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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Animals – Great Britain"

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Publicado: 25 de julio de 2024

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1

Draper, Chris, Chris Lewis, Stephanie Jayson y Frankie Osuch. "Private Keeping of Dangerous Wild Animals in Great Britain". Animals 14, n.º 10 (7 de mayo de 2024): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14101393.

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We analysed the licences issued by British local government authorities under the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976, which regulates the private keeping of wild animals categorised as “dangerous”, to assess the scope and scale of private keeping of dangerous wild animals in Great Britain. Results are compared with historical data from England and Wales, showing that there has been an overall decrease both in the total population of dangerous wild animals privately kept under licence and the number of licences, resulting primarily from a decrease in the farming of wild boar and ostrich, and from certain other species no longer requiring a licence to be kept. Nonetheless, the private keeping of dangerous wild animals remains prevalent, with a total population of 3950 animals kept under licence, and at least one-third of local authorities in Britain licensing keepers of one or more such animals. The population of non-farmed dangerous taxa has increased by 59% in 20 years, with notable increases in crocodilians (198%), venomous snakes (94%), and wild cats (57%). We present evidence that the average cost of a licence to keep dangerous wild animals has fallen over time, and that there is a negative association between cost and licensing. The current schedule of species categorised as dangerous is compared to a formally recognised list of species kept in zoos assessed by risk to the public. Problems with the legislation, enforcement of the licensing system, and animal welfare for privately kept dangerous wild animals are identified and discussed.

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2

Hudson-Shore, Michelle. "Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2015 — Highlighting an Ongoing Upward Trend in Animal Use and Missed Opportunities for Reduction". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 44, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2016): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119291604400606.

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The Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2015 indicate that the Home Office were correct in recommending that caution should be exercised when interpreting the 2014 data as an apparent decline in animal experiments. The 2015 report shows that, as the changes to the format of the annual statistics have become more familiar and less problematic, there has been a re-emergence of the upward trend in animal research and testing in Great Britain. The 2015 statistics report an increase in animal procedures (up to 4,142,631) and in the number of animals used (up to 4,069,349). This represents 1% more than the totals in 2013, and a 7% increase on the procedures reported in 2014. This paper details an analysis of these most recent statistics, providing information on overall animal use and highlighting specific issues associated with genetically-altered animals, dogs and primates. It also reflects on areas of the new format that have previously been highlighted as being problematic, and concludes with a discussion about the use of animals in regulatory research and testing, and how there are significant missed opportunities for replacing some of the animal-based tests in this area.

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3

Carter, E. "Statistics of Scientific Procedures on living animals, Great Britain 2011". Animal Welfare 21, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2012): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600004280.

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4

Kasprzycki, Remigiusz. "Western Europe as a Model for Polish Defenders of Animal Welfare prior to 1939". Kwartalnik Historyczny 129, n.º 6 (16 de marzo de 2023): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/kh.2022.129.si.1.03.

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This article looks at how Western Europe served as a model for Polish animal advocates before 1939. France and Great Britain inspired the greatest respect among Polish animal defenders. Polish animal lovers, fascinated by the French and English treatment of animals, discovered the effectiveness of grassroots initiatives, rather than legal resolutions and acts, for the welfare of animals. This article attempts to explain why the endeavour to copy the treatment of animals by wealthy Germans, French, and above all English and introduce it to economically poor Poland proved to be utopian.

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5

Crump, R. E., J. G. E. Bryan, D. Nicholson, R. Thompson y G. Simm. "Genetic evaluation of pedigree beef cattle in Great Britain". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (marzo de 1993): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600224033.

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In order that genetic progress in British beef breeds could be improved, performance traits have been recorded by the Meat and Livestock Commission for many years. A large number of pedigree beef herds have recorded with the Meat and Livestock Commission during this period. Until recently, these records were only made use of via within herd contemporary comparisons such that the results for animals could not be compared across herds or time.Through the use of Individual Animal Model Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP), differences between herds and contemporary groups within herds can be accounted for provided there are genetic links between herds and contemporary groups. As a result of the small pedigree herd size in Great Britain, typically less than 20, sires are often chosen from outside the herd in order to reduce inbreeding. This practise has resulted in there being a relatively high level of connectedness between contemporary groups and this enables the BLUP procedure to disentangle management and genetic effects.

