Tesis sobre el tema "Analyse de durabilité du cycle de vie"
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Bertin, Kevin. "Analyse des impacts environnementaux et socio-économiques des systèmes d'éclairage". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOU30071.
Texto completoA brief history of lighting systems and a presentation of the terminologies and uses associated with them are presented first. Next, a systemic analysis of the challenges of the Anthropocene and what they imply for societal transition presents the context of this work. It highlights the need for material and energy sobriety, which is essential for mitigating climate crises. This is followed by an initial assessment of the benefits and risks associated with the development of new lighting technologies. The recent revolution in lighting systems, which has seen LED technology widely adopted, has led to considerable progress in terms of energy efficiency during the use phase and has thus helped to reduce the environmental impacts and costs associated with lighting systems. However, despite major advances in energy efficiency, many questions have arisen about the potential impacts of lighting systems on our environment, health, well-being and productivity, both positive and negative, which should not be ignored. A broad bibliographical study develops each of these impacts, ranging from photo-biological risks to light pollution, and including various socio-technical aspects linked to the use of lighting. Finally, a study of the different impact analysis methods in existence or under development is carried out in order to identify their advantages and limitations. While Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is probably the most effective and recognised tool for studying the impacts of products and services, its evolutions, Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCA), are still in the process of being developed and will probably require a few more years before they are uniformly recognised and used. Various case studies then discuss the imperatives of durability and efficiency, notably through the influence of the electricity mix on the results and conclusions of the LCA of lighting systems. This first study introduces the "maintained Megalumen.hour" as a functional unit and highlights different energy profiles as well as the presence of a tipping point in France which tends to see the manufacturing phase contribute as much, or even more, to the potential impacts as the use phase (in a similar way to electronic or computer equipment). This observation encourages us to go beyond energy efficiency and makes the durability and the end of life of lamps a determining parameter that needs to be developed. Secondly, a life cycle cost analysis (LCC) method confirms this durability imperative by defining an economic optimum of life span approximately twice as long as the average lamp currently on the market. Finally, this work focuses on a multi-criteria analysis of an emerging use of lighting systems: horticultural greenhouses. First, an LCA is carried out to evaluate the performance and impacts of different lamps specific to this use. Next, a quantification of light pollution on the walls and outside of the greenhouse highlights the systems that contribute most to nocturnal light pollution and the means to prevent it. Then a return on investment study evaluates the economic performance of the different configurations tested. Finally, a multi-criteria analysis based on the hierarchical analysis process (HPA) was used to determine which lighting systems are the most relevant according to all the above parameters and results. The results indicate that HPS and LED lamps perform best from the point of view of three observers: "environment", "light nuisance" and "economy". Finally, the results are discussed and some recommendations are proposed to improve the uses and practices around lighting
Khila, Zouhour. "Analyse de cycle de vie émergétique de système de valorisation de biomasse". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0306/document.
Texto completoActually biomass-based energy supply is a promising route for renewable energy system and sustainable development strategy. Methane rich gas from biomass can be obtained from gasification (Synthetic Natural Gas, SNG). SNG is very suitable, as it could be an important energy carrier. It could replace natural gas for electricity generation and heating systems and use the existing gas infrastructure. The main objective of this work is to investigate the syngas methanation, and to compare the environmental performance and sustainability for different SNG production systems. The French system (valorization of forest residue) and the Tunisian system (valorization of date palm waste) are analyzed and compared by using the Emergetic Life Cycle Assessment method. The inventory data are obtained mainly through process simulation by Aspen PlusTM software. The results show that increasing the steam ratio in syngas can avoid the carbon deposit during methanation process. The cold gas efficiency of the SNG process is 52%.The environmental analysis results show that high greenhouse gas savings can be obtained for each system. The transformity of the French SNG is lower than the one of the Tunisian SNG. On the other hand, the Tunisian system has the highest percentage of renewability and index of sustainability. The environmental performance and the sustainability of the two systems can be made even more attractive by installing the SNG production units near forests or oasis. Overall, the SNG is expected to contribute favorably to the future renewable energy system
Khila, Zouhour. "Analyse de cycle de vie émergétique de système de valorisation de biomasse". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0306.
Texto completoActually biomass-based energy supply is a promising route for renewable energy system and sustainable development strategy. Methane rich gas from biomass can be obtained from gasification (Synthetic Natural Gas, SNG). SNG is very suitable, as it could be an important energy carrier. It could replace natural gas for electricity generation and heating systems and use the existing gas infrastructure. The main objective of this work is to investigate the syngas methanation, and to compare the environmental performance and sustainability for different SNG production systems. The French system (valorization of forest residue) and the Tunisian system (valorization of date palm waste) are analyzed and compared by using the Emergetic Life Cycle Assessment method. The inventory data are obtained mainly through process simulation by Aspen PlusTM software. The results show that increasing the steam ratio in syngas can avoid the carbon deposit during methanation process. The cold gas efficiency of the SNG process is 52%.The environmental analysis results show that high greenhouse gas savings can be obtained for each system. The transformity of the French SNG is lower than the one of the Tunisian SNG. On the other hand, the Tunisian system has the highest percentage of renewability and index of sustainability. The environmental performance and the sustainability of the two systems can be made even more attractive by installing the SNG production units near forests or oasis. Overall, the SNG is expected to contribute favorably to the future renewable energy system
Ta, Ngoc-Binh. "Étude de la durabilité des ouvrages dans un contexte de développement durable : application aux ponts mixtes". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921025.
Texto completoBusset, Guillaume. "Approche d'évaluation de la durabilité des systemes guidée par la pensée cycle de vie : application à l'agroindustrie oléicole". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0050/document.
Texto completoNowadays, any strategic decision must be in accordance with the sustainability principles. Therefore, companies need to evaluate the consequences of their activities and products onto environment, economy and society. Life cycle assessment (LCA) from Life cycle thinking (LCT) is one of the major environmental impact evaluation methods for product, process or service and the trends is to integrate economic and social aspects to become a life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). However, LCSA is still in its infancy and needs methodological proposals to be applicable. This study presents sustainability assessment in the olive oil agro-industrial context. In doing so, a systemic approach based on the coupling between LCSA, enterprise modeling, chemical process modeling and multicriteria analysis is proposed. The approach is then validated by the development of the software solution “ Ecolive ” for sustainability assessment of olive oil production. This application relies on field data collected under the European OiLCA project
Santillan, Saldivar Jair. "Integrated assessment of selected materials for criticality and environmental sustainability : application to the healthcare sector and methodological enhancements". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0084.
Texto completoThe activities required to provide healthcare services bring challenges to environmental sustainability. The sector relies on diverse products, services and facilities, including disposable products, complex equipment and transportation. This domain has not been well explored from a sustainability lens and the level of awareness around healthcare sustainability is low. Life-cycle based methods have the potential to characterize systems related to the healthcare sector and many others; however, these methods are mostly – if not exclusively – related to an inside-out pathway to assess impacts. From an outside-in perspective, there is potential for raw material criticality to assess resource availability in the healthcare sector, especially after the proposal to integrate it into the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) framework.A pending task around this proposed methodological pathway is to explore the applicability and readiness of supply risk methods, specifically the geopolitical supply risk (GeoPolRisk) method has been proposed to assess resource related impacts. This research provides and integrates methods to assess environmental sustainability from a life cycle perspective with focus on enhancing criticality indicators as an outside-in impact pathway associated with the Area of Protection “Natural Resources” in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); moreover, their applicability is validated with multiple case studies, being one of those a part of the healthcare sector.The thesis is divided in 9 chapters along two branches: “Healthcare Sustainability” and “Raw Material Criticality in Life Cycle Assessment”. The first chapter provides an introduction to the manuscript and presents the research question and objectives of the thesis; it is followed by the state of the art in chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents the development of a novel framework to help address sustainability challenges in the healthcare sector through life cycle thinking. Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 propose and test methodological enhancements to the geopolitical supply risk method required to better address resource related impacts in life cycle assessment. Chapter 6 presents an integrated assessment taking into account the enhanced method and its relation to more traditionally used environmental impact categories in LCA. In chapter 7, the GeoPolRisk method is used to better understand the relevance of assessing outside-in impacts associated to an element used in the healthcare sector. Chapter 8 integrates the methodological enhancements previously presented to study inside-out and outside-in impacts for a case study associated with medical imaging. Finally, accomplishments and future opportunities for development on the field are discussed as part of the last chapter of the manuscript.Along the branch of “Healthcare Sustainability” this work contributes to the development of an integrated framework to support research in this domain and the first application to a case study in the healthcare sector of an integrated life cycle assessment incorporating environmental indicators and the GeoPolRisk method. Along the branch of “Raw Material Criticality in LCA”, the PhD develops new approaches and proposes methodological enhancements to advance the assessment of resource use in LCA
Leroy-Parmentier, Noémie. "Évaluer les impacts des produits issus de la bio-économie : Une approche intégrée de l’analyse de durabilité du cycle de vie et de l’évaluation de la criticité des matières premières issues de la biomasse". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0106.
