Tesis sobre el tema "Analisi forensi"
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Mioli, Riccardo. "Una proposta di logiche di correlazione per artefatti forensi utilizzabili nell'ambito dell'analisi live". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22187/.
Texto completoMELCHIONDA, FILOMENA. "Sviluppo e validazione di un saggio in real-time pcr per la determinazione della quantità e qualità del dna nucleare e mitocondriale umano e le sue applicazioni nelle analisi forensi". Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/291115.
Texto completoQuantification of human DNA plays a key role in forensic genetics. A more accurate estimate of the amount of human DNA is essential for planning and optimizing genotyping assays, as is an evaluation of the presence of PCR inhibitory substances present in forensic samples. Furthermore, for highly compromised samples, quantification can provide information about the DNA degradation status, directing the forensic analyst towards more appropriate genotyping strategies. In this study, we present a Real-Time PCR assay (qPCR TaqMan®) for the quantification of DNA specific for forensic applications, able to assess simultaneously both the quantity of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. The assay combines two mtDNA targets and two nuclear DNA targets, with amplification products of different sizes (mtDNA=69bp and 143bp; nuclear DNA=71bp and 181bp), in order to provide information on the degradation status of the extracted genetic material. In addition, the qPCR test contains an internal positive control (IPC) to detect the presence of potential inhibitors. However, due to an interaction between the 69bp mitochondrial target primers and the 71bp nuclear target probe, found during validation and optimization of the qPCR assay, the 71bp DNA target was removed from the assay passing from pentaplex to tetraplex reaction. The assay was tested on various biological matrices, consisting of forensic samples that contain small amounts of nuclear DNA and/or degraded DNA, such as bone, teeth, fingernails, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues and hair shafts. The quantification results obtained by the tetraplex assay have been compared with the data achieved on the same samples with other quantification systems commercially available and commonly used in forensic genetics laboratories.
Ramenzoni, Liza Lima. "Analise das bandas de Hunter-Schreger como novo metodo biometrico de identificação humana". [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290030.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O esmalte dental é caracterizado por camadas de prismas em direções alternadas regularmente. Estas camadas sucessivas formam as Bandas de Hunter-Schreger (HSB) que aparecem como faixas claras e escuras quando vistas sob forte iluminação lateral. Neste presente trabalho avaliamos a singularidade das HSB em dentes humanos como um método biométrico para identificação pessoal, já que as diferenças no padrão das HSB em dentes ainda não foi estudada. A amostra foi composta de 274 incisivos inferiores. Os procedimentos seguintes foram executados: os dentes foram fotografados em uma lupa esteroscópica e fibra óptica acopladas. O contraste das imagens após digitalização, foi aumentado utilizando Corel Photo Paint 9® e então as mesmas imagens foram analisadas em software de identificação automatizado de base biométrica (Verifinger 4.2 SDK / Fingersec®). O software gerou uma lista de comparações de dados biométricos com uma medida de semelhança (comparações entre ¿minutias¿). As medidas de similaridade do banco de dados foram comparadas em uma matriz de semelhança. Analisamos também a variação das espessuras médias das Bandas desde que este parâmetro é muito variável e pode ser usado para confirmar a identificação. Os resultados demonstraram que o padrão de HSB é altamente variável e único para cada dente analisado. HSB não puderam ser observadas em 4,5% dos dentes examinados. Dentes sem HSB não foram incluídos no banco de dados. Dentes com 0 ou 1 minutias totalizaram 3,3% da amostra. Nestes casos, a distinção pode ser feita através de comparação visual simples. Assim, as medidas biométricas das HSB provaram ser um método com alta potencialidade para identificação pessoal, desde que o tecido do esmalte resiste condições ambientais extremas e as imagens são obtidas facilmente. Estas características fazem das HSB um modelo potencialmente útil para análise forense utilizando medidas físicas ou biológicas pessoais, dando uma descrição correta do indivíduo
Abstract: Dental enamel is characterized by layers of prisms with regularly alternating directions. These successive layers form Hunter-Schreger Bands (HSB) that appear as dark and light bands when viewed under strong illumination. In the present study, we evaluate the HSB singularity in human teeth as a biometric-based method for personal identification since differences in HSB patterns have never been studied. The sample was composed of 274 lower incisors. The following procedures were performed: the teeth were photographed at low magnification, the contrast of the captured images was increased using Corel Photo Paint 9® and then analyzed in automated biometrics-based identification software (Verifinger Demo 4.2 SDK / Fingersec®). The software generated a list of biometric data comparisons with a similarity measure (minutiae matching). The storage of database comparisons could be represented with a similarity matrix. We also analyzed the thickness of the bands since this parameter is very variable and could be used for the identification. The results demonstrated that the pattern of HSB is highly variable and unique for each tooth. HSB bands could not be observed in 4.5 % of the teeth examined. Teeth without HSB could not be included in the database. Teeth having 0 or 1 minutiae comprised 3.3% of our sample. In these cases, the inspection was simply done by visual comparison. Thus, the biometric measurements of HSB proved to be a valuable method for personal identification, since enamel can resist extreme environmental conditions and the images could be easily obtained. These characteristics make HSB a potentially useful model for personal physical or biological measurements to give a correct description of an individual
Mestrado
Histologia e Embriologia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental
Grosso, Annarita. "Analisi forense di strumenti web browser portable". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4983/.
Texto completoSouza, Andreia Cristina Breda de. "Analise histologica de dentes deciduos rosados apos a morte". [s.n.], 2002. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290804.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: A pigmentação rosada é uma alteração cromática dos dentes, que pode estar relacionada a mortes súbitas e violentas, resultante do extravasamento sanguineo a partir da polpa dentária, com penetração da hemoglobina ou seus subprodutos no interior dos túbulos dentinários. Fatores como a umidade, temperatura e a posição em que são encontrados os corpos são considerados como coadjuvantes no desenvolvimento do fenômeno. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas duas amostras com o objetivo de analisar as fases de formação desta alteração cromática, sendo uma amostra constituída de dentes decíduos naturalmente rosados e a outra de dentes decíduos cuja pigmentação rosada foi reproduzida experimentalmente. Após a indução da pigmentação rosada, através da injeção sanguínea a partir do ápice radicular, quando da observação da modificação cromática os elementos dentários foram submetidos em diferentes dias a uma análise histológica e outra espectrofotométrica. Os resultados obtidos através das duas análises permitiram-nos concluir que a hemoglobina íntegra é a responsável pela alteração de cor, os seus subprodutos não têm papel fundamental no desenvolvimento do fenômeno e que a sua degradação não acontece de forma única e é mais lenta do que previamente se pensava
Abstract: Pink pigmentation is a chromatic change of teeth that may be related to sudden and violent deaths. It is caused by blood flow out trom dental pulp, with the penetration of hemoglobin and its sub products into dentinal tubules. Factors such as temperature and the position of the bodies are considered to help the development of such situation. This research used two samples to analyze the phases of that chromatic change. One of the samples was a group of naturally pink deciduous teeth. The other group was deciduous teeth that the pink pigmentation was reproduced experimentally. After reproduction of pink pigmentation, these teeth were histological and spectrophotometric analyzed in different days. Therefore it was concluded that the hemoglobin is responsible for color change and its degradation happens slower that was earlier thought
Mestrado
Mestre em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Spadacio, Celio. "Analise dos principais materiais dentarios restauradores submetidos a ação do fogo e sua importancia no processo de identificação". [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290744.