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6

Apaa, Ternenge Thaddaeus, Harriet McFadzean, Sara Gandy, Kayleigh Hansford, Jolyon Medlock y Nicholas Johnson. "Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ecotype Analysis in Cattle from Great Britain". Pathogens 12, n.º 8 (10 de agosto de 2023): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12081029.

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum) is the aetiological agent of tick-borne fever in cattle and sheep, and granulocytic anaplasmosis in human and dogs. Livestock, companion animal and human infections with A. phagocytophilum have been reported globally. Across England and Wales, two isolates (called ecotypes) have been reported in ticks. This study examined A. phagocytophilum isolates present in livestock and wildlife in Great Britain (GB), with a particular focus on cattle. Clinical submissions (EDTA blood) from cattle (n = 21) and sheep (n = 3) were received by APHA for tick-borne disease testing and the animals were confirmed to be infected with A. phagocytophilum using a PCR targeting the Msp2 gene. Further submissions from roe deer (n = 2), red deer (n = 2) and Ixodes ricinus ticks (n = 22) were also shown to be infected with A. phagocytophilum. Subsequent analysis using a nested PCR targeting the groEL gene and sequencing confirmed the presence of ecotype I in cattle, sheep, red deer and Ixodes ricinus, and ecotype II in roe deer and I. ricinus removed from deer carcasses. Despite the presence of two ecotypes, widely distributed in ticks from England and Wales, only ecotype I was detected in cattle in this study.

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7

Bennett, R. M., K. Christiansen y R. S. Clifton-Hadley. "Direct costs of endemic dXiseases of farm animals in Great Britain". Veterinary Record 145, n.º 13 (25 de septiembre de 1999): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.145.13.376.

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8

Cassar, C., M. Ottaway, M. J. Woodward, G. A. Paiba, S. Newbold y R. Futter. "Absence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in farmed animals in Great Britain". Veterinary Record 154, n.º 8 (21 de febrero de 2004): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.154.8.237.

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9

Alexander, T. L. "Seasonal management of farmed red deer in Great Britain". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 30, n.º 1-2 (abril de 1991): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(91)90122-e.

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10

TULLOCH, J. S. P., L. MCGINLEY, F. SÁNCHEZ-VIZCAÍNO, J. M. MEDLOCK y A. D. RADFORD. "The passive surveillance of ticks using companion animal electronic health records". Epidemiology and Infection 145, n.º 10 (2 de mayo de 2017): 2020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817000826.

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SUMMARYTicks represent a large global reservoir of zoonotic disease. Current surveillance systems can be time and labour intensive. We propose that the passive surveillance of companion animal electronic health records (EHRs) could provide a novel methodology for describing temporal and spatial tick activity. A total of 16 58 857 EHRs were collected over a 2-year period (31 March 2014 and 29 May 2016) from companion animals attending a large sentinel network of 192 veterinary clinics across Great Britain (the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network – SAVSNET). In total, 2180 EHRs were identified where a tick was recorded on an animal. The relative risk of dogs presenting with a tick compared with cats was 0·73 (95% confidence intervals 0·67–0·80). The highest number of tick records were in the south central regions of England. The presence of ticks showed marked seasonality with summer peaks, and a secondary smaller peak in autumn for cats; ticks were still being found throughout most of Great Britain during the winter. This suggests that passive surveillance of companion animal EHRs can describe tick activity temporally and spatially in a large cohort of veterinary clinics across Great Britain. These results and methodology could help inform veterinary and public health messages as well as increase awareness of ticks and tick-borne diseases in the general population.

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11

Saunders, G. C., S. Cawthraw, S. J. Mountjoy, J. Hope y O. Windl. "PrP genotypes of atypical scrapie cases in Great Britain". Journal of General Virology 87, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2006): 3141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81779-0.