Texto completoSo demand for biomass is increasing, access to these resources is further constrained by socio-economic, (geo-)political or climatic events that destabilize value chains. Bio-economy structure, bio-economy value chains can be vulnerable to supply to supply disruptions. It is therefore supply risks and their impact on environmental, social and economic on the environmental, social and economic performance (i.e. sustainability) of activities. For this purpose, various assessment methodologies assessment methodologies exist: Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis (LCSA) and raw materials criticality assessment. These are very often carried out within companies by different people, with different objectives and objectives and timeframes. What's more, they cannot be used and need to be adapted to assess the challenges of the bio-economy and bio-economy and green chemistry.This work aims to answer the question "How can the sustainability of products from the bio-economy be assessed in a context of variation in the availability and accessibility of renewable biomass resources?". By adopting the point of view of firms, this research studies the potential integration of life-cycle sustainability assessment and criticality assessment of lignocellulosic resources, whose demand is growing rapidly, notably with the emergence of biofuels. in particular with the emergence of biorefineries driven by the green chemistry the production and use of bio-sourced solvents. The latter are based on the transformation of bio-sourced platforms and aim to substitute petro-sourced solvents in order to the transition to a bio-economy. The question of substituting a lignocellulosic resource by another in the case of this thesis, is central to the is at the heart of these questions, since it is a common strategy for supply risks, although this decision may also have environmental, social and economic have negative environmental, social and economic impacts.The thesis proposes a criticality assessment method specific to the resources and commodities of the bio-economy, "LignoCrit". The development of LignoCrit, based in part on ADCV data and results ADCV, requires a common structure to integrate the two methods. Thus, ADCV was applied to the case of a bio-sourced solvent, 2-Methyl Tetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), demonstrating the preponderance of chemical transformation processes in the solvent's social and economic impacts of the solvent. However, the choice of lignocellulosic resource and the country of production, for solvent production has a significant effect on the results.Data and results of the different 2-MeTHF production scenarios evaluated in the ADCV are then injected into the criticality method on the basis of the data and results obtained. Thus, a score aggregating the various dimensions of the LignoCrit method is obtained for each triplet resource-process-producing country of the platform molecule purchased for the production of 2-MeTHF. Due to the nature of the indicators selected, this evaluation is generalizable multiple resource-process-producing country for multiple platform molecules.Last but not least these results and their interpretation can be used to implement continuous continuous improvement initiatives within companies, as well as for external external communication in the context of EMS and CSR
Alhazmi, Hatem. "Une approche analyse de cycle de vie intégrée pour la durabilité. Application à l'évaluation environnementale de processus de dessalement de l'eau (dans le cas d'Arabie Saoudite)". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI072.
Texto completoThe scarcity of fresh water with enough (good) quality for human been is a problem which becomes more acute day by day. The increasing human populations along with increasing industrial and agricultural activities are adding more burden towered the depletion and pollution of fresh water resources. This situation becomes more serious in countries with limit water resources as Saudi Arabia which is the largest country in the world without natural fresh water resources. At the same time, Saudi Arabia is the third-largest per capita water consumer worldwide. To overcome the water shortage, sea water desalination technology has been used so far. Despite more than thirty-two desalination plants, the country faces a significant challenge to supply its population with the required amount of water. In this context, in the first place, this thesis presents a method for producing the required amount of water with minimal environmental impact while maintaining the required water quality need to be developed. Further, the possibilities of alternative energy in reducing the environmental impact from desalination needs are investigated, along with the suitability of different types of alternative energy that could be utilized in the particularly case of Saudi Arabia. Life cycle assessment (LCA) being a holistic method of assessing the environmental impacts of products it was used to assess the environmental impact of the desalination process and identifying the main reasons behind this damages. For this purpose, a collaboration with a desalination plant in Saudi Arabia was set up, which included visiting the plant several times. This allowed us to understand the desalination process, collect the required data and consider the possibilities of introducing alternative energy sources to power the desalination plants. In order to assess the environmental impact of the desalination process a LCA based on SimaPro software was performed. The results of the study showed that the most likely choice of desalination technology within the Saudi Arabian context is Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination. The LCA model showed also that electricity produced from fossil fuel was the responsible of 92.8% of the environmental damages. Further, the most suitable alternatives to produce electricity to RO desalination are solar energy and wind energy instead of fossil crude oil. The LCA showed that using alternative energy as the source to supply electricity to desalination may substantially reduce the environmental impact
Rodrigues, Jérémy. "Analyse de cycle de vie intégrative de filières de production de biomasse à usage industriel par la valorisation de délaissés". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0321/document.
Texto completoMarginal materials and lands (brownfields, byproducts, inert wastes), the management of which causes significant environmental impacts, can be valorized through soil construction in order to grow nonfood biomass (e.g. fiber, energy). This may reduce their volume and increase use of renewable resources without direct or indirect competition with food crops or biodiversity. This thesis assesses the sustainability of such supply chains with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), considered one of the most pertinent existing methods. This thesis introduces indicators complementary to current use, in order to improve LCA’s exhaustivity and its taking into account of marginal lands’ specificities. It prioritizes impacts with respect to planetary boundaries (i.e. maximum impacts levels acceptable to avoid ecosystem disruption), average impacts in studied geographic context and added value of the supply chains. Most of these suggestions are applied to the study of a soil construction process using inert and organic wastes (LORVER). The high diversity of materials and alternative management strategies and the most certain tradeoffs and critical parameters are assessed combining uncertainty and multidimensional analysis tools. Constructed soil’s ability to stabilize carbon and pollutants is demonstrated to be its major condition for sustainability. For other impacts (ecosystem services, air quality, resources), LORVER is even less pertinent when the need for material transportation increases, and more importantly if those materials could have otherwise been used to replace commodities polluting to produce. These results highlight when LORVER can be seen as sustainable
Acosta-Alba, Ivonne. "Quelles valeurs de référence pour l'analyse de la durabilité environnementale des systèmes de production animale ? Méthode de détermination et application aux exploitations laitières de Bretagne". Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00607707.
Texto completoJulio, Remi. "Développement d'une méthode d'évaluation multi-indicateurs des systèmes agro-industriels, basée sur la pensée cycle de vie, pour une éco-conception des procédés de production". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0096/document.
Texto completoThe biorefinery concept, developed to face fossil resources dependence, aims to design a wide variety of products (biofuels, materials, chemicals ...) based on the development of renewable resources such as plant biomass. The establishment of biorefineries must be based on ecodesigned processes to optimize the environmental performance of the biomass processing chain. Nevertheless, eco-designing innovative processes can be complex due to multiple configurations and the lack of related specific and reliable data. Thereby, the aim of this research work is to develop a multi-indicator evaluation method for the eco-design of agro-industrial and biorefinery processes. The general approach is based on coupling Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment fields. Indeed, process modeling, based on mathematical or semi-empirical models (notably resulting from designs of experiments) and process simulation are applied to facilitate the life cycle inventory step by predicting detailed mass and energy balances. Then these data can be used to perform a prospective Life Cycle Assessment of the process. By iteration, it is possible perform data prediction and to test several operating conditions sets for the process, to enhance its environmental performance, by determining optimal operating conditions and by identifying the most environmentally friendly unit operations. The methodology and its associated tool have been tested on different biorefinery processes, involving various biomasses: micro-algae, wheat coproducts and wood
Gillani, Sayed Tamiz ud din. "A life cycle assessment and process system engineering integrated approach for sustainability : application to environmental evaluation of biofuel production". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0069/document.
Texto completoWith the rise of global warming issues due to the increase of the greenhouse gas emission and more generally with growing importance granted to sustainable development, process system engineering (PSE) has turned to think more and more environmentally. Indeed, the chemical engineer has now taken into account not only the economic criteria of the process, but also its environmental and social performances. On the other hand LCA is a method used to evaluate the potential impacts on the environment of a product, process, or activity throughout its life cycle. The research here focused on coupling of PSE domain with the environmental analysis of agricultural and chemical activities and abatement strategies for agro-processes with the help of computer aided tools and models. Among many approaches, the coupling of PSE and LCA is investigated here because it is viewed as a good instrument to evaluate the environmental performance of different unitary processes and whole process. The coupling can be of different nature depending on the focus of the study. The main objective is to define an innovative LCA based on approach for a deep integration of product, process and system perspectives. We selected a PSE embedded LCA and proposed a framework that would lead to an improved eco-analysis, eco-design and eco-decision of business processes and resulted products for researchers and engineers. In the first place we evaluate biodiesel for environmental analysis with the help of field data, background data and impact methodologies. Through this environmental evaluation, we identify the hotspot in the whole production system. To complement the experimental data this hotspot (i.e. transesterification) is selected for further modeling and simulation. For results validation, we also implement LCA in a dedicated tool (SimaPro) and simulation in a PSE simulation tool (Prosim Plus). Finally we develop a tool (SimLCA) dedicated to the LCA by using PSE tools and methodologies. This development of SimLCA framework can serve as a step forward for determination of sustainability and eco-efficient designing
Almokdad, Mohammad. "Life Cycle Assessment of Circular Economy Strategies in Sustainable Constructions : Closing, Slowing, and Narrowing Loops for Dredged Sediments Valorization and Revalorization". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023MTLD0007.
Texto completoAddressing the pressing need for sustainability in light of modernization's significant impact on the environment is crucial. This issue underscores the escalating threats posed by human actions, such as climate change and pollution. In response, nations are increasingly emphasizing sustainability by placing a priority on waste reduction and the adoption of eco-friendly materials in construction and production processes. In light of these efforts, this thesis aims to explore the revalorization (2nd valorization) of dredged sediments as a road construction material, studying its technical suitability and environmental impact through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). It also examines using sediments as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and compares their environmental performance to traditional materials. The study evaluates the feasibility of revalorizing dredged sediments, emphasizing a closed-loop approach for their circular use. It assesses various physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the material revalorization comparing it to raw sediments 1st valorization, and conduct a LCA and comparing sediments revalorization with different virgin aggregates types for the usage in new road construction. Additionally, the study conducts a comprehensive LCA comparing dried ground sediments (DGS) to flash-calcined sediments (FCS) as substitutes for ordinary Portland cement, considering the different quantitative and qualitative performance differences
Youssef, Nicolas. "Mise en place d’une brique géopolymère pour la construction durable : études géotechnique, environnementale et économique". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECLI0005.