Texto completoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Os dentes e os arcos dentários podem fornecer, em certas circunstâncias, subsídios imprescindíveis para a solução de crimes e ou fundamentais para o estabelecimento da identidade de um indivíduo. Estes resistem devido à sua localização e dureza a diferentes tipos de agressões. Ocorre que por vezes estes são submetidos a inúmeros tipos de tratamentos restauradores (obturações, próteses unitárias, próteses removíveis, implantes odontológicos, entre outros). Tais restaurações juntamente com a localização, formato, tamanho, ausências, patologias, entre outros constituirão os caracteres sinaléticos utilizados no reconhecimento e identificação dos indivíduos. Em um desastre de grandes proporções (desastres naturais e ou desastres provocados pelo homem), em geral ocorrem incêndios e nestes o ser humano acaba por vezes a ser reduzido a um corpo disforme (carbonizado) mutilado ou não, em outras o mesmo ser humano praticamente desaparece (calcinação), nas duas situações os dentes permanecem viáveis para serem utilizados na identificação, o que diferenciará serão os maiores cuidados que o perito deverá observar durante a coleta dos cadáveres e partes destes. A literatura recomenda sempre que se deve no caso de grandes incêndios, inicialmente localizar os corpos registrando tal situação e discriminar a localização dos pertences pessoais destes, tais como jóias, indumentária, celulares, entre outros. Para os casos de calcinados, recomenda realizar tomadas radiográficas das porções cefálicas ainda no local do acidente visando evitar a destruição dos remanescentes dentários. Sabe-se quanto ao exame dentário que tanto os dentes (esmalte, dentina e cemento) como as restaurações e próteses odontológicas apresentam um determinado comportamento frente às diferenças de temperatura, geradas quando de um incêndio, porém é necessário estabelecer quais são estas alterações frente aos novos materiais odontológicos restauradores. Em vista a estes fatos o presente estudo buscou verificar macroscopicamente e estudar os aspectos dos materiais dentários não metálicos e o amálgama, quando submetidos á energia física calor; avaliar as alterações desses materiais submetidos a 12 níveis de temperaturas compreendidas de 100ºC até 1200ºC, em intervalos de tempo de 15 minutos, analisando e comparando os fenômenos ocorridos nos materiais restauradores odontológicos; discutir os aspectos éticos e legais frentes às perícias de identificação humana. Verificou-se que os materiais restauradores não metálicos , apresentam alterações de cor, de volume, contração (por desidratação) e alterações quanto à superfície externa (carbonizada e até calcinação). O amálgama apresenta alterações de cor, de brilho superficial (apresentando de início pequenos orifícios, entumescendo até a fase da separação dos componentes da liga, terminando somente com a prata no fundo da cavidade). Os dados obtidos são muito semelhantes aos encontrados em arcos dentários de indivíduos carbonizados e permitem ao perito, por comparação, a determinação do tipo de material restaurador utilizado. Tal informação associada com os dados do confronto da documentação produzidas em vida permitirá o estabelecimento da identidade do cadáver
Abstract: The tooth and the dental arc can furnish, and certain circunstance subsidy necessary to the solution of the crime and or fundamental to the establishment of the identification of a individual. This resist just to its localization and hardness the different type of the aggression. It occur that sometimes this is submit the innumerable type of recuperate treatment (filltion, unite, prosthesis remove, prosthesis, implant dental between others. However is restoration connect with the localization, form, size, absence, pathological, between others to consist in caracteres signalize utilized in the recognition and identification of the individual. In a disaster of the proportion big (nature disaster and or that to cause for the man) , in general occurred fire and in this the individual finished sometimes reduced the a withness form (burnt) mutilate or not, in others the same individual practise disappear (to reduce to lime) in the two situations the tooth continue viable to is utilization in the identification what differentiate are the big care that the expert made observe while the collection of the corpse and part of these. The literature recommed always in the case of the big fire, initiate to find the body registering is situation and itemize the localization and the belongings personal of this, well with delightful, attire, cellular phone, between others. From the cases of the to reduce to lime, recommed to realize take x- ray of the cephalic portion still in the place of the accident to aim at to avoid the destruction of the remainder dental. They are knowing that amount for the dental examination that as much the tooth (enamel, dental and cemento) as restauration and dental prosthesis follow a behaviour determination when in front of the differences of the temperature, to generate when of the fire. However is need establish which be theses alteration from of the new restoration material dental front of the facts the present study to search for to confirm macroscopic and to study the aspect of the dental materials not metallic and the amalgama, when subdue to heat physical energic, avaliable the change of this is material submet the 12 level of the temperature understand of the 100ºC, untill 1200ºC, in interval of the time of the 15 minutes, analysing and comparing the phenomenon occurred in restauration material dental, discuss the legal and ethical aspect and so on to human identification investigation. Checked that the material not metallic restoration, however not if to untre sthg of the cavity follow change of the color of the volume, contraction (for dehydratetion) and change how to its external surface (of the smooth to infeccious charred, to reduce to lime). Abready the amalgama follow change of the collor of the superficial brightness (follow the start little harden orifice untill the face of the separation of the content of the league, finished about with silver in the bottom of the cavity). The data obtained are very similar the find in the dental are of the charred individual and to permit the expert for the comparation the determination of the type of the restauration material utilized. This is information associate with the data of the comparison with the documentation trendy in life that allow the establishment of the identity corpse
Doutorado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Doutor em Radiologia Odontológica
Spinelli, Eliani. "Identificação de usuários de Cannabis por cromatografia em camada delgada de alta eficiência". Universidade de São Paulo, 1994. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9137/tde-12122014-171458/.
Texto completoAbstract not available.
Carano, Francesco <1980>. "Analisi genetico-forense su DNA mitocondriale appartenente alla popolazione mongola". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8011/1/Tesi%20DIBINEM%20Francesco%20Carano.pdf.
Texto completoWhole mtDNA sequence from 151 individuals representative of Mongolian population was analyzed by the innovative technology of Next Generation Sequencing, and by Sanger method which actually represents the gold-standard.We observed a global high level of consistency between the two techniques. Discrepancies were found mainly in C-strecthes interpretation.In the same time we also compared the genetic resolution in terms of "power of discrimination" between the whole mitochodrial genome, and the coding region only. As expected, the whole genome analysis show a major ratio of "Random Match Probability", useful in database for forensic genetics purpose, also allowing a major dissection of the most common philogenetic lines. The main advantage offered by NGS analyzing wide genomic regions in short time with lower expenses compared to Sanger sequencing, it is largely exploited in many bio-medical research fields, and it might be soon a reality also in forensic genetics. Nonetheless, its application will require guidelines for correct interpretation due to the high instrumental sensitivity.
Tagesson, Samuel. "Anti-forensik mot minnesforensik : En litteraturstudie om anti-forensiska metoder mot minnesdumpning och minnesanalys". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17818.
Texto completoIT forensics face many difficulties in their work of obtaining and analyzing data. Criminals are using more and more anti-forensic methods to hide evidence that can be used against them. One common anti-forensic method is encryption. In order for IT forensics to access the encrypted information, the encryption key can be found in the memory of the computer. This makes the computer's memory valuable to retrieved and analyze. However, there are several anti-forensic methods that a criminal can use to prevent the memory from being retrieved or analyzed. This study performs a systematic literature study to identify the current anti-forensic methods against memory analysis and memory dumping on Windows system. Several methods are addressed where, among other things, the operating system is modified or built-in security functions on the CPU are used to prevent information being retrieved or analyzed from memory.
Lucente, Leonardo. "Progettazione e Sviluppo di una Web Application per l’Analisi di Reti Sociali in ambito Forense". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22981/.
Texto completoCACCIA, GIULIA. "INTERAZIONE CORPO AMBIENTE: IL FIL ROUGE TRA ANALISI TAFONOMICHE E TRACCE IN CONTESTO FORENSE". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/929684.
Texto completoLocard's principle, known as the principle of interchange, in its simplicity, rationalizes the existence of all traces studied in forensic sciences. The French criminologist Edmond Locard, through this principle, argues that the trace is the inevitable result of the interaction between two entities, then adding that this trace is all the more justified in its existence when it is the result of violent acts such as a crime. This paper wanted to especially investigate the traces resulting from the interaction between the victim's body and the environment, an interaction that takes many forms: it generates environmental traces that remain on the body, able to provide information about the environments that the victim has crossed in the peri-mortal period, but it is also responsible for the post-mortal alteration of the body, in particular of all the taphonomic phenomena that take place on it. These phenomena, if on the one hand they act on substrates and previous traces, altering or obliterating them, on the other hand they generate new evidence that can provide information on the post-mortal history of a victim. This vast subject has been addressed through six lines of research, the first three, purely experimental, have tested different body substrates: nails, hair, skin, and bones in their interaction with various environments, natural open and anthropized, up to extremely specific environments such as workplaces. In these contexts, studies have been conducted to examine the determinability and specificity of environmental traces of various kinds, as well as the persistence of traces and substrates over different time periods, including through the creation of a small body farm with animal carcasses. The second three lines of research instead investigated the same relationship in real contexts: through the study of the remains of the victims of the shipwreck of April 18, 2015, which remained for several months on the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, those of patients buried for centuries in the crypt chambers of the Ca’ Granda hospital in Milan and finally the recent remains referable to almost twenty suspicious deaths whose victims remained for more or less time in various environments of northern Italy. The work has allowed us to implement the information currently available on the study and interpretation of body-environment interaction, benefiting from controlled contexts and the collection of continuous datasets, see the Ticino Park experiment. It has also provided new information about specific body substrates and their power to retain environmental traces, see the studies carried out on nails and skin. It has tested the applicability and efficacy of known and recognized analytical techniques to new contexts, as in the case of the determination of human biological traces in the hair, carried out according to the protocols used by the scientific departments of law enforcement, but also in the case of nutritional investigations from dental calculus borrowed from archaeology and conducted on current populations. In addition, it has allowed us to expand our knowledge about the taphonomy of specific environments such as the Mediterranean Sea, a little-known context from a forensic taphonomic point of view and of extreme importance given the current migration problem whose routes involve this environment and the huge number of victims that this generates. The research has also shown the limits that currently exist in the approach to these issues and the need for further research and experiments through the application of techniques that in recent years are proving extremely valuable in forensics; this is the case of Raman spectroscopy that would be desirable to apply on the hyponychium residue, but also on micro particulate matter from skin but also the environmental SEM, whose effectiveness could be tested in the field. The limits of nutritional analysis on the migrant population have also emerged, an analysis with great potential which, however, currently suffers from a collection of comparisons still under development. Different research under the common thread of the interaction between body and environment and united by the fact that they all concur to the same objective: to find answers, but above all new tools, to answer the questions of criminal investigation, always keeping in mind those principles of truth, dignity, and justice capable of raising the forensic discipline from a mere exercise of style of science.
