Bibliografías temáticas / Animal Protection

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Animal Protection"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 20 de febrero de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Animal Protection"

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Hoffman, István y Bernadette Somody. "Animal Protection in Hungary: A Multilayer System Based on an Administrative Approach". Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, n.º 3 (16 de septiembre de 2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.109-118.

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Animal protection has a long tradition in the Hungarian legal system. It can be interpreted as a multi-layer model, but the major approach of animal protection has an administrative nature. Originally, animal protection was interpreted as protecting farm animals as resources. Even though new layers have been evolved, the agricultural-administrative approach remained. The second layer is based on the protection of health and healthy nature. Animals are even protected as part of the natural environment and ecosystem and their protection is part of securing the biodiversity in Hungary. Although animal cruelty is a criminal offense in Hungary, the penal law approach is consistent with administrative law as it is based on the institutional protection of the fundamental right to health and a healthy environment. The law acknowledges that animals are capable of feeling, of suffering. However, animal protection stems from the state’s objective – subjectless – duty to protect the environment and humans’ living conditions. Its ultimate aim is to protect humans.
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Jones, Dena M. "Advertising Animal Protection". Anthrozoös 10, n.º 4 (2 de diciembre de 1997): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/089279397787000969.

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Zębek, Elżbieta. "Humane Legal Protection of Homeless Animals". Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, n.º 3 (16 de septiembre de 2021): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.265-276.

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Animal rights at the international level have been defined in the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare, which has become a guiding principle for many EU countries in shaping animal protection legislation. The subject of this article is the humane protection of homeless animals, which is the responsibility of the municipality in terms of maintaining cleanliness and order. The study assumes that by carrying out tasks regarding the protection of animals from homelessness, municipalities contribute to the effective protection of animals by providing them with appropriate care. The analysis found that the provisions of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare have been fully incorporated into Polish legislation. However, the effectiveness of the provisions on the protection of homeless animals executed by municipalities is not entirely satisfactory as evidenced by the post-inspection data and selected jurisprudence. In order to improve this state of affairs, the following de lege ferenda postulates were formulated, which in part are also guidelines of the Supreme Audit Office extending the catalog of activities in municipal homeless animal protection programs, introducing the requirement to inspect animal shelters by municipalities, changing the location requirements of animal shelters and also clarifying sanitary requirements concerning the conditions in which animals live in to improve their welfare. The above changes in legislation may contribute to more efficient humane protection of homeless animals in Poland and may serve as an example for other EU countries.
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Weng, Hsin-Yi, Philip H. Kass, Lynette A. Hart y Bruno B. Chomel. "Animal Protection Measures in Taiwan: Taiwanese Attitudes Toward the Animal Protection Law and Animal Shelters". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 9, n.º 4 (octubre de 2006): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0904_6.

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Fritzsche, Ulrich. "Nazis and Animal Protection". Anthrozoös 5, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1992): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/089279392787011296.

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Akhtar, A. "Lab animal protection overdue". Science 345, n.º 6203 (18 de septiembre de 2014): 1461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.345.6203.1461-b.

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Chan, Benedict S. B. "Animal Ethics, International Animal Protection and Confucianism". Global Policy 6, n.º 2 (11 de febrero de 2015): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12194.

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Guazzaloca, Giulia. "‘Anyone who Abuses Animals is no Italian’: Animal Protection in Fascist Italy". European History Quarterly 50, n.º 4 (octubre de 2020): 669–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420960672.

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This article examines the animal protection policies in fascist Italy, placing them in the more general framework of Mussolini’s political and economic strategies and the history of Italian animal advocacy, which began in the second half of the nineteenth century. Focusing on fascist propaganda campaigns on animal welfare, legislation on animal experimentation and slaughter, state reorganization of animal protection societies, which were incorporated in 1938 into the Ente nazionale fascista per la protezione animale, the article aims to show the conceptual and political basis of fascist activism in the prevention of cruelty to animals. Far from being based on the recognition of animals as sentient individuals, it was determined by specifically human interests: autarky and economic efficiency, public morality, the primacy of ‘fascist civilization’, and the regime’s totalitarian design.
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Coulter, Kendra y Brittany Campbell. "Public Investment in Animal Protection Work: Data from Manitoba, Canada". Animals 10, n.º 3 (19 de marzo de 2020): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030516.

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There is a dearth of research on animal cruelty investigations policy and work, despite its importance for protecting animals from illegal forms of cruelty. This study provides baseline data about the approach used in Manitoba, one of the only Canadian provinces where animal protection is publicly funded. By integrating statistical and qualitative data collected through interviews with key informants, this paper elucidates how animal cruelty investigations are organized and undertaken in the province. Although animal protection in Manitoba is publicly funded, the workforce responsible for undertaking investigations is a cross-section of public and private actors with different occupational classifications and working conditions.
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WAHLBERG, BIRGITTA. "RE-EVALUATION OF ANIMAL PROTECTION BY THE FINNISH ANIMAL RIGHTS LAWYERS SOCIETY". Society Register 3, n.º 3 (2 de enero de 2020): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2019.3.3.07.

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The recognition of animals as sentient beings in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) gave rise to expectations as to real concern and care for animal welfare and a balance of human-animal interests. However, both the EU-legislation and the Finnish animal protection legislation is based on an animal welfare paradigm, meaning that animals have a weak legal status compared to humans that makes it impossible to de facto balance human and animal needs and interests in an effective manner from an animal point of view. The weak legal status of animals in the hierarchy of norms in the Finnish legal system contributes to the continuation of the oppression and exploitation of animals. The Finnish Animal Rights Lawyers Society have therefore made a proposal to strengthen animals’ legal status by including animals in the Finnish Constitution (FC) by safeguarding animals’ certain fundamental rights, thereby providing tools for balancing of human-animals interests. This article focuses on the re-evaluation of animal protection from an animal and constitutional point of view.
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Tesis sobre el tema "Animal Protection"

1

Crawford, Kari L. "Organizational Compromise of Animal Protection and Welfare Laws". Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1347565387.