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Great Britain and elsewhere have detected atypical scrapie infection in sheep with PrP genotypes thought to be genetically resistant to the classical form of scrapie. DNA sequencing of the PrP gene of British atypical scrapie cases (n=69), classical scrapie cases (n=59) and scrapie-free controls (n=138) was undertaken to identify whether PrP variants, other than the three well-characterized polymorphic codons, influenced susceptibility to atypical scrapie infection. Four non-synonymous changes, M112T, M137T, L141F and P241S, were detected that are most probably associated with the A136R154Q171 haplotype. Only the PrP variant containing a phenylalanine residue at amino acid position 141 was found to be associated more commonly with the atypical scrapie cases. In addition to the single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the ARQ allele, two out of nine atypical scrapie cases with the ARR/ARR genotype were found to contain a 24 bp insertion, leading to an additional octapeptide repeat. In terms of PrP genetics, one classification of the GB scrapie cases examined in this study would place animals carrying any homozygous or heterozygous combination of ARR, AHQ or AF141RQ alleles, or any one of these alleles when paired with ARQ, as being susceptible to atypical scrapie infection, and animals heterozygous or homozygous for VRQ or homozygous for ARQ as being susceptible to classical scrapie disease. The AHQ PrP allele was associated with the highest incidence of atypical scrapie (263 per 100 000 alleles), whilst VRQ was associated with the lowest incidence (10 per 100 000 alleles).

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12

Fryday, Alan M. "Effects of grazing animals on upland/montane lichen vegetation in Great Britain". Botanical Journal of Scotland 53, n.º 1 (enero de 2001): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03746600108684951.

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13

Naylor, C., Kr Shaw, P. Britton y D. Cavanagh. "Appearance of type B avian Pneumovirus in great Britain". Avian Pathology 26, n.º 2 (junio de 1997): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459708419215.

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14

Robinson, S. E. y R. M. Christley. "Exploring the role of auction markets in cattle movements within Great Britain". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 81, n.º 1-3 (septiembre de 2007): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.04.011.

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15

Farrell, Sean, PJ-M. Noble, Gina L. Pinchbeck, Beth Brant, Anthony Caravaggi, David A. Singleton y Alan D. Radford. "Seasonality and risk factors for myxomatosis in pet rabbits in Great Britain". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 176 (marzo de 2020): 104924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104924.

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16

Evans, S. J. y A. R. Sayers. "A longitudinal study of campylobacter infection of broiler flocks in Great Britain". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 46, n.º 3 (agosto de 2000): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00143-4.

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17

Madgwick, R., A. L. Lamb, H. Sloane, A. J. Nederbragt, U. Albarella, M. Parker Pearson y J. A. Evans. "Multi-isotope analysis reveals that feasts in the Stonehenge environs and across Wessex drew people and animals from throughout Britain". Science Advances 5, n.º 3 (marzo de 2019): eaau6078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6078.

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The great henge complexes of southern Britain are iconic monuments of the third millennium BCE, representing great feats of engineering and labor mobilization that hosted feasting events on a previously unparalleled scale. The scale of movement and the catchments that the complexes served, however, have thus far eluded understanding. Presenting the largest five-isotope system archeological dataset (87Sr/86Sr, δ34S, δ18O, δ13C, and δ15N) yet fully published, we analyze 131 pigs, the prime feasting animals, from four Late Neolithic (approximately 2800 to 2400 BCE) complexes to explore the networks that the feasts served. Because archeological evidence excludes continental contact, sources are considered only in the context of the British Isles. This analysis reveals wide-ranging origins across Britain, with few pigs raised locally. This finding demonstrates great investment of effort in transporting pigs raised elsewhere over vast distances to supply feasts and evidences the very first phase of pan-British connectivity.

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18

Evans, Jane A., Vanessa Pashley, Katy Mee, Doris Wagner, Mike Parker Pearson, Delphine Fremondeau, Umberto Albarella y Richard Madgwick. "Applying lead (Pb) isotopes to explore mobility in humans and animals". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 10 (26 de octubre de 2022): e0274831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274831.

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Lead (Pb) isotopes provide a complementary method to other provenance tools for tracking the origin and movement of humans and animals. The method is founded in the geographic distribution of Pb isotope ratios. However, unlike the Sr isotope method that is closely linked to the lithology of underlying rocks, Pb more closely reflects the tectonic regimes. This makes it particularly pertinent to use in Britain as there is major tectonic boundary (the Iapetus Suture) that runs between Berwick-upon-Tweed and the Solway Firth providing a compositional boundary in Pb isotope domains that approximates to the geographic areas of Scotland versus England and Wales. Modern pollution makes it difficult to use modern floral or faunal samples to characterize biosphere variation, and so we use geological datasets to define isoscape variation and present the first Pb isotope map of Britain. We have validated the use of these data form biosphere studies using well provenanced samples. Reference fields of diagnostic compositions, are created in μ-T space and these have been used in a test case to assess the geographic origins of Neolithic animals in Great Britain.

