Tesis sobre el tema "Animal waste management"

An extensive 10 year monitoring project was initiated in 1986 to examine the effects of a combination of BMPs on surface water quality within a watershed with complex land use. This research specifically examined bacteriological water quality and BMP impacts. Bimonthly grab samples were collected from four surface water monitoring stations, including the watershed outlet, and analyzed for fecal coliform, total coliform, and fecal streptococcus bacteria. Other data compiled from the watershed included hydrologic, meteorologic, geologic and land use data, also collected on a regular basis. Data were collected continuously throughout the project, and thus included both pre- and post-BMP monitoring data. BMP implementation included animal waste storage facilities, nutrient management plans, conservation tillage, alternative water sources for livestock, fences, vegetative filter strips, runoff diversions, and others.

Statistical analysis of the monthly precipitation data indicated no significant difference in rainfall quantity between the pre-BMP and post-BMP monitoring periods. Monthly runoff totals increased 39% from the pre- to the post-BMP periods at the watershed outlet. Increases at all of the subwatershed outlets occurred as well (B, 40%; C, 38%; D, 16%). Statistical analysis did not show a significant difference in runoff between the two monitoring periods, except at station C, where post-BMP runoff was significantly greater than the values measured during the pre-BMP period.

Overall reductions in the mean (geometric) levels of total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus bacteria observed at the watershed outlet were 81%, 30% and 76%, respectively. Both parametric and nonparametric statistical analysis techniques were applied to the bacteriological data. Regression analysis of the fecal coliform data showed an increase during the pre-BMP period followed by a decrease post-BMP and a statistically significant difference between the two periods (p=0.004). No trends were evident. Only one of the four stations had a statistical difference between pre- and post-BMP fecal streptococcus data, however, a downward trend was present at every station. No statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-BMP total coliform bacteria was evident, although a downward trend was present at the watershed outlet. These findings indicate that the combination of BMPs implemented in the watershed were effective in reducing the loss of fecal bacteria to receiving streams via overland flow.
Master of Science

Ever since 1976, livestock farmers in Fiji have been intrigued about biogas digesters as an animal waste management measure, but the concept has never evolved into one that is sustainable. Renewed interest came in 1997 after a better Chinese Modified Dome (CMD) design was established, with this came government funding, however by 2002, some failure was also observed. This study set out to investigate the reasons why biogas digesters have never been established as a sustainable concept, its effectiveness as an animal waste management tool and what changes if any, can be made to try and influence the further development of the concept in Fiji. In order to achieve the objectives, which were simply obtaining the answers to the questions presented above, several different approaches had to be followed. This study was the first on biogas digesters in Fiji and it was unique in the sense that the major component dealt with the social aspects of farmers in relation to their biogas digesters. Basically the study was carried out in two parts - desktop studies and field studies. Desktop studies were done to better understand the situation while the field studies included semi-structured interviews with the farmers as well as the collection of biophysical data. Twelve outcomes are presented in chapter 7 of this paper. Two in particular are the improvement of construction and maintenance, which can only come about through training. The research questions are also answered in chapter 7, with recommendations put forward on possible directions to take in terms of trying to influence the development of the concept in Fiji
Master of Science (Hons)

Ever since 1976, livestock farmers in Fiji have been intrigued about biogas digesters as an animal waste management measure, but the concept has never evolved into one that is sustainable. Renewed interest came in 1997 after a better Chinese Modified Dome (CMD) design was established, with this came government funding, however by 2002, some failure was also observed. This study set out to investigate the reasons why biogas digesters have never been established as a sustainable concept, its effectiveness as an animal waste management tool and what changes if any, can be made to try and influence the further development of the concept in Fiji. In order to achieve the objectives, which were simply obtaining the answers to the questions presented above, several different approaches had to be followed. This study was the first on biogas digesters in Fiji and it was unique in the sense that the major component dealt with the social aspects of farmers in relation to their biogas digesters. Basically the study was carried out in two parts - desktop studies and field studies. Desktop studies were done to better understand the situation while the field studies included semi-structured interviews with the farmers as well as the collection of biophysical data. Twelve outcomes are presented in chapter 7 of this paper. Two in particular are the improvement of construction and maintenance, which can only come about through training. The research questions are also answered in chapter 7, with recommendations put forward on possible directions to take in terms of trying to influence the development of the concept in Fiji

Thesis (M. Sc.) (Hons) -- University of Western Sydney, 2005.
" A thesis presented to the School of Environment and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Honours)." Includes bibliography : leaves 165 -175, and appendices.