Texto completoAfter the economic crisis in 2008, construction activity in France grew rapidly. The increase in demand for building materials was accompanied by an increase in the quantities of construction waste and emitted CO2. In 2018, CO2 emissions from human activities reached a world historic level of 37.1 billion tons. This encourages the development of building materials that meet the changing needs of today's and tomorrow's society. Geopolymers, prepared by alkaline activation, present an opportunity to produce new, more efficient and environment-friendly materials in the construction sector. On the other hand, industrialization and robotization are emerging in the construction sector, with many benefits such as increased productivity, reduced waste, cost and arduous work, as well as improved quality and safety.This doctoral thesis is being conducted to address these scientific challenges and issues. These are divided into three research directions: the development of new geopolymer brick formulations, the integration of geopolymer materials into the industrialization and robotization of construction processes, and finally the environmental and economic assessment of the new automated manufacturing system
Wolff, Anastasia. "Responsabilité sociétale : quelles contributions des entreprises à la conservation de la biodiversité ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM039/document.
Texto completoAs we are experiencing a major biological crisis, institutional actors and NGOs are calling on businesses to engage efforts aiming at halting biodiversity loss. The objective of the thesis is to analyze and evaluate the potential contribution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to biodiversity conservation.A framework is developed to analyze to which extent a company takes in charge its ecological responsibilities. After characterizing CSR initiatives based on the case study of business commitments to contribute to the French National Biodiversity Strategy, a method is proposed to test whether business activities exert unsustainable pressures on ecosystems. It is assumed that compatibility with ecosystems’ carrying capacities is a prerequisite for effective biodiversity conservation. This method, adapted from the “absolute environmental sustainability assessment” (AESA) approach, is applied in the context of research-intervention projects to the food portfolio of the mass-market retailer Groupe Casino and to the life cycle of two facilities of SARP Industrie specialized in the disposal and storage of hazardous waste. The comparison of the company’s environmental footprints with the ecological constraints is used to draw a comprehensive strategy based on the mitigation hierarchy. As our results highlight the opportunity to strengthen the management of extended pressures through CSR, possible implications for sectors and public policies are discussed
El, Faiz Meryem. "Analyse du cycle de vie à l'aide du logiciel SimaPro". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40144.
Texto completoLife cycle assessment (LCA) is a standardized method for assessing the environmental impacts of a product, which is defined by the ISO 14040: 2006 and ISO 14044: 2006standards. It is a recognized approach for assessing the environmental impact of products across their entire life cycle from raw materials extraction through manufacturing, transportation, usage and disposal based on a set of indicators representative of environmental issues of the product (climate change, natural resources, ozone, toxicity, ecotoxicity). Performing a life cycle assessment requires processing, calculating and analyzing a lot of information. The use of LCA software facilitates these different phases and assures transparency and traceability. This thesis presents a state of the art of the tools and methods available for carrying out an LCA based on the principles of the ISO14040 series. SimaPro, one of the main commercial software available for LCA practitioners, is presented in detail through a case study, in order to explore the different basic functions, databases and the impact calculation methods made available with the software. Keywords: LCA, environmental footprint, databases, SimaPro.
Roux, Charlotte. "Analyse de cycle de vie conséquentielle appliquée aux ensembles bâtis". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM043/document.
Texto completoEnvironmental impacts induced by urban projects concern various topics (resources, health, biodiversity). Some are indirect impacts (for instance radioactive waste generated by electricity consumption). This calls for a holistic and multicriteria approach such as Life-Cycle-Analysis (LCA) in order to evaluate environmental performance of construction or retrofitting projects. Considering cradle to grave impacts this method is used at different project phases: program objectives, design aid, management strategies evaluation, retrofitting project, dismantling, and waste management.The thesis lies in the framework of life-cycle analysis applied to urban project design, from individual houses up to multifunctional neighborhoods. The underlying objective is to improve relevance and accuracy of the decision aid provided by LCA-based design tools.Three interacting topics have been investigated:- Consequential assessment: How can the results of current research on consequential LCA be implemented in Building LCA?- Dynamic: How to integrate dynamic interaction between buildings and the background system, mainly the electricity grid?- Prospective: How to take into account the long life span of buildings and urban districts?The dissertation firstly suggests a new framework for evaluating construction or retrofitting project, grounded in consequential LCA. The practical application of this consequential-project approach requires knowledge generation on dynamic and prospective LCA.A dynamic model of the electricity system has been developed. From this model, a reference operation year of the electricity system has been determined, mitigating climatic and economical hazards of real years. Based on this model, a dynamic average approach and a marginal approach are defined to assess life-cycle impacts of electricity consumption. These developments improve the accuracy of LCA independently of the chosen modeling approach, consequential or attributional.The prospective dimension is explored, through scenarios development. The suggested scenarios bring together national energy prospective research and global warming effects on buildings thermal behavior. The combined effects are evaluated using a novel and integrated approach.The thesis then addresses the scale issue when moving from building to district projects. Following the consequential-project approach principles, the focus is made on integrating daily transport and domestic waste models in LCA of urban projects. A method to combine local transport simulation models and building LCA is suggested. It establishes a first step towards integrated multidisciplinary assessment of urban projects.The developed approaches and methodologies are finally tested on a case study
Tähkämö, Leena. "Analyse de cycle de vie pour sources de lumière artificielle : étude et analyse des cas types". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2211/.
Texto completoThe life cycle assessment method is standardized on a general level, but no established rules exist for conducting a life cycle assessment of light sources in detail. In most cases, it is impossible to directly compare the results of different assessments. Because of the major changes in the lighting market, it is useful to assess the environmental impacts of various light sources in similar methods. The work addresses this problem by presenting two models, a simple and an extensive one, for conducting the life cycle assessment of light sources rapidly and in a transparent, comparative way. The models are developed on the basis of four case studies presented in the work and a review to the life cycle assessment found in the literature. The case studies and the review of the previous life cycle assessments concluded similar findings despite the differences in the methods, scopes and evaluated light sources. The main conclusion of the life cycle assessments was the clear dominance of the use stage energy consumption. The environmental impacts of the use were found to be sensitive to the life of the light source and the used energy source. The dominance of the use stage was the clearest in light sources of low luminous efficacy and low manufacturing efforts and when using high-emission energy sources. The importance of the manufacturing is estimated to increase by a more detailed assessment of the manufacturing processes. The average environmental impacts of other life cycle stages, such as transport and end-of-life, were found practically negligible, but possibly notable in a certain environmental impact category
Hajjaji, Noureddine. "Analyse de cycle de vie exergétique de systèmes de production d’hydrogène". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL002N/document.
Texto completoConsidered as the future energy carrier, hydrogen appears to be the miracle solution to overcome the current energy crisis and environmental problems. This can be possible only by solving all the problems associated with its life cycle (production, distribution, storage and final use).Due to the large number of environmental impacts generated during hydrogen production, the complexity of their evaluation and the possible interactions among them the use of environmental assessment methods is necessary. The Exergetic Life Cycle Assessment (ELCA) approach was chosen as the most useful tool for hydrogen production scenarios investigation. It compares hydrogen production systems in order to identify which one is more eco-efficient and recognizes their opportunities for environmental improvement. Eight scenarios for hydrogen production were studied by the ELCA approach. These scenarios are essentially based on reforming techniques of fossil methane, biomethane and bioethanol. The results show that the hydrogen produced by fossil methane scenarios, a mature and widely used technique, are the largest consumers of abiotic resources and emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG). The use of biomethane as hydrogen source presents an interesting solution. The environmental profile of a hydrogen ex-bio-methane can be made even more attractive solution by improving anaerobic digestion system with on-site reforming process. The use of bio-ethanol produced from wheat as a hydrogen source has large environmental impacts. In fact, these processes are characterized by large eutrophication and acidification potentials in addition to their emissions of large amount of greenhouse gases (GHG). However, bio-ethanol can be a sustainable and renewable source for hydrogen production on condition that it is produced by environmentally friendly manners
Firica, Andreea Maria. "Analyse environnementale de systèmes de cogénération : utilisation de la méthodologie Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV)". Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0101.
Texto completoThe cogeneration systems are knowing an increase interest. Their development needs a global evaluation of the environmental impact of the fuel - co generation system. The present work adapts and uses the methodology of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to realize this evaluation, having like a but to create a help instrument for taking decisions of choosing the energetically installations. We have elaborated an EXCEL calculation model, which permits the environment quantification impacts and is also adaptable at the numerical dates which are characteristic for all the concrete situations. The results are presented like ecoprofiles and we have developed the global analyze evaluation using the ELECTRA IS multicriteria method which means that the software was necessary to be created. For the numerical application different cogeneration systems configurations has been used, having a unique but, the method validation
Delalandre, Léo. "Relations traits-environnement chez les végétaux : du cycle de vie des organismes au cycle de vie des données". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UMONG001.
Texto completoComparative ecology has highlighted recurring associations between plant functional traits and their environment. These relationships may vary depending on the level of organization considered – within species, between species, and among groups of species – but this dependency remains poorly studied. A fundamental distinction in life history theories is made between annual species (completing their life cycle in one year) and perennial species (life cycle over more than one year, usually with multiple reproductive events). Annual and perennial herbaceous plants differ in their functioning (growth rate, investment in seed production, allocation to roots, etc.). However, despite their frequent coexistence, few studies have considered potential differences in trait-environment relationships between these two groups. The objective of this thesis is to understand the specific variations in the traits of annual plants depending on resource availability, based on in situ measurements and in a common garden setting.We studied herbaceous communities in the Grands Causses, where annuals and perennials coexist in two contrasting environmental conditions: i) fertilization and high disturbance, and ii) poor soil and less intense disturbance. We show that variations in traits related to growth rate and leaf tissue density are lower in annuals than in perennials. This is explained by (a) a higher species turnover in perennials, and (b) the presence of species with larger differences in trait values between environments in perennials. Intraspecific variations are identical between the two groups of species. Measurements made during this first part were used to complete a trait database under development. On this occasion, I contributed to the structuring of this database through data management work, aiming to propose modalities for sharing functional trait data and associated environmental variables; a synthesis of this work is proposed.Secondly, we analyzed intraspecific variability in annuals from these communities, in order to test its origin (genetic or plastic), to identify the most variable traits in response to fertilization, and to compare this variability between species. Thirty populations were grown in a common garden, with low or high fertilization. The results indicate that i) the observed trait variations in situ are likely of plastic origin; ii) plasticity is low in morphological leaf and root traits but high in biomass allocation and nitrogen content; iii) species preferring nutrient-rich environments are more plastic in their nitrogen content.Finally, a literature review was undertaken to determine which traits are determinant for annual and perennial herbaceous plants, reasoning on demographic components (reproduction, growth, survival), the importance of which differs according to the life cycle. We propose an opinion article aiming to better integrate life cycle and commonly measured morpho-physio-phenological traits.This thesis proposes a study of the relationships between functional traits and the environment at different levels of organization: between life cycles, between species, and within species. It highlights that trait-environment relationships can vary between these levels, fitting into a renewed interest in context dependency in comparative ecology
Demade, Maxime. "Analyse sociale de cycles de vie : les cycles de vie des représentations paysagères de l'éolien". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30047/document.
