Artículos de revistas: "Amino acids in animal nutrition"

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Böhme, Hartwig. "Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition". Animal Feed Science and Technology 109, n.º 1-4 (octubre de 2003): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00214-1.

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Harris, P. A. "Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition". British Veterinary Journal 152, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1996): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80150-3.

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Eggum, Bjørn O. "Amino acids in farm animal nutrition. 1994". Livestock Production Science 43, n.º 2 (agosto de 1995): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(95)90012-8.

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Sefer, M., R. B. Petronijevic, D. Trbovic, J. Ciric, T. Baltic, N. Parunovic y V. Djordjevic. "Amino acids in animal feed: significance and determination techniques". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 854, n.º 1 (1 de octubre de 2021): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/854/1/012082.

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Abstract Amino acids are fundamental for animal nutrition. Their presence is necessary to maintain the normal structure and function of the intestine, and they are key in regulating metabolic pathways for improving health, survival, growth, development, lactation, and reproduction. The animal feed industry invests great resources and efforts to obtain optimal formulations in which the composition of amino acids plays a key role. In support of these aspirations in recent decades, much attention has been paid to the development and improvement of analytical techniques for the reliable, rapid and accurate determination of amino acid content in animal feed. This paper outlines different methodologies for the analysis of amino acid content in animal feed. Various methods, based on different analytical techniques, are presented for determination of amino acids in feed for nutritional and regulatory purposes.

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Mohanty, Bimal, Arabinda Mahanty, Satabdi Ganguly, T. V. Sankar, Kajal Chakraborty, Anandan Rangasamy, Baidyanath Paul et al. "Amino Acid Compositions of 27 Food Fishes and Their Importance in Clinical Nutrition". Journal of Amino Acids 2014 (14 de octubre de 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/269797.

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Proteins and amino acids are important biomolecules which regulate key metabolic pathways and serve as precursors for synthesis of biologically important substances; moreover, amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Fish is an important dietary source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and play important role in human nutrition. In the present investigation, crude protein content and amino acid compositions of important food fishes from different habitats have been studied. Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method and amino acid composition was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and information on 27 food fishes was generated. The analysis showed that the cold water species are rich in lysine and aspartic acid, marine fishes in leucine, small indigenous fishes in histidine, and the carps and catfishes in glutamic acid and glycine. The enriched nutrition knowledge base would enhance the utility of fish as a source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and aid in their inclusion in dietary counseling and patient guidance for specific nutritional needs.

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Kutlu, Hasan Rüştü y Uğur Serbester. "Ruminant Beslemede Son Gelişmeler". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 2, n.º 1 (11 de enero de 2014): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v2i1.18-37.37.

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One of the most industrialized animal production branches of ruminant production successfully requires a blending of theoretical knowledge of nutritional principles with practical stockmanship, maintaining health and dealing with numbers. It is well known that high yielding, dairy cows, require balanced diet with adequate nutrients for yielding. This is not provided with only a few feedstuffs. Milk production in dairy cows is related to the improvements in genetic merit of farm animals and also developments in feed science, feed technology and animal nutrition. In particular, feeds and feed technology studies associated with sustainability, economical perspectives and product quality in the last decade have been in advance. In the present work, recent advances in feed sources and feed technology, minerals (macro and trace minerals ), vitamins and amino acids, feed additives (antibiotics alternative growth stimulants, rumen modulator, organic acids, antioxidants, enzymes, plant extracts), nutrition-products (meat-milk-progeny) quality and functional food production (milk, meat) nutrition-reproduction, nutrition-animal health, nutrition-environmental temperature, nutrition-global warming were evaluated.

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Grechkina, V. V., E. V. Sheida y O. V. Kvan. "Microbiome and its association with nutrient metabolism in farm animal nutrition". E3S Web of Conferences 431 (2023): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343101027.

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This article shows the effect of amino acid preparations on metabolism, nutrient digestibility, and calf development. Essential amino acid mixes in different concentrations (per 1 kg of feed) were introduced into the diet of calves from 9 to 18 months of age: I experimental group - 2 g of lysine + 2 g of methionine + 3 g of threonine + 1 g of tryptophan, II experimental group - 3 g of lysine + 3 g of methionine + 4 g threonine+2 g tryptophan. Calves were calculated on pure amino acids, in % of feed dry matter (per head per day). In calves of the II experimental group there was a significant increase in live weight by 11.7 % (p≤0.05) due to better utilisation of bacterial nitrogen by 8.3 % (p≤0.05), amino acids in duodenum by 3.46 % (p≤0.05) than in the I experimental group and by 8.83 % (p≤0.05) than in the control group. The growth rate of tissues and their protein composition changed with the growth of animals. The obtained data indicate the positive effect of a mixture of amino acids with a higher concentration in the diet of growing animals due to the enhancement of protein biosynthesis processes in muscle tissue. Thus, for improvement of intestinal microbiota, metabolism, digestive processes, and maintenance of calf health, the most comfortable concentration of amino acids was the ratio of 3 g lysine+3 g methionine+4 g threonine+2 g tryptophan. The higher the level of essential amino acids in the feed composition, the more they increase the digestibility of nitrogenous substances in the gastrointestinal tract.

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Yin, Lingqian, Mingxu Xu, Qinke Huang, Donghao Zhang, Zhongzhen Lin, Yan Wang y Yiping Liu. "Nutrition and Flavor Evaluation of Amino Acids in Guangyuan Grey Chicken of Different Ages, Genders and Meat Cuts". Animals 13, n.º 7 (2 de abril de 2023): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13071235.

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The composition and content of amino acids in foodstuffs have a vital impact on the nutritional value and taste. With the aim of understanding the nutrition and flavor of Guangyuan grey chicken, the composition and content of amino acids in the pectoralis and thigh muscle of chickens at the age of 90 d, 120 d and 150 d were determine using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and an amino acid analyzer. A total of 17 amino acids were detected both in pectoralis and thigh muscle via the amino acid analyzer, of which the content of glutamate was the highest. Additionally, 21 deproteinized free amino acids were detected via LC-MS/MS. Among all samples, the content of glutamine in thigh muscle was the highest. The content of histidine in the pectoralis was the highest. In terms of the flavor amino acids (FAAs), the umami-taste and sweet-taste amino acids were higher in the thigh muscle of 120 d male chicken. From the perspective of protein nutrition, the essential amino acid was higher in pectoral muscle, and the composition was better. The results of the amino acid score showed that the content of leucine and valine were inadequate in Guangyuan grey chicken. Collectively, the content of amino acid in Guangyuan grey chicken was affected by age, gender and meat cut. This study confirms that meat of chicken in different ages, genders, and cuts presents different nutritional values and flavors owing to the variation of amino acids content.

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Ilić, Petar, Slađana Rakita, Nedeljka Spasevski, Olivera Đuragić, Ana Marjanović-Jeromela, Sandra Cvejić y Federica Zanetti. "Nutritive value of Serbian camelina genotypes as an alternative feed ingredient". Food and Feed Research, n.º 00 (2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ffr49-41060.

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Camelina has been used from ancient times, but recently has re-emerged as a valuable plant with the potential for successful replacement of conventional oilseed crops. The utilisation of camelina and its by-products in animal feed is a matter of scientific study due to their excellent nutritional potential. The present study aimed to investigate the nutritive value of two Serbian camelina seed genotypes (NS Zlatka and NS Slatka) as a potential alternative to commonly used oilseed crops in animal feeding. For that purpose proximate composition, fatty acid profile, amino acid profile and tocopherols were analysed. The study also included the investigation of the content of anti-nutritive compounds that can adversely affect the nutritional value of feed. The results showed that camelina seeds had a high amount of proteins (around 28%), amino acids and gtocopherols. Camelina genotypes were characterized by unique fatty acids composition, with its oil consisting of approximately 57% polyunsaturated fatty acids, of which the highest proportions were a-linolenic acid (~37%) and linoleic acid (~17%). An optimal ratio of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (0.5) was also reported in this study. The concentration of anti-nutritional factors and heavy metals in camelina seeds was below the maximum set limit for feedstuff. To conclude, the investigated Serbian camelina genotypes can be used as a valuable source of proteins, essential fatty acids and tocopherols in animal nutrition and has a great potential to replace conventional oilseeds.