Oliveira, Flávio de Souza. "Resposta a incidentes e analise forense para redes baseadas em Windows 2000". [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/276472.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação
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Resumo: A preocupação com segurança é requisito essencial para a grande maioria dos serviços e aplicações que utilizam a Internet. Ao contrário do que ocorria nos primórdios da Rede, as organizações que fazem uso da Internet procuram se proteger através da implantação de diversos aparatos como filtros, proxies e VPNs, para evitar o comprometimento de suas informações. Contudo, não há meios de garantir que determinada organização não poderá ser vítima de um incidente de segurança, mesmo que tome todas as precauções para evitar este tipo de acontecimento. No caso de um incidente de segurança, é vital, mas ainda raro, o estabelecimento de programas de resposta a incidentes, nos quais estão incluídas as metodologias de análise forense. O presente trabalho apresenta aspectos estruturais deste tipo de programa, além de abordar e discutir metodologias de análise forense para Windows 2000. Baseada nos problemas de tal análise, foi desenvolvida neste trabalho a ferramenta PFSAF (Pre-Forensic Setup Automation Framework), com o objetivo de facilitar a implantação de programas de resposta a incidentes, através da automatização de medidas preventivas que possam facilitar uma futura análise forense
Abstract: Security awareness is an essential requisite for most Internet based services and applications. Organizations that use the Internet, nowadays seek security through several apparatus such as filters, proxies, and VPNs. However, no organization can guarantee to be immune from security incidents, despite all precautions taken to avoid them. When a security incident occurs, it is vital although infrequent, having been established incident response programs, including forensic analysis methodologies. This work presents structural aspects for this type of program, besides discussing forensic analysis methodologies for Wmdows 2000. Based on such analysis we have developed the tool PFSAF(Pre-Forensic Setup Automation Framework) with the goal of easing the deployment of incident response programs, through automation of preventive measures that can help a future forensic analysis
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência da Computação
Abe, Daniela Mieko. "Avaliação do sexo por analise de função discriminante a partir de dimensões lineares do cranio". [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289046.
Texto completoInclui disquete acondicionado em bolso
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T14:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abe_DanielaMieko_M.pdf: 3593837 bytes, checksum: 5f62586fc876f5578cc83cb8da015d2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000
Resumo: Chacinas, assassinatos em série, cometidos por psicopatas, tentativas de ocultação de cadáveres e catástrofes rodoviárias, com dezenas de mortos, fazem que rotineiros exames médico-legais sejam insuficientes para a plena identificação das vítimas. As estruturas ósseas crânio-faciais, de reconhecida capacidade de preservação, são, muitas vezes, as únicas fontes para se extrair informações acerca da identidade que tem, na determinação do sexo, um dos seus elementos-chave. A objetividade e precisão do método estatístico denotam vantagens em relação à visualização dos aspectos morfológicos para a definição sexual. Entretanto, o uso de parâmetros antropométricos, oriundos de pesquisas estrangeiras, para o diagnóstico do sexo em brasileiros, é passível de erro, pois as dimensões osteométricas são inerentes a padrões genético-fisiológico-culturais do grupo humano analisado, diferente dos padrões nacionais. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: verificar a existência de dimorfismo sexual por meio de quatro mensurações lineares, obtidas com equipamentos simples, do crânio de indivíduos brasileiros, de sexo e faixa etária conhecidos, bem como analisar, estatisticamente, o grau de significância a fim de desenvolver função discriminante aplicável a outras amostras e construir um programa informatizado para efetuar os cálculos, dando praticidade à técnica. A amostra consistiu de 130 crânios (50 femininos e 80 masculinos), provenientes da ala de indigentes de cemitérios públicos das cidades de Salvador-BA, São Paulo-SP e Araçatuba-SP, com idades superiores a 20 anos e sexo conhecidos, cujos registros foram fornecidos pelas instituições e derivaram-se de constatações do Instituto Médico-legal que os enviou. As medidas - Espinha Nasal Anterior-Borda Anterior do Meato Acústico Externo (ENA-BAMAE) e Glabela-Espinha Nasal Anterior (G-ENA) - foram obtidas por paquímetro de precisão, enquanto Lambda-Glabela (L-G) e Lambda-Pólo Inferior da Apófise Mastóidea (L-PIAM) foram coletadas com o auxílio de compasso de Willis, ambos graduados em milímetros. Todas as dimensões mostraram-se estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) para a discriminação sexual, quando submetidas ao teste t de Student. A análise da função discriminante, por stepwise, permitiu a elaboração de regressão logística, a partir das distâncias Espinha Nasal Anterior-Borda Anterior do Meato Acústico Externo (ENA-BAMAE), Glabela-Espinha Nasal Anterior (G-ENA) e Lambda-Pólo Inferior da Apófise Mastóidea (L-PIAM) - a fim de determinar a probabilidade de pertinência do crânio ao sexo feminino com 86,1% de confiabilidade, índice compatível a outros estudos de metodologia semelhante. Um programa informatizado foi desenvolvido para efetuar os cálculos e simplificar o emprego da técnica
Abstract: laughters, serial killers committed by psychos, tries in hiding cadavers and road catastrophes with dozen of dead people do that dayly legal medical exams are not enough for the identification of the victims. The craniofacial bone structures, well known as preservation capacity, are, a lot of times, the only way to extract identity informations, that has in the sex determination, one of its key elements. The objectivity and the statistic method precision show advantages in relation from vizualizing the morphologic aspects for the sexual definition. However, the use of antropometric parameters, proceeding from foreign researches, for the brazilian sex diagnostic, is a error pass, because the osteometric dimensions are dependent of genetic-physiologic-cultural analysed group. The objetives from the present study were: to verify the sexual dimorphism existence by four linear skull measures in brazilian person, which age and sex known, with the utilization of simple equipments, as well as, analyse the statistic significance degree, intending to create a function to another samples and construct a computer program to build the amonts, giving practicity to the technique. The sample consisted in 130 skulls (50 female and 80 male), from the beggars part public cemetery of the cities Salvador, São Paulo and Araçatuba, with superior ages from 20 years old and know sex, which registers were given by the institutions that carne from the Legal Medical lnstitute that sent it. The measures - anterior nasal spine to anterior border external auditory meatus and glabella to anterior nasal spine - were seen by the precision caliper. While glabella to lambda and lambda to inferior mastoidal pole were collected with the Willis compass, both millimeters graduated. All the dimensions were statistically significant (p<0,05) for the sexual discrimination when submited the test t of Student. The discriminant analysis by stepwise, permited the elaboration of logistic regression, from the distances: anterior nasal spine to anterior border external auditory meatus, glabella to anterior nasal spine and lambda to inferior mastoidal pole - to determine the probability of the skull pertinence to the female sex with 86,1% of confiability, result compatible the others studies of similar methodology. A computer program was crated to built the amounts and simplify the use of the technique
Mestrado
Mestre em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Matoso, Rodrigo Ivo 1978. "Comparison of gunshot entrance morphologies caused by .40-caliber Smith & Wesson, .380-caliber, and 9-mm Luger bullets = a finite element analysis study = Comparação de morfologias de orifícios de entrada causados por projéteis de calibre .40 Smith & Wesson, calibre .380, e 9 mm Luger: estudo com análise de elementos finitos". [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288834.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Armas de fogo podem causar feridas fatais e serem identificadas pelos vestígios deixados no corpo ou em torno deste. Entretanto, há casos em que nem projétil e nem arma do delito estão dispostos no local de crime. Estudos balísticos envolvendo modelos de elementos finitos podem reproduzir condições biomecânicas computacionais, sem ferir princípios bioéticos, pois não ocorrem testes diretos em animais ou em seres humanos. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar as morfologias de orifícios de entrada causados por projéteis calibre .40 Smith & Wesson (S&W), calibre .380 e calibre 9x19 mm Luger. Um projétil .40 S&W encamisado total, um projétil .380 encamisado total e um projétil 9x19 mm Luger encamisado total foram computacionalmente disparados contra região de glabela do modelo de elementos finitos, à distância de 10 cm, com incidência perpendicular ao ponto do alvo. Os resultados apresentam diferentes morfologias nos orifícios de entrada produzidos pelos três projéteis, utilizando-se o mesmo modelo de crânio e na mesma distância de tiro. Os resultados e as características dos orifícios de entrada foram discutidos. Modelos de elementos finitos permitem pesquisas balísticas computacionais praticáveis, que podem ser úteis para peritos forenses quando da comparação e análise de dados relacionados a feridas por arma de fogo na região frontal do crânio
Abstract: Firearms can cause fatal wounds, which can be identified by traces on or around the body. However, there are cases where neither the bullet nor gun is found at the crime scene. Ballistic research involving finite element models can reproduce computational biomechanical conditions, without compromising bioethics, as they involve no direct tests on animals or humans. This study aims to compare the morphologies of gunshot entrance holes caused by .40-caliber Smith & Wesson (S&W), .380-caliber, and 9x19-mm Luger bullets. A fully metal-jacketed .40 S&W projectile, a fully metal-jacketed .380 projectile, and a fully metal-jacketed 9x19-mm Luger projectile were computationally fired at the glabellar region of the finite element model from a distance of 10 cm, at perpendicular incidence. The results show different morphologies in the entrance holes produced by the three bullets, using the same skull at the same shot distance. The results and traits of the entrance holes are discussed. Finite element models allow feasible computational ballistic research, which may be useful to forensic experts when comparing and analyzing data related to gunshot wounds in the forehead
Mestrado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental
Melani, Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff. "Identificação humana em vitimas de carbonização : analise odonto-legal atraves da microscopia eletronica". [s.n.], 1998. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290717.