Texto completoThe increasing use of the transition terms in the public debate contributes to the emergence of new research methods whom geographers begin to apprehend. Transition invites to consider a new action framework. In the matter of energy domain, the transition concept involves geographers in their socio-spatial interpretations. This new spatiotemporal frame, where are introduced the notions of territorialisation of the energy and the reversibility, provides an opportunity to consider these issues from a reinterpretation of the space-time couple. In this context, the thesis aims in understanding and analyzing of socio-spatial mechanisms tested by the renewable energies development, especially wind turbines. The specificity of this approach may be a geographical rendition of the Life Cycle Assessment method. For this purpose, the thesis requires the concept of landscape in its dynamic meaning. However, the life cycle assessment invites us to reshape the idea of landscape dynamics according to the notion of event. The thesis explores the arrival of a wind turbines project as an event and it focus on its sudden emergence, the induced socio-spatial destabilizations and the individual and social adaptations. The purpose of this research is to investigate a Social Life Cycle Assessment of the landscape representations of the wind energy. This ambition faces a time constraint. The allowed time of a PhD thesis faces political times and the times of the experience. Created events or suffered events impact the socio-spatial representations differently and over various timescales. Considering a diachronic study brings about rethinking the epistemological and methodological issues raised by a corpus which gathers several types of data, from different sources and which would be analyzed together. The analysis is led on discourses and especially on spatial textual references along with the individual sensibilities revealed when a wind turbines project is initiated on territory. The thesis tracks the life cycle steps of windpower-events that we interpret according to the socio-spatial context of the study terrains
Chen, Xiaobo. "Analyse et propagation de l’incertitude dans l’analyse de cycle de vie en agriculture". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARD074.
Texto completoLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodological framework for assessing environmental impacts of a product, a service or a system throughout its life cycle: from extraction of raw materials, through production and use, to recycling and waste treatment (i. E. , “cradle to grave”). Its wide applicability to agricultural systems provides useful information for decision makers to estimate environmental impacts of products, compare environmental impacts of different systems, and make suggestions to improve systems. However, the LCA’s need for large amounts of data and high-quality models yields several sources of uncertainty that influence the feasibility of LCA of agricultural systems and the credibility of its results. For example, it is difficult to obtain measurements of nitrate emissions due to fertilizer or manure applications, but estimating emissions using emission factors may not represent all conditions, especially in regions with specific farming practices (conventional vs. Organic). Therefore, the scientific objectives of this thesis are to identify sources of uncertainty in agricultural LCAs and help practitioners use appropriate methods to represent different types of uncertainty in agricultural systems and analyze their influence on total uncertainty in environmental impacts through LCA. Uncertainty in LCA can be divided into two types according to its nature: epistemic uncertainty (lack of knowledge) and variability (inherent difference). Both types of uncertainty have fundamentally different definitions, and distinguishing them helps practitioners reduce epistemic uncertainty (e. G. , by improving measurements) and better understand variability in the system (e. G. , by seeking more representative information). To be more explicit, each type of uncertainty can be divided into three sub-categories depending on its source: parameter, model, or scenario uncertainty and spatial, temporal, or natural variability. The type of uncertainty determines the method(s) used to represent and propagate it; their characteristics and limits depend on both the context of the agricultural site studied and that of the study itself. Therefore, to better address uncertainty in LCA studies, the decision tree developed in this thesis can help LCA practitioners choose which method(s) to use. Application of the methods, however, should be performed on a case-by-case basis, because particular situations may occur in real case studies that cannot be covered by a general guideline. Sometimes other factors, such as computational cost and acceptable confidence level, should also be considered when performing uncertainty analysis in LCA. The probabilistic approach is commonly used to quantify both natural variability and parameter uncertainty, while intervals (“fuzzy” or “crisp”) may be more appropriate for representing parameter uncertainty. In agricultural systems, both types of uncertainty often occur together. Therefore, the two methods were applied to represent natural variability in farm characteristics and parameter uncertainty in emission factors, respectively, to estimate environmental impacts of dairy farms in Brittany, France. These uncertainties in input variables were propagated using Monte-Carlo simulation to the uncertainty in estimated impacts, which was represented using Dempster-Shafer theory (DST). In parallel, correlations among farm-characteristic input variables were maintained using multivariate probability distributions, which yield more realistic estimates than random independent distributions. Representing uncertainty in impacts using DST distinguished variability in potential impacts from epistemic uncertainty in their mean values. Hence, interpretation of the uncertainty analysis should carefully explain the differences between them. The attitude of decision makers to risk (i. E. , confidence index) can be integrated into this DST-based form of representation to create a single weighted distribution of impact, which seems easier to interpret than an impact whose range is bounded by two separate distributions. However, there are some limits to applying DST in uncertainty analysis, and studies should be performed in the future to focus on maintaining correlations between variables that are represented imprecisely, using ad hoc optimization algorithms to increase propagation efficiency, and integrating other types of uncertainty in the same LCA framework. In addition, there is a need to apply the DST in more case studies to validate its use. In conclusion, uncertainty analysis, as an important component of LCA, should provide reasonable and realistic assessment of studied systems in the face of many sources of uncertainty. The existence of uncertainty, which is unavoidable, should not restrict research and decision making, but rather help LCA practitioners to improve their understanding of studied systems by identifying the key information needed. The existence of a variety of methods for uncertainty analysis provides LCA practitioners with an array of methods to choose from, depending upon the context of the agricultural system and that of the LCA study. Moreover, using an appropriate method provides credible estimates of impacts, which reflect the real state of knowledge and may encourage scientists to seek more information
Renou, Sébastien. "Analyse de cycle de vie appliquée aux systèmes de traitement des eaux usées". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2006_RENOU_S.pdf.
Texto completoNowadays, the environmental performances of wastewater treatment systems are not properly analyzed. Thus, the development of an exhaustive and reliable method is needed to help stakeholders to choose the best environmental solutions. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was selected as a starting point to answer this problem. LCA has been tested. This tool is essential to analyze the environmental performances of wastewater treatment systems. In order to fulfill our goal, the best compromise seems to be the association of LCA, to assess global impacts, with others methodologies, to assess local impacts. Finally, a software has been developed to compare urban sludge treatment and recovering process trains. Two impacts, energy and greenhouse effect, are currently included in. The software and its development steps are described and illustrated through two case studies. This tool has made LCA easier to apply and more useful to wastewater field stakeholders
Blanc, Armelle. "Analyse de cycle de vie des filières de traitement des sites industriels pollues". Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0123.
Texto completoThe management of industrial polluted sites is a major issue. From isolated problems, polluted sites are now the subject of a national policy. More particularly from an environmental viewpoint, the choice of the objective of the treatment and the selection of suitable treatment techniques need to take into account a lot of conflicting criteria. But the case of industrial polluted sites is, above all, an illustration of the double process of « appropriation-disappropriation » which characterises any technical activity. The polluted site is a form of« disappropriation » inherited from past activities. On one hand, the treatment allows an « appropriation » of the site but, on the other hand, it induces an exploitation of natural resources which can be considered as a « disappropriation » process. We need methods to control this « appropriation-disappropriation » process. Life cycle assessment, which aims at assessing environmental impacts on the life cycle of products, seems to suit properly. But a more precise analysis of the method shows that it cannot assess environmental impacts of technical systems. We have called this phenomenon «the paradox of life cycle assessment ». We have suppressed this paradox and proposed. A new interpretation of the method, showing that it is a good tool for improving the productivity of natural resources. LCA can be used in a more general procedure for the control of the development of technical activities. We conclude with an illustration of the use of LCA for the choice of the treatment of a site polluted by sulphur
Belhani, Mehdi. "Analyse de cycle de vie exergétique de systèmes de traitement des eaux résiduaires". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL104N/document.
Texto completoThe focus of the work has been to improve the predictions of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) via exergy for processes analysis and eco-design. The potential of the exergetic analysis and Cumulative Exergy Consumption (CExC) in estimating the criterion of depletion, productivity and recyclability of natural resources has been investigated. In this context, the transfer of pollutants and the environmental impacts of a wastewater treatment system (WWTP) have been analyzed in relation with the consumed exergy (CExC) and the destroyed exergy. The study shows that decision is different if the indicator of depletion of natural resources is based on the method of CExC or on the CML method. The improvement of the overall eco-efficiency of a WWTP involves a recycling of sludge in agriculture. Stabilization of sludge by anaerobic digestion reduces the volume of sludge and consequently the impact of transport in comparison with the stabilization with lime. However, on one hand, it reduces the fertilizer potential of sludge. On the other hand it increases energy consumption and the impact of the global warming because of the treatment of digested sludge supernatant recycled to the WWTP. Although the recovery of biogas by cogeneration reduces the energy dependency of the WWTP and improves its overall eco-efficiency in comparison with the liming scenario, it does not provide the possibility for sludge drying. Drying the sludge is one of the recommendations of farmers, although it does not improve the overall eco-effectiveness of the WWTP, and increases the depletion and the destroyed exergy of raw resources and biogas
Feschet, Pauline. "Analyse du Cycle de Vie Sociale : pour un nouveau cadre conceptuel et théorique". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON10003/document.