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Svärd, Per-Anders. "Problem Animals : A Critical Genealogy of Animal Cruelty and Animal Welfare in Swedish Politics 1844–1944". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-121356.

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Despite growing academic interest in the human–animal relationship, little research has been directed toward the political regulation of animal treatment. Even less attention has been accorded to the emergence of the long dominant paradigm in this policy area, namely, the ideology of animal welfare. This book attempts to address this gap by chronicling the early history of animal politics in Sweden with the aim of producing a critical, deconstructive genealogy of animal cruelty and animal welfare. The study ranges from the first political debates about animal cruelty in 1844 to the institution of Sweden’s first comprehensive animal protection act in 1944. Taking a post-Marxist and psychoanalytically informed approach to discourse analysis, the study focuses on how the “problem” of animal cruelty was articulated in the parliamentary debates and government documents throughout the period: What was the problem of animal (mis)treatment represented to be? What kinds of animal (ab)use were rendered uncontroversial? What kind of affective investments and ideological fantasies underpinned these discursive constructions, and how did the problematizations change over time? The book contains six empirical chapters that deal with the most important legal revisions in the period as well as the parallel debates about animal experimentation and slaughter. Two major discursive regimes—an early “anti-cruelty regime” and a later “animal welfare regime”—are identified in the material, and the transition between them is theorized in terms of discursive antagonism and dislocation. Focusing on the conflict between competing discursive logics, the study charts a century of ideological struggles through which our modern attitudes toward animals were born. The book also offers a critical reinterpretation of the success story of animal welfare. Against the assumption that modern animal welfarism progressively grew out of the preceding anti-cruelty regime, the central claim of this book is that the “welfarist turn” that took place in the 1930s and 1940s also functioned to re-entrench society’s speciesist values and de-problematize the exploitation of animals for human purposes.
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Munro, Lyle 1944. "Beasts abstract not : a sociology of animal protection". Monash University, School of Political and Social Inquiry, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7967.

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White, Steven. "Standards and Standard-Setting for Companion and Farm Animal Protection in Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367155.

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This study examines standards and standard-setting for the protection of companion and farm animals. The well-being of companion and farm animals is dependent on the scope of standards applicable to their protection and the ways in which those standards are applied in practice. Despite the seriousness of harms inflicted on companion and, especially, farm animals every year, little scholarly attention has been paid to development of the standards governing their protection. A case study approach, focussed on Queensland, is used to explore who exercises authority in the arena of animal protection regulation, how standard-setting processes work and how these relate to compliance monitoring and enforcement. This study explores these issues through a series of questions: 1. How are the purposes of the regulation of the protection of companion and farm animals framed? 2. What types of regulatory standards apply to the protection of companion and farm animals in Queensland? 3. What are the processes for development of these standards, and how have these evolved over time? 4. What consequences do the prevailing types of standards have for compliance monitoring and enforcement? 5. How are these standards applied in practice through compliance monitoring and enforcement processes? 6. What are the key differences in the regulatory standards for the protection of companion and farm animals and how might these differences be rationalised? Insights from regulatory studies are used to interpret and explain regulatory objectives, standard-setting processes and, to the extent allowed by the data obtained in this study, compliance monitoring and enforcement. This study therefore provides a new field of practice – animal protection – for the application of established principles of regulatory analysis. This study makes a significant contribution to the discipline of animal law, still a comparatively new area of legal concern, by extending the predominantly doctrinal underpinnings of this field.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
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5

Sanford, Brenton Joel. "Cross-protection and Potential Animal Reservoir of the Hepatitis E Virus". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77133.

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HEV is an important public health concern due largely to water-borne outbreak. Recent research confirms individual cases of zoonotic transmission due to human exposure to contaminated animal meats. At least four recognized and two putative genotypes of mammalian HEV have been reported: genotypes 1 and 2 are restricted to humans whereas genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic. In addition to humans, strains of HEV have been genetically identified from pigs, chickens, rats, mongoose, deer, rabbits and fish. The current experimental vaccines are all based on a single strain of HEV, even though multiple genotypes of HEV are co-circulating in some countries and thus an individual may be exposed to more than one genotype. Therefore, it is important to know if prior infection with a genotype 3 swine HEV will confer protective immunity against subsequent exposure to genotypes 3 and 4 human and swine HEV. In the first study, specific-pathogen-free pigs were divided into 4 groups of 6 each. Pigs in the three treatment groups were each inoculated with a genotype 3 swine HEV, and 12 weeks later, challenged with the same genotype 3 swine HEV, a genotype 3 human HEV, and a genotype 4 human HEV, respectively. Sera from all pigs were tested for HEV RNA and IgG anti-HEV, and fecal samples were also tested for HEV RNA each week. The pigs inoculated with swine HEV became infected as evidenced by fecal virus shedding and viremia, and the majority of pigs also developed IgG anti-HEV prior to challenge at 12 weeks post-inoculation. After challenge, viremia and fecal virus shedding of challenge viruses were not detected, suggesting that prior infection with a genotype 3 swine HEV prevented pigs from developing viremia and fecal virus shedding after challenge with homologous and heterologous genotypes 3 and 4 HEV, respectively. Immunogenic epitopes are located within the open reading frame 2 (ORF 2) capsid protein and recombinant ORF 2 antigens are capable of preventing HEV infection in non-human primates and chickens. In the second study we expressed and purified N-truncated ORF 2 antigens based on swine, rat, and avian HEV strains. Thirty pigs were randomly divided into groups of 6 pigs each and initially vaccinated with 200µg swine ORF 2 antigen, rat ORF 2 antigen, avian ORF 2 antigen, or PBS buffer (positive and negative control groups) and booster with the same vaccine 2 weeks later. At 4 wks, after confirming seroconversion to IgG anti-HEV antibody with ELISA, all groups except the negative control were challenged with swine genotype 3 HEV (administered intravenously). The protective and cross-protective abilities of these antigens were determined following swine genotype 3 challenge by evaluating both serum and fecal samples for HEV RNA using nested RT-PCR and IgG anti-HEV using ELISA. The results from these two studies have important implications for future development of an effective HEV vaccine. As a part of our ongoing efforts to search for potential animal reservoirs for HEV, we tested goats from Virginia for evidence of HEV infection and showed that 16% (13/80) of goat sera from Virginia herds were positive for IgG anti-HEV. Importantly, we demonstrated that selected goat sera were capable of neutralizing HEV in cell culture. Subsequently, in an attempt to genetically identify the HEV-related agent from goats, we conducted a prospective study in a closed goat herd with known anti-HEV seropositivity and monitored a total of 11 kids from the time of birth until 14 weeks of age for evidence of HEV infection. Seroconversion to IgG anti-HEV was detected in 7 out of the 11 kids, although repeated attempts to detect HEV RNA by a broad-spectrum nested RT-PCR from the fecal and serum samples of the goats that had seroconverted were unsuccessful. In addition, we also attempted to experimentally infect laboratory goats with three well-characterized mammalian strains of HEV but with no success. The results indicate that a HEV-related agent is circulating and maintained in the goat population in Virginia and that the goat HEV is likely genetically very divergent from the known HEV strains.
Ph. D.
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6