Texto completoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Objetivo. Propomos estudar as reações e alterações dos tecidos e restaurações em amálgama de prata, frente ao calor, em temperaturas de 2000 c, 400°C e 600°C, através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, comparando os dados obtidos com a análise dos.fenômenos ocorridos nos dentes de uma vítima de carbonização. Material e Métodos. Foram estudadas, atrav.és da microscopia eletrônica, 28 estruturas dentais (corpos de prova), submetidas às seguintes temperaturas: 200°c, 400°C e 600°C. E mais 12, originários de perícia de identificação em vítima de carbonização. Todos os dentes e restaurações de amálgama foram, então, observados através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura em aumentos variando entre 20 e 2.000 vezes.Resultados.Macroscopicamente, os elementos dentários apresentaram alterações da coloração e aparecimento de trincas superficiais, à medida do aumento da temperatura. O estudo, através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, mostrou que a uma temperatura de 200°C apareceram rachaduras no esmalte e cemento, aumentando em número à medida que a temperatura se elevava. Acima de 400°C, o esmalte (capuz), destacou-se da dentina, que apresentou sua superfície levemente desarranjada. Os quadros de rachaduras e desarranjos do amálgama multiplicaram-se com o aumento da temperatura. A 400°C, apresenta uma superfície menos lisa que o normal com pequenas cavidades circulares (cerca de 10 micras). Observa-se, também, o aparecimento de trincas e rachaduras mais profundas. Conclusões. As reações das estruturas frente ao calor, analisadas laboratorialmente, apresentam semelhanças com as verificadas nos dentes e nas restaurações da amálgama da vítima de carbonização. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta na identificação da presença, tipo e posição da restauração dental realizada em amálgama de prata
Abstract: Objective: We propose to study the reactions and alterations of tissues,as well as of si/ver amalgam fillings when exposed to temperatures of 200°C,400°C and 600°C, by use of scanning electron microscope, and comparison of the data with those obtained from the analysis of phenomena occurred in teeth of a victim of carbonization. Materiais and Methods: 28 (twenty-eight) dental structures (bodies of proof) were studied, which were submitted to the following temperatures: 200°C, 400°C and 600°C, plus 12 (twelve) structures yielded by identification works in a victim of carbonization. Ali teeth and fillings were then observed through scanning electron microscopy at magnifications varying between 20 and 2.000 times. Results: To the naked eye, the teeth elements mresented changes in colour and superficial cracks occurring at increasing temperatures. The study by scanning electron microscopy showed that, at a temperature of 200°C, cracks appeared in the enanel and cement, increasing in number as the temperature rose. Above 400°C, the enamel (cap) detached from the dentine, whose surface was observed to be slightly crazed. The frames of cracks and crazing of amalgam multiplied with an increase in temperature. At 400°C the samples present a surface less smooth than normal, with small circular cavities - around 10 (ten) micra. Also observed is the appearance of deeper cracks and fissures. Conclusions: The reactions of structures facing heat, as the analysis in laboratories showed, presented likeness to those verified in teeth and in amalgam fillings of victims of carbonization. The scanning electron microscopy can be used as a toei in the identification of presence, type and position of dental restoring made in amalgam of silver
Doutorado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Doutor em Ciências
Costa, Luis Renato da Silveira. "Estimativa da idade atraves da analise das suturas cranianas : contribuição para a antropologia forense". [s.n.], 2002. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288336.
Texto completoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Os exames antropológicos em ossadas têm por objetivo a caracterização de particularidades anatômicas que possam, de alguma forma, contribuir para a identificação humana ou permitir sua exclusão. Na rotina da análise antropológica de ossadas, inclui-se a caracterização da espécie, do sexo, a estimativa da estatura, da idade e do grupo racial. Todos os ossos devem ser examinados, minuciosa e detalhadamente, procedendo-se ao registro adequado de todas as particularidades encontradas quando da avaliação qualitativa, bem como dos dados obtidos nas mensurações realizadas quando da análise quantitativa. A antropologia forense tem como finalidade principal o estudo dos restos ósseos e esqueléticos com o objetivo de chegar a uma identificação pessoal, averiguar a causa da morte e o tempo de morte. O estudo da idade, da raça, do sexo, da estatura, de marcas profissionais, de antigas lesões ósseas, da cavidade bucal e dos dentes constitui-se em elemento de fundamental importância para que se atinja os objetivos desejados. Por mais que se tente atribuir uma tabela de valoração do grau de importância às estruturas que compõem o esqueleto humano, a saber, ossos e dentes, os pesquisadores são unânimes em afirmar que, quando de uma análise antropológica, todos os dados são importantes e uns não se sobrepõem aos outros. Partindo dessa premissa, o autor estudou o comportamento do processo de soldadura de ossos cranianos mediante avaliação do grau de apagamento das chamadas linhas demarcatórias interósseas ou "linhas de sutura", observando de forma sistematizada e em população brasileira, as características apresentadas no endocrânio e no exocrânio, pelas suturas coronal, sagital e lambdóide. Teve a pesquisa o objetivo de estabelecer o grau de confiabilidade da análise das suturas na estimativa da idade, bem como caracterizar, dentre as suturas analisadas, qual apresenta seqüência de soldadura mais regular e mais precoce. A amostra estudada foi composta por 253 (duzentos e cinqüenta e três) crânios, sendo 169 (cento e sessenta e nove) de indivíduos do sexo masculino e 84 (oitenta e quatro) de indivíduos do sexo feminino, com idade compreendida entre 20 (vinte) e 60 (sessenta) anos, pertencentes a corpos que deram entrada no Departamento Médico Legal de Vitória - ES e a corpos sepultados em dois cemitérios públicos de Vila Velha - ES. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise estatística e apesar da pesquisa ter sido de caráter qualitativo, os dados encontrados permitiram que fossem estabelecidos valores numéricos indispensáveis para a realização das análises. Nesse estudo foram utilizadas variáveis ditas preditoras, no desenvolvimento de modelos que estimaram as idades. Considerando que as variáveis preditoras eram de natureza nominal (sexo) e ordinal (leitura dos estágios de visualização das linhas de sutura estudadas) impôs-se a utilização de variáveis dummy. Analisadas as suturas em toda a sua extensão, utilizando como parâmetros todos os segmentos, observamos que o maior coeficiente de determinação e o menor coeficiente de variação em tomo da média foi encontrado nos dados obtidos quando da análise da sutura sagital, tanto no exocrânio quanto no endocrânio. O estudo nos permitiu concluir que: a avaliação das linhas demarcatórias interósseas do crânio fornece aos peritos elementos que, se adequadamente interpretados, poderão contribuir significativamente para a estimativa da idade de esqueletos humanos, desde que os dados sejam coletados de forma sistematizada; quando as suturas foram analisadas em toda sua extensão e conjuntamente, fortes indícios do efeito significativo do sexo foram observados, sendo possível caracterizar que as soldaduras se completam mais precocemente nos indivíduos do sexo feminino; dentre as suturas analisadas, quando consideradas isoladamente, observou-se que a análise da sutura sagital, tanto no exocrânio quanto no endocrânio, mostrou resultados mais confiáveis, com maior coeficiente de determinação e menor variabilidade de dados em tomo da média; em todas as suturas analisadas o apagamento das linhas demarcatórias interósseas ocorreu mais precocemente no endocrânio e nesta face do crânio o estudo mostrou resultados mais confiáveis; a técnica de regressão linear aplicada aos dados coletados no estudo, permitiu a elaboração de fórmulas matemáticas para cálculo da idade através da análise das suturas do crânio, a partir de parâmetros previamente estimados. O estudo permitiu a elaboração de um "software" que poderá ser utilizado pelos peritos, facilitando a realização de cálculos, quando da necessidade da estimativa da idade mediante análise de suturas cranianas. O programa foi denominado SUTURAS DO CRÂNIO
Abstract: Anthropologic examines of bones have the goal to verify anatomic aspects that may contribute to human identification or may exc1ude it. Routine bones anthropologic analysis inc1udes species and sex characterization as well height, age and racial estimation. All bones must be examined in an accurate and careful way, registering all aspects in a proper way during the qualitative evaluation, as well the measurement data when the quantitative analysis is performed. Forensic anthropology is used to examine bones and skeletal remainders aiming to get to a personal identification, verify the death cause, the death time, the age, the race, the sex and the height. Forensic anthropology also uses professional marks, past bones injuries, oral cavity records, teeth and everything that may possible contribute in any way to accomplish the desired goals. Even trying to rank the parts of the human skeleton (bones and teeth) in a valuable degree, the researches are unanimous to show that all data is important during an anthropologic analysis. Therefore, the author studied the process of suturing in cranial bones, evaluating the degree of suture vanishing of the inter-osseous mark lines or "suture lines". This research was performed in a genuine Brazilian population, examining in a systematical way characteristics in the inner face of the cranium as well in the outer face. The used sutures were coronal, capital and lambdoid. The aim of the research was to establish the reliability of the suture analysis in age estimation, as well characterize among the analyzed sutures which one presented the suturing sequence most regular and precocious. The researched sample was 253 (two hundred and fifty three) craniums. Out of that, 169 (one hundred and sixty nine) were male and 84 (eighty four) were female. The age were varying from 20 (twenty) to 60 (sixty), and the craniums were taken from corpses out of Legal Medical Department in Vitória -and out of corpses buried in two public cemeteries in Vila Velha - Espírito Santo, Brazil. The collected data were submitted to a statistical analysis
Doutorado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Doutor em Radiologia
Beaini, Thiago Leite. "Espessura de tecidos moles nos diferentes tipos faciais: estudo em tomografias computadorizadas cone-beam". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-28032014-160826/.