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19

Moore, P. G. "The supply of marine biological specimens (principally animals) for teaching and research in Great Britain from the nineteenth century until today". Archives of Natural History 39, n.º 2 (octubre de 2012): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2012.0095.

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The nineteenth-century growth of biology, particularly as developed in Germany, was focused initially on morphology and anatomy. In Britain, the growth of biology followed T. H. Huxley's principle of teaching the characters of certain plants and animals selected as types of vegetable and animal organization, which brought demands for marine specimens for dissection. The history of the provision of such material in Britain is investigated, particularly apropos of the Marine Station at Millport. Supplementary information is presented on the equally long-standing specimen trade at Plymouth and on two small commercial concerns that supplied marine specimens (from the Isle of Luing and Shoreham-by-Sea). The demise of the specimen-supply trade in Britain in recent decades has resulted from curriculum changes in schools and universities no longer requiring students to do dissections (relating also to Health and Safety concerns about formalin-preserved material); and biology departments that can often no longer, as a result of financial stringency, afford the “luxury” of supplying students with the range of practical experiences that previous generations once valued so highly. The concern among some students about the ethics, or religious strictures, surrounding dissection is acknowledged. The need for biological conservation is stressed, as too, the need for awareness of the risks posed by alien species introduced into foreign ecosystems via international trade in live marine organisms.

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20

Sklizkova, Ekaterina V. "Axiological Aspect of Sovereign States Armorial: Russia vs. Great Britain". Genealogy 7, n.º 3 (21 de agosto de 2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7030060.

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The semiosphere reflects universal and culturally determined characteristics. Heraldry is one of the most complex sign systems. Alive and flexible semiotics is urgent for studies. The aim of this paper is to mark the axiological character of Russian and British sovereign state armorials with an accent on animals. Based on both Russian and British research, this paper focuses on syntactics and pragmatics of arms analyzed in a synchronic and diachronic manner. A cross-cultural comparative approach to Russian and British armorial bearings can be viewed as a novel contribution. The paper embraces structural and semantic aspects, the temporal and pragmatics sphere and Jargon du blazon. English heraldry is relevant to the European tradition, and the Russian one has political value. For both countries, it is associated with foreign influence. The system of European coats of arms is coherent with the institution of property and war, and the Russian one with inheritance. For Britain, heraldry was one of the culture-forming components, and for Russia, it was just one of the elements of culture.

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21

Taylor, C., D. C. Brodbelt, B. Dobson, B. Catchpole, D. G. O’Neill y K. B. Stevens. "Spatio-temporal distribution and agroecological factors associated with canine leptospirosis in Great Britain". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 193 (agosto de 2021): 105407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105407.

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22

Ellis-Iversen, J., F. Jorgensen, S. Bull, L. Powell, A. J. Cook y T. J. Humphrey. "Risk factors for Campylobacter colonisation during rearing of broiler flocks in Great Britain". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 89, n.º 3-4 (junio de 2009): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.004.

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23

Karolemeas, K., T. J. McKinley, R. S. Clifton-Hadley, A. V. Goodchild, A. Mitchell, W. T. Johnston, A. J. K. Conlan, C. A. Donnelly y J. L. N. Wood. "Predicting prolonged bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Great Britain as an aid to control". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 97, n.º 3-4 (diciembre de 2010): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.09.007.

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24

Sánchez-Vizcaíno, F., A. Muniesa, D. A. Singleton, P. H. Jones, P. J. Noble, R. M. Gaskell, S. Dawson y A. D. Radford. "Use of vaccines and factors associated with their uptake variability in dogs, cats and rabbits attending a large sentinel network of veterinary practices across Great Britain". Epidemiology and Infection 146, n.º 7 (11 de abril de 2018): 895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818000754.