O'Sullivan, Siobhan. "Animal Visibility and and Equality in Liberal Democratic States". University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2441.

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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)
Animal welfare legislation does not consistently protect all nonhuman animals against all harms under all circumstances. Through an analysis of current legislative arrangements and the origins of animal protection law, and an examination of popular attitudes towards animal cruelty, this study seeks to comment on the role of visibility in informing the level and type of state-sponsored interest protection an animal receives. It is argued that different types of animals enjoy different levels of visibility and that an animal’s level of visibility influences the extent to which the state is willing to intervene to protect the animal from harm. These findings are significant because the highly politicised nature of the lives of many nonhuman animals raises questions about the appropriateness of an animal welfare legislative regime which is at once biased and which also tends to favour those animals who are most readily visible. It is argued that the practice of regulating animal welfare by use of legislative instruments which are inconsistent is problematic from the perspective of liberal principles because liberalism places a heavy emphasis on the concept of equality. Similarly, the practice of preferential treatment for the most visible is not consistent with democratic values because it removes citizens from the process of establishing agreed-upon standards for animal protection. In conclusion, it is argued that because some animals have been effectively drawn into the liberal democratic political landscape, the principle of equitable treatment should be applied to the manner in which the state regulates animal use. Such an approach would mean that animal use would be regulated according to the same values that are applied to other areas of political society. It would also have the effect of establishing what the community views as the appropriate level of nonhuman animal interest protection, by challenging the existence of a double standard predicated on the principle of low visibility.
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O'Sullivan, Siobhan. "Animal Visibility and and Equality in Liberal Democratic States". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2441.

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Animal welfare legislation does not consistently protect all nonhuman animals against all harms under all circumstances. Through an analysis of current legislative arrangements and the origins of animal protection law, and an examination of popular attitudes towards animal cruelty, this study seeks to comment on the role of visibility in informing the level and type of state-sponsored interest protection an animal receives. It is argued that different types of animals enjoy different levels of visibility and that an animal’s level of visibility influences the extent to which the state is willing to intervene to protect the animal from harm. These findings are significant because the highly politicised nature of the lives of many nonhuman animals raises questions about the appropriateness of an animal welfare legislative regime which is at once biased and which also tends to favour those animals who are most readily visible. It is argued that the practice of regulating animal welfare by use of legislative instruments which are inconsistent is problematic from the perspective of liberal principles because liberalism places a heavy emphasis on the concept of equality. Similarly, the practice of preferential treatment for the most visible is not consistent with democratic values because it removes citizens from the process of establishing agreed-upon standards for animal protection. In conclusion, it is argued that because some animals have been effectively drawn into the liberal democratic political landscape, the principle of equitable treatment should be applied to the manner in which the state regulates animal use. Such an approach would mean that animal use would be regulated according to the same values that are applied to other areas of political society. It would also have the effect of establishing what the community views as the appropriate level of nonhuman animal interest protection, by challenging the existence of a double standard predicated on the principle of low visibility.
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Hartwig, Wendy. "Legal status and protection of animals in South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/515.

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The animal welfare legislation that is discussed in this Dissertation is just a sample of the available legislation from the chosen foreign jurisdictions and South Africa. The chosen foreign jurisdictions were chosen as a lens to gain a needed perspective on South African animal welfare legislation. The legislation chosen for discussion falls within particular categories that are discussed fully in the later chapters.i Despite the fact that the animal rights and animal welfare movements are recorded to date back as far as 500B.C, the majority of jurisdictions throughout the world still consider animals to be property that can be bought, traded, hunted and after they are killed, their remains kept as trophies or souvenirs. Within these jurisdictions (which includes South Africa and the other four chosen foreign jurisdictions – Kenya, India, Switzerland and the United States of America) there is a demonstrated lack of proper enforcement of the animal welfare/animal anti-cruelty legislation, regulations and industry rules, which is made worse by the actions of uncaring, abusive and/or ignorant people. South Africa is no better or worse to the four chosen jurisdictions in that it has similar anti-cruelty/animal welfare legislation. The lack of proper enforcement of this animal welfare legislation in South Africa should be of great concern as many studies have indicated that there is a link between animal abuse/cruelty and ‘human’ abuse. The same studies also indicate that animal abusers are at a greater risk of becoming violent criminals or of committing a violent crime. For example, the Federal Bureau of Investigation has noted that most serial killers in the USA had a history of torturing, abusing and killing animals before they moved on to torturing, abusing and/or killing humans in their adult life. Needed changes to the animal welfare legislation and how people view animals should be made in South Africa to ensure that welfare of animals is protected. For example, the Government could educate people about animal welfare in order to overcome any ignorance that may be the cause of animal pain and abuse, as well as strengthening existing animal welfare legislation. The eradication of ignorance, as well as a necessary change in the current animal welfare legislation, will help to create a real change in how people view and treat i Chapter 5 and 6. [iii] animals. People will come to realise that animals exist in their own right and that they were not created to serve or to be exploited by man.
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Chapouthier, Georges. "Essai de définition d'une ethique de l'homme vis-à-vis de l'animal". Lyon 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO31010.