Texto completoForensic facial reconstruction (FFR) is a research field that intends to estimate the face of an individual through a skull. Mean soft tissue thickness values, of different cranial landmarks, often obtained through needle puncture, are used as references. Lately, some digital methods, such as Magnetic resonance and Fan-beam Computer Tomography have been offering new resources to forensic analysis. Cone-Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT), differs from others, by allowing the volumetric acquisition of a sitting patient. In the study of occlusion and orthodontic, is usual to associate volume and functional features to different facial types, therefore the objective is to establish a CBCT soft tissue measuring method, for points used for FFR, verifying the existence of significant differences of soft tissue pattern in distinct facial types. A guideline was created to allow observers to measure soft tissue of 32 landmarks (10 sagittal and 11 bilateral), usually found in FFR researches. Precision was accessed through landmarks placing tests in 5 exams, inter-observers and intraobservers intraclass correlation in 10 exams. The use of the software Osirix® was supported by the comparison with Nemotec® in 25 exams. Visual tests were performed through a computer tomography from a skull with resin spheres placed through the manual approach. The 100 subject sample were divided into gender and then into vertical facial types of long face (LF), short face (SF) and normal face (NF), and in horizontal types: CL I, II, III. Normality statistical tests were applied and the difference between groups was tested. The sample was divided in 50 men: 13 NF, 29 LF, and 10 SF, as 20 were Class I, 14 CL II and 16 CL III. The 50 women were divided into 16 NF, 24 LF and 10 SF, as 24 were Class I, 18 CL II and 8 CL III. The method was considered adequate, as after little calibration was needed to allow observers to place landmarks with similar precision. The mean intraclass correlation was considered strong between software (0.75) and observers (0.8), and very strong on intra-observer (0.9). Visual tests pointed out good level of coincidence between manual and digital methods with advantage to the digital due to the available computer tools. The average measures differed between male and female gender, as thicker depths were observed in men in all landmarks, with exception to the Lateral Orbits. The small amount of difference, observed among facial types was considered insufficient to sustain the use of new reference charts. Nevertheless, morphological features could be noticed, especially among male subjects. The depth of landmarks placed over the mandible presented statistical differences, demonstrating that class III, and or long face facial types have less tissue in those areas than class II and short-faced patients.
Chabot, Yoan. "Construction, enrichment and semantic analysis of timelines : application to digital forensics". Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS037/document.
Texto completoHaving a clear view of events that occurred over time is a difficult objective to achieve in digital investigations (DI). Event reconstruction, which allows investigators to build and to understand the timeline of an incident, is one of the most important steps of a DI process. The complete understanding of an incident and its circumstances requires on the one hand to associate each piece of information to its meaning, and on the other hand to identify semantic relationships between these fragments. This complex task requires the exploration of a large and heterogeneous amount of information found on the crime scene. Therefore, investigators encounter cognitive overload problems when processing this data, causing them to make mistakes or omit information that could have a high added value for the progress of the investigation. In addition, any result produced by the reconstruction process must meet several legal requirements to be admissible at trial, including the ability to explain how the results were produced. To help the investigators to deal with these problems, this thesis introduces a semantic-based approach called SADFC. The main objective of this approach is to provide investigators with tools to help them find the meaning of the entities composing the crime scene and understand the relationships linking these entities, while respecting the legal requirements. To achieve this goal, SADFC is composed of two elements. First, SADFC is based on theoretical foundations, ensuring the credibility of the results produced by the tools via a formal and rigorous definition of the processes used. This approach then proposes an architecture centered on an ontology to model and structure the knowledge inherent to an incident and to assist the investigator in the analysis of this knowledge. The relevance and the effectiveness of this architecture are demonstrated through a case study describing a fictitious investigation
DE, MICCO Francesco. "Stima dell'età mediante analisi degli indicatori di maturità dentale e scheletrica". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/100850.
Texto completoAge estimation in living individuals represents a fairly recent applied research area for forensic sciences. For this reason, there are critical issues that need to be improve such as the lack of consensus and uniformity regarding the procedures as well as the different methods whose reliability varies according to ethnicity and sex. On this basis, the research project was developed by identifying three areas of research: the regulatory aspects on age estimation in unaccompanied foreign minors (UM); ethical and deontological issues in age estimation performed with radiological techniques for the evaluation of dental development; the experimental verification of the effectiveness of radiographic methods for the skeletal age (Bo/Ca method) and dental age (third molar maturity index - I3M) assessment. Twelve different protocols adopted in Italy were examined. The comparison between the protocols showed a non-homogenous system both in relation to the composition of the team and the methods by which the age assessment of UM should be carried out. In only some protocols the coordination of the multi-specialist team is assigned to a forensic pathologist with anthropological-forensic skills. The use of radiological methods is allowed only when there are substantiated doubts concerning the age. However, the scientific literature shows a high predictive capacity of radiographic methods, especially if performed by an experienced and trained forensic expert. In this regard, a couple of radiological methods like the Demirjian and the I3M for the assessment of dental age have been compared with reference to the ethical paradigms of Principialism (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice). They have been considered unethical, just because intrusive due to radiological exposure not justified by a medical benefit. On the contrary, the age estimation process performed using these methods is advantageous because of the high effectiveness of these methods, the very low radiation exposure and the child rights related to a fair age assessment. To evaluate the accuracy of the I3M method in different ethnic populations has been performed a critical literature review of 22 scientific articles, representing data from panoramic radiographs of 12.286 individuals from 21 countries. I3M has shown an overall sensitivity ranging from 51.8% to 93.4% and a specificity ranging from 86.2% to 100%. The proportion of correctly classified individuals ranged from 74% to 95%. I3M can be considered a suitable method for estimating adulthood in forensic settings, because it provides with great accuracy the margin of error of living subjects according to sex and ethnicity. Regarding the skeletal maturity, the Bo/Ca method has been the issue of a research activity carried out in two different phases. In the first phase, Bo/Ca method was applied in a sample of 563 South African subadults (179 Black and 384 White, 320 girls and 243 boys), aged between 6 and 16 years. The Standard Error of Estimate was 1.19 years and 1.09 years in boys and girls, respectively, ranging from 0.84 years in 12 year old girls to 3.09 years in 16 year old boys. A one-way analysis of the variance showed no statistically significant difference in skeletal age and chronological age between Blacks and Whites. The difference between skeletal age and chronological age was less than a year and the most significant underestimation was found in the participant belonging to the age group of 14 to 16 years. In the second phase, a comparative skeletal age assessment using the Bo/Ca and TW2 methods in a South African sample of 224 individuals (110 Black and 114 White, 111 females and 113 males) aged between 6 and 16 years, was performed. Bo/Ca and TW2 correctly classified individuals both in White (- 0.08 and 0.18 yrs respectively) and Black (- 0.07 and – 0.20 yrs, respectively) as well as in males (- 0.19 and 0.19 yrs, respectively) and females (- 0.03 and - 0.21 yrs, respectively). Bo/Ca method seems to be less influenced by ancestry and biological sex in respect to TW2. Bo/Ca method seems to be less influenced by ancestry and biological sex in respect to TW2 and both methods showed greater inaccuracy in subadults aged 13 yrs or older compared with younger.
Cinti, Mariagrazia. "Metodologie e tecniche per l'analisi forense di dispositivi di telefonia mobile". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6677/.
Texto completoRampa, Federico. "Analisi della propagazione del fronte di fiamma negli incendi boschivi". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Buscar texto completoRowell, Louise. "Palynomorph retention on clothing under differing conditions". University of Western Australia. Centre for Forensic Science, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0165.
Texto completoTokuda, Eric Keiji 1984. "Projeto e desenvolvimento de técnicas forenses para identificação de imagens sintéticas". [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275678.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação
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Resumo: O grande investimento de companhias de desenvolvimento de software para animação 3D nos últimos anos tem levado a área de Computação Gráfica a patamares nunca antes atingidos. Frente a esta tecnologia, torna-se cada vez mais difícil a um usuário comum distinguir fotografias reais de imagens produzidas em computador. Mais do que nunca, a fotografia, como meio de informação segura, passa a ter sua idoneidade questionada. A identificação de imagens geradas por computador tornou-se uma tarefa imprescindível. Existem diversos métodos de classificação de imagens fotográficas e geradas por computador na literatura. Todos os trabalhos se concentram em identificar diferenças entre imagens fotográficas e imagens geradas por computador. Contudo, no atual estágio da Computação Gráfica, não há uma caracterização isolada que resolva o problema. Propomos uma análise comparativa entre diferentes formas de combinação de descritores para abordar este problema. Para tanto, criamos um ambiente de testes com diversidade de conteúdo e de qualidade; implementamos treze métodos representativos da literatura; criamos e implementamos quatro abordagens de fusão de dados; comparamos os resultados dos métodos isolados com o resultado dos mesmos métodos combinados. Realizamos a implementação e análise de um total de treze métodos. O conjunto de dados para validação foi composto por aproximadamente 5.000 fotografias e 5.000 imagens geradas por computador. Resultados isolados atingiram acurácias de até 93%. A combinação destes mesmos métodos atingiu uma precisão de 97% (uma redução de 57% no erro do melhor método de maneira isolada)
Abstract: The development of powerful and low-cost hardware devices allied with great advances on content editing and authoring tools have pushed the creation of computer generated images (CGI) to a degree of unrivaled realism. Differentiating a photorealistic computer generated image from a real photograph can be a difficult task to naked eyes. Digital forensics techniques can play a significant role in this task. Indeed, important research has been made by our community in this regard. The current approaches focus on single image features aiming at spotting out diferences between real and computer generated images. However, with the current technology advances, there is no universal image characterization technique that completely solves this problem. In our work, we present a complete study of several current CGI vs. Photograph approaches; create a big and heterogeneous dataset to be used as a training and validation database; implement representative methods of the literature; and devise automatic ways to combine the best approaches. We compare the implemented methods using the same validation environment. Approximately 5,000 photographs and 5,000 CGIs with large diversity of content and quality were collected. A total of 13 methods were implemented. Results show that this set of methods, in an integrated approach, can achieve up to 93% of accuracy. The same methods, when combined through the proposed fusion schemes, can achieve an accuracy rate of 97% (a reduction of 57% of the error over the best result alone)
Mestrado
Ciência da Computação
Mestre em Ciência da Computação
Rakvin, Marijana. "Analisi Preliminare del Deficit Mentale da Trisomia 21 mediante Machine Learning". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20258/.
