomförandeprocessen." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254467.
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Social hållbarhet kan uppfattas svårdefinierat och dessutom har begreppet förändrats med tiden då det är sammankopplat med existerande normer och värderingar. Socialt hållbar stadsutveckling är idag en viktig fråga som dock innefattar vissa utmaningar. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur social hållbarhet ges hänsyn i plan- och genomförandeprocessen i stadsutvecklingsprojekt, dels i planeringsskedet i detaljplan, planbeskrivning och kvalitetsprogram samt dels i resultatet, i form av markanvisningsavtal och bygglovshandlingar. Studiens avsikt är också att bidra med kunskap om hur sociala frågor kan integreras i plan- och genomförandeprocessen. I denna studie har kvalitativa metoder använts för att uppnå studiens syfte och besvara dess frågeställningar, vilka innefattar en litteraturstudie och en fallstudie bestående av en dokumentstudie och intervjuer. Fallstudien har utförts i syfte att studera hur fyra stadsutvecklingsprojekt i olika kommuner har arbetat för att tillgodose social hållbarhet. Dessa stadsutvecklingsprojekt är Rosendal i Uppsala kommun, Vallastaden i Linköpings kommun, Södra Ladugårdsängen i Örebro kommun och Norra 2 i Norra Djurgårdsstaden i Stockholms stad. Dokumentstudien har genomförts med hjälp av en skapad checklista som innehåller fem sociala fokusområden: funktioner, platser, tillgänglighet, blandat boende och bebyggelse samt trygghet, vilka har formulerats utifrån litteraturstudien. Vidare har fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med tjänstemän på de fyra kommunerna i vilka stadsutvecklingsprojekten är lokaliserade. Litteraturstudien visar bland annat att definitionen av social hållbarhet varierar samt hur social hållbarhet kan beskrivas i samband med stadsplanering och i urbana miljöer. Fallstudien och i synnerhet dokumentstudien visar att stadsutvecklingsprojekten generellt sett har lyckats bättre med att ge hänsyn till sociala aspekter inom fokusområdena funktioner, platser och tillgänglighet, främst i planeringsskedet men också till viss del i resultatet. Gällande blandat boende och bebyggelse samt trygghet visar dokumentstudien att det överlag är svårare att tillgodose dessa fokusområden då hänsynstagandet varierar mellan stadsutvecklingsprojekten, både i planeringsskedet och resultatet. I fokusområdena platser, tillgänglighet och trygghet finns vissa svårigheter i att följa upp hur social hållbarhet har bibehållits i resultatet. Vidare visar dokumentstudien att det generellt sett finns större möjligheter i att tillgodose social hållbarhet i planeringsskedet än i resultatet i majoriteten av fokusområdena, då innehållet i markanvisningsavtalen och byggloven är begränsat. Avslutningsvis visar studien att social hållbarhet kan ges hänsyn i plan- och genomförandeprocessen på flera olika sätt. Hänsyn till social hållbarhet i planeringsskedet kan ges genom många olika sociala aspekter, även om vissa aspekter är svårare eller lättare att tillgodose än andra. Det är dock något svårare att bibehålla de sociala aspekterna från planeringsskedet till resultatet.<br>Social sustainability can be perceived as difficult to define and, in addition, the concept has changed over time as it is linked to existing norms and values. Socially sustainable urban development is an important issue today, which, however, includes some challenges. The aim of this study is to investigate how social sustainability is considered in the ‘planning and implementation process’ in urban development projects, partly in the planning phase in the detailed development plan, plan description and quality program, and partly in the results, in the terms of land allocation agreements and building permits. The intention of the study is also to contribute with knowledge about how social issues can be integrated into the ‘planning and implementation process’. In this study, qualitative methods have been used to achieve the aim of the study and to answer its research questions, which include a literature study and a case study, consisting of a document study and interviews. The case study has been conducted to investigate how four urban development projects, in different municipalities, have worked in order to achieve social sustainability. These urban development projects are Rosendal in Uppsala municipality, Vallastaden in Linköping municipality, Södra Ladugårdsängen in Örebro municipality and Norra 2 in Stockholm Royal Seaport in Stockholm municipality. The document study has been carried out using a created checklist that contains five social focus areas: functions, places, accessibility, mixed housing and settlement as well as safety, which have been formulated based on the literature study. Furthermore, four semi-structured interviews have been conducted with employees at the four municipalities in which the urban development projects are located. The literature study shows for instance that the definition of social sustainability varies and how social sustainability can be described in the context of urban planning and in urban environments. The case study, in particular the document study, shows that the urban development projects generally have succeeded better with achieving social aspects in the focus areas of functions, places and accessibility, especially in the planning phase but also to some extent in the result. Regarding mixed housing and settlement, as well as safety, the document study shows that it in general is more difficult to consider these focus areas, since the consideration varies between the urban development projects, both in the planning phase and the result. In the focus areas of places, accessibility and safety, there are some difficulties in the follow-up on how the consideration of social sustainability has been maintained in the result. Furthermore, the document study shows that there are generally more opportunities in considering social sustainability in the planning phase than in the result in most of the focus areas, since the content of the land allocation agreements and the building permits is limited.