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AbstractVaccination remains a mainstay of companion animal population health. However, how vaccine use at a population level complies with existing guidelines is unknown. Here we use electronic health records to describe vaccination in dogs, cats and rabbits attending a large sentinel network of UK veterinary practices. In total, 77.9% (95% CI: 77.6–78.1) of animals had recorded vaccinations. The percentage of animals with recorded vaccinations was higher in dogs, neutered animals, in insured dogs and cats and in purebred dogs. Vaccination rates varied in different regions of Great Britain in all species. Dogs and cats belonging to owners living in less deprived areas of England and Scotland were more likely to be recorded as vaccinated. In the vaccinated population, cats received more core vaccines per year of life (0.86) than dogs (0.75), with feline leukaemia vaccines almost as frequent as core vaccines. In dogs, leptospira vaccines were more frequent than core vaccines. This descriptive study suggests a substantial proportion of animals are not benefiting from vaccine protection. For the first time, we identify potential factors associated with variations in recorded vaccination frequency, providing a critical baseline against which to monitor future changes in companion animal vaccination and evidence to inform future targeted health interventions.

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25

Frazier, Judith A. y R. L. Reece. "Infectious stunting syndrome of chickens in Great Britain: Intestinal ultrastructural pathology". Avian Pathology 19, n.º 4 (octubre de 1990): 759–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459008418728.

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26

Hampson, Judith, Jacqueline Southee, David Howell y Michael Balls. "An RSPCA/FRAME Survey of the Use of Non-human Primates as Laboratory Animals in Great Britain, 1984–1988". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 17, n.º 4 (junio de 1990): 335–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299001700407.

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A literature-based survey of the use of non-human primates as laboratory animals in Great Britain in 1984–1988 was carried out as a background to extending debate about the ethical and practical issues involved. The 289 publications considered were grouped in 15 subject areas and reviewed in terms of scientific purpose, methods employed, numbers and species of animals used, and their source, care and ultimate fate. In addition, the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry provided a comment on the use of non-human primates by pharmaceutical companies. Specific causes for concern were identified, and future prospects considered.

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27

Fielding, Helen R., Matthew J. Silk, Trevelyan J. McKinley, Richard J. Delahay, Jared K. Wilson-Aggarwal, Laetitia Gauvin, Laura Ozella, Ciro Cattuto y Robbie A. McDonald. "Spatial and temporal variation in proximity networks of commercial dairy cattle in Great Britain". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 194 (septiembre de 2021): 105443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105443.

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28

del Rio Vilas, Victor J., Robin Sayers, Kumar Sivam, Dirk Pfeiffer, Javier Guitian y John W. Wilesmith. "A case study of capture–recapture methodology using scrapie surveillance data in Great Britain". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 67, n.º 4 (marzo de 2005): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.12.003.

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29

Del Rio Vilas, V. J. y D. Böhning. "Application of one-list capture–recapture models to scrapie surveillance data in Great Britain". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 85, n.º 3-4 (julio de 2008): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.003.

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30

Hudson, Michelle y Nirmala Bhogal. "Scientific Procedures on Living Animals in Great Britain in 2003: The Facts, Figures and Consequences". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 32, n.º 5 (noviembre de 2004): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290403200504.

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31

Tongue, S. C., P. Webb, M. M. Simmons y S. Gubbins. "Prevalence of scrapie infection in cull animals from 14 scrapie-affected flocks in Great Britain". Veterinary Record 157, n.º 16 (15 de octubre de 2005): 480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.157.16.480.

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32

Jennings, Amy, Emily Gascoigne, Alastair Macrae, Elizabeth Burrough y James Patrick Crilly. "Serological survey of British sheep flocks for evidence of exposure to ovine pestiviruses". Veterinary Record 183, n.º 7 (17 de agosto de 2018): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104977.

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Ovine pestiviruses have the potential to reduce productivity in the British sheep flock. However, their prevalence and impact are currently poorly understood. This study aimed to estimate the exposure to pestiviruses in adult breeding ewe stock. Blood samples collected for metabolic profiling before lambing were tested using an ELISA that detected antibodies raised to both bovine viral diarrhoea virus and Border disease virus. A group of 15 animals were tested per flock. A total of 34 farms were tested, of which 13 had at least one seropositive animal. In those positive flocks between one and nine of the animals tested antibody-positive. Positive flocks were identified in all regions of Great Britain. This work suggests that exposure to ovine pestiviruses is widespread, and that it is timely to investigate flock-level prevalence and possible production impacts of endemic infection.