Texto completoStrengthening concerns regarding development issues, well-being and quality of ecosystems, generates new economic pressures (labeling, specifications, etc.), standards (regulations, taxation) and also pressures from civil society (“consom'action”, boycott); it requires companies to take into account these issues, that is to say, to identify, assess and improve their impacts. Many tools exist to assess the impacts of product chains but only the method of Life Cyle Assessment allows a comprehensive and multicriteria evaluation, covering transfers of impacts from one stage of the life cycle to the other and from one impact to the next. The development of Social LCA is highly desired and demanded by the actors. The core question of this thesis has been to examine the principles for developing such a method, its conceptual, theoretical and methodological framework. As the identified needs in terms of research are numerous, specific contributions of this work were threefold: i) proposing a new theoretical framework addressing the issues of well-being and development. ii) developing a relationship assessing the impacts of creating economic activity and income on the health of populations, the “Preston Pathway” iii) proposing a methodological framework articulating the Multiple Capitals Model and the Capabilities concept. Food chains, and most specifically, import fruit and vegetables chains, have served as the empirical framework for this thesis
Renou, Sébastien Pons Marie-Noëlle. "Analyse de cycle de vie appliquée aux systèmes de traitement des eaux usées". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy : INPL, 2006. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2006_RENOU_S.pdf.
Texto completoBelhani, Mehdi Pons Marie-Noëlle. "Analyse de cycle de vie exergétique de systèmes de traitement des eaux résiduaires". S. l. : INPL, 2008. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2008_BELHANI_M.pdf.
Texto completoPannier, Marie-Lise. "Étude de la quantification des incertitudes en analyse de cycle de vie des bâtiments". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM070/document.
Texto completoBuilding life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool used to assess the environmental impact of a construction over its entire life cycle, and to help choosing the most sustainable building alternative in an ecodesign context. Many uncertainty sources arise in the environmental modelling of buildings. The aim of this thesis is to propose a methodology to take them into account and to progress towards more reliable building LCA tools. Model inputs and parameters having the most influence on the results and that should be more precisely known were identified using sensitivity analysis (SA) methods. The calculation time required for the application of these methods may be long, whereas a limited time is generally available to conduct a building LCA study. Several SA methods were therefore compared in terms of a calculation time / precision compromise. The effect of uncertainties on the choice of a built alternative was studied using SA and uncertainty analysis (UA) that are suitable in the context of variants comparison. In that way, the environmental improvements of a project are chosen at a given level of confidence and focusing on the environmental indicators for which the choice of an alternative affects the results significantly. The proposed uncertainty quantification process is applicable to the whole building life cycle and makes it possible to take into account various uncertainty sources arising in building LCA. The used methods were integrated into an ecodesign platform consisting in a dynamic building energy simulation (DBES) and an LCA tool
Godin, David. "Analyse environnementale et économique du cycle de vie d'un système d'épuration des eaux usées". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23528.
Texto completoDans le cadre de ce mémoire, les méthodologies de l’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) et de l’analyse du cycle de coûts (ACC) sont appliquées à un système d’épuration des eaux usées municipales (STEP) afin de réaliser une évaluation intégrée du profil environnemental et économique du système. Suite à la revue de la littérature des ACVs portant sur des STEPs, des limitations ont été décelées en ce qui a trait à la définition de la fonction du système lors de la première étape de la réalisation de l’ACV. Les limitations dénotées ont mené au développement d’une méthodologie reposant sur le concept de bénéfice environnemental net (BEN) afin d’y pallier. La mise en application du concept de BEN requiert de réaliser des ACVs afin d’évaluer les impacts environnementaux potentiels évités et induits par l’épuration des eaux. Les impacts évités correspondent alors à la différence d’impacts potentiels entre un scénario hypothétique de rejet des eaux usées brutes et un scénario de rejet des eaux usées épurées par la STEP. Les impacts induits correspondent aux impacts générés par le cycle de vie du système d’épuration. Il est à noter que la présentation du concept de BEN ainsi que son application à une l’étude de cas font l’objet d’une publication (Godin et coll., 2012). Les méthodologies du BEN et de l’ACC sont appliquées à l’étude de cas d’un système d’épuration constitué d’étangs aérés facultatifs. Des inventaires des charges des polluants de l’affluent et de l’effluent de la STEP sont compilés afin d’évaluer les impacts potentiels évités en considérant les charges en matières organiques, en nutriments et en métaux lourds ainsi qu’en estimant les émissions potentielles de gaz à effet de serre des rejets directs de matière organique et d’azote au milieu récepteur. Les inventaires de caractérisation des impacts du cycle de vie du système incluent la phase de construction, l’opération ainsi que l’évaluation des impacts induits par une disposition des boues par épandage sur sol agricole et sur sol forestier. L’ACVI réalisée en ayant recours à la méthode ReCiPe et en mettant de l’avant le concept de BEN permet de constater le compromis environnemental fourni par le système d’épuration. L’évaluation comparée de l’ACC et de l’ACV du cycle de vie du système permet d’évaluer la contribution relative des différents éléments du cycle de vie sous les aspects environnementaux et économiques. La comparaison des variantes de disposition des boues permet, quant à elle, de comparer les effets sur les catégories d’impacts potentiels liées à la toxicité du choix du milieu récepteur des boues. L’application de la méthodologie du BEN lors de la réalisation d’ACV portant sur des STEPs permet de définir plus clairement la fonction principale de la STEP et permet d’éviter de considérer la STEP comme une source majeure de pollution. Elle fait de plus ressortir le manque de suivi des eaux usées en ce qui a trait à l’affluent ainsi qu’aux micropolluants.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies are applied to a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in order to conduct an integrated environmental and economic assessment of the system. A Literature review showed that the system function definition has received little attention despite its great importance in past LCA studies applied to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This has led to some limitations in the interpretation of LCA results. A new methodology to perform LCA on WWTPs is proposed to avoid those limitations. It is based on net environmental benefit (NEB) evaluation and requires assessing the potential impact of releasing wastewater without and with treatment besides assessing the impact of the WWTP’s life cycle. Interested readers can find a presentation of the NEB methodology and its application to a case study of a small municipal WWTP consisting of facultative aerated lagoons in Godin et al., (2012). This thesis presents the life cycle inventories (LCI) conducted to perform the LCAs required to estimate the NEB and also shows the inventory and results of the LCC performed on the case study. LCIs include wastewater characterization (i.e. organic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen and heavy metals load), potential greenhouse gas emissions, WWTP construction and operation inventories including sludge removal and disposal. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was conducted using the ReCiPe impact assessment method. LCIA and LCC results allow comparing the relative contribution to environmental potential impacts and economic cost of the life cycle steps of the WWTP. The NEB allows showing the environmental trade-offs between avoided impact due to wastewater treatment and induced impact by the WWTP’s life cycle.
Polster, Bernd. "Contribution à l'étude de l'impact environnemental des bâtiments par analyse du cycle de vie". Paris, ENMP, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ENMP0625.
Texto completoBeloin-Saint-Pierre, Didier. "Vers une caractérisation spatiotemporelle pour l'analyse du cycle de vie". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00857936.
Texto completoMissaoui-Lourimi, Imen. "Caractéristiques des déterminants de performance : analyse en terme de cycle de vie de projets (SI)". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA111002.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the analysis of the performance during the life cycle of information system (IS) projects that requires change and transformation of the firm in evolutive contexts (economic, organizational, social). Our objective is to understand the process of establishment of IS projects and to identify the determinants of performance in the different phases of this process. We consider that the process of implementation is composed of three phases : starting, implementation and generalization. The theoretical framework mobilised is the Resource Based View (RBV) which underlining the role and the articulation of the resources especially through their complementarities for the determination of IS project performance. Based on qualitative and inductive research, we realized 28 semi-directive interviews in ten large French firms. The idea which is defended in this thesis is that the performance of IS project does not depend exclusively from the technological characteristics of a new information system but more widely on the context and environment in which they are established. We demonstrated that performance is function of the capacity to take into account a larger scope of determinants (financial rentability, organizational, managerial, human and social, technical and functional, strategic) identified in this thesis with different levels of importance according to the phase of project. The capacity of the firms to take into account a multidimensional nature of determinants of performance in the different phases of IS project is also likely to explain differences in performance levels
Vandaele, Michel. "Cycle de vie de la marque et sensibilité aux variables d'action marketing : analyse et implications". Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL12006.
Texto completoAn understanding of brand lives is a permanent worry fot those compagny executives responsible for their management. As a means of optimising the sales results of products and brands, such executives use a range of commercial means such as, price, communication and choice of sales outlets. Mickwitz has made certain hypotheses on the revolution of the links between these mens and the different phases followed by a product over time. Although the notion of live cycle is widely used for the product, it has not been frequently used for the brand. Yet, the brand also has its own life. Whose characteristics are not systematically those of the product. The aim of the present study is to supply elements to help those decision-markers responsible for brands in their choise and in their decisions. Accordingly, the objectives developped in the study are : - identify the brand life-cycle, if one exists. - at brand level, test those hypotheses, made for the product (whilst adapting then if necessary). The model used for research is an adaption of huff's attractiveness model. Given that phenomena of autocorrelation are usual when the data base is made up of chronological series, the areg method has been ilmplemented to attenuate the effects
Besseau, Romain. "Analyse de cycle de vie de scénarios énergétiques intégrant la contrainte d’adéquation temporelle production-consommation". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM068.