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Li, Peng y Guoyao Wu. "Important roles of amino acids in immune responses". British Journal of Nutrition 127, n.º 3 (15 de noviembre de 2021): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114521004566.

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AbstractThis commentary highlighted the background, take-home messages, and impacts of our 2007 British Journal of Nutrition paper entitled “Amino acids and immune function”. In 2003–2004, there was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS coronavirus-1 (CoV-1) in Asian countries. By the mid-2000’s, clinical and experimental evidence indicated important roles for amino acids (AA) in improving innate and adaptive immunities in humans and animals. Based on our long-standing interest in AA metabolism and nutritional immunology, we decided to critically analyze advances in this nutritional field. Furthermore, we proposed a unified mechanism responsible for beneficial effects of AA and their products (including nitric oxide, glutathione, antibodies, and cytokines) on immune responses. We hoped that such integrated knowledge would be helpful for designing AA-based nutritional methods (e.g., supplementation with glutathione, arginine and glutamine) to prevent and treat SARS-like infectious diseases in the future. Our paper laid a framework for subsequent studies to quantify AA metabolism in intestinal bacteria, determine the effects of functional AA on cell-mediated and humoral immunities, and establish a much-needed database of AA composition in foodstuffs. Unexpectedly, COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and has become one of the deadliest pandemics in history. Notably, glutathione, arginine and glutamine have now been exploited to effectively relieve severe respiratory symptoms of COVID-19 in affected patients. Functional AA (e.g., arginine, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, taurine and tryptophan) and glutathione, which are all abundant in animal-sourced foodstuffs, are crucial for optimum immunity and health in humans and animals.

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GRELA, EUGENIUSZ RYSZARD y RENATA KLEBANIUK. "Influence of fermented feeds on the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract and efficiency in animal nutrition". Medycyna Weterynaryjna 79, n.º 09 (2023): 6811–2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6811.

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The gut microbiome of animals varies by species, age, sex, and nutrition. The content of nutrients in the diet as well as feed additives (synbiotics, eubiotics, phytobiotics) determine the quantity and quality of the intestinal flora. The ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) has led to the search for various effective alternatives that affect the gut microbiome, animal health and production results. It has been shown that the use of fermented feeds, beneficially modifying the composition of the intestinal flora, can be a significant alternative to AGP in the production and breeding of monogastric animals. The use of fermented feeds in wet nutrition or in dry mixtures contributes to the improvement of the nutritional value of the diet by increasing the content of protein and exogenous amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, reducing the content of anti-nutritional substances (glucosinolates, phytates, β-glycinates) in feeds (rapeseed, soybean, lupins, horse bean) and increasing the concentration of beneficial microorganisms (Bacillus and Lactobacillus) and their products (bacteriocins, organic acids).

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Strazdiņa, Vita, Aleksandrs Jemeļjanovs y Vita Šterna. "Nutrition Value of Wild Animal Meat". Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 67, n.º 4-5 (1 de noviembre de 2013): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2013-0074.

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Abstract One of the most valuable foods is meat, due its nutritional value, largely determined by the essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, etc. At the same time, concern needs to be given to health of consumers by used products with less calories, which can be ensured by greater variety of game animals, including also deer grown in captivity. The aim of our investigation was to compare the nutrition value of elk, wild deer, farm deer, roe deer, and wild boar that were killed during hunting in Latvia. Meat samples (m. logissimus lumborum) were collected in the autumn- winter season. The results of the conducted research suggest that game meat samples have higher protein and essential fatty acid content in comparison with domestic animals. The amount of fat in all analysed samples did not differ greatly, although the fatty acid content in wild game meat differed significantly. The fatty acid profile was used to calculate the atherogenicity index (AI), which has a positive correlation with the risk of cardiovascular disorders. The formula AI = [C12 : 0 + (C14 : 0 × 4) + C16 : 0 ] / (Total unsaturated fatty acids) was used to calculate the ratio of total saturated fatty acids, ω-6 and ω-3. Regarding the microelement content of meat there were great differences in iron and manganese concentration among animals.

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Hutchinson, M. J., M. E. E. McCann y V. Beattie. "The effect of base particle size in complementary feedingstuffs using early maillard reaction products on the performance of post weaning piglets". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (abril de 2007): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019827.

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The animal feed industry produces various complementary feedstuffs with high levels of crude protein (CP) and synthetic amino acids designed to provide optimum nutrition to the post weaned pig. The use of synthetic amino acids has both advantages and disadvantages and other ways of delivering amino acids are of interest to the feed industry. One possible way of delivering amino acids is through the Maillard reaction; this is the chemical catalysis of the amine group of an amino acid to the carboxyl group of a sugar giving Maillard reaction products (MRP). These molecules occur during cooking, but have been shown to have a variety of other applications (Namiki, 1996) In this study, lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) and threonine (Thr) where chemically reacted with sugar molecules to give in vitro early Maillard Reaction Products (MRP). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a solution of these MRPs with particle sizes of cereal base in a complementary feedingstuff (Matan XL, Devenish Nutrition) on overall diet performance.

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Akgun, Didem y Huseyin Canci. "Selection of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes for High Yield, Essential Amino Acids and Low Anti-Nutritional Factors". Agriculture 13, n.º 5 (24 de abril de 2023): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13050932.

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One of the important edible legumes, the faba bean (Vicia faba L.) contains high protein levels and amino acids in its seeds essential for human nutrition and animal feeding; it also consists of anti-nutritional factors such as vicine, convicine, and tannin. For a balanced and healthy diet, faba bean cultivars should be improved for high seed yield, essential amino acids, and low anti-nutritional factors. The aims of this study were to select faba bean genotypes for (i) high yield, (ii) low anti-nutritional factors, and (iii) essential amino acids. A total of 12 faba bean genotypes, including 10 genotypes with low tannin content and 2 local checks, were assessed for phenological, morphological, and agronomical traits, as well as some biochemical characteristics including essential amino acids and low anti-nutritional factors. A local population, Atlidere, and a breeding line with low tannin content, FLIP08-016FB, had the highest yield. FLIP08-016FB had not only the highest lysine, methionine, and cysteine content, but also the highest yield and low anti-nutritional factors. FLIP08-016FB was selected for a balanced and healthy diet as it had a high seed yield, essential amino acids, and low anti-nutritional factors.

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Li, Na, Wei Wang, Guoyao Wu y Junjun Wang. "Nutritional support for low birth weight infants: insights from animal studies". British Journal of Nutrition 117, n.º 10 (28 de mayo de 2017): 1390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451700126x.

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AbstractInfants born with low birth weights (<2500 g, LBW), accounting for about 15 % of newborns, have a high risk for postnatal growth failure and developing the metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes, CVD and obesity later in life. Improper nutrition provision during critical stages, such as undernutrition during the fetal period or overnutrition during the neonatal period, has been an important mediator of these metabolic diseases. Considering the specific physiological status of LBW infants, nutritional intervention and optimisation during early life merit further attention. In this review, the physiological and metabolic defects of LBW infants were summarised from a nutritional perspective. Available strategies for nutritional interventions and optimisation of LBW infants, including patterns of nutrition supply, macronutrient proportion, supplementation of amino acids and their derivatives, fatty acids, nucleotides, vitamins, minerals as well as hormone and microbiota manipulators, were reviewed with an aim to provide new insights into the advancements of formulas and human-milk fortifiers.

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Gehrke, Charles W., Paul R. Rexroad, Robert M. Schisla, Joseph S. Absheer y Robert W. Zumwalt. "Quantitative Analysis of Cystine, Methionine, Lysine, and Nine Other Amino Acids by a Single Oxidation-4 Hour Hydrolysis Method". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1987): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.1.171.

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Abstract The sulfur-containing amino acids cystine and methionine play important roles in animal, especially avian, nutrition. Because these ndror-containing amino acids are destroyed to varying extents by 6N HC1 hydrolysis, oxidation and hydrolysis of cystine to cysteic add and methionine to methionine sulfone have been widely used for determination of cystine and methionine. Lysine is considered the next limiting amino acid after the sulfur amino acids in poultry •ntrition; therefore, determination of the amino acid content of rations focuses first on these 3 amino acids. The objective of this investigation was to establish whether lysine and other amino acids could be accurately determined in proteinaceous materials which had mdergone performic acid oxidation. To perform this evaluation, lysine was determined in a variety of protein-containing materials both with and without performic acid oxidation. Performic acid oxidation followed by 6N HC1 hydrolysis at 145°C for 4 h allows accurate measurement of 3 amino acids especially important to poultry nutrition, cystine, methionine, and lysine, in a single preoxidized hydralysate; this method can be extended to another 9 protein amino adds.