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Nous avons tente, dans le present travail, de definir une ethique des rapports de l'homme vis-a-vis de l'animal, a la lumiere des connaissances d'aujourd'hui. L'analyse des rapports actuels de l'homme et de l'animal -- domestication, jeux sauvages, alimentation carnee. . . . --ainsi que l'analyse de ces rapports dans l'his- -toire et dans les grandes traditions religieuses ou philosophiques, nous ont amene a souligner une emergence progressive de la pensee favorable a l'animal. Un grand probleme restait cependant insoluble, celui pose par l'experimentation sur l'animal vivant, ou le bien-etre de l'homme et celui de l'animal paraissaient s'opposer. La definition du statut meme de l'homme a la lumiere des connaissances actuel- -les a permis d'aboutir a la ngation d'une coupure philosophique entre l'homme et les (autres) animaux et a la definition de deux finalites a notre espece : la scien- -ce et l'ethique. Nous avons defendu le primat de l'ethique sur la science, pres- qu'admis en ce qui concerne l'experimentation sur l'homme, et qui pourrait, avec profit, etre applique a l'animal. Il s'agit la d'une position philosophique zoophi- -le qui inclut (et depasse) la position traditionnelle humaniste. Cette position a trouve sa formulation la plus convaincante dans le mouvement en faveur des droits de l'animal, qui, simultanement, garantit des droits aux ani- -maux et tente de resoudre les conflits de droits entre especes, comme celui qui tou- -che a l'experimentation animale, par une approche pratique qui met en regard scien- -ce et ethique
In the present study, we have attempted to define, in the light of present-day knowledge, the ethics of the relationship of man towards animals. An analysis of the present relationship between man and animals -- domestication, savage games or meat diet-- as well as an analysis of this relationship throughout history and in the great religious or philosophical traditions, have led us to emphasize a gradual emergence of a way of thinking favourable to animals. However a major problem remai- -ned unsolved, the problem of experiments on living animals, in which the well-being of man and that of animals seemed to be completely opposed. The definition of the very status of man, in the light of present-day knowled- -ge, has led us to the negation of a philosophical gap between man and (other) ani- -mals and to the definition of two main finalities for our species : science and ethics. We have defended the primacy of ethics over science, almost accepted as re- -gards experiments on man, and which could be profitably applied to experiments on animals. Such a zoophilist philosophical stance includes (and goes beyond) the tra- -ditional humanist stance. This stance can be best expressed by the movement in favour of animal rights, which guarantees rights to animals and, at the same time, attempts to solve con- -flicts or rights between species-- such as the conflict concerning animal experi- -ments-- through a practical approach confronting science and ethics
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10

Letourneau, Lyne. "Animal protection law in Great Britain : in search of the existing moral orthodoxy". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602287.

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Omnipresent in Western society, the idea of progress is commonly advanced in relation to the development of animal protection law in Great Britain. Essentially, it is argued that the law now recognises that animals are worthy of moral consideration in their own right, that is, that they count or matter morally. From the concept of "animal as object" to that of "animal as person", indeed, the history of Western philosophical thinking bears witness to a progressive acknowledgement of animals (or, at least, of some animals) as full members of the moral community, along with all human beings. However, as political theorist Robert Garner argues in his book Animals, Politics and Morality, public policy is never simply a product of moral principles. Rather, influenced by pressure groups, it is the result of a process based on negotiation and compromise. That being the case, in the present thesis, I ask whether Great Britain has truly been the scene of moral progress through the development of animal protection law and to what extent one may speak of moral progress at all in relation to this area of law. Is animal protection law in Great Britain moving away from the traditional moral position that animals are exclusively means to human ends, thereby granting moral standing and equal moral status to animals The answer to this question lies with identifying the philosophical conception of the relations between humans and animals which is expressed through the body of animal protection law in this country. For animals' moral status within the law ensues directly from it. In the first chapter, following the great influence the position plays in the contemporary debate over our moral treatment of animals, I use Tom Regan's theory of animal rights to assess whether animal protection law in Great Britain reflects a conception of human-animal relations that is consistent with a recognition that animals possess moral rights. In the second chapter, I defend the view that animal protection law in Great Britain does not reflect utilitarianism - a position that has been popularised in animal ethics by moral philosopher Peter Singer. In the third chapter, building on the distinctive features of animal protection law in Great Britain which have emerged from the analysis in Chapters I and II, I contend that the law reflects "group egoism" - a form of consequentialism which falls between ethical egoism and utilitarianism. To be sure, what comes forth as the dominant position underlying animal protection law in Great Britain is that human beings protect animals only to the extent to which benefit is provided to them in return, or, at the very least, to the extent that so doing does not impinge on their interests in animal use. Does this position represent any kind of moral progress In the context of changing human attitudes towards animals and the development of animal protection law, I argue that it does. However, this moral progress carries no recognition that animals are worthy of moral consideration in their own right, that is, that they count or matter morally. Far from doing away with the traditional position that animals are exclusively means to human ends, animal protection law in Great Britain fits in with this way of thinking and grants to animals an instrumental value only.
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Libros sobre el tema "Animal Protection"

1

Commission, Manitoba Law Reform. Animal protection. Winnipeg, Man: The Commission, 1996.