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Matúš, Rudolf. "Cyperská otázka (aktuálne výzvy)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81932.
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Master's diploma thesis Cyprus dispute -- current challenges deals with the current political situation in Cyprus and bi-communal talks between divided Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot entity living on the island. Negotiations are conducted under the auspices of external actors, and under the influence of the parties interested in the conflict, and the primary responsibility has been assumed by the political representation of the Republic of Cyprus and TRNC. Thesis introduces alternatives of the conflict settlement, perspectives of the potential development of events in the unification process and their possible impacts on the Cypriot environment. It presents the most signifiant plans of the international community on the political settlement of the island and reaching the agreement in the chronological order from the end of the World War Two up to the current solutions based on the actual tendencies of development. These suggestions have been conceived on the basis of the international political context and intra-political situation in Cyprus in the time period of anti-colonial struggle leading to the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus, Constitution collapse, outbreak of violence, Turkish invasion, declaration of independence of the Turkish Republic of the Northern Cyprus, accession of the Republic of Cyprus to the EU up to the presence.
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Tiberg, Linnéa. "Addera mervärde till plan- och byggprocessen med Nature-based solutions." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45524.
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With a growing density in the cities, we are building more and more compact with fewer space for green areas. At the same time, the biodiversity has been going through extensive changes due to humans’ impact on the planet. Nature-based solutions (NbS) is one of the important tools to cope with climate change and other important challenges of the community. The aim of this study is to create a deeper understanding of what possibilities and limitations there is for Nature-based solution for the Swedish circumstances. This is a qualitative study based upon a literature study and interviews, that unravels what NbS implies, what the project process looks like and how it overlaps with the plan and building law in Sweden. The study shows how to implement NbS to the plan and building process, there are many possibilities to implement but few means to control the outcome through the process. Today the sustainability work is mostly built on minimum requirements, society impacts and on good will. To better implement NbS the study shows that though the environmental impact assessment the work is the most equivalent compared to NbS project process and also has the authority to regulate different protection measures.
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Ishida, Yvonne, and Jessica Andersson. "Kommer kommunernas plan- och bygglovsarbete att svämma över i framtiden? : Klimatförändringar och bostadsbyggande." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för Matematik, Data- och Lantmäteriteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-13531.
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Syftet med studien är att kartlägga och utreda det juridiska ramverk som kommunerna ska följa samt undersöka praktisk tillämpning hos tre kommuner. Studien ska även belysa eventuella svårigheter i planarbetet och ge en kunskapsöversikt. I denna studie analyseras främst plan- och bygglagens innebörd och hur den kan användas vid anpassning till klimatförändringarna vid plan- och bygglovsarbete. Som komplement intervjuas plan- och bygglovshandläggare i tre kommuner samt en planhandläggare på länsstyrelse i Västra Götalands län. Klimatförändringarna är ett faktum, och som en följd kommer bland annat vattennivåerna att fortsätta stiga i landet. Klimatforskningen består av prognoser som dock är behäftade med ett viss mått av osäkerhet. På grund av klimatförändringarna har det skett tillägg i plan- och bygglagens 2 kapitel för att kommunerna måste ta hänsyn till framtida översvämningsrisk vid fysisk planering. Det är därmed inte endast dagens förhållanden som ska beaktas vid planläggning och lovgivning. Det finns en stor mängd rekommendationer och riktlinjer som kommunerna har att förhålla sig till och som kan underlätta arbetet för att följa de regelverk som gäller. Att anpassa den fysiska planeringen till framtida klimatförändringar bör påbörjas nu, eftersom byggnadernas livscykel sträcker sig långt in i framtiden. Kommunerna kan arbeta fram specifika dokument som är anpassade efter deras förutsättningar och karterade risker för att underlätta sitt arbete i frågan. Det finns en mängd skeden i plan- och bygglovsprocesserna och det är viktigt att en samverkan finns mellan dem, för att det ska bli ett helhetsperspektiv. Det är en viktig förutsättning för att uppnå en hållbar bebyggd miljö. Eftersom klimatförändringar inte stannar vid kommungränser är det lämpligt att kommunerna samverkar i frågan. Samtliga aktörer behöver en aktuell och bra kunskapsgrund för att underlätta arbetet med översvämningsrisker. Lagtext och riktlinjer är tydliga med hur kommunerna ska arbeta, detta kan vara enkelt att genomföra om det finns oexploaterad mark, men vid anpassning till befintlig bebyggelse och infrastruktur uppstår problem. I och med intervjuerna framkom komplexiteten med att tillämpa lagtext i realiteten. En av de tre kommunerna har ändrat i befintliga detaljplaner för att klimatanpassa. Två av tre har egna översvämnings-program vilket är goda exempel på integrering av klimatarbetet. Det finns ingen rättspraxis idag, men det finns motsvarande situationer där kommunens ansvar vid lämplighetsprövningen ifrågasatts.