Management of waste from confined animal feeding operations is becoming increasingly important. While anaerobic lagoons and sprayfields are currently used for treatment, recent administrative initiatives call for their replacement. This decision has increased the need for characterization of the cost and treatment effectiveness of alternative technologies. However, due to variations in farm characteristics (e.g., size, location), identification of the most cost-effective combination of treatment technologies to achieve collective environmental goals requires an integrated approach (i.e. all combinations of treatment technology alternatives at all farms in a region must be considered simultaneously). The objective of this research was to develop a regional management decision-support framework to assist policy-makers, planners, and farmers in making cost effective lagoon replacement decisions to achieve desired treatment and public protection goals. A major component of the framework is a cost and treatment efficiency assessment tool to evaluate alternative animal waste treatment technologies for individual farms. Outputs from the assessment tool, together with geospatial data, feed into the regional management component of the framework, which consists of several formal optimization techniques that assist in the search for good decisions. Among these techniques are an optimization engine (integer programming) that can be used to find management strategies that meet cost and environmental targets, and a method for efficiently generating alternatives (Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA)). The management alternatives have similar cost and environmental performance but may behave differently for unmodeled objectives (e.g., risk or equity). Finally, the regional management framework includes an uncertainty analysis component that allows the evaluation of alternatives while taking into consideration the uncertainty in model inputs. The decision-support framework was demonstrated through an illustrative example; the regional waste management of swine farms in the Lower Neuse River watershed in eastern North Carolina to achieve a 30% reduction in nitrogen loading. Results show that 1) a regional management approach is essential for achieving cost savings, 2) there is significant flexibility in meeting the nitrogen reduction and cost targets, 3) consideration of uncertainty may lead to the selection of a different solution, 4) the decision support framework can be used successfully to address a range of concerns, including but not limited to cost, risk, equity, and uncertainty.

Increased adoption of compost bedded pack dairy barns (CBP), a relatively new housing and manure handling strategy, warrants study to facilitate proper use of CBP waste as a soil amendment. This study: 1) characterized in situ nutrient content and availability of CBP waste in terms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P); 2) examined the decomposition of surface-applied CBP waste compared to an alternative processed solid waste amendment; 3) examined nutrient dynamics of incorporated CBP waste in high and low soil test phosphorus (STP) environments. Quick anaerobic mineralization assays revealed that bed management affects nutrient content and availability of CBP waste. A Fall surface-applied litter bag study showed that different particle sizes of CBP waste and a biosolid decomposed at similar rates. The biosolid had greater nutrient density and availability, but the decomposition was similar to CBP waste in terms of mineralization dynamics. Aerobic mineralization of CBP waste in high and low STP soils amended on a uniform P basis was compared with fresh manure. In general, CBP increased STP more and yielded more plant available P than fresh manure. These studies provide recommendations for CBP management and further study to ensure the proper land application of CBP waste.

Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
As with any form of intensive agriculture, there are potential environmental impacts associated with the management and housing of livestock on dairy farms. Within the field of dairy farming, particular focus falls to the issue of environmental degradation of water resources, as this form of pollution is currently a major environmental issue around the world. Conventional agricultural practices involving the application of chemical fertilizers to land and crops are causing environmental problems as a result of poor management practices. Dairy wastewater and manures could however be a valuable resource for agricultural producers in the form of an alternate fertilizer for their crops. Waste application as a fertilizer is more environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers, and could drastically reduce costs for farmers, whilst alleviating storage and management problems often associated with farmyard manures (FYM). The application of organic wastes, notably livestock manures, to land has historically been important for maintaining soil fertility on farms in terms of nutrient status and organic matter levels, as well as helping to reduce soil erosion and improve waterholding capacity. The research sought to investigate the environmental and economical feasibility of using dairy wastewater and manures as an alternative form of fertilizer within agriculture in South Africa.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-02-14T16:07:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - I?da Vicente Cabral.pdf: 3870722 bytes, checksum: 5e6952c61ab99f39fcdf8cba849a6d1c (MD5)
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In the context of environmental crisis experienced by humanity, we highlight the progressive increase of the waste produced in recent decades, which is demanding changes in socioeconomic, cultural, legal, primarily environmental contexts. All the problems of waste generation becomes even more serious due to the ineffectiveness of treatment and final disposal of this waste, given that ways to manage these wastes can impact profoundly on the environment, contaminating soil, air, water. All the problems of waste generation becomes even more serious due to the ineffectiveness of treatment and final disposal of this waste, given that ways to manage these wastes can impact profoundly on the environment, contaminating soil, air, water. Thus, there is no way to think of ways to preserve and restore the environment regardless of the existence of waste management programs that allow the minimization of environmental impacts. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the management of chemical waste in the Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology (DMFA) of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE). And as specific objectives, seek to identify and quantify the situation of chemical waste generated in histology laboratories; propose and provide a guide for chemical waste management procedures in order to assist DMFA laboratories in a future implementation of a Chemical Waste Management Program (PGRQ). We used the case study method, where qualitative and quantitative data were collected, as well as observations in locus. The application of semi-structured questionnaires, with open and closed questions, was conducted from February 2015 to April 2015, and the record of the waste produced in laboratories, from November 2014 to March 2015. The survey results showed the need to prioritize actions aimed at proper management of chemical waste, so that UFRPE implement a chemical waste management Program, capable of treating the waste produced in its laboratories and thereby reducing environmental impacts generated by these.
No contexto de crise ambiental vivenciado pela humanidade, destacamos o aumento progressivo dos res?duos produzidos nas ?ltimas d?cadas, o qual tem demandando mudan?as nos assuntos socioecon?mico, cultural, legal e precipuamente, ambiental. Toda a problem?tica da gera??o de res?duos se torna ainda mais grave em raz?o da inefici?ncia dos tratamentos e disposi??o final adequada dos mesmos, tendo em vista que as formas de gerir estes res?duos podem impactar profundamente no meio ambiente, contaminando o solo, ar e recursos h?dricos. Deste modo, n?o h? como pensar em formas de preservar e recuperar o meio ambiente sem levar em considera??o a exist?ncia de programas de gerenciamento de res?duos que permitam a minimiza??o dos impactos ambientais. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar a gest?o de res?duos qu?micos no Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal (DMFA) da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE). E como objetivos espec?ficos, buscamos identificar e quantificar a situa??o dos res?duos qu?micos gerados nos laborat?rios de histologia; propor e disponibilizar um guia de procedimentos de gerenciamento de res?duos qu?micos, a fim de auxiliar os laborat?rios do DMFA em uma futura implanta??o de um Programa de Gerenciamento de Res?duos Qu?micos (PGRQ). Utilizamos o m?todo de estudo de caso, onde foram levantados dados qualitativos e quantitativos, assim como observa??es in l?cus. A aplica??o de question?rios semiestruturados, com quest?es abertas e fechadas, foi realizada no per?odo de fevereiro de 2015 a abril de 2015, e o registro dos res?duos produzidos nos laborat?rios, no per?odo de novembro de 2014 a mar?o de 2015. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram para a necessidade de priorizar a??es voltadas para o gerenciamento adequado de res?duos qu?micos, de modo que a UFRPE implemente um Programa de Gerenciamento de Res?duo Qu?mico, capaz de garantir o tratamento dos res?duos produzidos em seus laborat?rios e com isso a redu??o dos impactos ambientais gerados por estes.