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Commission, Manitoba Law Reform. Animal protection. Winnipeg, Man: The Commission, 1996.

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3

Morrison, Susan. Animal tracks: Follow the animals. [Eureka Springs, Ark.]: Makin' Tracks, 1992.

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4

(Firm), Body Shop. Animal protection statement 95. Littlehampton: Body Shop, 1996.

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5

Williams, Erin E. Why animals matter: The case for animal protection. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007.

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6

Margo, DeMello, ed. Why animals matter: The case for animal protection. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007.

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Ndemezogo, Georgin Mbeng. Protection animale au Gabon. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2013.

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Langley, Gill. Animal experimentation: The consensus changes. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1989.

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9

Carlton, Dennis G. Animal protection: Treatment and welfare issues. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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10

Garner, Robert. Political animals: Animal protection politics in Britain and the United States. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Animal Protection"

1

Eadie, Edward N. "Politics of Animal Protection". En Animal Welfare, 77–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30577-1_8.

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Eadie, Edward N. "Legislative Enactment for Animal Protection". En Animal Welfare, 89–103. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30577-1_9.

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Garner, Robert. "Parliament and Animal Protection". En Political Animals, 109–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26438-4_6.

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Tschanz, B. "Ethology and Animal Protection". En Ethical, Ethological and Legal Aspects of Intensive Farm Animal Management, 41–47. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6035-2_2.

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Stephens, Martin L. "An Animal Protection Perspective". En Toxicity Assessment Alternatives, 243–46. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-718-5_23.

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Amato Mangiameli, Agata C. "Article 13 [Animal Protection]". En Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - A Commentary, 331–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43511-0_14.

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Tshewang, Ugyen, Michael Charles Tobias y Jane Gray Morrison. "Animal Rights and Protection". En Bhutan: Conservation and Environmental Protection in the Himalayas, 155–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57824-4_4.

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Radford, Mike. "Partial Protection: Animal Welfare and the Law". En Animal Rights, 67–91. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25176-6_4.

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Wolfson, Yossi. "Animal Protection Under Israeli Law". En Animal Law and Welfare - International Perspectives, 157–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26818-7_8.

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Roeder, Larry Winter. "International Funding for Animal Protection". En Diplomacy, Funding and Animal Welfare, 103–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21274-1_2.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Animal Protection"

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Jámbor, Adrienn. "About Animal Protection in Education". En MultiScience - XXIX. microCAD International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference. University of Miskolc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26649/musci.2015.086.

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Davydenko, O. N. "THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ANIMAL PROTECTION MOVEMENT IN THE LIFE OF SOCIET". En SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-45-48.

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The article considers the significant contribution of the animal protection movement to international law, as well as its impact on the processes of forming civil society and the humanization of social relations. An analysis of the participation of the animal protection movement has been carried out in the development of programs for the humane regulation of the number of stray animals and companion animals, in the organization of educational work. The economic effect of relevant scientifically based and environmentally relevant activities has been estimated.
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Davydenko, O. N. "THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ANIMAL PROTECTION MOVEMENT IN THE LIFE OF SOCIET". En SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-45-48.

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The article considers the significant contribution of the animal protection movement to international law, as well as its impact on the processes of forming civil society and the humanization of social relations. An analysis of the participation of the animal protection movement has been carried out in the development of programs for the humane regulation of the number of stray animals and companion animals, in the organization of educational work. The economic effect of relevant scientifically based and environmentally relevant activities has been estimated.
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Fesikova, Oksana y M. Savenko. "HOW TO LIVE IN HARMONY WITH NATURE". En Reproduction, monitoring and protection of natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic landscapes. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/rmpnnaal2021_263-266.

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In the modern world, the issue of environmental protection is acute. Environmental problems are reaching a larger level, so our task is not to neglect nature, but to create ideas to prevent global problems. According to ecologists, about 100 species of animals and plants die every year. About 50,000 animal species are on the verge of extinction. The illegal trade in rare animals is damaging, generating about $ 6 billion a year. Poaching takes on organized forms.
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Sumathi, R., P. Raveena, P. Rakshana, P. Nigila y P. Mahalakshmi. "Real Time Protection of Farmlands from Animal Intrusion". En 2022 IEEE World Conference on Applied Intelligence and Computing (AIC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aic55036.2022.9848808.

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Afzaal, Hamra, Zafar Iqbal, Tahreem Saeed y Nazir Ahmad Zafar. "Animal protection algorithm and formal modeling using WSANs". En 2017 International Conference on Communication Technologies (ComTech). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comtech.2017.8065759.

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Galli, Elisabetta. "ANIMAL PROTECTION IN ITALY: THE CRIMINAL LAW PERSPECTIVE". En 8th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS Proceedings 2021. SGEM World Science, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.va2021/s02.07.

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Trøite, M. F. y B. K. Myskja. "58. Legal protection of animal intrinsic value – mere words?" En 14th Congress of the European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-869-8_58.

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Giordano, Stefano, Ilias Seitanidis, Mike Ojo, Davide Adami y Fabio Vignoli. "IoT solutions for crop protection against wild animal attacks". En 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environmental Engineering (EE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ee1.2018.8385275.

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Tozzi, Tatiana, Daniel Fernando Anderle y Rodrigo Ramos Nogueira. "Levantamento de Tecnologias para ONGs de Proteção Animal para apoio ao resgate de animais domésticos acoplados ao ciclo de vida de um sistema Web". En XXIV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/webmedia.2018.4574.