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Alinazari, Shabnam, and Catrin Alvinder. "I barn och ungas ögonhöjd : En checklista från barn till plan för detaljplanering." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26900.
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Det demokratiska samhället med värderingar om allas lika rätt till inflytande har med Förenta Nationernas barnkonvention lyft frågan om barns rätt att påverka den fysiska planeringen (UNICEF, 2009). Plan- och bygglagen (PBL) gör ingen skillnad på barn eller vuxna vilket innebär att de ska ses som jämlika medborgare inom samhällsbyggnadsprocesser (SFS, 2010:900). Detta utgör den lagbestämda grunden till varför barn, precis som vuxna, ska ha samma rätt att påverka beslut som rör deras närmiljö. En barnchecklista kan tydliggöra att ett barnperspektiv tillämpas inom planeringsprocesser och frågorna utgår vanligen från vuxnas tolkningar av vad som bör innefattas (Boverket, 2000). Denna studie har uppmärksammat den brist på medverkan av barn och unga som ofta finns i planeringssammanhang och det finns därigenom utrymme för förbättringar. Studien har därför valt att fokusera på att få barnens röster hörda genom att undersöka vilka faktorer i miljön som är viktiga för dem. Detta har legat som grund till att utarbeta en ny checklista där deras värderingar varit grundläggande för frågornas utformande. För att uppnå detta anordnades workshops och enkätundersökningar med grupper av barn från lågstadiet upp till gymnasiet. Eftersom åldersspannen varierade mellan 9-18 år anpassades metoderna efter deras kognitiva förmåga. Resultatet från studien visade att barnen ansåg att det fanns flera faktorer i miljön som påverkar deras subjektiva upplevelse. Detta innefattade bland annat hur byggnader med dess utbredning och placering påverkar dem men även hur viktigt det är med bra gång- och cykelvägar för att främja för deras rörelsefrihet. Det betonades även hur bevarandevärden där exempelvis en enkel kulle för pulkaåkning eller en skogsdunge att busa i var viktigt att inte planera bort. Det slutgiltiga resultatet blev checklistan: Från barn till plan. Den är tänkt att fungera som ett arbetsverktyg med öppna frågor, vilket ger planeraren utrymme att belysa barnperspektivets tillämpning inom detaljplanering. Resultatet visade även på stor kunskap, intresse och medvetenhet hos barn och unga gällande den byggda miljön. De bör därför ses som självständiga kompetenta individer inom samhällsplanering med röster värda att höras.
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Ödén, Jakob. "Proton plan evaluation : a framework accounting for treatment uncertainties and variable relative biological effectiveness." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-146256.
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Svensson, Rössner Erika. "Can We Plan for Social Sustainability? : A study of Stora Sköndal, Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283730.
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The foundation Stora Sköndal is currently planning a city development programme with a focus on creation of a modern, socially sustainable urban district. The programme is called “Framtidens Stora Sköndal”. With close collaboration with the city planning office in Stockholm and with the aim to contribute to the goals that the City of Stockholm has set for a development of a coherent and socially sustainable city, the foundation aims to build “an inclusive area, characterized by empathy and an open-minded attitude” where people from different backgrounds, different origins, with different economical, physical, and psychological abilities can meet and live together. The programme plan encompasses new housing for approximately 10,000 additional dwellers and thousands of new workplaces. It also includes for example, six character areas and six principles for urban planning that have been developed for the programme to support the goals of creating a socially sustainable urban district of Sköndal. The programme is planned to be implemented by 2035 hence, within this study it will not be possible to draw any conclusions on the final result. Rather, this study is a descriptive study that discusses theory, visions, programme documents and the process behind the programme and the different actors involved. The study has showed that the programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal has a potential to deliver at least some part of the visions and goals they aiming at. However, the process and the implantation of a socially sustainable district can meet challenges along the way. The individuals have been shown to play an important role in the development and implementation of the programme. Furthermore, the steering effects of economy seems to trump even strong ideas and visions. Politics are other factors that have been showed being a game changer.
Libros sobre el tema "Annan plan"
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Yusuf, Hüseyin Macit. Annan belgesi: İkinci Akritas Planı. Lefkoşa: Akdeniz Haber Ajansı, 2003.
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Orhun, Fatma Çalık. K.K.T.C. cumhurbaşkanı Rauf R. Denktaş'ın Annan planı sürecindeki mücadelesi. Istanbul: Hiperlink Eğitim, 2018.
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Michael, Moran, ed. Cyprus: Unity and difference : with the rejection of the Annan Plan can the two existing states in Cyprus still sensibly seek to become one? : a discussion, in a series of letters, between Rauf R. Denktaş and Michael Moran together with various supporting documents. Bakırköy, İstanbul: Istanbul Kultur University, 2009.