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33

Green, Darren M., Victor J. del Rio Vilas, Colin P. D. Birch, Jethro Johnson, Istvan Z. Kiss, Noel D. McCarthy y Rowland R. Kao. "Demographic risk factors for classical and atypical scrapie in Great Britain". Journal of General Virology 88, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2007): 3486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83225-0.

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Following the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis, the European Union has introduced policies for eradicating transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including scrapie, from large ruminants. However, recent European Union surveillance has identified a novel prion disease, ‘atypical’ scrapie, substantially different from classical scrapie. It is unknown whether atypical scrapie is naturally transmissible or zoonotic, like BSE. Furthermore, cases have occurred in scrapie-resistant genotypes that are targets for selection in legislated selective breeding programmes. Here, the first epidemiological study of British cases of atypical scrapie is described, focusing on the demographics and trading patterns of farms and using databases of recorded livestock movements. Triplet comparisons found that farms with atypical scrapie stock more sheep than those of the general, non-affected population. They also move larger numbers of animals than control farms, but similar numbers to farms reporting classical scrapie. Whilst there is weak evidence of association through sheep trading of farms reporting classical scrapie, atypical scrapie shows no such evidence, being well-distributed across regions of Great Britain and through the sheep-trading network. Thus, although cases are few in number so far, our study suggests that, should natural transmission of atypical scrapie be occurring at all, it is doing so slowly.

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34

Reece, R. L. y Judith A. Frazier. "Infectious stunting syndrome of chickens in Great Britain: Field and experimental studies". Avian Pathology 19, n.º 4 (octubre de 1990): 723–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459008418727.

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35

GUBBINS, S. y K. M. McINTYRE. "Prevalence of sheep infected with classical scrapie in Great Britain, 1993–2007". Epidemiology and Infection 137, n.º 6 (7 de abril de 2009): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809002519.

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SUMMARYExtensive surveillance for classical scrapie has been carried out in Great Britain since 1993, the results of which can be used for monitoring the effect of control measures introduced since 2001. A back-calculation approach was used to estimate the prevalence of sheep infected with classical scrapie, which integrates data on reported clinical cases (1993–2007) and the results of fallen stock and abattoir surveys (2002–2007). The prevalence of classical scrapie in GB was fairly constant until 2003, although the estimates depended on assumptions made about the performance of diagnostic tests used in the surveys. If infected animals could be detected in the final quarter of the incubation period, the estimated prevalence was 0·6–0·7%, while if they could be detected in the final half of the incubation period, it was 0·3–0·4%. Between 2003 and 2007 the prevalence declined by around 40%, and the magnitude of the reduction was independent of assumptions made about the diagnostic tests.

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36

Bennett, Richard, Kathy Christiansen y Richard Clifton-Hadley. "Preliminary estimates of the direct costs associated with endemic diseases of livestock in Great Britain". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 39, n.º 3 (abril de 1999): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(99)00003-3.

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37

Gubbins, Simon y Cerian R. Webb. "Simulation of the options for a national control programme to eradicate scrapie from Great Britain". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 69, n.º 3-4 (julio de 2005): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.12.009.

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38

Jeffries, C. L., K. L. Mansfield, L. P. Phipps, P. R. Wakeley, R. Mearns, A. Schock, S. Bell, A. C. Breed, A. R. Fooks y N. Johnson. "Louping ill virus: an endemic tick-borne disease of Great Britain". Journal of General Virology 95, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2014): 1005–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.062356-0.

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In Europe and Asia, Ixodid ticks transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a flavivirus that causes severe encephalitis in humans but appears to show no virulence for livestock and wildlife. In the British Isles, where TBEV is absent, a closely related tick-borne flavivirus, named louping ill virus (LIV), is present. However, unlike TBEV, LIV causes a febrile illness in sheep, cattle, grouse and some other species, that can progress to fatal encephalitis. The disease is detected predominantly in animals from upland areas of the UK and Ireland. This distribution is closely associated with the presence of its arthropod vector, the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. The virus is a positive-strand RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, exhibiting a high degree of genetic homology to TBEV and other mammalian tick-borne viruses. In addition to causing acute encephalomyelitis in sheep, other mammals and some avian species, the virus is recognized as a zoonotic agent with occasional reports of seropositive individuals, particularly those whose occupation involves contact with sheep. Preventative vaccination in sheep is effective although there is no treatment for disease. Surveillance for LIV in Great Britain is limited despite an increased awareness of emerging arthropod-borne diseases and potential changes in distribution and epidemiology. This review provides an overview of LIV and highlights areas where further effort is needed to control this disease.