Texto completoThis research work deals with the environmental impact assessment of energy. The current energy model, which supports the global economy, leads to major environmental impacts by contributing to climate change and resource depletion,and by degrading biodiversity and human health. The environmental impacts of energy systems are assessed, not only considering the energy generation phase, but the whole life-cycle of energy systems : from raw material extraction to end of life. As renewable energies are weather dependent, storage systems may become required to ensure the temporal balance between the production of energy and consumption when renewable energies reach high penetration rates. As a first step, parameterized life-cycle inventory models have been developed for the main energy technologies to produce orstore energy. Those models enable to account for the technological, spatial and temporal variability that can be important. As a second step, an approach based on times-series to model energy production as well as energy consumption has been developed. It allows assessing the energy storage needs induced by the weather dependency of the production and consumption.The global dynamic and parametric method to assess the life cycle environmental impact here developed has been appliedto self-consumption scenarios and then, to the insular territory of La Réunion. Those applications reveal that, even when accounting for the storage need induced by the weather dependency of the production, renewable energies present an environmental footprint significantly lower than the fossil counterparts they aim to substitute
Dang, Thanh Thuy Van. "Méthodes pour l'analyse de cycle de vie des batteries lithium-ion des véhicules électriques". Paris, ENMP, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0051.
Texto completoA framework enabling an application of Life Cycle Assessment approach to various technologies of Lithium-ion Electric Vehicles batteries is created. It encompasses all the life cycle of the product (Manufacturing – Use – End of Life). More precisely, a specific LCA database for Li-ion batteries is constructed and batteries life cycle is successfully modeled. Others difficulties are discussed and solved during this works, such as the choice of batteries functional unit, system modularity, uncertainties of the Use phase and of batteries' lifetime, allocation rules for batteries End of Life… A sensibility analysis is carried out and shows that LCA results strongly depend on chosen data and scenarios. Main conclusions obtained from the base case of our studies are: - Climate change potential of a battery is about 10 - 15 kg CO2 éq/kg of batteries. This amount takes into account the manufacturing and the end of life. Others environmental impacts are also quantified (regional impacts such as acidification, eutrophisation; human toxicity and ecotoxicity…). - Batteries LCA results are sensitive regarding to the choice of its materials, of the manufacturing processes and of the geographic parameters. - Materials recovery during the End of Life phase leads to environmental benefit for the global impacts of the batteries. However, it depends on the recycling process (pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical), as well as on the nature of recovered materials. - Batteries leasing scenario can help minimizing environmental impacts of Electric Vehicles park. In order to facilitate eco-conception of Li-ion batteries, a simplified LCA model is created, which reduces times and costs of future LCA studies while ensuring the same accuracy
Bertin, Jean-Marie. "Modélisation sémantique des bases de données d'inventaires en cycle de vie". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876636.
Texto completoAndrianandraina. "Approche d'éco-conception basée sur la combinaison de l'analyse de cycle de vie et de l'analyse de sensibilité : Cas d'application sur le cycle de vie du matériau d'isolation thermique biosourcé, le béton de chanvre". Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDN0005.
Texto completoThe purpose of this PhD thesis is to establish an ecodesign method based on Life Cycle Assessment, that should allow identifying action levers specific for each economic actor of the life cycle of a product, for improved environmental performances. Life Cycle Assessment was coupled with two methods of sensitivity analysis in five steps: (i) definition of objectives and system, (ii) modeling calculation of inventory and impact indicators with different approaches according to foreground and background sub-systems, (iii) characterization of parameters using a typology specific to possibilities of control of the considered economic actor, (iv) application of two sensitivity analysis methods (Morris and Sobol) and (v) results interpretation in order to identify potential efficient improvements. The approach was applied on the hemp concrete insulation product, including agricultural production, industrial transformation of hemp fibers, and use of hemp concrete as a thermal insulator for buildings. The approach provides potential technological scenarios improving environmental performances for each single economic actor of the product’s life cycle. Performing the method presently requires additional information, but will probably be paid back in the future by driving more robust choices for a given product
Laratte, Bertrand. "Evaluation dynamique et cumulative des impacts environnementaux dans le cadre d'une analyse de cycle de vie". Thesis, Troyes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TROY0033/document.
Texto completoEnvironmental impact assessment methods are now widely used in order to measure environmental impacts associated with human activities (for products, services, and systems). Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is without doubt the foremost assessment method. LCA is also often thought of as the more advanced one, despite serious limitations (e.g. LCA does not include properly economical or social dimensions). In this PhD report, I explore more specifically the issue of integrating time in both inventory models and impact assessments along the life-cycle. In the case of climate change, I offer an evolution of traditional LCA towards a framework that includes dynamic and cumulative aspects as expressed directly in CO2-equivalent. This approach, which is oriented towards reporting practices and/or public policies, is afterwards applied to three different case studies of growing complexity. The central hypothesis of this work is that switching from traditional to so-called “dynamic” LCA would allow for better results with regards to one reality of environmental processes
Arun, Alok. "Analyse génétique et moléculaire de la régulation du cycle de vie chez l'algue brune Ectocarpus siliculosis". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066668.
Texto completoThe goal of the PhD thesis project was to investigate the molecular basis of a particularly interesting phenomenon that occurs in the brown alga Ectocarpus: the alternation, during the life cycle, between two independent, heteromorphic organisms, the sporophyte and the gametophyte. A UV mutagenesis approach had previously been used to screen for life cycle mutants in Ectocarpus. One mutant was isolated, ouroboros (oro), in which the sporophyte generation of the life cycle developed as a fully functional (gamete producing) gametophyte. Consequently, individuals that carry the ouroboros mutation exhibit a homeotic conversion of the sporophyte into a gametophyte. Genetic analysis of the mutation had shown that it was a recessive, single-locus mutation. Also, it had been established experimentally that the mutant shares morphological and functional features which are typical of the wild type gametophyte. Left unaddressed was if oro resembles the wild type gametophyte at the molecular level. I used generation markers genes to show that oro resembles wild type gametophyte at the molecular level. In order to identify the ORO gene, a map-based cloning strategy, using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers, was used. Linkage analysis placed the ORO locus on the linkage group 17. Fine genetic mapping with 1566 individuals of a mapping population delimited the ORO locus to a 43 kbp genomic DNA region with four genes in the region. Sequencing, annotation and function prediction of genes in this region using the sequenced genome of Ectocarpus and comparing it with whole genome sequence of a strain carrying the oro mutation identified a transcription factor gene, which is a strong candidate for the ORO gene. I also participated in a project that focused on understanding the non cell autonomous regulation of life cycle transitions in Ectocarpus. Specifically using life cycle generation marker genes, I showed that meiospores grown in the presence of a sporophyte-produced diffusible factor develop into functional sporophytes and resembled the wild type sporophyte at the molecular level. The results obtained from this work provided a solid foundation for map based cloning of the ORO gene and increased our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying alternation of generation in Ectocarpus
Morales, Mendoza Luis Fernando. "Écoconception de procédés : approche systémique couplant modélisation globale, analyse du cycle de vie et optimisation multiobjectif". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0106/document.
Texto completoThe objective of this work is to propose an integrated and generic framework for eco-design coupling traditional modelling and flowsheeting simulation tools (HYSYS, COCO, ProSimPlus and Ariane), Life Cycle Assessment, multi-objective optimization based on Genetic Algorithms and multiple criteria decision-making methods MCDM (Multiple Choice Decision Making, such as ELECTRE, PROMETHEE, M-TOPSIS) that generalizes, automates and optimizes the evaluation of the environmental criteria at earlier design stage. The approach consists of three main stages. The first two steps correspond respectively to process inventory analysis based on mass and energy balances and impact assessment phases of LCA methodology. Specific attention is paid to the main issues that can be encountered with database and impact assessment i.e. incomplete or missing information, or approximate information that does not match exactly the real situation that may introduce a bias in the environmental impact estimation. A process simulation tool dedicated to production utilities, Ariane, ProSim SA is used to fill environmental database gap, by the design of specific energy sub modules, so that the life cycle energy related emissions for any given process can be computed. The third stage of the methodology is based on the interaction of the previous steps with process simulation for environmental impact assessment and cost estimation through a computational framework. The use of multi-objective optimization methods generally leads to a set of efficient solutions, the so-called Pareto front. The next step consists in identifying the best ones through MCDM methods. The approach is applied to two processes operating in continuous mode. The capabilities of the methodology are highlighted through these case studies (benzene production by HDA process and biodiesel production from vegetable oils). A multi-level assessment for multi-objective optimization is implemented for both cases, the explored pathways depending on the analysis and antagonist behaviour of the criteria
Aubin, Joël. "Contribution de l’analyse du cycle de vie à l’analyse environnementale des systèmes de pisciculture : Joël Aubin". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARH090.
Texto completoThe Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a standardized method of environmental analysis that takes into account the impacts of all stages of a product’s life. It changes the point of view and improves the assessment of the environmental impact of fish farming, which shows a strong worldwide growth. The research presented here is divided into four questions, each illustrated by a scientific article. First, a literature review highlights LCA’s ability to consider aquaculture’s unique characteristics when determining environmental profiles. Next, an article comparing environmental profiles of carnivorous fish production systems illustrates how LCA can characterize aquaculture operation better and highlights critical points for the environment. Next, a study of the replacement of fishmeal and fish oil in fish feed shows how the multi-criteria character of LCA can help guide changes in production systems. Finally, a study of a polyculture system in the Philippines shows the need to change LCA when applying it to fish production. It proposed innovations in the LCA framework to better characterize aquaculture and fisheries systems, including the addition of impact categories such as “net primary production use” or “water dependence”, which help to reveal fish production’s need for environmental resources. However, the need to develop indicators of other aspects, such as impact on biodiversity remains. This work presents numerous lessons that can be drawn from the environmental assessment using LCA, for fish farms ‘evolution. It also illustrates methodological improvements that are needed due to a lack of knowledge about production systems, such as approaches for collecting data for LCA inventories. This study shows the need to supplement the range of impact categories used for aquaculture LCA and to make them more responsive to local contexts
Sablayrolles, Caroline. "Etude fondamentale de transferts des composés traces organiques aux plantes : cas des systèmes amendés par des boues d'épuration". Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPT024A.