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Varnava, Andrekos, and Hubert Faustmann. Reunifying Cyprus: The Annan Plan and Beyond. I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2011.
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Hoffmeister, Frank. Legal Aspects of the Cyprus Problem: Annan Plan and EU Accession. Ebsco Publishing, 2006.
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Adamides, Marios. Constitution of the United Cyprus Republic under the Annan Plan Of 2004. Independently Published, 2017.
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The Cyprus referendum: A divided island and the challenge of the Annan Plan. London: I.B. Tauris, 2009.
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Hoffmeister, Frank. Legal Aspects of the Cyprus Problem: Annan Plan and EU Accession (Nijhoff Law Specials). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers / Brill Academic, 2006.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Annan plan"
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Ker-Lindsay, James. "The Annan Plan." In EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus, 36–57. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230503519_4.
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Melakopides, Costas. "The Cyprus Problem, International Law, and the Annan Plan." In Russia-Cyprus Relations, 14–30. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137347152_2.
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Dodd, Clement. "The Rise and Fall of the Annan Plan 2002–2004." In The History and Politics of the Cyprus Conflict, 223–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230275287_10.
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Rehrmann, Carolina. "„Nicht mit uns!“: Die Kontroverse um den Annan-Plan und seine Ablehnung 2004." In Der Zypernkonflikt, 293–362. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31192-6_14.
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Sözen, Ahmet. "A Model of Power-Sharing in Cyprus: From the 1959 London-Zurich Agreements to the Annan Plan." In Greek-Turkish Relations in an Era of Détente, 61–77. London: Routledge, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315039435-5.
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"The Annan Plan." In The Monfort Plan, 239–63. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119197461.ch17.
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Loizides, Neophytos, and John McGarry. "The 2002–2004 Annan Plan in Cyprus." In Territory and Power in Constitutional Transitions, 43–59. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836544.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the 2002–04 Annan Plan for Cyprus, considered one of the most comprehensive peace plans in the history of the United Nations. The Annan Plan was conceived in an effort to secure agreement on a reunited federal Cyprus within the European Union. However, it was rejected during the two April 2004 referendums by the overwhelming majority (76 percent) of Greek Cypriots, although it was endorsed by 65 percent of Turkish Cypriots. The Annan Plan is significant for the wider empirical and conceptual issues it raises with regard to constitutional transitions and externally mediated peace agreements. The chapter first provides a background on the Cyprus conflict before discussing the constitutional negotiations around the Annan Plan and its unintended outcomes. It also highlights the broader lessons imparted by the process, pointing in particular to the Annan Plan’s provisions on power-sharing, sovereignty, security, and human rights.
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"The Annan Plan Experience in Cyprus." In Making Peace with Referendums, 50–77. Syracuse University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvkwnnzv.9.
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"Contra: Constitutional Structure of the Annan Plan." In Reunifying Cyprus. I.B.Tauris, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755620364.ch-007.
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"From Waldheim’s ‘Evaluation’ to the Annan Plan." In The Cyprus Referendum. I.B.Tauris, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755620562.ch-007.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "Annan plan"
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Bairam, E., A. Sahli, and H. Sahli. "Analysing global climatic change and its impact on fruit tree phenology using ClimaTree tool: Example of Anna apple tree under Tunisian conditions." In 2012 IEEE 4th International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2012.6524810.
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Cinson, Anthony D., Susan L. Crawford, Paul J. MacFarlan, Royce A. Mathews, Brady D. Hanson, and Aaron A. Diaz. "Ultrasonic Phased Array Evaluation of Control Rod Drive Mechanism (CRDM) Nozzle Interference Fit and Weld Region." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57977.
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Ultrasonic phased array data were collected on a removed-from-service CRDM nozzle specimen to assess a previously reported leak path. First a mock-up CRDM specimen was evaluated that contained two 0.076-mm (3.0-mil) interference fit regions formed from an actual Inconel CRDM tube and two 152.4-mm (6.0-in.) thick carbon steel blocks [1,2]. One interference fit region has a series of precision crafted electric discharge machining (EDM) notches at various lengths, widths, depths, and spatial separations for establishing probe sensitivity, resolution and calibration. The other interference fit has zones of boric acid (crystal form) spaced periodically between the tube and block to represent an actively leaking CRDM nozzle assembly in the field. Ultrasonic phased-array evaluations were conducted using an immersion 8-element annular 5.0-MHz probe from the tube inner diameter (ID). A variety of focal laws were employed to evaluate the interference fit regions and J-grove weld, where applicable. Responses from the mock-up specimen were evaluated to determine detection limits and characterization ability as well as contrast the ultrasonic response differences with the presence of boric acid in the fit region. Nozzle 63, from the North Anna Unit-2 nuclear power plant, was evaluated to assess leakage path(s) and was destructively dismantled to allow a visual verification of the leak path(s).