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As agroindústrias, em especial os matadourosde bovinos, são, por natureza, responsáveis pela geração de uma grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos, e quando gerenciados inadequadamente podem ocasionar potenciais problemas ambientais e de saúde pública, tais como poluição e contaminação de corpos hídricos e do solo, produção de gases fétidos, além da proliferação de micro e macro vetores de doenças. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um diagnóstico do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos provenientes do matadouro público do Município de Pombal-PB, identificando possíveis falhas de gestão e apontando medidas de controle ambiental em todas as fases do mesmo (acondicionamento, armazenamento, coleta, transporte, tratamento, destinação final e disposição final ambientalmente adequada). O método de avaliação fundamentou-se num levantamento de informações documental, bibliográfico e de campo por meio da aplicação de questionários junto aos atores sociais diretos da Vigilância Sanitária municipal, da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, da Secretaria de Agricultura e funcionários do matadouro em questão, bem como na análise das instalações físicas, legislação, fiscalização e impactos ambientais oriundos desses serviços nesta agroindústria. Os resultados deste estudo nos possibilitaram vislumbrar a urgente necessidade de especificações, normatizações e adequação estrutural, sanitária e ambiental no matadouro da cidade de Pombal-PB, bem como, de um adequado gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos e efluentes líquidos gerados no seu processo produtivo, uma vez que apresentam sérias deficiências em todas as etapas do gerenciamento e as ações para controlar os impactos ambientais negativos das suas atividades são incipientes.
Agri-industries, especially cattle slaughterhouses, are by their nature responsible for generating a large amount of solid waste, and when inadequately managed it can lead to potential environmental and public health problems, such as pollution and contamination of water bodies and soil, production of fetid gases, besides the proliferation of micro and macro vectors of diseases. The objective of this study was to conduct a diagnosis of the management of solid waste from the public slaughterhouse of the Municipality of Pombal-PB, identifying possible management failures and pointing out environmental control measures in all phases of the same (packaging, storage, collection, transportation, treatment, final destination and environmentally appropriate final disposal). The evaluation method was based on a survey of documentary, bibliographical and field information through the application of questionnaires to the direct social actors of the Municipal Sanitary Surveillance, the Secretariat of the Environment, the Secretariat of Agriculture and officials of the slaughterhouse in question, as well as in the analysis of the physical facilities, legislation, inspection and environmental impacts of these services in this agro- industry. The results of this study enabled us to discern the urgent need for specifications, standards and structural, sanitary and environmental adequacy in the slaughterhouse of the city of Pombal-PB, as well as an adequate management of solid waste and liquid effluents generated in its production process, once which present serious deficiencies in all stages of management and actions to control the negative environmental impacts of their activities are incipient.

Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Nas últimas décadas, o impacto ambiental dos resíduos tem sido um tema de crescente importância a nível mundial. A produção de grandes quantidades de resíduos levou à criação de programas internacionais de gestão de resíduos, com o objetivo de minimizar a eliminação destes. Além disso, têm sido vários os casos de surtos de doenças ligadas à cadeia alimentar, o que tem levado a uma crescente preocupação no que diz respeito aos subprodutos de origem animal e a sua correta gestão. Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar qualitativa e quantitativamente os resíduos resultantes da venda de produtos da pesca em vários mercados municipais de Lisboa e descrever os seus sistemas de gestão. Para tal, foi registado o peso de 200 embalagens de produtos da pesca e de 189 espécimes antes e após a preparação. Das embalagens pesadas, apenas 79,31% do peso total correspondia aos produtos da pesca, sendo que os restantes 20,69% correspondem ao peso da embalagem e do gelo. Em relação à preparação dos produtos da pesca, o valor médio da percentagem de subprodutos situou-se nos 16,53%, enquanto a mediana foi de 12,50%. No que diz respeito aos sistemas de gestão, têm vindo a ser implementados planos que permitem a correta separação dos vários tipos de resíduos e dos subprodutos, e existe uma crescente consciencialização dos operadores da importância dessa separação.
ABSTRACT - In the last decades, the impact of waste on the environment has been a topic of growing importance worldwide. The production of large amounts of waste has led to the creation of international waste management programs, aiming to minimize waste disposal. Likewise, the multiple disease outbreaks related to the food chain have led to an increasing concern regarding animal by-products and their proper management. The objectives of this study are the qualitative and quantitative characterization of waste resulting from the fishery products sale in multiple Lisbon marketplaces, and the description of their management systems. For this matter, the weight of 200 packages of fishery products and of 189 specimens was recorded before and after preparation. Regarding the weighted packages, only 79,31% of the total weight corresponded to the fishery products, while the remaining 20,69% corresponded to the packaging and ice. Regarding fish preparation, the average percentage of animal by-products was 16,53%, while the median was 12,50%. Concerning the management systems, plans that allow the correct sorting of different types of waste and animal by-products are being implemented and there is a growing awareness of the workers about this separation.