Texto completoFukushima, André Rinaldi. "Perfil da cocaína comercializada como crack na região Metropolitana de São Paulo em período de vinte meses (2008-2009)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-27012011-082843/.
Texto completoThe addition of different substances (contaminants and fillers) in the crack (freebase) is a well known phenomenon in the illicit market. The contaminants can interact with cocaine and identify new and unknown toxic syndromes influencing the clinical state of intoxication, especially in cases where there was a modification of the routes. In Brazil, the analysis of adulterants, contaminants and / or extenders added to the crack is not routine in official laboratories. In this context, this work aims to characterize a sample group of crack that provides information on an investigation into drug trafficking in the study of morbidity and mortality, as well as toxicological. The method used in this study utilized the technique of gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector GC-FID. The analysis results of samples from seizures made in the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo in a period of 20 months, from March 2008 to November 2009 showed that 9.16% of the samples contained lidocaine, benzocaine, and caffeine as adulterants and 14.57% contained other adulterants totaling 23.73%. The average content in percentage of cocaine present in the samples of crack was 71.3%. Additionally, we evaluated the organoleptic properties of the row samples. The results of analysis of the samples tested showed higher levels of cocaine in the cocaine sold in the form of salt (hydrochloride or sulfate) marketed as \"street drug\" in the State of São Paulo. Still, the interferences and adulterants found in the samples studied allow the inference of important public health problem arising from the use of this drug.
Bitauskas, Benas. "Veiksnių darančių įtaką miškininkavimo sprendimams analizė". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140616_131349-88241.
Texto completoIn this master thesis, analysis was done to identify factors influencing the decision making process of private forest owners and state forest managers’. In order to identify these factors an interview method was used throughout, this involved qualitative inquiries into two research areas: “Suvalkija” and “Žemaitija”. Data analysis was also performed using qualitative methods. During the research, 29 interviews were conducted: 18 with private forest owners and 11 with state forest managers. Results of the analysis revealed the following main factors that affected the decision making process of private forest owners and state forest managers. The main factors were internal factors such as motivations and objectives. Fr main groups of motivations and objectives of private forest owners were found: amenities, environmental protection, social and economic. The study showed that usually there is not one but multiple motivations and objectives affecting the decision making process. Qualitative analysis of state forest managers’ interviews revealed that they make decisions not only following rules and regulations but also are driven by their individual view about forestry. The motivations and objectives of state forest managers that influenced the decision making process were as follows: societal, environmental protection, economic efficiency. In addition there were external factors that influenced the decision making process of both private forest owners and state forest managers... [to full text]
Flores, Marta Regina Pinheiro. "Proposta de metodologia de análise fotoantropométrica para identificação humana em imagens faciais em norma frontal". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58131/tde-25032015-092813/.
Texto completoFace is the body part that most synthesizes the human being and, to be understood, has been targeted from different branches of science, including the Forensic Facial Identification area. The Cephalometry, science responsible for facial studies and their relationships, although extensively studied for clinical and radiographic employment, especially by dental professionals, it has not been standardized and validated yet for its use in facial images and/or photo analysis. Due to the growth of technology and automated production of the era in which we live, where camera-coupled devices are part of vast majority ordinary life of world population, methodologies development is necessary to confirm the objectivity, reproducibility and reliability of their analyzes, especially for areas that require precision and technical/scientific rigor as criminal expertise. In this sense, this research aimed to propose a standardization method in determining cephalometric points exclusively based on frontal view facial images and determine which points have higher and lower variability of measurement, for possible use in human identification. The experimental part of the study was drawn in two stages. In the first phase, the conventional method (classic cephalometry) was used to describe the reference anatomical points and, in the second, the proposed photoanthropometric method was used. Both phases were analyzed by five examiners who scored 16 points in facial topography of 18 images randomly chosen from an image database. For all analyzes, a software developed by the Expertise Service in Audiovisual and Electronics of the National Institute of Criminology, Federal Police, called SMVFace, was used. It could be observed that there was a large variability reduction of anatomical points after the photoanthropometry description adoption, especially for 15 Alar, Endocanthion, Glabella, Gonion, Iridium Medial, Upper Lip and Zigion points. In contrast, a slight variability increase of Chelion, Lower Lip and Gnathion points was observed. Despite the increased variability of these points, most markings are performed below the acceptable error advocated by some studies. These results demonstrate that, although some limitations, the use of the proposed photoanthropometric description was crucial to achieve greater accuracy of anatomical landmarks determination in general
Chow, W. M. L. "Capilliary column gas chromatography in forensic science". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371945.
Texto completoCarvalho, Tiago José de 1985. "Illumination inconsistency sleuthing for exposing fauxtography and uncovering composition telltales in digital images". [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275519.
Texto completoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação
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Resumo: Antes tomadas como naturalmente genuínas, fotografias não mais podem ser consideradas como sinônimo de verdade. Com os avanços nas técnicas de processamento de imagens e computação gráfica, manipular imagens tornou-se mais fácil do que nunca, permitindo que pessoas sejam capazes de criar novas realidades em minutos. Infelizmente, tais modificações, na maioria das vezes, têm como objetivo enganar os observadores, mudar opiniões ou ainda, afetar como as pessoas enxergam a realidade. Assim, torna-se imprescindível o desenvolvimento de técnicas de detecção de falsificações eficientes e eficazes. De todos os tipos de falsificações de imagens, composições são de especial interesse. Esse tipo de falsificação usa partes de duas ou mais imagens para construir uma nova realidade exibindo para o observador situações que nunca aconteceram. Entre todos os diferentes tipos de pistas investigadas para detecção de composições, as abordagens baseadas em inconsistências de iluminação são consideradas as mais promissoras uma vez que um ajuste perfeito de iluminação em uma imagem falsificada é extremamente difícil de ser alcançado. Neste contexto, esta tese, a qual é fundamentada na hipótese de que inconsistências de iluminação encontradas em uma imagem são fortes evidências de que a mesma é produto de uma composição, apresenta abordagens originais e eficazes para detecção de imagens falsificadas. O primeiro método apresentado explora o reflexo da luz nos olhos para estimar as posições da fonte de luz e do observador da cena. A segunda e a terceira abordagens apresentadas exploram um fenômeno, que ocorre com as cores, denominado metamerismo, o qual descreve o fato de que duas cores podem aparentar similaridade quando iluminadas por uma fonte de luz mas podem parecer totalmente diferentes quando iluminadas por outra fonte de luz. Por fim, nossa última abordagem baseia-se na interação com o usuário que deve inserir normais 3-D em objetos suspeitos da imagem de modo a permitir um cálculo mais preciso da posição 3-D da fonte de luz na imagem. Juntas, essas quatro abordagens trazem importantes contribuições para a comunidade forense e certamente serão uma poderosa ferramenta contra falsificações de imagens
Abstract: Once taken for granted as genuine, photographs are no longer considered as a piece of truth. With the advance of digital image processing and computer graphics techniques, it has been easier than ever to manipulate images and forge new realities within minutes. Unfortunately, most of the times, these modifications seek to deceive viewers, change opinions or even affect how people perceive reality. Therefore, it is paramount to devise and deploy efficient and effective detection techniques. From all types of image forgeries, composition images are specially interesting. This type of forgery uses parts of two or more images to construct a new reality from scenes that never happened. Among all different telltales investigated for detecting image compositions, image-illumination inconsistencies are considered the most promising since a perfect light matching in a forged image is still difficult to achieve. This thesis builds upon the hypothesis that image illumination inconsistencies are strong and powerful evidence of image composition and presents four original and effective approaches to detect image forgeries. The first method explores eye specular highlight telltales to estimate the light source and viewer positions in an image. The second and third approaches explore metamerism, when the colors of two objects may appear to match under one light source but appear completely different under another one. Finally, the last approach relies on user¿s interaction to specify 3-D normals of suspect objects in an image from which the 3-D light source position can be estimated. Together, these approaches bring to the forensic community important contributions which certainly will be a strong tool against image forgeries
Doutorado
Ciência da Computação
Doutor em Ciência da Computação
Rinke, Caitlin. "Selective Multivariate Applications in Forensic Science". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5459.
Texto completoPh.D.
Doctorate
Chemistry
Sciences
Chemistry
Nordin, Anton y Felix Liffner. "Forensiska Artefakter hos Mobila Applikationer : Utvinning och Analys av Applikationen Snapchat". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40207.
Texto completoDresch, Andrea Alves Guimarães. "Método para reconhecimento de vogais e extração de parâmetros acústicos para analises forenses". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1799.