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Klimenko, N. N., O. E. Klimenko, and L. M. Aleksandrova. "Influence of microbial preparations on the state of plants and microbial cenosis of the rhizosphere of Tulipa L." In РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.13.
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Our research has shown that the greatest influence on the height of Tulipa L. plants of the ‘Anna Krasavitsa’ (‘AK’) and ‘Blushing Lady’ (‘BL’) varieties had Aurill and Complex of Microbial Preparations (CMP). The tulip plant height increased by 3-8 % compared to control. The height of the flower glass of ‘AK’ and ‘Holland Chic’ (‘HC’) varieties also increased by 6-7 % compared to control when using microbial preparations (MP). The width of the glass also increased by 4-9 % compared to control. The length of the lower leaf increased by 3-7 % compared to control under the action of Aurill and CMP, respectively. The width of the lower leaf of ‘HC’ increased by 3 % under the action of Aurill compared to the control variant. Depending on the variety and the preparation, the number of ammonifying bacteria increased by 57 % relative to control. The number of amylolytic and phosphate mobilizing bacteria increased on average by 76 % and 63 % under the influence of CMP. The number of oligonitrophilic and oligotrophic bacteria, when using CMP, significantly exceeded the control values: on average, by 60 and 74 %, respectively. The number of micromycetes under the influence of Aurill decreased by 49 % compared to control. The number of cellulolytic bacteria increased by 78 % compared to control mainly because of the introduction of CMP into the tulips rhizosphere. Thus, we found that the bacterization of the rhizosphere of tulips with Aurill and CMP positively affected the morphological characteristics of this flower. Furthermore, these preparations contributed to an increase in the number of agronomically valuable bacteria in the rhizosphere of plants.
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Tóth, Noémi Evelin, and Győző Yang Zijian. "Magyar nyelvtan tanulását segítő alkalmazás átalános és középiskolás diákok részére." In Agria Média 2020 : „Az oktatás digitális átállása korunk pedagógiai forradalma”. Eszterházy Károly Egyetem Líceum Kiadó, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17048/am.2020.211.
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A kutatás célja egy olyan tanulást segítő alkalmazás megvalósítása, amely segítségével a magyar diákok számára könnyebbé tehető az olyan anyanyelvi alapok megértése, mint például, hogy miként épülnek fel a mondatok, milyen egységekből állnak össze és azok hogyan viszonyulnak egymáshoz. A száraz nyelvtani anyagok helyett önállóságot növelő, játékos és interaktív feladatokkal több diák is közelebb kerülhetne a magyar nyelvhez és annak mélyebb megértéséhez. Tapasztalat, hogy a tanulók számára a nyelvtan, mint tanóra, sokszor okoz nehézségeket a tanulás során. Bár az évek alatt átfogó anyagot kapnak ahhoz, hogy a nyelvtan mindennapi használata ne jelenthessen gondot, azonban sokan így sem tudják összeegyeztetni a tanultakat a gyakorlattal, hiába használják nap mint nap helyesen az anyanyelvüket. Elmondható, hogy messze elmarad az általában kedvelt tantárgyak mögött, holott mindennek az alapját az jelentené, ha egy ember a saját anyanyelvét jól ismerné és használná. Ezért fontos lenne elérni, hogy a gyerekek számára a nyelvtantanulás, korosztálytól függetlenül, ne csak teher legyen. Találják meg a nekik megfelelő nehézségű feladatokat, amelyeket élvezettel oldhatnak meg, megfelelő visszajelzést kapva arról, ha hibáztak és azt hogyan javíthatják. Ehhez társul egy olyan webes technológiákkal és nyelvészeti eszközökkel támogatott alkalmazás, ami rendelkezik a megfelelően felépített és letisztult felhasználói felülettel, ami kisebb gyerekek és szülők számára is érthető és könnyen használható. Az alkalmazás funkciói közé tartozik mind a törzsanyag elsajátítása, mind a helyesírás és a mondatok elemzése, ellenőrzése. A tananyag csakúgy, mint ahogy az iskolában, témakörökre bontott, amikben korosztály szerint megtalálhatók a feladatsorok és a hozzájuk artozó magyarázó részek. Így könnyebben feldolgozható, lépésről lépésre, gyakorlati példákon keresztül tanulható az elmélet. A feladatok sokszínűsége miatt a diákok figyelme fenntartható és különböző jutalmazási rendszereken keresztül a tanulás élvezetesebbé válhat. A szoftver hátterében pedig jól bevált, különféle nyelvi elemzők implementálásával maga a szoftver is részt vesz a mondatok elemzésében, a helyesírás ellenőrzésében az iskolákban tanított nyelvi szabályok alapján. A felhasználók pedig maguk is megadhatják az elemezni kívánt mondatot, vagy mondatokat. Mindezzel nemcsak a diákok, de a pedagógusok munkája is egyszerűbbé válhat, ugyanis azzal, hogy a diákok nemcsak az órán kaphatnak visszajelzést a tudásukról, ami a legtöbb iskolában heti egy-két alkalmat jelent, az önálló, otthoni tanulás is eredményessé válhat, a program így elősegíti az anyag helyes rögzülését is. ----- Hungarian grammar learning application for primary and high school students ----- The aim of this research is the development of an application that allows Hungarian students to learn the basics of the Hungarian grammar in an easier way, for instance the sentence structure, the different units that build up a sentence, and how they relate to one another. Instead of the plain grammar rules, this application motivates students for independence, helps students to get closer to the Hungarian language by friendly and interactive tasks, and allows them to gain a deeper understanding of the language itself. When it comes to grammar lessons many individuals have experienced difficulties in the learning process. Although they get a brief overview during the