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Cristiani, Cinzia, Elisabetta Finocchio, Luciana Rossi, Carlotta Giromini, Matteo Dell’Anno, Sara Panseri y Maurizio Bellotto. "Natural Clays as Potential Amino Acids Carriers for Animal Nutrition Application". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 12 (18 de junio de 2021): 5669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125669.

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This study has the main purpose of testing natural carriers as more sustainable alternatives to polymeric coating. New clay-based hybrid organic–inorganic materials have been prepared. An innovative procedure for the intercalation of the bioactive molecule is proposed. The synthesis process implies the use of mild operating conditions and does not require the use of organic reactants or solvents. Moreover, the use of natural carriers, and milder environmentally friendly process conditions, fulfill the requirement of a mostly safe, greener production. The capture and the release properties of the final material mainly depend on the carrier morphology. Large zeolite content in the mineral clays can favor the capture of very large methionine loadings, but due to the trapping mechanism, typical of these structures, zeolites prevent a satisfactory release in mild condition and physiological condition. The Freundlich adsorption model has been found to be able to predict the capture behavior. Once the proper carrier is selected, the preparation procedure guarantees the protection of the amino acid in the right form. Neither the structure of the inorganic matrix nor the amino acid structure was changed in the preparation process. Methionine was detected in its zwitterionic form, showing the main IR bands only slightly affected by the interaction. Further studies on methionine bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption from methionine–Adsorbene (MET–ADS) are required to optimize the application of natural clay in in-field animal nutrition.

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Swanson, Kendall C. y Jessica N. Reiners. "143 Nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development: amino acid supplementation". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2 de noviembre de 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.208.

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Abstract Nutrient requirements of grazing ruminants change throughout the production year. Also, pasture quality and quantity change throughout the year and are influenced by environment. Therefore, there commonly are times of the year where nutrient requirements are not met from the forage alone. We have long known the importance of nutrition during key development including the conception, fetal, neonatal, and weaning period. Altering nutrition during these periods can have lasting effects on health and productivity. Much of the research in ruminants examining nutritional effects on development has focused on large changes in diet, such as energy or protein restriction, rather than specific nutrients such as amino acids. Amino acids play an important role to meet requirements for lean growth but also have other physiological functions regulating metabolism and health that have important effects on development. Amino acid deficiencies during the fetal and neonatal period(s) can result in small-for-gestational age births or stunting, respectively. Diets that are deficient in protein or amino acids are also often deficient in dietary energy and other nutrients. Supplying specific amino acids (and other nutrients/energy) for absorption, signaling, and use by the animal could be an approach to help overcome negative developmental outcomes. Specific amino acids are thought to function by regulating protein synthesis, immune function, 1-C metabolism, intestinal development and health, blood flow, cellular proliferation, and behavior, to name a few. Some of the amino acids with potential for influencing developmental outcomes include leucine, arginine, glutamine, lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan. Because of the varied functional roles of specific amino acids, there is great potential to develop targeted supplementation programs using amino acids to improve developmental outcomes.

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Uğur, Elif y Reyhan Nergiz Ünal. "Diyette Proteinler, Aminoasitler ve Bazı Diğer Aminli Bileşiklerin Kardiyovasküler Sistem Üzerine Metabolik Etkileri". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i1.71-83.936.

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During the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, first cause of deaths in the world, diet has a vital role. While nutrition programs for the cardiovascular health generally focus on lipids and carbohydrates, effects of proteins are not well concerned. Thus this review is written in order to examine effect of proteins, amino acids, and the other amine consisting compounds on cardiovascular system. Because of that animal or plant derived proteins have different protein composition in different foods such as dairy products, egg, meat, chicken, fish, pulse and grains, their effects on blood pressure and regulation of lipid profile are unlike. In parallel amino acids made up proteins have different effect on cardiovascular system. From this point, sulfur containing amino acids, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, arginine, ornithine, citrulline, glycine, and glutamine may affect cardiovascular system in different metabolic pathways. In this context, one carbon metabolism, synthesis of hormone, stimulation of signaling pathways and effects of intermediate and final products that formed as a result of amino acids metabolism is determined. Despite the protein and amino acids, some other amine consisting compounds in diet include trimethylamine N-oxide, heterocyclic aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and products of Maillard reaction. These amine consisting compounds generally increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases by stimulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and formation of atherosclerotic plaque.

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Marín-García, Pablo Jesús y Lola Llobat. "How Does Protein Nutrition Affect the Epigenetic Changes in Pig? A Review". Animals 11, n.º 2 (19 de febrero de 2021): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020544.

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Epigenetic changes regulate gene expression and depend of external factors, such as environment and nutrition. In pigs, several studies on protein nutrition have been performed to improve productive and reproductive traits. Indeed, these studies aimed not only to determine broad protein requirements but also pigs’ essential amino acids requirements. Moreover, recent studies tried to determine these nutritional requirements for each individual, which is known as protein precision nutrition. However, nutritional changes could affect different epigenetic mechanisms, modifying metabolic pathways both in a given individual and its offspring. Modifications in protein nutrition, such as change in the amino acid profile, increase or decrease in protein levels, or the addition of metabolites that condition protein requirements, could affect the regulation of some genes, such as myostatin, insulin growth factor, or genes controlling cholesterol and glucose metabolism pathways. This review summarizes the impact of most common protein nutritional strategies on epigenetic changes and describes their effects on regulation of gene expression in pigs. In a context where animal nutrition is shifting towards precision protein nutrition (PPN), further studies evaluating the effects of PPN on animal epigenetic are necessary.

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Davis, T. A., A. Suryawan, J. A. Bush, P. M. J. O’Connor y M. C. Thivierge. "Interaction of amino acids and insulin in the regulation of protein metabolism in growing animals". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2003): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a02-120.

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Young animals utilize their dietary amino acids more efficiently for growth because they are capable of a greater increase in tissue protein synthesis in response to feeding than older animals. This response to feeding is particularly profound in skeletal muscle. The feeding-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is uniquely and independently regulated by both insulin and amino acids. In most visceral tissues, the stimulation of protein synthesis by feeding is mediated by amino acids alone and not by insulin. The stimulation of protein synthesis by nutrition and hormones is regulated by alterations in the expression and activity of components of the intracellular signaling pathways that control the initiation of translation. Key words: Muscle, pigs, neonate, protein synthesis, insulin, amino acids

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Rose. "Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism in Health and Disease". Nutrients 11, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2019): 2623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112623.

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Here an overview of the special issue “Amino acid nutrition and metabolism in health and disease” is given. In addition to several comprehensive and timely reviews, this issue had some original research contributions on fundamental research in animal models as well as human clinical trials exploring how the critical nutrients amino acids affect various traits.

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Elango, Rajavel. "Methionine Nutrition and Metabolism: Insights from Animal Studies to Inform Human Nutrition". Journal of Nutrition 150, Supplement_1 (1 de octubre de 2020): 2518S—2523S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa155.

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ABSTRACT Methionine is a nutritionally indispensable amino acid, and is unique among indispensable amino acids due to its sulfur atom. Methionine is involved in cysteine synthesis via the transsulfuration pathway, which is rate limiting for the key antioxidant molecule, glutathione. Methionine is also the primary methyl donor in the body through S-adenosylmethionine via the transmethylation pathway, which is involved in the synthesis of several key metabolites including creatine and phosphatidylcholine. Methionine can also be remethylated from homocysteine, in the presence of betaine via choline and/or folate. Thus methionine demands from a dietary perspective are regulated not only by the presence of cysteine in the body, but also by the demands in vivo for the various metabolites formed from it, and also by the presence of these compounds in foods. Indeed, methionine, cysteine, and the various methyl donors/acceptors vary in human foods, and thus regulate methionine availability, especially under conditions of growth and development. Much of our understanding of methionine nutrition and metabolism arises from experiments in animal models. This is because most animal feed formulations are plant-based and plant sources are relatively low in methionine and cysteine amounts. Thus, this brief review will touch on some broad aspects of human methionine nutrition, including requirements in different life stages, disease, and bioavailability, with some examples from the insights/lessons learned from experiments initially conducted in animals.