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This paper reports on the stages of identification of existing technologies that can be used to identify and rescue lost animals and to disseminate animals for adoption by NGOs of Animal Protection, Zoonoses Center and Protective Guards. In this article the developed phases of the Course Completion Work are presented. For this, an exploratory research was carried out initially, followed by a questionnaire seeking to identify which technologies are used to identify, locate, rescue and adopt domestic animals. The current technologies found were Microchip - RFID, Microchip - NFC, Collar with qrCode, Collar with Tag, Search application, Identification application, Social networks. In this way the research reports the main technologies used to date and is going to develop an application proposal to improve and expand the dissemination of pets that are lost or for adoption.
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Informes sobre el tema "Animal Protection"

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Banerjee, Pritam y Atul Sanganeria. Developing a Risk Management System for Participating Government Agencies of India. Asian Development Bank, diciembre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210413-2.

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Trade facilitation is a critical building block of developing globally integrated value chains. In India, current trade facilitation systems including risk assessment criteria require improvements involving regulatory mandates for food and drugs, animal and plant quarantine, wildlife protection, and textile products. Using illustrative examples, this working paper presents specific system development needs for six major participating government agencies on trade facilitation in India. It provides a model for developing a comprehensive system of risk management. It also discusses the need for institutional cooperation between customs authorities and participating government agencies for a comprehensive single window trade facilitation solution.
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Pretari, Alexia. Resilience in the West Bank: Impact evaluation of the ‘From Emergency Food Security to Durable Livelihoods: Building Resilience in the Occupied Palestinian Territory’ project. Oxfam GB, octubre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8106.

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The ‘From Emergency Food Security to Durable Livelihoods: Building Resilience in the Occupied Palestinian Territories’ project was implemented in the West Bank, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, between November 2015 and January 2018 by Oxfam, together with two partners: the Land Research Centre (LRC) and the Palestinian Livestock Development Centre (PLDC). The project, funded by the Belgian Cooperation, through Oxfam Italy, focused on improving protection around three key areas at community level to build resilience: supporting animal health, rehabilitating protected rangelands and strengthening community-based legal protection mechanisms. The combination of these key areas is the focus of this Effectiveness Review: the evaluation assesses the impact of this cross-sectorial approach on the resilience capacities of male and female members of Bedouin communities in the West Bank, at risk of displacement. It combines a quantitative quasi-experimental design with a questionnaire with community leaders. Find out more by reading the full report now.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, Bradley Mullens y Richard Stouthamer. investigation of the role of bacterial symbionts in regulating the biology and vector competence of Culicoides vectors of animal viruses. United States Department of Agriculture, junio de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699865.bard.

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Symbiotic bacteria have been shown to influence host reproduction and defense against biotic and abiotic stressors, and this relates to possible development of a symbiont-based control strategy. This project was based on the hypothesis that symbionts have a significant impact on Culicoides fitness and vector competence for animal viruses. The original objectives in our proposal were: 1. Molecular identification and localization of the newly-discovered symbiotic bacteria within C. imicola and C. schultzei in Israel and C. sonorensis in California. 2. Determination of the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria within different vector Culicoides populations. 3. Documentation of specific symbiont effects on vector reproduction and defense: 3a) test for cytoplasmic incompatibility in Cardinium-infected species; 3b) experimentally evaluate the role of the symbiont on infection or parasitism by key Culicoides natural enemies (iridescent virus and mermithid nematode). 4. Testing the role(s) of the symbionts in possible protection against infection of vector Culicoides by BTV. According to preliminary findings and difficulties in performing experimental procedures performed in other insect symbiosis systems where insect host cultures are easily maintained, we modified the last two objectives as follows: Obj. 3, we tested how symbionts affected general fitness of Israeli Culicoides species, and thoroughly described and evaluated the correlation between American Culicoides and their bacterial communities in the field. We also tried alternative methods to test symbiont-Culicoides interactions and launched studies to characterize low-temperature stress tolerances of the main US vector, which may be related to symbionts. Obj. 4, we tested the correlation between EHDV (instead of BTV) aquisition and Cardinium infection. Culicoides-bornearboviral diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, causing direct and indirect economic losses as well as reduction in animal welfare. One novel strategy to reduce insects’ vectorial capacity is by manipulating specific symbionts to affect vector fitness or performance of the disease agent within. Little was known on the bacterial tenants occupying various Culicoides species, and thus, this project was initiated with the above aims. During this project, we were able to describe the symbiont Cardinium and whole bacterial communities in Israeli and American Culicoides species respectively. We showed that Cardinium infection prevalence is determined by land surface temperature, and this may be important to the larval stage. We also showed no patent significant effect of Cardinium on adult fitness parameters. We showed that the bacterial community in C. sonorensis varies significantly with the host’s developmental stage, but it varies little across multiple wastewater pond environments. This may indicate some specific biological interactions and allowed us to describe a “core microbiome” for C. sonorensis. The final set of analyses that include habitat sample is currently done, in order to separate the more intimately-associated bacteria from those inhabiting the gut contents or cuticle surface (which also could be important). We were also able to carefully study other biological aspects of Culicoides and were able to discriminate two species in C. schultzei group in Israel, and to investigate low temperature tolerances of C. sonorensis that may be related to symbionts. Scientific implications include the establishment of bacterial identification and interactions in Culicoides (our work is cited in other bacteria-Culicoides studies), the development molecular identification of C. schultzei group, and the detailed description of the microbiome of the immature and matched adult stages of C. sonorensis. Agricultural implications include understanding of intrinsic factors that govern Culicoides biology and population regulation, which may be relevant for vector control or reduction in pathogen transmission. Being able to precisely identify Culicoides species is central to understanding Culicoides borne disease epidemiology.
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Splitter, Gary y Menachem Banai. Attenuated Brucella melitensis Rough Rev1 Vaccine. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7585199.bard.