years, granting them the correct use of their language in the everyday life without complication, some still can’t manage to apply their studies in practise. It can be stated that it is far behind the popular subjects, despite the fact that it would be the basis of everything, that a person knows and uses their mother language in the correct way. This is one of the main reasons why we need to find a way, in which every individual regardless of their age finds learning grammar more than just a burden. They should be able to find the right tasks for their knowledge, which they can solve with joy, getting the right feedback, letting them know of their mistakes, and ways to correct those mistakes. Such a thing would be the application stated above, using web technologies and linguistic tools, including a properly structured and clean user interface, which would be easy to use and understand for both small children and adults as well. The application would function as a tool for learning the core material, besides accurate spelling, analysing sentences and inspecting them. The educational material would be themed just like in school, in which themes one can find tasks for particular age groups along with the explanation. With this approach the theory is more processable through practical examples. With the diversity of tasks the attention of students is more viable, and using some kind of a rewarding system the learning process becomes more enjoyable. The software would take part in analysing the sentences, supervising the spelling based on the language and grammar rules applied by schools, alongside with the well proven language analysts. The users would also be able to specify their own sentences when it comes to analysing. Thereby not just the learning process for students would become easier, but the performance for teachers and educators, considering that the students would not only receive feedback of their knowledge in school, which only happens one or two times a week, but also during their independent learning processes which they can manage outside of school, since the application supports the correct fixation of material.
Informes sobre el tema "Annan plan"
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Taverna, Kristin. Vegetation classification and mapping of land additions at Richmond National Battlefield Park, Virginia: Addendum to technical report NPS/NER/NRTR 2008/128. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294278.
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In 2008 and 2015, the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage produced vegetation maps for Richmond National Battlefield Park, following the protocols of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) – National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Program. The original 2008 report was part of a regional project to map and classify the vegetation in seven national parks in Virginia. The 2015 report was an addendum to the original report and mapped the vegetation in newly acquired parcels. Since 2015, the park has acquired an additional 820 acres of land within 12 individual parcels, including the 650 acre North Anna unit. This report is an addendum to the 2008 and 2015 reports and documents the mapping of vegetation and other land-use classes for the 12 new land parcels at Richmond National Battlefield Park, with an updated vegetation map for the entire park. The updated map and associated data provide information on the sensitivity and ecological integrity of habitats and can help prioritize areas for protection. The vegetation map of the new land parcels includes eighteen map classes, representing 14 associations from the United States National Vegetation Classification, one nonstandard, park-specific class, and three Anderson Level II land-use categories. The vegetation classification and map classes are consistent with the original 2008 report. Vegetation-map classes for the new land parcels were identified through field reconnaissance, data collection, and aerial photo interpretation. Aerial photography from 2017 served as the base map for mapping the 12 new parcels, and field sampling was conducted in the summer of 2020. Three new map classes for the Park were encountered and described during the study, all within the North Anna park unit. These map classes are Coastal Plain / Outer Piedmont Basic Mesic Forest, Northern Coastal Plain / Piedmont Oak – Beech / Heath Forest, and Southern Piedmont / Inner Coastal Plain Floodplain Terrace Forest. The examples of Coastal Plain / Outer Piedmont Basic Mesic Forest and Southern Piedmont / Inner Coastal Plain Floodplain Terrace Forest at North Anna meet the criteria of size, condition, and landscape context to be considered a Natural Heritage exemplary natural community occurrence and should be targeted for protection and management as needed. New local and global descriptions for the three map classes are included as part of this report. Refinements were made to the vegetation field key to include the new map classes. The updated field key is part of this report. An updated table listing the number of polygons and total hectares for each of the 28 vegetation- map classes over the entire park is also included in the report. A GIS coverage containing a vegetation map for the entire park with updated Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) compliant metadata was completed for this project. The attribute table field names are the same as the 2008 and 2015 products, with the exception of an additional field indicating the year each polygon was last edited.
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Lundgren, Anna, and Ágúst Bogason. Re-start competence mobility in the Nordic Region. Nordregio, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/wp2022:4.1403-2511.