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Wang, T. C. y M. F. Fuller. "The effect of the plane of nutrition on the optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs". Animal Science 50, n.º 1 (febrero de 1990): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100004554.

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ABSTRACTSix diets based on maize and soya-bean meal were prepared. The basal diet had a crude protein (CP) concentration of 171 g/kg. The same ingredients, together with maize starch, were used to give a diet with CP 131 g/kg. This diet was supplemented with all (positive control) or with three of the four amino acids lysine, threonine, tryptophan and methionine. Each diet was given at two rates of intake. From the results, the optimum ratio between these four amino acids at different planes of intake was calculated. Amino acid digestibility in the basal diet was measured at three intakes, using pigs fitted with T cannulas at the terminal ileum.The results showed that the optimum ratios between the four amino acids (expressed in terms of digestible amino acids) were not affected by the rate of food intake. The optimum ratio between the four amino acids (i.e. when they are equally limiting) was lysine 1·00, methionine + cystine 0-61, threonine 0·64 and tryptophan 0·20. Digestibility was not affected by the level of intake.

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Das, Basanta Kumar, Satabdi Ganguly, Supriti Bayen, Anjon Kumar Talukder, Archisman Ray, Subhadeep Das Gupta y Kajal Kumari. "Amino Acid Composition of Thirty Food Fishes of the Ganga Riverine Environment for Addressing Amino Acid Requirement through Fish Supplementation". Foods 13, n.º 13 (3 de julio de 2024): 2124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13132124.

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Amino acids are significant biomolecules that govern the major metabolic processes and act as precursors for macromolecules such as proteins that are crucial to life. Fish is an integral component of human nutrition and a dietary source of high-quality animal proteins and amino acids. In this context, the crude protein and amino acid compositions of food fish from different landing stations of the Ganga river have been determined. The Kjeldahl method was utilized to determine the crude protein content and the amino acids were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); data on 30 food fish were assessed. The study showed that among the fish studied, Eleotris fusca, Macrobrachium malcomsonii, and Mystus cavasius were rich in most of the amino acids important for human nutrition, such as glycine, glutamic acid, cysteine, threonine, phenylalanine, methionine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, and valine. Further, it was observed that the daily consumption of these fish (approximately 50 g) can fulfil the daily requirement of these individual amino acids for an adult human with a body weight of 60 kg. Therefore, the amino acid composition analyzed in the present study could be utilized for recommendation by clinicians according to the requirement for specific amino acids, and fish can be prescribed as a natural supplement against the amino acid requirement.

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Columbus, Daniel A. "400 Functional amino acids to improve pig robustness". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (3 de noviembre de 2020): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.334.

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Abstract Pigs are continuously exposed to pathogens and immune-stimulatory antigens that negatively impact animal productivity. In general, this decrease in productivity is the result of reduced feed intake and increased demand for nutrients to mount an immune response. In addition, immune system stimulation alters amino acid metabolism and utilization, with amino acids redirected from growth towards supporting the immune response. A number of previous studies have shown that nutrient requirements for some amino acids, such as methionine, tryptophan, and threonine, are higher in immune-challenged vs. healthy animals, and supplementation with these “functional” amino acids may improve performance and the immune response. In addition to effects on whole-body growth, both dietary composition and immune challenge result in significant physiological alterations to the gastrointestinal tract, including changes in gut motility, permeability, digestive enzyme secretion, absorptive capacity, and mucin production. Alterations to the gut epithelium induced by dietary protein and/or fiber content may lead to increased susceptibility to pathogens and immune stimulation. Functional amino acids have been shown to be important in the maintenance of gut barrier function as well as immune response. An increased understanding of the interaction of nutrition and the pig’s immune response will be a key component in efforts to reduce feed costs and antibiotic use while improving animal robustness and profitability of the swine industry.

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Sethi, Poonam y Pushpa R. Kulkarni. "Leucaena Leucocephala a Nutrition Profile". Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1995): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659501600307.

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Leucaena leucocephala is one of the fastest-growing leguminous trees. Its foliage is used as animal feed, and its leaves and seeds are used as human food in Central America, Indonesia, and Thailand. Mimosine, the toxic, non-protein amino acid in Leucaena, causes alopecia, growth retardation, cataract, goitre, decreased fertility, and mortality in non-ruminants. The mechanism of this toxicity is complicated. Mimosine probably exerts its toxic action by blocking the metabolic pathways of aromatic amino acids and tryptophan; by chelating metals; by antagonizing the action of vitamin B6; by inhibiting DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis; by exerting adverse effects on collagen biosynthesis; and by interfering in the metabolism of some amino acids, primarily glycine. Besides mimosine, other anti-nutritional and toxic factors in L. leucocephala add to its toxicity. Heat, moisture, chemical treatments, ensiling, rotation feeding, cutting management of the plant, new hybrids, introducing micro-organisms into the rumen of ruminants that are unable to detoxify mimosine, and preparing protein isolate from Leucaena seeds have all been used to overcome mimosine toxicity.

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Lu, Shengyong, Shengchang Chen, Haixia Li, Siwaporn Paengkoum, Nittaya Taethaisong, Weerada Meethip, Jariya Surakhunthod et al. "Sustainable Valorization of Tomato Pomace (Lycopersicon esculentum) in Animal Nutrition: A Review". Animals 12, n.º 23 (25 de noviembre de 2022): 3294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233294.

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Under the background of the current shortage of feed resources, especially the shortage of protein feed, attempts to develop and utilize new feed resources are constantly being made. If the tomato pomace (TP) produced by industrial processing is used improperly, it will not only pollute the environment, but also cause feed resources to be wasted. This review summarizes the nutritional content of TP and its use and impact in animals as an animal feed supplement. Tomato pomace is a by-product of tomato processing, divided into peel, pulp, and tomato seeds, which are rich in proteins, fats, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids, as well as antioxidant bioactive compounds, such as lycopene, beta-carotenoids, tocopherols, polyphenols, and terpenes. There are mainly two forms of feed: drying and silage. Tomato pomace can improve animal feed intake and growth performance, increase polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA n-3 content in meat, improve meat color, nutritional value, and juiciness, enhance immunity and antioxidant capacity of animals, and improve sperm quality. Lowering the rumen pH and reducing CH4 production in ruminants promotes the fermentation of rumen microorganisms and improves economic efficiency. Using tomato pomace instead of soybean meal as a protein supplement is a research hotspot in the animal husbandry industry, and further research should focus on the processing technology of TP and its large-scale application in feed.

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Marques Bittencourt, Tatiana, Jean Kaíque Valentim, Heder José D’Avila Lima, Gabriel Alcântara Gobira, André Lima Ferreira, Rúbia Francielle Moreira Rodrigues, Guilherme Resende de Almeida y Nayara Emanoelle Matos e Silva. "Proteína na Nutrição de Não Ruminantes". Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2021): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2021v25n3p268-274.

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A nutrição animal está em um processo constante de transformação, no qual diversos trabalhos buscam adequar as exigências nutricionais de cada espécie, categoria e ambiente da criação para melhor satisfazê-los. Nas dietas, o nutriente proteico é incluído para fornecer os aminoácidos que formam as proteínas para o metabolismo animal. Com isso, o objetivo da revisão é elucidar os principais avanços no contexto atual, relacionados com a utilização de proteínas nas dietas de não ruminantes. Na busca pela Zootecnia de precisão, a utilização do termo proteína bruta vem caindo em desuso, dando espaço ao conceito de proteína ideal, que pode ser definido como o balanceamento exato de aminoácidos. Essa estratégia também colabora para o marketing positivo na produção agrícola, pois minimiza a excreção de resíduos no ambiente, diminui os custos com ingredientes mais onerosos e a competição com a alimentação humana. O que se mostra altamente benéfico para produção animal. Alguns pontos devem ser avaliados para o melhor entendimento das reais exigências dos animais, como o conhecimento das necessidades em aminoácidos não essenciais, o antagonismo entre aminoácidos e toxidez do seu excesso. Mesmo que alguns fatores possam interferir no uso da proteína ideal, como linhagem do animal utilizada, composição das dietas, balanço exato de aminoácidos, entre outros, seu uso é justificado e, comprovadamente, útil para as melhorias buscadas em uma produção sustentável e economicamente viável. Palavras-chave: Aminoácidos Sintéticos. Produção Animal. Nutrição de Monogástricos. Proteína Bruta. Abstract Animal nutrition is in a constant transformation process, where several studies seek to adapt to the nutritional requirements of each species, category and breeding environment to better satisfy them. In diets, the protein nutrient is included to provide the amino acids that form the proteins for the animal metabolism. Thus, the aim of the review is to elucidate the main advances in the current context, related to the use of proteins in non-ruminant diets. In the search for precision zootechnics, the use of the term crude protein has been falling into disuse, giving way to the concept of ideal protein, which can be defined as the exact amino acids balance. This strategy also contributes to positive marketing in agricultural production, as it minimizes waste excretion in the environment, reduces costs for more expensive ingredients and competition with human food, which proves to be highly beneficial for animal production. Some points should be evaluated for a better understanding of the animals’ actual requirements, such as knowledge of non-essential amino acid requirements, amino acid antagonism and excess toxicity. Although some factors may interfere with the use of the ideal protein, such as animal lineage used, diet composition, exact amino acid balance, among others, its use is justified and proven useful for the improvements sought in a sustainable and economically viable production. Keywords: Synthetic Amino Acids. Animal Production. Monogastric Nutrition. Crude Protein.