Texto completoThe first part of this work concerns an anlytical study of the trace organic compounds contained in the soil, sewage sludges and plants. These were : auromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, polychlorobiphenyls, phthalates, nonylphenol ethoxylates and laurylalkylbenzene sulfonates; The pre-treatment, extraction, purification and analysis of samples has been optimized in order to obtain the most appropriate, reliable protocol to characterize the trace organics for the particular type of matrix or compound. The extraction uses a Soxtec apparatus which is fast, economical and safe. Purification is by solid phase cartridges, specific to the extraction technique. Analysis is by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer and/or by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorimetric detector. Both these techniques are sensitive and selective and permit very low limits of detection. The second part of the work concerns a study of the uptake of the organics in containers of plants. An aquiculture study where all the parameters are controlled has enabled validation of the analytical choices. For the in-soil studies the trace organics in question have been introduced via residual urban sludges. Plant growth monitoring (carrots and tomatoes), shows that the addition of sludge increases plant production. The initial levels of trace organics in the plant containers have been compared to those found in the plants; the percentage uptake of trace organics is low. Finally, the results obtained have been incorporated into a life cycle analysis on the environmental impact of two agronomic, sludge use sectors, from the dewatered sludge through to plant production, using plants growing in containers
Saxcé, Marie de. "Méthodologie d'évaluation de l'impact environnemental des textiles par l'Analyse de Cycle de Vie". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VALE0032/document.
Texto completoIn recent years, the European textile industry and textiles imports have had to comply with an increasing number of environmental policies. Emissions from industrial installations have been subject to EU-wide legislation for over 10 years: the IPPC Directive, the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR)… Since 2007, European textile producers also have to comply with a substantial number of obligations under REACH. Furthermore, in France environmental labelling for certain convenience goods (including textile products) might become mandatory in 2020. In parallel, national awareness appeared on the necessity of designing consumer products with limited use of natural resources and decreased the environmental impacts. Eco-design involves the implementation of new materials and new processes. Life Cycle Assessment, LCA, is a tool that enables the assessment of environmental impacts. This thesis was initiated by Bureau Veritas CODDE Company and the GEMTEX laboratory, following on the identification of a significant need for the development of LCA data and methods in the textile sector. This is because the existing methods and tools are not suitable for the environmental impact assessment of textile products since the textile sector presents specific constraining characteristics. These tools should enable designers, manufacturers and retailers to perform LCA on their products
Maury, Thibaut. "Consideration of space debris in the life cycle assessment framework". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0051/document.
Texto completoSeveral actors of or related to the European space industry, such as ArianeGroup and the European Space Agency (ESA), have identified life cycle assessment (according to ISO14040/44) as the most appropriate methodology to measure and minimise their environmental impact. Nevertheless, space systems deal with a strong particularity which adds new aspects considering the scope of the LCA framework. Space missions are the only human activity that crosses all segments of the atmosphere and stays “out” of the natural environment and ecosystems. Regarding space systems with a holistic approach, environmental impacts could occur not only in the conventional ecosphere but also in the outer space (i.e. the orbital environment).Consequently, the current scope of LCA studies should be broadened to take into account the on-orbit lifetime as well as the end-of-life disposal of the spacecraft. Yet, it is becoming a crucial point of the space mission design due to the future increase of the orbital population composed in a major part by space debris. In this way, LCA studies of space missions could indicate trade-offs not only between typical impact categories (toxicity and climate change for example) but also with regard to impacts generated in the orbital environment with a particular focus on space debris related impacts.Hence, the priority has been given to the integration of a new impact category called orbital space use in the life cycle impact assessment framework. To address the environmental burdens comprehensively in this new category, impact pathways linking elementary flows to environmental mechanisms (midpoint) and damages (endpoint) are developed within the Area-of-Protection ‘Natural resources’. Space debris is identified as the main stressor of the orbital environment. Thus, ‘characterisation factors’ are defined and calculated at midpoint level to assess the potential impact of a space mission on the orbital environment. The methodology is applied to a case study to prove its applicability: the potential impact of a theoretical space mission is addressed through the comparison of three disposal scenarios. Also, a first attempt regarding the characterisation of the endpoint damage is provided taking into account the economic externalities caused by space debris. Finally, remaining methodological challenges and perspectives for future work are provided
Negishi, Koji. "Development of a methodology of Dynamic LCA applied to the buildings". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAT0013/document.
Texto completoThe building sector is a key actor to meet the reduction targets in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most used method for assessing the environmental impacts of a system. In the building sector, the LCA method was adapted with appropriate and simplified tools in order to encourage stakeholders to evaluate the environmental performance of their building products. However, LCA method has some limitations, one of which being the lack of “time dimension” that particularly concerns three points: (i) Lack of consideration of temporal evolution of the system under LCA study, “building system” in our case, (ii) Lack of consideration of temporal discrepancy of activities and associated emissions, (iii) Lack of consideration of dynamic characteristics of environmental impacts (stationary conditions, fixed time horizon, etc.). In this context, the primary objective of the thesis is to develop a dynamic LCA methodology applied to the building sector, on the basis of DyPLCA ANR project. The application of the new dynamic method to a case study with three attached single houses demonstrated that dynamic LCA provides important information on the temporal profile of impacts. The same amount of GHG emissions has a lower effect on temperature peaks when emissions are spread over a long period. The distinction is made between the various GHG, especially according to their lifetime. Instantaneous and cumulated effects (indicators) should be considered in a complete analysis. Actions for mitigation and adaptation need to be decided according to different types of construction product families. Besides, it is necessary to adapt the impact reduction efforts according to the chemical substances
Breton, Charles y Charles Breton. "Évaluation des impacts environnementaux des bâtiments en bois : analyse du cycle de vie dynamique du carbone biogénique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37877.
Texto completoTableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2019-2020
Le secteur du bâtiment émet jusqu’à 30% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) mondiales. Au Canada, il émet 12% des émissions de GES directes et subira une croissance importante d’ici 2030. Accroître l’utilisation des produits du bois pourrait diminuer les impacts climatiques attribués au secteur du bâtiment, ce qui contribuerait à l’atteinte des cibles nationales de réduction des émissions de GES. En stimulant un aménagement forestier durable, cela limiterait aussi les émissions de GES en forêt, en diminuant par exemple les risques de perturbations naturelles. Une gestion intégrée stimulant les secteurs du bâtiment, de la forêt et des produits du bois générerait un maximum de bénéfices environnementaux (i) en maintenant ou augmentant les stocks de carbone en forêt; (ii) en augmentant le stockage temporaire dans les produits du bois; (iii) en encourageant la substitution de matériaux à plus haute empreinte carbone. Le potentiel réel des stratégies d’atténuation faisant intervenir les produits du bois est difficile à quantifier. L'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est un outil utilisé en génie environnemental pour déterminer les impacts environnementaux d'un produit ou d'un service sur son cycle de vie. Cependant, en ACV, il n'existe aucun consensus sur la modélisation du carbone issu de processus biologiques, le carbone biogénique. Les ACV traditionnelles (statiques) ne considèrent pas l’influence des aspects temporels; elles reposent souvent sur les hypothèses que le carbone biogénique est (1) carboneutre ou (2) entièrement émis à la récolte. Ceci est problématique car les impacts climatiques d’un GES sont liés aux variations de sa concentration atmosphérique dans le temps. Les méthodes statiques peuvent donc mener à d’importantes erreurs d’estimation. Par exemple, 57% du carbone séquestré dans les produits du bois canadiens entre 1990 et 2008 est encore stocké dans l’anthroposphère. Considérer ce carboneentièrement émis induit une erreur d’estimation de 675 Mt CO2, l’équivalent de 92% des émissions de GES canadiennes en 2014. Les méthodes dites dynamiques permettent de considérer l’influence d’aspects temporels en ACV. Elles permettent d’éviter les hypothèses simplificatrices (1) et (2). Cependant, ces méthodes sont relativement récentes. Il existe peu d’exemples de leur application dans la littérature, notamment dans le domaine de l’ACV du bâtiment, où leur complexité additionnelle en termes de ressources (temps, données) est un enjeu important. L’objectif de ce projet est de comparer les résultats des méthodes statique et dynamique pour l’évaluation des impacts climatiques des produits du bois en ACV du bâtiment. Plus spécifiquement, cet objectif implique d’identifier une méthode dynamique adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment, puis de l’utiliser dans une étude de cas. Ces objectifs spécifiques sont couverts dans deux articles. Le premier article dresse une revue critique des méthodes de modélisation du carbone biogénique en ACV et identifie la méthode dynamique du potentiel de réchauffement global biogénique (PRGbio) comme bien adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment. Celle-ci permet d’intégrer des aspects dynamiques à l’ACV du bâtiment sans trop complexifier la collecte de données d’inventaire du cycle de vie. Le second article décrit l’application de la méthode PRGbio à l’étude de cas des Habitations Trentino, un bâtiment en bois situé à Québec. Comparativement à une approche statique, l’approche dynamique entraîne une réduction des impacts climatiques liés à l’utilisation des produits du bois. Ce résultat suggère que les méthodes d’ACV actuelles surévaluent les impacts environnementaux du carbone biogénique, et que des politiques encourageant la construction en bois auraient un potentiel d’atténuation des changements climatiques prometteur.