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The original objectives of the proposal were: 1. Compare mutants 444 and 710 to Rev1 (parent strain), and 16M (field strain) in murine and human macrophage lines for phenotypic differences. 2. Determine in vivo virulence and survival of the mutants 444 and 710 in guinea pigs and mice. 3. Determine humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by mutants 444 and 710 in guinea pigs and mice. 4. Determine in vivo protection of mice and guinea pigs provided by mutants 444 and 710 compared to Rev1. Background: While human and animal brucellosis are rare in the U.S., brucellosis caused by B. melitensis remains relatively constant in Israel. Despite a national campaign to control brucellosis in Israel, the misuse of Rev1 Elberg vaccine strain among pregnant animals has produced abortion storms raising concern of human infection due to vaccine excretion in the milk. Further, some commercial Rev1 vaccine lots can: a) produce persistent infection, b) infect humans, c) be horizontally transmitted, d) cause abortion, and e) induce a persistent anti-O-polysaccharide antibody response confounding the distinction between infected and vaccinated animals. In Israel, vaccination practices have not optimally protected the milk supply from Brucella and Rev 1 vaccine can exacerbate the problem. In addition, cattle vaccinated against B. abortus are not protected against B. melitensis supporting the need for an improved vaccine. A safe vaccine used in adult animals to produce herd resistance to infection and a vaccine that can be distinguished from virulent infection is needed. A rough Rev1 vaccine would be less virulent than the parental smooth strain and permit serologic distinction between vaccinated and infected animals. Advantages of the Rev1 vaccine foundation are: 1) Rev1 vaccination of sheep and goats against B. melintensisis approved; therefore, vaccines derived from the Rev1 foundation may be readily accepted by licensing agencies as well as commercial companies, and 2) considerable data exists on Rev1vaccination and Rev1 proteins. Therefore, a post-genomic vaccine against B. melitensis based on the Rev1 foundation would provide a great advantage. Major conclusions from our work are: 1) We have determined that mutant 710 is highly attenuated in macrophages compared to virulent field strain 16M and mutant 444. 2) We have confirmed that mutant 710 is highly attenuated in guinea pigs and mice. 3) We have determined immune responses induced by mutant 710 in animals. 4) We have determined in vivo protection of mice and guinea pigs provided by mutants 444 and 710 compared to Rev1, and importantly, mutant 710 provides a high level of protection against challenge with virulent B. melitensis 16M. Thus, our data support the goals of the grant and provide the foundation for a future vaccine useful against B. melitensis in Israel. Because of patent considerations, many of our findings with 444 and 710 have not yet been published. Scientific and Agricultural Implications: Our findings support the development of a vaccine against B. melitensis based on the mutant 710. Because strain 710 is a mutant of the Elberg Rev1 vaccine, commercialization is more likely than development of an entirely new, uncharacterized Brucella mutant or strain.
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Vantassel, Stephen M. y Mark A. Klng. Wildlife Carcass Disposal. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, julio de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7207733.ws.

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Many wildlife management situations require the disposal of animal carcasses. These can include the lethal removal of wildlife to resolve damage or conflicts, as well as clean-up after mortalities caused by vehicle collisions, disease, oil spills or other natural disasters. Carcasses must be disposed of properly to protect public sensitivities, the environment, and public health. Improper disposal of carcasses can result in public outrage, site contamination, injury to animals and people, and the attraction of other animals that may lead to wildlife damage issues. Concern over ground water contamination and disease transmission from improper carcass disposal has resulted in increased regulation. Successful carcass disposal programs are cost-effective, environmentally sound, and protective of public health. In addition, disposal practices must demonstrate sensitivity to public perception while adhering to state and local guidelines. This publication discusses the range of options available for the responsible disposal of animal carcasses.
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Cadwell, L. L., L. E. Eberhardt y M. A. Simmons. Animal intrusion studies for protective barriers: Status report for FY 1988. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mayo de 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6055498.

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Zhao, Zongjiang, Tingting Jiao, Yunhua Liu, Sitong Wang, Xinjiang Zhang y Xinxue Zhang. Protective Effect and Possible Mechanisms of Salvia Miltiorrhiza and Its Extracts for Diabetic Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, agosto de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0060.

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Knowles, Donald y Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz. Transfected Babesia bovis expressing the anti-tick Bm86 antigen as a vaccine to limit tick infestation and protect against virulent challenge. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598160.bard.

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Bovine babesiosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasites Babesiabovisand B. bigemina, is a major tick borne disease of cattle with significant economic importance globally. The vectors of Babesia parasites are R. (Boophilus) annulatusand R. microplus. In Israel these parasites are transmitted manly by R. annulatus. The main goal of the proposal was developing and testing a novel B. bovisvaccine based on stably transfected attenuated B. bovisexpressing the anti-tick Bm86 antigen. This required generating a transfected- attenuated B. bovisparasite containing a bidirectional promoter expressing both, the gfp- bsd selectable marker and the tick vaccine antigen Bm86. The vaccine was tested for its ability to elicit protective immune responses against T. annulatusticks. Efficient control of babesiosis is based on a complex scheme of integrated management, including preventive immunization, anti-babesial chemotherapy and control of tick populations. Live vaccines based on attenuated parasites are the most effective measure to control babesiosis, and are currently used in several countries, including Israel. Live attenuated parasites lead to a chronic infection and development of strong and long term immunity in vaccinated cattle. Still, live vaccines have several limitations, including the difficulty to distinguish among vaccinated and naturally infected cattle and potential for sporadic outbreaks in vaccinated animals. Tick limitation is essential to control babesiosis but the main measure to reduce tick infestation is traditionally approached using acaricides, which is limited by environmental concerns and the development of resistance by the ticks. Alternative tick-control measures including the use of anti-tick vaccines are emerging, and at least partial protective immunity has been achieved against tick vectors by vaccination with recombinant protective tick antigens (ie: Bm86). In addition, the Babesia vaccine development toolbox has been recently expanded with the development of transfection technology in Babesia parasites. In this approved proposal we successfully developed a Babesia live attenuated transfected vaccine, which is able to express a B. bovisMSA-1 signal-Bm86 chimera and eGFP genes under the control of the B. bovisef- 1 and actin promoters respectively. Genetic analysis demonstrated specific stable integration of the transfected genes in the expected ef-1 locus, and immunofluorescence analysis confirmed expression of Bm86 in the surface of transfected parasites. When applied to splenectomized calves, the transfected parasites were able to cause persistent B. bovisinfection with production of antibodies reactive with Bm86 for at least six months. In addition, partial protection against ticks was also observed upon challenging the vaccinated animals with R. annulatuslarvae. However, when used on intact calves, the vaccine failed to elicit detectable immune responses against Bm86, and we are still in the process of interpreting the data and make necessary changes in our experimental approaches. Overall, the results obtained here represent a step forward towards the development of integrated vaccines against both ticks and tick –borne pathogens, using the Babesia attenuated parasites as a platform to the delivery of exogenous protective antigens
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Zhou, Ting, Roni Shapira, Peter Pauls, Nachman Paster y Mark Pines. Biological Detoxification of the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol (DON) to Improve Safety of Animal Feed and Food. United States Department of Agriculture, julio de 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613885.bard.