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Armstrong, DG. "Quantitative animal nutrition and metabolism: a general review". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, n.º 3 (1993): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930333.

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Examples of increasing productivity of livestock enterprises over the last three to four decades, and the contribution to such advances, of scientific knowledge including that of the nutrition of farm livestock are referred to. Space limitations neccessitate restricting the review to consideration of ruminant livestock, with particular emphasis on ruminant digestive processes, on milk synthesis and on certain aspects of energy metabolism. Factors affecting the supply of amino acids to the host animal are referred to. The importance of synchronising N and energy supply to the rumen microorganisms to maximize microbial protein synthesis is emphasised and the need for knowledge of the extent to which particular feed proteins escape fermentation within the rumen. Concerning milk synthesis, the importance of an adequate supply of glucose or glucose precursors is mentioned as are the causes of the low milk fat syndrome. Limitations to existing knowledge of amino acid supply and milk protein synthesis are noted. Finally, aspects of ruminant energy metabolism studies are considered; particular stress is given to the importance of energy transactions in the intestinal wall as a major contributor to overall heat increment.

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Jacob Nte, Iyakutye, Onyema Joseph Owen y Friday Owuno. "Anti-Nutritional Factors in Animal Feedstuffs: A Review". International Journal of Research and Review 10, n.º 2 (11 de febrero de 2023): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230229.

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Plants naturally co-exist with their predators and have therefore developed certain defense mechanisms against them. These include production of secondary metabolites, which are not directly involved in their growth processes (as opposed to primary metabolites), but act as deterrents to their predators. Some of these metabolites, known as anti-nutritional factors, affect the nutritive value of forages and feedstuffs, and hence animals (including humans) that feed on them. Although they are generally not lethal, their effects may be contrary to optimum nutrition, making them undesirable for human and animal nutrition as they may interfere with feed utilization, health and productivity of animals. Their wide distribution in plants is determined by age, cultivar, geographic distribution, and storage condition after harvesting. Certain characteristics which they possess, together with other reasons make them to be found at some levels in almost all plants and plant products used as animal feedstuffs. The major classes of anti-nutritional factors include glycosides, alkaloids, protease inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, phenolic compounds, phytohaemagglutinins, phytates, terpenes/triterpenes, non-protein amino acids, oxalates, and glucosinolates. The varied chemical structure and composition of these metabolites which are diverse in their abundance in different plants and their products, result in an array of direct and indirect effects which impinge on animal productivity and health. They occur in various quantities in plants, with alkaloids as the most abundant in higher plants. Alkaloids are among the most important drugs used by human beings and have also been adjudged to be the most useful and most dangerous products of nature. The effects of these anti-nutrients may be physical such as alopecia or physiological such as disruption of metabolic reactions and synthesis of important biochemical components of tissues. Their structures, occurrence, effects, and other related issues are reviewed herein. Keywords: Secondary metabolites, Anti-nutritional factors, Animal Feedstuffs, Molecular and Cellular Targets, Phytoanticipins and Phytoalexins.

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Bal, Іvan. "Nutritional value of clariid catfish in the conditions of aquaculture in Ukraine". Animal Science and Food Technology 15, n.º 2 (16 de abril de 2024): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/animal.2.2024.23.

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The nutritional value of raw materials is determined by a set of indicators that define the biological value of protein, lipids, mineral composition, and safety. Therefore, their investigation in the meat of one of Ukraine's aquaculture species – the clariid catfish – is relevant. The purpose of the study was to investigate the biological value of protein, lipids, mineral composition, and safety of catfish meat when grown in Ukraine and evaluate these indicators in accordance with the recommendations of FAO/WHO. The amino acid composition of the protein was determined by ion exchange liquid-column chromatography on an automatic analyser T 339 (Czech Republic); the fatty acid composition of lipids was determined on a gas chromatograph HRGC 5300 (“Carlo Erba”, Italy). The mineral composition of meat was investigated by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma; the content of heavy metals was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The study of the amino acid composition of the protein established the presence of all essential amino acids in an amount significantly exceeded in the ideal protein in accordance with FAO/WHO recommendations, which indicates a high biological value. The fatty acid composition of lipids is typical for freshwater fish and catfish lipids from other aquacultures. The biological value of catfish lipids is determined by the ratio of fatty acids of the ω-6/ω-3 families as 1.8:1.0 at the recommended value of 10:5, which indicates the possibility of using lipids of this fish as a source of especially deficient ω-3 fatty acids in the human diet. The low level of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the absence of essential fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids gives the basis for developing the design of biologically valuable catfish meat products by enriching it with lipids from marine aquatic organisms. The practical significance of the findings is to obtain original data on the nutritional value of meat from one of the aquaculture species in Ukraine, determine the degree of satisfaction of the daily human need for its consumption, and develop recommendations for rational use

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Montout, Laura, Nausicaa Poullet y Jean-Christophe Bambou. "Systematic Review of the Interaction between Nutrition and Immunity in Livestock: Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Synthetic Amino Acids". Animals 11, n.º 10 (27 de septiembre de 2021): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102813.

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Infectious diseases represent one of the most critical threats to animal production worldwide. Due to the rise of pathogen resistance and consumer concern about chemical-free and environmentally friendly productions, the use of antimicrobials drugs is no longer desirable. The close relationship between nutrition and infection has led to numerous studies about livestock. The impact of feeding strategies, including synthetic amino acid supplementation, on host response to various infections has been investigated in different livestock animals. This systematic review provides a synthesis of the experimental studies on the interactions between synthetic amino acid supplementation and immune response to infectious diseases in livestock. Following PRISMA guidelines, quantitative research was conducted using two literature databases, PubMed and Web of Science. The eligibility criteria for the research articles were: (1) the host is a livestock animal; (2) the supplementation with at least one synthetic amino acid; (3) at least one mediator of immunity is measured; (4) at least one production trait is measured. Data were extracted from 58 selected studies. Articles on poultry were the most numerous; few contained experiments using ruminants and pigs. Most of the authors hypothesized that synthetic amino acid supplementation would particularly improve the animals’ immune response against intracellular pathogens. An increase in T and natural killer lymphocytes and macrophages activation, intracellular redox state, lymphocytes proliferation and antibodies production were the most described immune mechanisms associated with synthetic amino acid supplementation. Most of the selected studies focused on three amino acids (methionine, threonine and arginine), all of which are associated with a significant improvement of the host immune response. The use of synthetic amino acid supplementation appears as an encouraging perspective for livestock infectious disease management, and research must concentrate on more analytical studies using these three amino acids.

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Gaweł, Eliza y Mieczysław Grzelak. "The Effect of a Protein-Xanthophyll Concentrate from Alfalfa (Phytobiotic) on Animal Production - A Current Review". Annals of Animal Science 12, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2012): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0023-5.