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39

Seekings, Amanda H., Rebecca Shipley, Alexander M. P. Byrne, Shweta Shukla, Megan Golding, Joan Amaya-Cuesta, Hooman Goharriz et al. "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant (B.1.617.2) in Domestic Dogs and Zoo Tigers in England and Jersey during 2021". Viruses 16, n.º 4 (16 de abril de 2024): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16040617.

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Reverse zoonotic transmission events of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been described since the start of the pandemic, and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) designated the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in animals a reportable disease. Eighteen domestic and zoo animals in Great Britain and Jersey were tested by APHA for SARS-CoV-2 during 2020–2023. One domestic cat (Felis catus), three domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and three Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from a zoo were confirmed positive during 2020–2021 and reported to the WOAH. All seven positive animals were linked with known SARS-CoV-2 positive human contacts. Characterisation of the SARS-CoV-2 variants by genome sequencing indicated that the cat was infected with an early SARS-CoV-2 lineage. The three dogs and three tigers were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of concern (B.1.617.2). The role of non-human species in the onward transmission and emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly defined. Continued surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in relevant domestic and captive animal species with high levels of human contact is important to monitor transmission at the human−animal interface and to assess their role as potential animal reservoirs.

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40

Balls, Michael. "Chimpanzee Medical Experiments: Moral, Legal and Scientific Concerns". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 23, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1995): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299502300510.

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FRAME'S role in drawing attention to the special scientific and ethical concerns raised by the use of non-human primates as laboratory animals is reviewed, with special emphasis on the FRAME/CRAE proposals to the British Government (1987) and the RSPCA/FRAME survey of research on non-human primates conducted in Great Britain between 1984 and 1988. Attention is then focused on the moral case and the scientific case against using chimpanzees as laboratory animals, with particular emphasis on research on AIDS. Finally, a call is made for universal agreement that no more laboratory experiments should ever be performed on chimpanzees.

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41

Bradley, R. "Transmittable diseases: the lessons from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)". BSAP Occasional Publication 17 (enero de 1993): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00001245.

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AbstractBSE was first discovered in November 1986 and by July 1991 about 60 000 cases had been confirmed in Great Britain with a low incidence being reported in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Switzerland and France. The origin of the extended common source epidemic appears to have been food containing meat and bone meal which contained the causal agent. Recycling of infected cattle waste was significant in increasing exposure, at least from the time of the first unrecognized clinical appearance of the disease in 1985. Small numbers of five species of Bovidae in British zoos, domestic cats, a puma and a cheetah have also succumbed to a newly described spongiform encephalopathy. It is anticipated that as a result of the imposition of a ruminant food ban in countries affected by BSE new infections from food have ceased and the incidence of BSE will fall to zero provided there is no other source of infection. Effective controls are in place in Great Britain and Northern Ireland to protect animal and public health. These include disease notification, compulsory slaughter of suspect animals and incineration of the carcasses, a ban on the feeding of specified bovine offals from cattle over 6 months of age or protein derived from them to man, or any species of animal or bird, and a ban on the feeding of ruminant protein to ruminant animals. Genetic studies are still in progress but there is no epidemiological evidence supporting breed predisposition and bovine PrP gene polymorphisms have not been linked with disease occurrence. The lessons from BSE include: the need to retain an animal health surveillance system to detect new and emerging diseases; a strong veterinary research base in unconventional agent disease; and a powerful epidemiology discipline with access to computerized data recording systems, analytical and modelling expertise. Major changes to the composition or processing of animal food, particularly that derived from sources which are not natural for the consuming species, should be carefully monitored for safety before being permitted.

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42

Hudson, Michelle y Nirmala Bhogal. "An Analysis of the Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain 2004". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 34, n.º 1 (febrero de 2006): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290603400107.

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43

Hudson, Michelle y Nirmala Bhogal. "An Analysis of the Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain 2004". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 34, n.º 1 (febrero de 2006): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290603400108.