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The trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants of grains, is produced by members of the Fusarium genus. DON poses a health risk to consumers and impairs livestock performance because it causes feed refusal, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemolytic effects and cellular injury. The occurrence of trichothecenes contamination is global and they are very resistant to physical or chemical detoxification techniques. Trichothecenes are absorbed in the small intestine into the blood stream. The overall objective of this project was to develop a protecting system using probiotic bacteria that will express trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (Tri101) that convert T-2 to a less toxic intermediate to reduce ingested levels in-situ. The major obstacle that we had faced during the project is the absence of stable and efficient expression vectors in probiotics. Most of the project period was invested to screen and isolate strong promoter to express high amounts of the detoxify enzyme on one hand and to stabilize the expression vector on the other hand. In order to estimate the detoxification capacity of the isolated promoters we had developed two very sensitive bioassays.The first system was based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Human liver cells proliferation was used as the second bioassay system.Using both systems we were able to prove actual detoxification on living cells by probiotic bacteria expressing Tri101. The first step was the isolation of already discovered strong promoters from lactic acid bacteria, cloning them downstream the Tri101 gene and transformed vectors to E. coli, a lactic acid bacteria strain Lactococcuslactis MG1363, and a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus casei. All plasmid constructs transformed to L. casei were unstable. The promoter designated lacA found to be the most efficient in reducing T-2 from the growth media of E. coli and L. lactis. A prompter library was generated from L. casei in order to isolate authentic probiotic promoters. Seven promoters were isolated, cloned downstream Tri101, transformed to bacteria and their detoxification capability was compared. One of those prompters, designated P201 showed a relatively high efficiency in detoxification. Sequence analysis of the promoter region of P201 and another promoter, P41, revealed the consensus region recognized by the sigma factor. We further attempted to isolate an inducible, strong promoter by comparing the protein profiles of L. casei grown in the presence of 0.3% bile salt (mimicking intestine conditions). Six spots that were consistently overexpressed in the presence of bile salts were isolated and identified. Their promoter reigns are now under investigation and characterization.
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Bercovier, Herve, Raul Barletta y Shlomo Sela. Characterization and Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Secreted and Cellular Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573078.bard.

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Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular vaccine against paratuberculosis based on protein antigen(s). A prerequisite to achieve this goal is to analyze and characterize Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Mpt) secreted and cellular proteins eliciting a protective immune response. In the context of this general objective, we proposed to identify, clone, produce, and characterize: the Mpt 85B antigen and other Mpt immunoreactive secreted proteins, the Mpt L7/L12 ribosomal protein and other immunoreactive cellular proteins, Mpt protein determinants involved in invasion of epithelial cells, and Mpt protein antigens specifically expressed in macrophages. Paratuberculosis is still a very serious problem in Israel and in the USA. In the USA, a recent survey evaluated that 21.6% of the dairy herd were infected with Mpt resulting in 200-250 million dollars in annual losses. Very little is known on the virulence factors and on protective antigens of Mpt. At present, the only means of controlling this disease are culling or vaccination. The current vaccines do not allow a clear differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular paratuberculosis vaccine based on Mpt protein antigen(s) compatible with diagnostic tests. To achieve this goal it is necessary to analyze and characterize secreted and cellular proteins candidate for such a vaccine. Representative Mpt libraries (shuttle plasmid and phage) were constructed and used to study Mpt genes and gene products described below and will be made available to other research groups. In addition, two approaches were performed which did not yield the expected results. Mav or Mpt DNA genes that confer upon Msg or E. coli the ability to invade and/or survive within HEp-2 cells were not identified. Likewise, we were unable to characterize the 34-39 kDa induced secreted proteins induced by stress factors due to technical difficulties inherent to the complexity of the media needed to support substantial M. pt growth. We identified, isolated, sequenced five Mpt proteins and expressed four of them as recombinant proteins that allowed the study of their immunological properties in sensitized mice. The AphC protein, found to be up regulated by low iron environment, and the SOD protein are both involved in protecting mycobacteria against damage and killing by reactive oxygen (Sod) and nitrogen (AhpC) intermediates, the main bactericidal mechanisms of phagocytic cells. SOD and L7/L12 ribosomal proteins are structural proteins constitutively expressed. 85B and CFP20 are both secreted proteins. SOD, L7/L12, 85B and CFP20 were shown to induce a Th1 response in immunized mice whereas AphC was shown by others to have a similar activity. These proteins did not interfere with the DTH reaction of naturally infected cows. Cellular immunity provides protection in mycobacterial infections, therefore molecules inducing cellular immunity and preferentially a Th1 pathway will be the best candidate for the development of an acellular vaccine. The proteins characterized in this grant that induce a cell-mediated immunity and seem compatible with diagnostic tests, are good candidates for the construction of a future acellular vaccine.
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