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The Effect of a Protein-Xanthophyll Concentrate from Alfalfa (Phytobiotic) on Animal Production - A Current ReviewOne of the supplements that can replace antibiotic growth promoters is a protein xanthophyll extract from the leaves of alfalfa. Green matter of alfalfa contains 17-22% of total protein, rich in non-essential (exogenous) amino acids, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and organic acids. The crude fibre content in green matter of alfalfa is relatively high (about 23.0-30.0% dry weight). However, protein-xanthophyll extract (EFL) contains about 1-2% of crude fibre. Like the whole plants of alfalfa, the protein-xanthophyll extract contains secondary metabolites such as plant phytoestrogens (isoflavones and coumestrol) and antinutritional components (phytates, L-canavanine and saponins). Protein-xanthophyll concentrate (PX) as a natural feed supplement has a positive effect on animal organisms. When supplemented to animals, this extract enhanced production results, increased feed efficiency, and improved the quality of meat, milk and eggs. Also, PX reduced methane emissions and soil pollution with nitrogen compounds when used in animal nutrition. The aim of this review was to gather the current literature describing the effects of using protein-xanthophyll extract in animal nutrition.

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Uguz, Seyit y Arda Sozcu. "Nutritional Value of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Produced with Batch and Continuous Cultivation: Potential Use as Feed Material in Poultry Nutrition". Animals 13, n.º 21 (6 de noviembre de 2023): 3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13213431.

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Recently, the demand for new alternative feedstuffs that do not contain chemical residue and are not genetically modified has been increased for sustainability in poultry production. In this respect, the usage of algae as animal feed is very promising as an alternative feed ingredient that reduces pollutant gases from animal production facilities. The aim of the current study is to investigate the usage possibility of algae, through determining nutritional value and production cost, as a feed ingredient in poultry nutrition. Three microalgae species, including Scenedesmus sp., Ankistrodesmus sp., and Synechococcaceae, were produced with batch and continuous cultivation to determine the difference in the lipid, protein, carbohydrate, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles, as well as the color characteristics and production cost. The highest lipid content of 72.5% was observed in algae biomass produced from Synechococcaceae with batch cultivation, whereas the highest protein level was found in algae biomass produced by Synechococcaceae under continuous cultivation practice (25.6%). The highest content of PUFA was observed in Scenedesmus sp. harvested from both batch and continuous cultivation (35.6 and 36.2%), whereas the lowest content of PUFA was found in Synechococcaceae harvested with continuous cultivation (0.4%). Continuously cultivated of Scenedesmus sp. had higher carbohydrate content than batch-cultivated Scenedesmus sp. (57.2% vs. 50.1%). The algae biomass produced from Synechococcaceae was found to have a higher content of essential amino acids, except lysine and histidine, compared to Scenedesmus sp. and Ankistrodesmus sp. Cultivation practices also affected the amino acid level in each algae species. The continuous cultivation practice resulted in a higher level of essential amino acids, except glycine. Synechococcaceae had richer essential amino acid content except for proline and ornithine, whereas continuous cultivation caused an incremental increase in non-essential amino acids. The lightness value was found to be the lowest (13.9) in Scenedesmus sp. that was continuously cultivated. The current study indicated that Scenedesmus sp. could be offered for its high PUFA and lysine content, whereas Synechococcaceae could have potential due to its high content of methionine and threonine, among the investigated microalgae and Cyanobacteria.

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Bătrînu, Mădălina-Georgiana, Amelia Tero-Vescan y Amalia Miklos. "Biochemical Controversies Regarding the Use of Vegetal Proteins in Performance Athletes". Acta Biologica Marisiensis 3, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abmj-2020-0006.

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Abstract Consumption of animal proteins is increasingly contested by those who choose a vegetarian diet, but for athletes, protein quality is a key component in optimizing athletic performance. The purpose of this article is to provide a nutritional guide for the vegetarian athlete who does not have to give up nutritional preferences to achieve performance in sports, and well-informed counseling by respecting principles of biochemistry can overcome the already known deficiencies of vegetal proteins in certain amino acids. The second aim of this paper is to recommend methods to assess protein quality by consulting the recommendations of the world’s most important regulatory agency in the field of nutrition and food quality: the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In conclusion, even though vegetal proteins have a lower anabolic effect due to their low digestibility and a limited quantity of essential amino acids (especially leucine) and that amino acids of vegetal origin are more likely directed towards oxidative metabolism than towards anabolic processes, recent studies present strategies (consuming higher amounts of vegetal proteins, dietary supplements with amino acids) through which a well-planned vegetarian diet can have similar benefits to omnivorous diet regarding stimulating endogenous protein synthesis.

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Rodrigues, Lucas A., Bonjin Koo, Martin Nyachoti y Daniel A. Columbus. "Formulating Diets for Improved Health Status of Pigs: Current Knowledge and Perspectives". Animals 12, n.º 20 (21 de octubre de 2022): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202877.

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Our understanding of nutrition has been evolving to support both performance and immune status of pigs, particularly in disease-challenged animals which experience repartitioning of nutrients from growth towards the immune response. In this sense, it is critical to understand how stress may impact nutrient metabolism and the effects of nutritional interventions able to modulate organ (e.g., gastrointestinal tract) functionality and health. This will be pivotal in the development of effective diet formulation strategies in the context of improved animal performance and health. Therefore, this review will address qualitative and quantitative effects of immune system stimulation on voluntary feed intake and growth performance measurements in pigs. Due to the known repartitioning of nutrients, the effects of stimulating the immune system on nutrient requirements, stratified according to different challenge models, will be explored. Finally, different nutritional strategies (i.e., low protein, amino acid-supplemented diets; functional amino acid supplementation; dietary fiber level and source; diet complexity; organic acids; plant secondary metabolites) will be presented and discussed in the context of their possible role in enhancing the immune response and animal performance.

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Saun, Robert Van. "23 Dietary management of the transition animal: Perspectives from dairy cows to sows". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (julio de 2019): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.024.

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Abstract Since the 1990s, the impact of late gestational nutrition and management on lactation and reproduction has become the focus of dairy management. Transition cow management has been credited with having greater influence on herd performance as compared to previous focus on lactation nutrition. Several seminal papers published in 1990s and early 2000s directed management practices of dry cows, rightly or wrongly, toward critical factors impacting calving and lactation. Dairy cow gestational protein requirements cited a 1956 study on Red Danish cows until Bell (1995) characterized the modern Holstein fetus’ chemical composition over the last 70 days of gestation. Recognized health effects of “fat cow syndrome”, similarly described for pigs, focuses late pregnant dairy cow management on body condition management starting in late lactation. Optimum condition was emphasized, recognizing negative impacts of excessive limited BC on lactation and reproduction. Maximizing dry matter intake was a nutritional goal for preventing energy-based metabolic challenges, until research indicated excessive energy during early, non-lactating period was more critical to managing postpartum metabolic derangements than the weeks prior to calving; which is like controlling energy intake of sows. Delivery of amino acids, estimated by metabolizable protein intake, has recently earned focus of research, relative to immune function, metabolic stability and reproductive success during early lactation. Identifying amino acids as critical fetal metabolic fuel, and consequences of excessive maternal protein mobilization, has become a focal point of swine and dairy transition nutrition. Although management of the transition cow has been greatly refined through nutritional research, improved cow performance has not yet been realized in the field. Recognition of the interplay between nutrition, environment and management relative to enhancing cow behavior has provided insight to the challenges of managing the transition cow. Metabolic, environmental and management challenges facing the physiologic transition from pregnancy into lactation occur in all production species. Although cows and sows procure essential nutrients by different digestive modes, cross-species applications can provide new or reinforcing perspectives on collective management approaches.

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Hogan, JP. "Options for manipulating nutrition if feed supply is immutable". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, n.º 2 (1996): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960289.

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The Australian pastoral industries depend almost entirely on the nutrients derived from the available pasture and browse. This is particularly true for the northern cattle industry, where the production of pasture, and hence animal productivity, depend on the length of time that sufficient soil moisture is available during and after the wet season to sustain pasture growth. Animal nutrition is further affected by the relatively low digestibility of tropical grasses even at early stages of maturity. Hence animal production is marked by relatively low annual weight gain and poor reproductive performance. Research to date has demonstrated that lack of nitrogen both as ammonia for rumen microbes and as amino acids for the animal's tissues is the major nutritional deficit, which causes a depression in feed intake and hence exacerbates an already existing energy deficit. In many areas, too, deficiencies of P, Na, S and trace elements have been identified. Broadly speaking, the technology has been developed to overcome these nutritional deficiencies and to investigate remaining problems of undernutrition and low productivity. It is probable that new tropical legumes suited for areas with less than 750 mm annual rainfall will also be developed. However, despite these efforts, animal production will tend to be low, because for much of the year the high fibre low protein forage is eaten in only restricted amounts, and because only 40% or so of the energy in the forage becomes available to the animal. There is, therefore, need to develop rumen microbes capable of more rapid and more extensive breakdown of plant fibre and to achieve new methods to improve the conversion of amino acids into animal protein.