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44

Hardy, Anne. "Pioneers in the Victorian provinces: veterinarians, public health and the urban animal economy". Urban History 29, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2002): 372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926802003036.

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From the 1850s in Britain, concerns were growing about the role of animals in transmitting disease to man, whether through the food chain or through infection. While London is often seen as providing a model for public health reform, it was the great provincial cities that initiated veterinary involvement in public health in the closing years of the century. The emergence of this new strand of public health activity is the subject of this paper.

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45

Nieuwhof, G. J. y S. C. Bishop. "Costs of the major endemic diseases of sheep in Great Britain and the potential benefits of reduction in disease impact". Animal Science 81, n.º 1 (agosto de 2005): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc41010023.

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AbstractThe costs of three major endemic sheep diseases in Great Britain, gastro-intestinal (GI) parasites, footrot and scab, were estimated and compared with costs for other diseases from another study. Disease costs include lost performance, preventive measures and treatment of affected animals. The most costly disease, of those studied, for the British sheep industry is infestation with GI parasites, with estimated annual costs of £84 million. Annual costs for the other two diseases are £24 million for footrot and £8 million for sheep scab. This compares with literature estimates of £20 million for Chlamydial abortions and £12 million for toxoplasmosis. For sheep scab most costs are for preventive measures, therefore, short of eradication, a reduction in incidence will have a limited effect on costs. For GI parasites, costs are linearly related to the severity of the infestation and a reduction of the disease will have a proportional effect on the costs to the industry. For footrot about half the costs are for preventive measures, the other half is for lost production and treatment. A reduction in the incidence of footrot has a proportional effect on the £10 million associated with loss of production and treatment of infected animals. It is concluded that gastro-intestinal parasites and footrot are two sheep diseases in Britain for which a reduction of severity or incidence will have a large impact on costs of production.

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46

Wilesmith, J. "Spatio-temporal epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in two counties of Great Britain in 2001". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 61, n.º 3 (12 de noviembre de 2003): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2003.08.002.

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Arnold, M. E. y J. W. Wilesmith. "Estimation of the age-dependent risk of infection to BSE of dairy cattle in Great Britain". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 66, n.º 1-4 (diciembre de 2004): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.07.007.

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48

Mueller-Doblies, Doris, Kathleen Speed y Robert H. Davies. "A retrospective analysis of Salmonella serovars isolated from pigs in Great Britain between 1994 and 2010". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 110, n.º 3-4 (julio de 2013): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.023.

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49

Zawojska, Aldona y Beata Horbowiec-Janucik. "Wpływ barier sanitarnych w handlu produktami zwierzęcymi na gospodarkę narodową Wielkiej Brytanii". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, n.º 120 (29 de diciembre de 2017): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2017.120.37.

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The main purpose of this paper is to present the sources of import sanctions imposed in the past on animal products from Great Britain as well as their multidimensional (economic, political, social, health, ecological, regulatory) effects for this country. A chronology of events related to the outbreaks of BSE and FMD was compiled, and broad spectrum of their consequences was discussed. The review of the literature, the analysis of official documents and Eurostat data shows that internal and foreign ban on trade in UK animals and animal products due to contagious animal diseases has had very adverse effects not only on the agricultural sector, but also on the entire British economy and citizens’ quality of life. The extent of total losses caused by BSE and FMD was considerable; they could have reached GBP 5.5 billion and GBP 4 billion respectively.

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Pifer, Ralph, Kinya Shimizu y Linda Pifer. "Public Attitudes Toward Animal Research: Some International Comparisons". Society & Animals 2, n.º 2 (1994): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853094x00126.

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AbstractA comparative analysis was made of the public's attitudes toward the use of animals in scientific research in 15 different nations. The intensity of opposition to animal research was found to vary from relatively low levels in Japan and the United States to much higher levels in France, Belgium, and Great Britain. More women than men were opposed to animal research in all 15 nations. Scientific knowledge, or the lack of knowledge, was not found to have a consistent relationship with attitudes toward animal research. Concern about the environment was found to be related to opposition to animal research in some western European nations, in particular West Germany. Cluster analysis was used to group the nations into four patterns based on intensity of opposition, level of opposition, gender differences in opposition, and the relationship between attitudes toward animal research and both environmental concern and scientific knowledge.

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