[Abstract]: The disposal of animal waste has become a problem in many parts of the world due to the rapid growth in the number and the size of intensive animal industries. Safe waste disposal sites are rarely available and the relocation and/or treatment of animal waste is seldom economically viable. The reuse of animal waste for energy recovery and re-feeding is also not popular. Animal waste is a valuable source of plant nutrients and a very good soil conditioner, and has been commonly applied as fertiliser to agricultural fields. However, due to the increasing oversupply of animal waste in recent years, it has often been applied in excess to the agricultural fields. Excessive application of animal waste, without due consideration of its implications, is a serious concern. The run-off and leaching losses of nutrients from the fields fertilised with animal waste have contributed significantly to the eutrophication and toxic blue-green algae blooms in surface water systems and nitrification of ground water systems. It has also led to nutrient imbalances in the soils and odour pollution to the surrounding communities. The animal waste, which is a valuable source of plant nutrients, has thus become both an economic and environmental burden, and there is a need to develop a strategy for its sensible use as a fertiliser in agricultural fields. Sensible use of animal waste involves the consideration of all the agricultural, environmental, social, and economical limitations. A rational method of achieving this is to restrict the use of animal waste to sites suitable for such uses, identify areas where it can be relocated and applied economically, limit the application rates to a safe level, and observe appropriate manure management practices. This study addressed each of these components by developing a comprehensive manure application plan (MAP) for the site-specific use of animal waste as fertiliser in agricultural fields. Various geographic information systems (GIS) based techniques, including a weighted linear combination model and map algebra based cartographic modelling, were employed to achieve the goal. The appropriateness of the existing techniques and procedures were evaluated and modified to meet the current input requirements. New methods of analysis were devised as necessary. The Westbrook sub-catchment of the Condamine River catchment in south-east Queensland was selected as the study area. The sub-catchment covers 24,903 hectares and contains 39 intensive animal industries. The catchment is also a part of the Murray-Darling Basin, which has been suffering from toxic blue green algae blooms recurrently since 1991. This study identified that only about one-fifth of the sub-catchment area is suitable for animal waste application. Depending on the method of site suitability analysis and the number of input factors used the suitable area ranged between 16 and 22 percent. This comparatively small area is mainly due to the presence of a large proportion of non-agricultural areas in the sub-catchment. The suitable areas were also found to have various degrees of suitability for waste application. However, the degree of site suitability was affected by the number of input factors used in the analysis, the weighting of the factors, and the method of factor attribute standardisation. Conventional methods of weighting input factors were found to be cumbersome and not particularly suitable. Hence, this study developed a new ‘objective oriented comparison’ method of factor weighting. Standardisation of input factors using a continuous, rather than discrete, classification (ie fuzzy set) method was found to be more consistent in degree of suitability determination. The discrete classification of factor attributes into classes of different numbers and sizes, and the weighting of classes to a sum of one, were identified as a limitation in using this standardisation method. A new ‘weight adjustment’ method was devised and demonstrated to reduce factor-weighting biases. The suitable sites, degree of site suitability, and other relevant spatial and non-spatial information were processed within a GIS framework to develop a comprehensive manure application plan. The inherently high presence of available phosphorus in the soils of the study area was recognised and the P2O5 content in the manure was used as the basis for determining manure application rates. A complimentary nitrogen supply map was also generated. Manure management practices applicable to the areas with a lower degree of suitability were also suggested.