Texto completoForensic speaker comparison exams have complex characteristics, demanding a long time for manual analysis. A method for automatic recognition of vowels, providing feature extraction for acoustic analysis is proposed, aiming to contribute as a support tool in these exams. The proposal is based in formant measurements by LPC (Linear Predictive Coding), selectively by fundamental frequency detection, zero crossing rate, bandwidth and continuity, with the clustering being done by the k-means method. Experiments using samples from three different databases have shown promising results, in which the regions corresponding to five of the Brasilian Portuguese vowels were successfully located, providing visualization of a speaker’s vocal tract behavior, as well as the detection of segments corresponding to target vowels.
Churinsky, Candace Renee. "Characterization of carbon electrode surfaces development of biosensors for forensic DNA applications". Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/21139.
Texto completoQuantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) techniques are currently used to quantify samples containing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in forensic analyses. This technology can provide valuable information to an analyst regarding the amount of DNA present but lacks the ability to determine the quality of the sample. Electrochemistry-based biosensors that utilize screen-printed electrodes may provide a method to determine the number of DNA molecules and the length of those molecules in a single assay. This work aimed to create a biosensor by electrostatically loading TPOX oligonucleotides onto a carbon screen-printed electrode for the purpose of quantifying genomic DNA. Electrochemical signal was obtained via the indicating molecule bis-benzimide H33258, which preferentially interacts with double-stranded DNA and would indicate a hybridization event. Cyclic voltammetry was chosen to measure the current signal; peaks obtained using this technique can be analyzed with the Randles-Sevčik equation, which relates current signal with concentration of the target species. A large amount of signal variation and background charging current was observed when H33258 was used as the redox probe. This led to a study of the surface characteristics of the carbon electrodes themselves (i.e. effective surface area) by utilizing the reversible and well-characterized redox couple hexaammine ruthenium. The effect of electrode activation at high anodic potentials was also studied. Though highly recommended in the literature, activation of the carbon surface caused effective surface area and charging current to increase. While a larger electro-active surface is often desirable, the high background current generated when activation is used within the protocol can mask the signal of interest. Due to the low signal-to-noise ratio and inability to reuse the carbon electrode, it was concluded that carbon screen printed electrodes are not optimal forensic DNA biosensors.
2031-01-01
van, den Berg Jelle y Filip Lagerholm. "Forensic Analysis of the Nintendo Switch". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42451.
Texto completoPavlou, Kyriacos Eleftheriou. "Database Forensics in the Service of Information Accountability". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265817.
Texto completoRažauskaitė, Rita. "Lietuvos valstybinių miškų urėdijų sertifikavimo pagal FSC programą poveikio analizė". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120620_151755-00560.
Texto completoThe aim of this paper is to analyze the main impacts of the FSC. In order to achieve this goal, the survey was the Lithuanian state forest enterprises as the main subject of the certification. For added reliability analysis was performed to achieve the rangers and the pilot survey. The survey results were compared and analyzed. To further investigate the impact of certification on external stakeholders were interviewed by the four groups. Structured interviews and summarized results. The study found that the certification had no significant effect on forest management. Enterprises and district staff responses were similar. The most significant positive changes were found in the social sphere. Extra points were assessed positively associated with easily discernible, measurable and comparable developments. The more complex and more difficult to assess changes were evaluated as almost neutral. For example. "State forest composition”. This can be attributed to the specifics of forest ecosystems. Economic impact analysis revealed that after certification of enterprises, and the price of goods and demand has changed very slightly. Economic incentives are a key factor leading to certification, so it can be stated that Lithuanian owners are not encouraged to certify their holdings. The certification effect analysis of different stakeholders showed the significant differences between public and private groups opinion. The Private organizations were less active and the means of... [to full text]
Andrade, Cláudia Christina Araujo Correa de Oliveira. "Descrição das sessões informatizadas de julgamento do Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 6. Região". Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=189.
Texto completoThis is a descriptive-explanatory study, of an interdisciplinary character, which sets out to describe the electronically-recorded decision-giving sessions of the Regional Labor Court of the 6th Region, located in the state of Pernambuco. The issue is important because it reflects a change of paradigm in the judicial field, since it addresses the need for matching the provision of juridical services to social changes, more specifically with regard to dealing with the technological advances which is being witnessed today. It is also the aim of this paper, in the light of the Science of Language, to highlight linguistic discourse markers of this type of communicative event. To do so, the case study that has been selected is a case judged on by one of the Divisions of the Labor Court referred to, which was duly recorded and then transcribed, thus allowing a linguistic textual analysis to be made that differentiates this communicative event from other communicative genres. The linguistic aspects analyzed in this study, and underpinned by theoretical principles, cover issues such as intertextuality; formality / informlity; retextualization; special language / jargon; modes of argument; argumentative operators, and hypertext. On account of what is presented on the authentic juridical event in question, we believe that the results of this paper, may well interest both linguistic operators and those of law; in addition to which it records in the annals of academia an irreversible progress in legal institutions, regarding the introduction of information science into the court environment, which, increasingly, will enable significant improvement in the performance of repetitive and merely bureaucratic tasks, resulting in the rendering of juridical services which is faster, more efficient and economical, the main beneficiary of which is society.
Gustienė, Dovilė. "Europos Sajungos valstybinio miško ukio teisinio reglamentavimo lyginamoji analizė". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060822_150403-71173.
Texto completoJofre, Alegria Maria Paz. "Fighting Accounting Fraud through Forensic Analytics". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17826.
Texto completoHashim, Noor Hayati. "An architecture for the forensic analysis of Windows system generated artefacts". Thesis, University of South Wales, 2011. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/forensic-analysis-of-windows-system-generated-artefacts(be571569-2afe-4d52-8c99-9dbc8388b1db).html.
Texto completoSmith, Nicola-Jane. "A stylistic analysis of written language behaviour with practical application to anonymous threat letters". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320911.
Texto completoMarčinskas, Donatas. "Nc augavietės medynų finansinių rodiklių lyginamoji analizė". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050609_131510-96792.
Texto completoAlmeida, Dayane Celestino de. "Análise forense de autoria textual: estilos sociais e individuais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-06102015-133459/.
Texto completoInterest in the authorship of written texts is as old as writing itself. Ever since men started recording language in this way, there can be various circumstances in which the question \"Who wrote this text?\" emerges. Such a question can arise because the texts are anonymous, signed by pseudonyms or because its authorship is being disputed. More recently, knowing who wrote a particular text or set of texts has been helping to solve crimes or settle legal disputes. In these contexts, the forensic linguist stands out, working to elucidate such cases, since linguistic analysis is able to infer writing styles that relate either to a social group (sociolinguistic profiling) or to an individual (authorship attribution). This work is particularly concerned with the ideas on style proposed by Sociolinguistics and Discourse Semiotics and their relation to forensic authorship analysis. It seeks to demonstrate how the incorporation of the analysis of the content plane can assist authorship examination. Regarding sociolinguistic profiling, this work suggested that the membership in a social group proposed here as a \"discourse universe\" can be revealed through the analysis of semantic recurrence (and not only by observing linguistic variables, that is, one or more ways to say the same \"thing\"). In order to accomplish that, we analyze a set of writings from the investigation of what became known as \"Realengo Massacre\". Such an analysis indicates that the texts under scrutiny seem to have been written, if not by the same author, at least by authors within the same social group. As for authorship attribution, it is necessary to know if the features examined in semiotic analysis can really distinguish authors. Hence, we performed a quantitative study with 4 authors, wherein each author contributed with 20 texts divided into 2 groups of 10 (Author 1A, Author 1B, and so on). The hypothesis was that texts from a single author would be more similar to each other than texts from different authors, when it comes to an analysis of the content plane. The results seem to confirm the hypothesis; thus semiotic features may successfully be used in questioned authorship scenarios.
Pagani, Fabio. "Advances in memory forensics". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS299.
Texto completoThe adoption of memory forensics - the art of extracting artifacts from the volatile memory of a compromised system - is spreading in cyber-security investigations. The main reason of this enthusiasm comes from the fact that many artifacts can not be found elsewhere. In this way, the forensics analysts can gain the big picture over a malicious behavior. Nevertheless, memory forensics is less than two decades old: many challenges are unsolved and many questions are unanswered. This thesis gives a new perspective over three of these problems. The first contribution studies the effects non-atomic acquisition methods. The root cause of this problem is quite straightforward to explain: while the memory is acquired, user and kernel processes are running and therefore modifying the content of the memory. For this reason, the resulting memory dump does not represent the state of the memory in a given point in time, but rather a mix of multiple points. The second contribution focus on automatically extracting a forensics profile from a memory dump. Having a valid profile is a strong requirement for memory analysis because without one any structured memory forensics technique can be applied. Therefore, this problem effectively prevents memory forensics to be applied in those scenarios where creating a profile is harder -- if not impossible. The third and last contribution of this thesis aims to change how forensics rules, better known as plugins, are created. Nowadays, these rules are manually written by kernel experts and forensics practitioners. Unfortunately, this manual approach does not have any guarantee on the quality or on the uniqueness of these rules
Connon, Catherine Cupples. "Improving Processing Efficiency for Forensic DNA Samples". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799515/.
Texto completoJohansson, Christian. "Computer Forensic Text Analysis with Open Source Software". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för programvaruteknik och datavetenskap, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4994.
Texto completoBotrel, Rejane Tavares. "Analise silvigenica em floresta estacional semidecidua e em cerradão no estado de São Paulo". [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315645.