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The Nordic Council of Ministers’ vision is for the Region to be the most sustainable and integrated region in the world by 2030. Cross-border labour market mobility in the Nordic Region will play an important role in achieving that goal. In this working paper, we share the latest data on labour market mobility across national borders in the Nordic Region in the form of both migration and commuting. We also present findings from a review of current literature on labour market mobility in the Nordic Region and present an analytical framework for exploring potential improvements to it. The working paper was written by Anna Lundgren, Senior Research Fellow and Ágúst Bogason, Research Fellow at Nordregio. A reference group comprising stakeholders from cross-border regions and Info Norden (see Appendix) provided input. The paper represents our contribution to research in this area and we invite others to comment on it. The project will present its final results in 2023. This working paper is part of the research project “Re-start Nordic competence mobility” under the thematic group of Green, resilient and innovative regions, which is part of the regional co-operation programme funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The first phase of the project resulted in a chapter, “Labour market mobility between the Nordic countries” in State of the Nordic Region 2022.
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Njå, Ove, and Kirsti Russell Vastveit. Norske kommuners planlegging, gjennomføring og bruk av risiko- og sårbarhetsanalyse i forbindelse med samfunnssikkerhetsarbeidet. University of Stavanger, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.164.
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I prosjektet; «Helhetlig ROS-analyse i norske kommuner» analyserer vi hvordan kommuner utvikler, bruker og oppdaterer ROS-analyser og risikoforestillinger i sitt samfunnssikkerhetsarbeid. Det legges vekt på hvordan kommuner integrerer ROS-arbeidet og risikoforestillinger i eksisterende plan- og arbeidsprosesser. Hvilke utfordringer opplever kommunene i dette arbeidet? Etter å ha jobbet med risiko og sikkerhet i mer enn 20 år, og en vesentlig del av disse opp mot kommuner, er det etter vårt syn et gjennomgående trekk at kommunalt ansatte som jobber med sikkerhet og beredskap har stor skepsis til akademikere på dette feltet. Den teoretiske «verden» er ikke i stand til å kommunisere med den praktiske og vice versa. Denne utfordringen mener vi står sterkt også i dag, og dermed ble det i prosjektet viktig å finne ut hvordan begrepene ble brukt i kommunene. Hvor kritiske er begrepene for omfanget av bruken av analysene? Står vi ved et markant skille nå med innføring av ny veileder for helhetlig ROS-analyse i kommuner? Eller, er arbeidet omkring samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap fastnet i en praksis uten påvirkning fra ROS-analyse? Datamateriale fra 26 kommuner er inkludert i studien. Kommunene dekker alle landsdelene og de har varierte demografiske og geografiske profiler. Blant deltagerne er kommuner med storulykkesindustri, større bykommuner, mindre øykommuner og grensekommuner. Opptil fem personer med ulikt ansvar for samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet er intervjuet i hver kommune. En viktig del av prosjektet er forholdet mellom ROS-analyser på ulike forvaltningsnivåer, hvordan ROS-analysene kommuniserer risikoforestillinger og hvordan kommunene kan bygge på og hente innspill fra hverandre i ROS-analysearbeidet. Siden 2010 har Lov om kommunal beredskapsplikt, sivile beskyttelsestiltak og Sivilforsvaret (sivilbeskyttelsesloven) og underliggende Forskrift om kommunal beredskapsplikt stilt krav til kommunenes ROS-analyse og samfunnssikkerhetsarbeid i stort. Likevel er det ikke opplagt hva det innebærer. Forskriften snakker om begreper og konsepter som; - Jobbe systematisk og helhetlig med samfunnssikkerhet; - Forankring i kommunestyret; - Eksisterende og fremtidige risiko- og sårbarhetsfaktorer; - Særlige utfordringer; - Langsiktige mål, strategier, prioriteringer og plan for oppfølging av samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet; - Vurdere forhold som bør integreres i planer og prosesser; og - Overordnet beredskapsplan. Det stiller store krav til kommunens ansattes kunnskap og kompetanse til å fortolke hva alle disse konseptene skal bety for kommunen og hvordan ansatte skal jobbe med kravene. Her ligger kjernen av vår studie. Studien vår viser at det legges betydelig med ressurser og arbeid ned i kommuners helhetlige ROS-analyser, samfunnssikkerhets og beredskapsarbeid. Risikoinformert styring og risikotenkning er en krevende filosofi, hvor det forutsettes at de ansatte med ansvar for kommunens systemer og samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet har høy kompetanse på området. I kommunene som deltok i studien synes det å være enklere for kommunene å konkretisere hvordan de arbeidet med beredskap enn med samfunnssikkerhet. Kommunene