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Usual practices in health stablishments, both human and animal, produce a considerable quantity of residues that potentially represents risks to health of the internal community and the population. These wastes demand special management, with or without treatment prior to the final destination. Consequently, the processing constitutes a vital topic to occupational safety of the employees who handling them, such as to the public health and environment. Thus, this study aimed to analyze aspects of the control of residues produced at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Goiás (HV/UFG). The waste was classified in four groups (GA, GB, GD and GE) accordling to its nature: infectious, chemical, common and drill-sharp, respectively. The evaluation of the residues management was performed using a checklist prepared in accordance with actual legislation and after its validation and application in all sectors of the HV/UFG. The qualifying and quantifying were made through the inspection and weighing of these products. The study was carried out from may 04 to July 17, 2009. As results, it was observed that the management adopted in HV/UFG wasn t fully in accordance with the sanitary regime. Among the critical points observed, it can be outstand the inappropriate separation, identification and storage of the health services waste, poor training of the professionals involved, as well as, insufficient structural conditions. From the previously waste conditioned as GA, it was observed that only 28,5% were appropriately classified as GA. The rest, 2% was GB, 0.5% was GE and 69% was GD. It can be concluded that if the segregation was performed properly in accordance of sanitary legislation, could occur a reduction up to 71% of the contaminated residues. This result can be considered relevant because it implicate in considerable reduction in costs for the treatment of the health services waste, just as in the prevention of infectious diseases and occupational accidents during the handling of these residues.
As atividades cotidianas nos diversos estabelecimentos que prestam serviços de saúde, seja humana ou animal, produzem uma considerável quantidade de resíduos, alguns com características que podem representar riscos à saúde da comunidade hospitalar e à população em geral. Esses produtos necessitam de processos diferenciados em seu manejo, exigindo ou não tratamento prévio à sua destinação final, sendo particularmente importantes tanto para a segurança ocupacional dos trabalhadores que os manuseiam, como para a saúde pública e ao meio ambiente. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar aspectos do gerenciamento dos resíduos gerados no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Goiás (HV/UFG), sendo estes classificados em quatro grupos (GA, GB, GD e GE), denominados, respectivamente, infectantes, químicos, comuns e perfurocortantes. A avaliação do manejo desses resíduos foi efetuada utilizando check list, elaborado de acordo com a legislação vigente e, depois de validado, aplicado em todos os Setores do HV/UFG. A qualificação e quantificação foram efetuadas por meio de inspeção e pesagem desses produtos. O estudo foi realizado no período de 04 de maio a 17 de julho de 2009. Verificou-se que o manejo adotado no HV/UFG não está plenamente em conformidade com a normatização sanitária em vigor. Dentre os pontos de estrangulamentos verificados, destacaram-se a segregação, identificação e armazenamento inadequados dos resíduos de serviços de saúde (RSS), capacitação deficiente dos diferentes profissionais envolvidos no manejo dos mesmos, bem como condições físico-estruturais insuficientes. Dos resíduos acondicionados previamente pelos profissionais do HV/UFG como do GA, depois de segregados, notou-se que somente 28,5% foram classificados como GA, 2% GB, 0,5% GE e 69% GD. Concluiu-se que se a segregação fosse realizada de forma adequada e conforme a legislação sanitária, poderia haver uma redução de até 71% dos resíduos infectantes. Esse resultado é apontado como relevante por implicar em uma diminuição considerável nos custos destinados ao tratamento dos RSS, como também na prevenção de enfermidades infecto-contagiosas e acidentes ocupacionais ocorridos durante o manuseio desses produtos.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 200 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Frederick C. Michel, Jr., Dept. of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-181).