Texto completoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Estudos de mosaicos silvigênicos baseados na análise da arquitetura das árvores, presumidamente representando respostas ao estímulo provocado pela entrada de luz no dossel florestal, têm sido sugeridos para investigar os mecanismos envolvidos na construção do padrão de mosaicos em florestas tropicais. A identificação das eco-unidades (manchas de árvores de mesma categoria arquitetural representando fases de regeneração da floresta) constituintes do mosaico silvigênico considera características arquiteturais de suas árvores componentes como a presença ou a ausência de reiteração, além da sua altura total, altura do fuste e sinais de senescência. Além disso, alguns caracteres supõem as condições de luz sob as quais as árvores teriam reiterado (altura da árvore em relação à altura média do dossel da floresta e a posição do ponto de inversão morfológica no indivíduo). Para mapear o mosaico silvigênico, um método de interceptação de linhas para inventário das árvores de dossel foi proposto e inicialmente aplicado em uma floresta tropical perenifólia. Considerando que a Floresta Estacional Semidecídua possui regime de luz determinado pela perda sazonal de folhas de 20% a 50% de suas espécies, e que o cerradão possui dossel relativamente aberto, o significado biológico do mosaico silvigênico produzido pelo método proposto ainda não está compreendido nestes tipos florestais. Com o objetivo de contribuir para a interpretação biológica de mosaicos silvigênicos obtidos pelo método em questão, este foi aplicado em duas áreas de 5,12ha cada, uma em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecídua na Estação Ecológica de Caetetus (Gália, São Paulo) e a outra num Cerradão na Estação Ecológica de Assis (Assis, São Paulo). Análises estatísticas (Qui-quadrado e resíduos ajustados) foram aplicadas para verificar se categorias de eco-unidades estavam associadas à composição florística e/ou aos grupos sucessionais de espécies. Além disso, considerando as premissas da análise silvigênica, é importante saber se e como a arquitetura arbórea é influenciada por outros fatores além de luz. Portanto, os mosaicos provenientes das duas áreas de estudo foram analisados quanto à influência de fatores edáficos e topográficos na distribuição de categorias de eco-unidades, por meio de cruzamentos entre os mapas dos mosaicos silvigênicos e os mapas de solo e de topografia (altitude e declividade) e testes de associação (Qui-quadrado e resíduos ajustados)... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Studies of silvigenic mosaics based on the analysis of tree architecture, presumed to represent reations to the stimulus due to the light entrance in the forest canopy, have been suggested to investigate the mechanisms involved in the construction of tropical forests mosaic patterns. The identification of the eco-units (patches of trees of same architectural category representing forest regeneration phases) that constitute the silvigenic mosaic considers the architectural characteristics of its component trees such as the presence or absence of reiteration, the total height of the tree and of its clear bole, and evidences of senescence. Moreover, some characteristics are presumed to indicate the light conditions under which the trees should have reiterated (tree height compared to forest canopy middle height, and to the individual morphological inversion point). To map the silvigenic mosaic, a line interception method to inventory the canopy trees was proposed and initially applied to an evergreen tropical forest. Considering that the Seasonal Semideciduous Forest has its light regime determined by a seasonal leaf fall of 20% - 50% of its species, and that the Cerradão has a relatively open canopy, the biological meaning of the silvigenic mosaic produced by that method is still not understood for these forest types. Aiming to contribute to the biological interpretation of silvigenic mosaics obtained by this method, it was applied in two areas with 5,12ha each, one in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest in the Ecological Station of Caetetus (Gália, São Paulo), and the other in Cerradão, in the Ecological Station of Assis (Assis, São Paulo). Statistical analyses (Qui-square and adjusted residues) have been applied to verify if eco-units categories were associated to the floristic composition and/or the sucessional categories of species. Moreover, due to the premises of silvigenic analyses, it was considered important to know if and how tree architecture is influenced by other factors besides light. Therefore, the mosaics obtained in those two study areas were analyzed for the influence of soil and topographical characteristics on the distribution of eco-unit categories, by crossing the maps of silvigenic mosaics with those of soil and topography (altitude and declivity). Again, association tests (Qui-square and adjusted residues) were applied.... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
Memgaudas, Romas. "Eglynų ir beržynų inventorizacijų rezultatų patikimumo analizė". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060604_154950-31493.
Texto completoBertoncello, Ricardo. "A vegetação arborea em um gradiente altitudinal no Morro Cuscuzeiro, Ubatuba (SP) = uma analise floristica, fitossociologica e fitogeografica". [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315644.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A classificação e a delimitação das diferentes formações fitogeográficas que ocorrem no domínio da Mata Atlântica nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil constituem um desafio para botânicos, ecólogos e fitogeógrafos. A distribuição atual destas formações está relacionada ao histórico de ocupação das áreas e a complexos gradientes ambientais, que ocorrem nos sentidos horizontal (latitudinal, longitudinal e edáfico) e vertical (altitudinal). Visando a contribuir para o conhecimento das formações florestais que integram a Mata Atlântica, este trabalho foi realizado no Morro do Cuscuzeiro (Ubatuba-SP) com os objetivos de: (1) descrever as variações florísticas e estruturais nas comunidades arbóreas em função da altitude, e verificar se existe uma Floresta Nebular que possa ser discriminada por parâmetros florísticos e estruturais; e (2) verificar a situação fitogeográfica das comunidades encontradas neste local no contexto da Mata Atlântica nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. O Morro do Cuscuzeiro se situa no Núcleo Picinguaba do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (23° 18' 14" S e 44° 47' 16" W) e possui 1277m de altitude. O gradiente altitudinal foi representado por amostras de quatro cotas altimétricas, 820m, 970m, 1120m e 1270m, obtidas em 10 parcelas de 10 x 10 m em cada cota, exceto na mais alta que foi dividida em duas 'sub-cotas' com 5 parcelas cada. O critério de inclusão amostral da flora arbórea foi de 15 cm de CAP (exceto nas duas 'sub-cotas' superiores, 10 cm de CAP). Em sentido base-topo, foi verificada diminuição na riqueza, na diversidade, na altura, no diâmetro e no volume das árvores, e aumento na densidade. Uma mudança abrupta na composição da comunidade arbórea foi detectada a 1120m, acima da qual aparece uma formação que identificamos como Floresta Nebular, em substituição à floresta de encosta da Serra do Mar, que ocorre abaixo daquela altitude. As espécies destas duas formações florestais foram inseridas em uma matriz de 1546 espécies registradas em 112 levantamentos de 78 localidades do domínio da Mata Atlântica nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. As análises multivariadas resultaram em cinco grupos de levantamentos: 1-Florestas Nebulares; 2- Florestas da província costeira (posteriormente sub-dividido em (a) Florestas de encosta e (b) Florestas de topo de morro e florestas da planície costeira); 3-Florestas de Araucária; 4-Florestas Semi-decíduas; e 5- Florestas Semi-decíduas Montanas. As formações encontradas no Morro do Cuscuzeiro foram incluídas nos grupos das Florestas Nebulares (de 1120m e 1270m) e das florestas de encosta da província costeira (820m e 970m), o que reforçou os resultados da análise dos dados locais, mostrando que pequenas diferenças em altitude podem resultar em mudança abrupta na composição das comunidades, evidenciada pela presença de espécies de distribuição disjunta que são compartilhadas com outras formações de Florestas Nebulares das regiões Sul e Sudeste do país
Abstract: The classification and delimitation of different vegetational formations into a phytogeographic system in Brazil has been a challenge to ecologists, botanists, and phytogeographers. The current distribution of these formations is related to historical process of land use and complex environment gradients, occurring in horizontal (latitude, longitude and edafic) and vertical (altitude) ways. The aims of this study were (a) to describe the changes in floristic composition and structure of tree species along an elevational gradient on Morro do Cuscuzeiro, Ubatuba (SP), and to verify the occurrence of a Cloud Forest that can be discriminated by floristic and structural paremeters; and (b) to analyze the phytogeographic position of the communities found in this mountain in relation to other surveys of the Atlantic Rain Forest domain in Southern and Southeastern Brazil. Mountain Cuscuzeiro is located in the Serra do Mar State Park (at 23° 18' 14" S, 44° 47' 16" W it is 1277m in height). A survey of tree species was made in four elevational levels, 820m, 970m, 1120m, and 1270m, using 10 samples of 10x10m on each level, except on the higher one, which was sub-divided in two sub-levels whith five samples on each. The sampling criterion was 4,8cm of DBH (except in the two higher sub-levels, where 3,2cm of DBH was used). The analysis resulted in consistent groups at the different levels, indicating a strong altitude influence on the floristic composition. An abrupt change of the vegetation was identified at 1120m, from where a typical Ombrophilous Dense Forest (slope forest from 820m to 970m) shifted into a Cloud Forest formation (1120m to 1270m). These two formations were inserted in a matrix made by a total of 1546 species of 112 surveys from 78 locations of Atlantic Rain Forest domain in southern and southeastern Brazil. The multivariate analysis resulted in five groups of samples: 1- The Cloud Forest; 2- The coastal province (further subdivided into (a) the slope forests and (b) a subgroup composeded by the mountaintop and the coastal plain forests); 3- The Araucaria Forest; 4-The Semi-Deciduous Forest; and 5- The Montane Semi-Deciduous Forest. The formations found on Mt. Cuscuzeiro were included in the groups of the Cloud Forest (from 1120m to 1270m) and of the Coastal Province (from 820m to 970m), which reinforced the results of the local elevational gradient analysis, showing that minor changes on altitude can lead to abrupt changes in community composition due to the occurrence of species with disjunct distribution that are shared with other Cloud Forest formations of southern and southeastern Brazil
Mestrado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestre em Biologia Vegetal
Nilsson, Martina. "Mitochondrial DNA in Sensitive Forensic Analysis". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7458.
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