hadde i varierende grad oversikt over hvordan beredskapsarbeidet var satt i system på tvers av etater. Materialet ble analysert ut fra fire forhold: - Begrepsforståelser og bruk av begreper for å uttrykke samfunnssikkerhet - Planlegging og gjennomføring av ROS-analyseprosesser - Presentasjon av resultater fra ROS-analysearbeidet - Implementering av analyseresultatene i kommunens aktiviteter Datamaterialet viser at kommunene og de fleste respondentene våre er i liten grad bekymret over begrepene de bruker. I hovedsak er det risiko, ROS-analyse (eller andre koplinger av ROS), hendelser, akseptkriterier, beredskap, kriseplaner og tiltak som er konseptene i bruk. Usikkerhet var et begrep som fulgte med, men det var i liten grad reflektert over utover at det var en egenskap med hele ROS-analyseprosessene. Samfunnssikkerhet, ytelse av beredskapstiltak, sårbarhet, resiliens, barrierer, system er begreper som får lite eller ingen omtale i kommunenes befatning med samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap. Kommunene er veldige instrumentelle i arbeidet med å utvikle produktene (helhetlig) ROS-analyse og beredskap- og kriseplaner. Beslutningsprosessene som den helhetlige ROS-analysen er en del av, trekkes ikke frem som førende for hvordan ROS-analyser og samfunnssikkerhetsarbeidet gjøres. Fylkesmannen sin rolle som pådriver, rådgiver og tilsynsmyndighet var for de aller fleste kommunene beskrevet med positive fortegn. Alle analysene vi har hatt tilgang til er utført som grovanalyser (hazid-gjennomganger, scenariobeskrivelser, gruppediskusjoner), men med relativt små variasjoner innenfor hvordan risiko måles og uttrykkes. Enkelte kommuner inspireres av innholdet i FylkesROS-analyse eller Nasjonalt Risikobilde, mens andre har et større fokus på lokale forhold og hendelser. I forbindelse med bruk av tiltak fra helhetlig ROS-analyse var det en klar trend at kommunene synes det var vanskelig å sikre implementering av tiltak. Dette skyldes blant annet at det var utfordrende å sikre at den ansvarlige etat tok ansvar for tiltak, at beredskapskoordinatorer ikke anså tiltak som skulle implementeres i enkeltetater som sitt ansvar og at kommunene i mange tilfeller ikke hadde midler til gjennomføring av tiltak. Problemet kan trolig også spores til at helhetlig ROS-analyse ikke var et dokument som var i aktiv bruk i hverdagen til kommunenes ansatte, og som det i de fleste tilfeller ikke ble laget aksjonsplaner for å følge opp. På tiltakssiden var det også tydelig at flere kommuner gjorde det vanskelig for seg selv, ettersom de beskrev svært generelle tiltak i rapportene sine, tiltak som egentlig var på plass i den ansvarlige etat og som var dekket av andre internkontrollrutiner, eller som andre offentlige etater var ansvarlige for. Kommunene i prosjektet hadde i varierende grad koblet beredskapsplanene sine opp mot de helhetlige ROS-analysene. En annen utfordring i forbindelse med «bruk» til beredskapsplanlegging var at kommunene ikke var sikre på hvordan dette skulle tolkes. Skulle man lage øvelser basert på hendelsene som var brukt i helhetlig ROS-analyse, skulle det lages tiltakskort som passet til scenarioene i helhetlig ROS-analyse? Enkelte kommuner hadde inkludert hendelser fra helhetlig ROS-analyse i beredskapsplanverket sitt, mens andre hadde fokusert mer på felles kapasiteter i helhetlig ROS-analyse. Å se sammenhengen mellom helhetlig ROS-analyse og beredskapsplanlegging var et vanskelig tema for kommunene. Beredskapsanalyse og vurdering av «godheten» av beredskapstiltak er også en stor utfordring. Den største utfordringen og det viktigste funnet som har kommet fram gjennom studiet er at prinsippene i risikobasert styring er nærmest fraværende i kommunene. Funksjonelle krav til sikkerhet mangler, en levende diskusjon om samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap mangler, og analysene brukes i svært liten grad. ROS-analyse og intensjoner om risikobasert styring har vært i norske kommuner i mer enn 20 år, og basert på dette mener vi at det er kompetanse og reguleringsregimet det må gjøres noe med, heller enn å innføre nye veiledere og tilsynsaktiviteter. Ansvaret for kommunens samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeid må knyttes opp mot spesifikk kompetanse. Det krever at kommunene endrer praksis på i den administrative ledelsen og virksomhetene som eier systemene, tjenestene og aktivitetene, så vel som i kommunikasjonen mellom administrativ og politisk ledelse når det gjelder samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap. Vi mener at politikeren fra bykommune 1 langs kysten i Nord-Norge illustrerer behovet på en betegnende måte: «Veldig få i beredskapsrådet har lest dokumentene. I vårt fylke tror jeg vi er noen av de som har kommet lengst, og det sier etter mitt skjønn sitt». «Vi må involvere oss på et mye tidligere stadium. Skaffe oss oversikt over hva som er beredskapsplanene, og hvor flaskehalsene er. Det tror jeg at jeg deler med veldig mange. Vi strykes med hårene i alt for stor grad. Vi får for mye ros.»