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T12:28:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Claudia Bueno Alves - 2014.pdf: 4444685 bytes, checksum: e658ba7d06afa845c5f9ed19c3305111 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-27
Biosafety can be defined as the actions taken to prevent, reduce or eliminate risks inherent in activities that could endanger human health and the environment. Especially on veterinary environments, there is not much information on the subject. Moreover, the habit of neglecting the adoption of containment measures is not uncommon, which can exacerbate the potential hazards present. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the types of risks present in each section of the laboratory, prepare risk maps with graphical representations of intensity and types of risks, disclose these maps to workers as well as to recognize the types of waste generated in the laboratory and the management adopted to the wastes to elaborate and implement a Waste Management Plan. The study was conducted at an official laboratory for veterinary diagnosis from October, 2013 to March, 2014. In this research, a check list was conducted based on the current legislation on good laboratory practices, risk mapping and waste management. The results showed that all risks and degrees of intensity were present in the laboratory with predominance of biological risk, which had severe intensity in most departments. On the other hand, chemical risk was the least frequent, although it showed the highest coefficient of variation. Regarding intensity, the highest and the lowest amount of riskwere observed in the departments of microbiological diagnosis and equine infectious anemia, respectively. As for waste management, failures were observed in all stages, especially segregation, internal transportation, handling and temporary storage, despite the generation of all types of RSS, but radioactive waste. The risk assessment in the laboratory facilities contributed to the preparation of risk maps in each sector, representing the potential hazards identified and containment measures recommended. Furthermore, a waste management plan was developed and implemented, seeking correction of nonconformities observed and, consequently, minimizing workers exposure to hazards present in the laboratory. With this study, it was possible to evidence that the physical structure as well as material and human resources influence directly the success of a biosafety plan. Thus, it is essential the adoption of a continuing education program to maintain the adherence to preventive measures indicated to minimize risks in the laboratory studied.
A biossegurança pode ser definida como um conjunto de ações destinadas a prevenir, diminuir ou eliminar riscos inerentes às atividades que possam comprometer a saúde humana, animal e o meio ambiente. Particularmente, sobre estabelecimentos veterinários, não há muitas informações a respeito do assunto. Aliado a isso, o hábito de negligenciar as medidas de contenção não é situação incomum, o que, por sua vez, pode agravar os potenciais riscos presentes nesses ambientes. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este estudo, identificar os tipos de riscos presentes em cada setor de um laboratório de análises e diagnóstico veterinário, elaborar os mapas de riscos com representações gráfica da intensidade e tipos de riscos, divulgar estes mapas junto aos trabalhadores, diagnosticar os tipos de resíduos gerados no laboratório e o manejo adotado para elaboração e implementação do Plano de Gestão dos Resíduos. O estudo foi realizado no período de outubro de 2013 a março de 2014, por meio de check list baseado na legislação vigente, sobre boas práticas laboratoriais, mapeamento de riscos e gestão dos resíduos. Os resultados demonstraram que todos os riscos e graus de intensidade foram observados no laboratório avaliado, com predominância do risco biológico e intensidade grave na maioria dos setores. O risco químico foi o de menor ocorrência, apesar de apresentar maior coeficiente de variação. A maior e menor intensidade de risco foram observadas nos setores de microbiologia e diagnóstico de anemia infecciosa equina, respectivamente. Quanto ao manejo dos resíduos, foram observadas falhas em todas as etapas, especialmente, na segregação, transporte interno, tratamento e armazenamento temporário, apesar da geração de todos os tipos de resíduos, exceto rejeito radioativo. A identificação dos riscos existentes no estabelecimento contribuiu para a elaboração dos mapas de riscos em cada setor, representando os potenciais riscos identificados e as medidas de contenção preconizadas. Além disso, foi elaborado e implementado o plano de gestão dos resíduos, visando correções das não conformidades observadas e, consequentemente, a minimização da exposição dos trabalhadores aos riscos presentes no laboratório. Com este estudo, pôde-se evidenciar que a estrutura física e os recursos materiais e humanos exercem influência direta para o sucesso de um plano de biossegurança, sendo também imprescindível a adoção de um programa de educação continuada para manutenção da adesão às medidas preventivas indicadas para minimização dos riscos existentes no laboratório em estudo.

A constructed wetland receiving pasture runoff from a dairy in Tillamook, OR was monitored during the winter of 1997-98 in order to estimate coliform treatment efficiency during winter high flow periods. Monitoring occurred during four sampling periods, each lasting 2 to 4 days. Samples were taken every two hours from the inlet and outlet of each of two parallel wetland cells and analyzed for fecal coliform using the standard membrane filtration technique. Flow into the wetland cells was measured using a chart recorder. Dye tests were conducted for each cell during each sampling period in order to estimate residence time, active cell volume, and qualitatively evaluate the flow regime. Removal was calculated by comparing inlet samples with outlet samples offset by the residence time. This residence time offset method was an attempt to compensate for the changing flows and loads common to storm driven non-point pollution sources. Coliform concentrations and flow rates of the dairy pasture runoff varied widely. Concentrations ranged from 10�� cfu/100mL to more than 10��� cfu/100mL. The highest concentrations typically coincided with the first storm flow peak following manure application. The constructed wetland in this study was able to reduce coliform concentrations in dairy pasture runoff by more than an order of magnitude (98%) during winter storm events. Removals observed during a lower flow period in the fall were significantly lower (78%). A statistical examination of literature data in an attempt to determine the influence of commonly reported parameters on coliform removal had mixed results. Regression modeling suggested that the parameters that most influence coliform removal in wetlands are hydraulic overflow rate (HOR) and inlet coliform concentration. The importance of HOR would appear to suggest that an area-dependent process, such as settling, is the dominant removal mechanism in most wetlands. However, since most wetlands have some form of pretreatment to remove settleable material, it is unlikely that coliform is significantly removed by settling. A theortical examination of coliform removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands suggests that filtration, die-off, and solar ultraviolet disinfection are more likely removal processes.
Graduation date: 1999