Le secteur du bâtiment émet jusqu’à 30% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) mondiales. Au Canada, il émet 12% des émissions de GES directes et subira une croissance importante d’ici 2030. Accroître l’utilisation des produits du bois pourrait diminuer les impacts climatiques attribués au secteur du bâtiment, ce qui contribuerait à l’atteinte des cibles nationales de réduction des émissions de GES. En stimulant un aménagement forestier durable, cela limiterait aussi les émissions de GES en forêt, en diminuant par exemple les risques de perturbations naturelles. Une gestion intégrée stimulant les secteurs du bâtiment, de la forêt et des produits du bois générerait un maximum de bénéfices environnementaux (i) en maintenant ou augmentant les stocks de carbone en forêt; (ii) en augmentant le stockage temporaire dans les produits du bois; (iii) en encourageant la substitution de matériaux à plus haute empreinte carbone. Le potentiel réel des stratégies d’atténuation faisant intervenir les produits du bois est difficile à quantifier. L'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est un outil utilisé en génie environnemental pour déterminer les impacts environnementaux d'un produit ou d'un service sur son cycle de vie. Cependant, en ACV, il n'existe aucun consensus sur la modélisation du carbone issu de processus biologiques, le carbone biogénique. Les ACV traditionnelles (statiques) ne considèrent pas l’influence des aspects temporels; elles reposent souvent sur les hypothèses que le carbone biogénique est (1) carboneutre ou (2) entièrement émis à la récolte. Ceci est problématique car les impacts climatiques d’un GES sont liés aux variations de sa concentration atmosphérique dans le temps. Les méthodes statiques peuvent donc mener à d’importantes erreurs d’estimation. Par exemple, 57% du carbone séquestré dans les produits du bois canadiens entre 1990 et 2008 est encore stocké dans l’anthroposphère. Considérer ce carboneentièrement émis induit une erreur d’estimation de 675 Mt CO2, l’équivalent de 92% des émissions de GES canadiennes en 2014. Les méthodes dites dynamiques permettent de considérer l’influence d’aspects temporels en ACV. Elles permettent d’éviter les hypothèses simplificatrices (1) et (2). Cependant, ces méthodes sont relativement récentes. Il existe peu d’exemples de leur application dans la littérature, notamment dans le domaine de l’ACV du bâtiment, où leur complexité additionnelle en termes de ressources (temps, données) est un enjeu important. L’objectif de ce projet est de comparer les résultats des méthodes statique et dynamique pour l’évaluation des impacts climatiques des produits du bois en ACV du bâtiment. Plus spécifiquement, cet objectif implique d’identifier une méthode dynamique adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment, puis de l’utiliser dans une étude de cas. Ces objectifs spécifiques sont couverts dans deux articles. Le premier article dresse une revue critique des méthodes de modélisation du carbone biogénique en ACV et identifie la méthode dynamique du potentiel de réchauffement global biogénique (PRGbio) comme bien adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment. Celle-ci permet d’intégrer des aspects dynamiques à l’ACV du bâtiment sans trop complexifier la collecte de données d’inventaire du cycle de vie. Le second article décrit l’application de la méthode PRGbio à l’étude de cas des Habitations Trentino, un bâtiment en bois situé à Québec. Comparativement à une approche statique, l’approche dynamique entraîne une réduction des impacts climatiques liés à l’utilisation des produits du bois. Ce résultat suggère que les méthodes d’ACV actuelles surévaluent les impacts environnementaux du carbone biogénique, et que des politiques encourageant la construction en bois auraient un potentiel d’atténuation des changements climatiques prometteur.
The building sector accounts for up to 30% of global GHG emissions. In Canada, it represents 12% of direct GHG emissions; these impacts are expected to significantly increase before 2030. Using more harvested wood products (HWP) in buildings could reduce the climate change impacts of the building sector and help reach the national mitigation goals set under the Paris Agreement. By encouraging sustainable forest management, this could also reduce forest carbon emissions, e.g. by reducing the risks and consequences of natural disturbances (fires, insects, etc.). Combining (i) sustainable forest management, (ii) temporary carbon storage and (iii) substitution benefits in integrated management approaches could provide large, necessary mitigation benefits. The potential benefits of integrated approaches including HWP are increasingly recognized, but assessing their actual climate impacts remains challenging. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used in environmental engineering to assess the life cycle impacts products or services. However, there is currently no consensus in LCA on the assessment of carbon from biological processes, biogenic carbon. Traditional (static) practice disregards the influence of time considerations in LCA, and generally considers biogenic carbon (1) carbon neutral or (2) entirely emitted at the moment of harvest. This is a problem, since the climate change impacts of greenhouse gases (GHG) are a function of their atmospheric concentration over time. Disregarding time considerations can thus lead to estimation errors. In Canada, 57% of the biogenic carbon captured in wood products between 1990 and 2008 still remains in the anthroposphere. To consider it entirely emitted at harvest induces an estimation error of 675 Mt CO2, or approximately 92% of total Canadian GHG emissions in 2014. Dynamic approaches include time considerations in LCA and avoid simplifying assumptions (1) and (2). However, dynamic approaches are relatively recent. There are few available case studies and guidelines in the literature, notably in the field of building LCA, where the additional complexity and ressources (time, data) is a concern. The goal of this project is to compare the results of static and dynamic LCA approaches in the analysis of the climate change impacts of HWP in building LCA. More specifically, this goal implies identifying a dynamic approach well adapted to building LCA, and applying it in a case study. These objectives are covered in two articles. The first article is a critical review of biogenic carbon assessment methods in LCA. It identifies the biogenic global warming potential (GWPbio), a dynamic LCA approach, as well adapted for building LCA. The GWPbio approach can include time considerations in LCA, but is less resource-intensive than other approaches. The second article describes the use of GWPbio in the LCA of the Trentino building, a timber building located in Quebec City. Compared to static approaches, using GWPbio reduces the global warming impacts of HWP. This result suggests that current LCIA practice overestimates the impacts of biogenic carbon and HWP. Consequently, encouraging an increased use of HWP in the building sector could provide promising climate change mitigation benefits.
The building sector accounts for up to 30% of global GHG emissions. In Canada, it represents 12% of direct GHG emissions; these impacts are expected to significantly increase before 2030. Using more harvested wood products (HWP) in buildings could reduce the climate change impacts of the building sector and help reach the national mitigation goals set under the Paris Agreement. By encouraging sustainable forest management, this could also reduce forest carbon emissions, e.g. by reducing the risks and consequences of natural disturbances (fires, insects, etc.). Combining (i) sustainable forest management, (ii) temporary carbon storage and (iii) substitution benefits in integrated management approaches could provide large, necessary mitigation benefits. The potential benefits of integrated approaches including HWP are increasingly recognized, but assessing their actual climate impacts remains challenging. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used in environmental engineering to assess the life cycle impacts products or services. However, there is currently no consensus in LCA on the assessment of carbon from biological processes, biogenic carbon. Traditional (static) practice disregards the influence of time considerations in LCA, and generally considers biogenic carbon (1) carbon neutral or (2) entirely emitted at the moment of harvest. This is a problem, since the climate change impacts of greenhouse gases (GHG) are a function of their atmospheric concentration over time. Disregarding time considerations can thus lead to estimation errors. In Canada, 57% of the biogenic carbon captured in wood products between 1990 and 2008 still remains in the anthroposphere. To consider it entirely emitted at harvest induces an estimation error of 675 Mt CO2, or approximately 92% of total Canadian GHG emissions in 2014. Dynamic approaches include time considerations in LCA and avoid simplifying assumptions (1) and (2). However, dynamic approaches are relatively recent. There are few available case studies and guidelines in the literature, notably in the field of building LCA, where the additional complexity and ressources (time, data) is a concern. The goal of this project is to compare the results of static and dynamic LCA approaches in the analysis of the climate change impacts of HWP in building LCA. More specifically, this goal implies identifying a dynamic approach well adapted to building LCA, and applying it in a case study. These objectives are covered in two articles. The first article is a critical review of biogenic carbon assessment methods in LCA. It identifies the biogenic global warming potential (GWPbio), a dynamic LCA approach, as well adapted for building LCA. The GWPbio approach can include time considerations in LCA, but is less resource-intensive than other approaches. The second article describes the use of GWPbio in the LCA of the Trentino building, a timber building located in Quebec City. Compared to static approaches, using GWPbio reduces the global warming impacts of HWP. This result suggests that current LCIA practice overestimates the impacts of biogenic carbon and HWP. Consequently, encouraging an increased use of HWP in the building sector could provide promising climate change mitigation benefits.
Fougani, Malika. "Analyse du cycle de vie des boues de forage pétrolier : caractérisation des émissions toxiques en milieu aride". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6122.
Texto completoHeredia, Manuel. "Méthodologies d’analyse environnementale des filières bioénergie : approches par analyse de cycle de vie et nouvelles approches spatiales". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14551/document.
Texto completoThis work aims to provide informations and tools that are currently lacking in the environmental analysis of biofuels, especially in the life cycle analysis (LCA). This work includes two complementary parts. The first part focuses on biofuels supply chains at international scale. A descriptive study allows us to define the PEC system (Production, Elaboration, Consumption) to represent these supply chains. A tool is developed to describe and quantify PEC entities from biofuel consumption to areas of primary crops production. This tool is applied to biodiesel consumption in the EU using bioproducts flows data taken from international trade databases. It shows that biodiesel consumption involves a rapidly growing contribution of crop areas outside the EU (Non-EU), increasing from 28% in 2004 to 76% in 2009. Non-EU crop areas are indeed simultaneously mobilised through imports of bioproducts (22-46%) and through direct imports of biodiesel (0-40%). This tool eventually produces allocation matrices, based on national consumption, which are useful for LCA. The second part focuses on primary crops areas by considering a local level in order to integrate their spatial heterogeneities and territorial specificities. Primary crop areas in major producing countries supplying EU's biofuel consumptions are localised. Examination of the production situation in important countries allows to identify the nature of in situ local impacts and to study criticality of impacts in the national and territorial context. Then, spatial approaches based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are applied to bioethanol industries in Brazil. In this approach, about 620 ethanol plants in Brazil are localised using GIS and their supply areas are characterised. This leads to the measurement of specific indicators, such as spatiotemporal patterns of sugarcane expansion. These results are a contribution to the understanding of the structure and interactions among supply chains and to a better consideration of the spatial aspects in environmental analysis and LCA studies of biofuels consumed in Europe