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40

Elango, Rajavel, Crystal Levesque, Ronald O. Ball y Paul B. Pencharz. "Available versus digestible amino acids – new stable isotope methods". British Journal of Nutrition 108, S2 (agosto de 2012): S306—S314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002498.

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The nutritive value of food protein sources is dependent on the amino acid composition and the bioavailability of the nutritionally indispensable amino acids. Traditionally the methods developed to determine amino acid bioavailability have focused on intestinal absorption or digestibility, which is calculated as the percent of amino acid intake that does not appear in digesta or faeces. Traditional digestibility based methods do not always account for gut endogenous amino acid losses or absorbed amino acids which are unavailable due to the effect of heat processing and the presence of anti-nutritional factors, though methods have been developed to address these issues. Furthermore, digestibility based methods require the use of animal models, thus there is a need to developin vivomethods that can be applied directly in human subjects to identify the proportion of dietary amino acids which is bioavailable, or metabolically available to the body for protein synthesis following digestion and absorption. The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method developed in our laboratory for humans has been systematically applied to determine almost all indispensable amino acid requirements in adult humans. Oxidation of the indicator amino acid is inversely proportional to whole body protein synthesis and responds rapidly to changes in the bioavailability of amino acids for metabolic processes. Using the IAAO concept, we developed a newin vivomethod in growing pigs, pregnant sows and adult humans to identify the metabolic availability of amino acids in foods. The stable isotope based metabolic availability method is suitable for rapid and routine analysis in humans, and can be used to integrate amino acid requirement data with dietary amino acid availability of foods.

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Reeds, Peter J., Douglas G. Burrin, Teresa A. Davis, Marta L. Fiorotto, Barbara Stoll y Johannes B. van Goudoever. "Protein nutrition of the neonate". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, n.º 1 (febrero de 2000): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000112.

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The period of growth and development between birth and weaning is crucial for the long-term well-being of the organism. Protein deposition is very rapid, is achieved with a high nutritional efficiency, and is accompanied by marked differences in the growth rates of individual tissues and a series of maturational processes. These important aspects of development occur while the neonate is consuming a single and highly-specific food source, milk. Surprisingly, although there is a clear relationship between the nutrient density of milk and the growth rate of its recipient, this relationship does not apply to the overall amino acid composition of mixed milk proteins. Some amino acids, notably glycine and arginine, are supplied in milk in quantities that are much less than the needs of the neonate. The milk-fed neonate is therefore capable of carrying out a tightly-regulated transfer of N from amino acids in excess to those that are deficient. The rapid growth of the neonate is supported by a high rate of tissue protein synthesis. This process appears to be activated by the consumption of the first meals of colostrum. Recent research has identified that skeletal muscle and the brain are specifically responsive to an unidentified factor in colostrum. Following the initial anabolic response the rate of protein synthesis in some tissues, notably muscle, falls from birth to weaning. This decrease reflects a progressively smaller anabolic response to nutrient intake, which not only involves an overall fall in the capacity for protein synthesis, but also in responses to insulin and amino acids. The study of growth and protein metabolism, and their regulation in the neonate is not only important for pediatrics, but may provide important pointers to more general aspects of regulation that could be applied to the nutrition of the mature animal.

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Yu, Feng, P. J. Moughant, T. N. Barry y W. C. McNabb. "The effect of condensed tannins from heated and unheated cottonseed on the ileal digestibility of amino acids for the growing rat and pig". British Journal of Nutrition 76, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1996): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19960042.

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The effect of condensed tannins (CT) from heated and unheated cottonseed on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids for the growing rat and pig was determined. In Expt 1, twenty-four rats were allocated to four semi-purified diets which contained cottonseed kernel and hulls as the only protein source. Two of the diets contained unheated solvent-extracted cottonseed kernel and hulls, while the remaining two diets contained similar material but which had been heat-treated by autoclaving at 110° for 120 min. In Expt 2, twelve rats and twelve pigs were fed on four semi-purified diets containing commercial cottonseed meal (CSM) as the only protein source. Cr2O3, was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. For each pair of diets in both experiments, PEG was either included or excluded. The effect of CT was assessed by comparing control animals (-PEG; CT acting) with PEG supplemented animals (+ PEG; CT inactivated). Ileal contents from the terminal 150 and 450 mm of ileum were collected at slaughter, 7 h from the start of feeding, for the rats and pigs respectively. Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility for rats fed on the diet containing cottonseed kernel and hulls was significantly depressed by the heat treatment, particularly for lysine and threonine. On average, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in the diets without PEG was decreased from 0·80 to 0·70 by heat treatment. Dietary cottonseed CT depressed apparent ileal protein digestibility in the pig and in the rat. The addition of PEG to the diets significantly increased the apparent ileal digestibility of N and some amino acids for the pigs and the rats. The mean increase in apparent ileal digestibility due to PEG addition for the fourteen amino acids was 2 percentage units in both species fed on the commercial CSM diets, and 2 or 4 percentage units in rats fed on the unheated or the heated cottonseed kernel and hull diets respectively. The effect of PEG was similar in the heated and unheated cottonseed kernel and hulls for most amino acids, but apparent ileal digestibilities of threonine, tyrosine and lysine were increased more by PEG in heated than in unheated CSM. Apparent ileal N digestibility was lower in the pig than in the rat. For several of the amino acids there were significant animal species differences in apparent ileal digestibility. Studies into the effects of cottonseed CT should be carried out in the target animal species. The commercial CSM had a low apparent ileal amino acid digestibility overall, particularly for the essential amino acids lysine and threonine. It was concluded that effects of heating did not eliminate the reversible reactivity of cottonseed CT on amino acid digestion in rats and pigs but rather appeared to increase it for threoniw, tyrosine and lysine in Expt 1, causing large reductions in apparent ileal digestibility of these amino acids.

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43

Rochell, Samuel J. "80 Precision Nutrition to Enhance Poultry Performance and Health: the Role of Functional Amino Acids". Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_3 (6 de noviembre de 2023): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.212.

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Abstract Dietary amino acids drive the performance and meat yield of modern broiler strains, and as such, amino acids are among the most economically important nutrients in poultry feeds. At the same time, minimizing N excretion is an increasingly prevalent sustainability target for poultry producers across the world, and this goal is often pursued by feeding reduced crude protein diets. Moreover, poultry production has largely transitioned away from the use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters, bringing attention to the impact of dietary protein and amino acid levels on the intestinal and overall health of broilers. In response to these dynamic scenarios, research from our lab and others has attempted to more precisely link dietary supply of essential and non-essential amino acids with their functional needs for broilers subjected to various pathogenic and environmental stressors. This presentation will address existing research and knowledge gaps related to functional amino acids in the context of precision nutrition to enhance poultry performance and health.

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44

Blachier, Francois, Mireille Andriamihaja y Anne Blais. "Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids and Lipid Metabolism". Journal of Nutrition 150, Supplement_1 (1 de octubre de 2020): 2524S—2531S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa243.

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ABSTRACT The metabolism of methionine and cysteine in the body tissues determines the concentrations of several metabolites with various biologic activities, including homocysteine, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), taurine, and glutathione. Hyperhomocysteinemia, which is correlated with lower HDL cholesterol in blood in volunteers and animal models, has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. In humans, the relation between methionine intake and hyperhomocysteinemia is dependent on vitamin status (vitamins B-6 and B-12 and folic acid) and on the supply of other amino acids. However, lowering homocysteinemia by itself is not sufficient for decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease progression. Other compounds related to methionine metabolism have recently been identified as being involved in the risk of atherosclerosis and steatohepatitis. Indeed, the metabolism of sulfur amino acids has an impact on phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism, and anomalies in PC synthesis due to global hypomethylation have been associated with disturbances of lipid metabolism. In addition, impairment of H2S synthesis from cysteine favors atherosclerosis and steatosis in animal models. The effects of taurine on lipid metabolism appear heterogeneous depending on the populations of volunteers studied. A decrease in the concentration of intracellular glutathione, a tripeptide involved in redox homeostasis, is implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases and steatosis. Last, supplementation with betaine, a compound that allows remethylation of homocysteine to methionine, decreases basal and methionine-stimulated homocysteinemia; however, it adversely increases plasma total and LDL cholesterol. The study of these metabolites may help determine the range of optimal and safe intakes of methionine and cysteine in dietary proteins and supplements. The amino acid requirement for protein synthesis in different situations and for optimal production of intracellular compounds involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism also needs to be considered for dietary attenuation of atherosclerosis and steatosis risk.

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45

Rutherfurd, Shane M. y Paul J. Moughan. "Available versus digestible dietary amino acids". British Journal of Nutrition 108, S2 (agosto de 2012): S298—S305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002528.

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Available amino acids are those absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in a form suitable for body protein synthesis. True ileal digestible amino acids are determined based on the difference between dietary amino acid intake and unabsorbed dietary amino acids at the terminal ileum. The accuracy of ileal digestible amino acid estimates for predicting available amino acid content depends on several factors, including the accuracy of the amino acid analysis procedure. In heat processed foods, lysine can react with compounds to form nutritionally unavailable derivatives that are unstable during the hydrochloric acid hydrolysis step of amino acid analysis and can revert back to lysine causing an overestimate of available lysine. Recently, the true ileal digestible reactive (available) lysine assay based on guanidination has provided a means of accurately determining available lysine in processed foods. Methionine can be oxidised during processing to form methionine sulphoxide and methionine sulphone and cysteine oxidised to cysteic acid. Methionine sulphoxide, but not methionine sulphone or cysteic acid, is partially nutritionally available in some species of animal. Currently, methionine and cysteine are determined as methionine sulphone and cysteic acid respectively after quantitative oxidation prior to acid hydrolysis. Consequently, methionine and cysteine are overestimated if methionine sulphone or cysteic acid are present in the original material. Overall, given the problems associated with the analysis of some amino acids in processed foodstuffs, the available amino acid content may not always be accurately predicted by true ileal amino acid digestibility estimates. For such amino acids specific analytical strategies may be required.

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46

Ellis, WC y TH Hill. "Importance of dietary amino acids in the nutrition of grazing ruminants". Annales de Zootechnie 44, Suppl. 1 (1995): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/animres:199505199.

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47

Khan, Jesmine, Wan Nor I’zzah Wan Mohamad Zain y Mohammed Nasimul Islam. "Involvement of ACE2 in the intestinal transport of amino acids: Possible health and nutritional consequences in altered expression". Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 22, n.º 4 (7 de septiembre de 2023): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i4.67115.

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Background:Absorption of neutral amino acids across the intestinal cells is mediated by the broad neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1. Intestinal expression of B0AT1 depends on the coexistence with the membrane-attached angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which binds to the B0AT1 or the sodium-dependent imino-acid transporter 1 (SIT1) in the intestinal epithelial cells. Objectives:The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the involvement of ACE2 in the transport of amino acids from the intestinal lumen and possible harmful effects on health and nutrition due to altered ACE2 expression. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords ACE2 paired with intestinal and gut B0AT1, SIT1, amino acid transport or absorption, health, and nutrition. Expression of B0AT1 in the intestine was completely absent in ACE2 knockout mice. Lack of ACE2 and B0AT1 expression lead to low plasma and muscle tryptophan, niacin deficiency, decreased intestinal antimicrobial peptide, and increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease in animal models. Results: Expression of ACE2 in the small intestine and its association with amino acid transporters play a crucial role in the absorption of amino acids, maintenance of structural and functional gut integrity and overall health and nutrition status of an individual. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 04 October’23 Page : 729-733

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48

Downing, J. A., J. Joss y R. J. Scaramuzzi. "A mixture of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine increases ovulation rate in ewes when infused during the late luteal phase of the oestrous cycle: an effect that may be mediated by insulin". Journal of Endocrinology 145, n.º 2 (mayo de 1995): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1450315.

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Abstract The positive relationship between nutritional state and ovulation rate in sheep may involve the action of specific nutrients on gonadotrophin release. LH and FSH secretion is controlled in part by hypothalamic GnRH, which is in turn influenced by central adrenergic and serotonergic neuronal systems. In this experiment the branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine and valine were examined for effects on LH and FSH secretion. A mixture of the three amino acids was infused into ewes for 5 days immediately before luteolysis, a time when nutritional effects on ovulation rate occur. The infusion significantly increased ovulation rate without any associated increase in FSH or LH. However, the infusion did increase plasma insulin concentrations and this effect, together with the high levels of blood urea observed, suggests that these amino acids had increased the supply of energy substrates to the follicles. An increase in insulin-mediated glucose uptake by follicles could be the stimulus responsible for the increase in ovulation rate. The ability of the animal to utilize BCAAs for energy metabolism may be an important component of the ovulation responses to nutrition. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 145, 315–323

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49

Firdaus, Dzikri Anfasa, Dimas Andrianto y Noviyan Darmawan. "Amino Acids Isolation from α-keratin of Javanese Goat (Capra hircus) Hair and Garut Sheep (Ovis aries) Hair Waste Using Acid Hydrolysis Method as BCAA Supplement". Jurnal Kimia Valensi 10, n.º 1 (11 de junio de 2024): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v10i1.38146.

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Javanese goat and Garut sheep hair contain α-keratin, a protein that can be broken by hydrolysis to produce simpler amino acids. Feather waste generates millions of tons of α-keratin biomass originating from animal slaughterhouses, thereby raising health concerns. The utilization of acid hydrolysis is considered to be more cost-effective compared to enzymatic hydrolysis, and it provides a broader range of amino acid cleavage sites compared to enzymes, which exhibit specific cleavage. This study aimed to isolate amino acids from Javanese goat and Garut sheep hair through acid hydrolysis. The methods included hair sample preparation, acid hydrolysis used 6 M HCL at 110°C, reflux isolation, amino acid separation based on isoelectric pH 4.9 –5.4, functional groups analysis using FTIR, and analysis of amino acid content by HPLC methods. The results showed that the yield produced after isolation on Javanese goat hair samples was 0.92% and Garut sheep hair 0.32%, respectively. The FTIR spectrum showed amino acid functional groups in both samples, including carboxyl (COOH), amine (C-N primer), (C-S disulfide), and amide I (-CONH2). Successful breakdown of α-keratin proteins into simpler amino acids was achieved for Javanese goat and Garut sheep hair. Amino acid analysis of Javanese goat hair isolates revealed the presence of aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamate, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, and arginine amino acids, respectively. The highest content was isoleucine at 0.60% w/w. In conclusion, the isolated amino acids from Javanese goat hair can be used as a halal supplement that serves as nutrition in the body.

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Cambra-López, María, Pablo Jesús Marín-García, Clara Lledó, Alba Cerisuelo y Juan José Pascual. "Biomarkers and De Novo Protein Design Can Improve Precise Amino Acid Nutrition in Broilers". Animals 12, n.º 7 (6 de abril de 2022): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12070935.

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Precision nutrition in broilers requires tools capable of identifying amino acid imbalances individually or in groups, as well as knowledge on how more digestible proteins can be designed for innovative feeding programs adjusted to animals’ dynamic requirements. This work proposes two potential tools, combining traditional nutrition with biotechnological, metabolomic, computational and protein engineering knowledge, which can contribute to improving the precise amino acid nutrition of broilers in the future: (i) the use of serum uric nitrogen content as a rapid biomarker of amino acid imbalances, and (ii) the design and modeling of de novo proteins that are fully digestible and fit exactly to the animal’s requirements. Each application is illustrated with a case study. Case study 1 demonstrates that serum uric nitrogen can be a useful rapid indicator of individual or group amino acid deficiencies or imbalances when reducing dietary protein and adjusting the valine and arginine to lysine ratios in broilers. Case study 2 describes a stepwise approach to design an ideal protein, resulting in a potential amino acid sequence and structure prototype that is ideally adjusted to the requirements of the targeted animal, and is theoretically completely digestible. Both tools can open up new opportunities to form an integrated framework for precise amino acid nutrition in broilers, helping us to achieve more efficient, resilient, and sustainable production. This information can help to determine the exact ratio of amino acids that will improve the efficiency of the use of nitrogen by poultry.

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