Tesis sobre el tema "Améloration de la productivité"
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Ponce, Quiroga Carlos Wilfrido. "Improving the productivity of Collaborative Robots in the context of manufacturing companies : identification and control improvement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0063.
Texto completoThe combination of human capabilities and dexterity with the machine efficiency has been a dream for decades. Technology plays a vital role in helping humans work more efficiently. Thus, collaborative robots have attracted much interest in manufacturing companies.The first part of the thesis is dedicated on determining the influence of bending moment on friction and torque transfer in transmissions used in common collaborative robots: Harmonic Drive gearboxes. Due to their great capabilities, they are widely applied in the field of collaborative robots. However, despite all the great advantages they offer, they present several problematic behaviors that affect their overall performance. Therefore, two experimental setups are designed and developed to study three types of Harmonic Drive transmissions. Friction laws are obtained using force transfer diagrams, which are a parametric representation of the equilibrium of a transmission subjected to input and output torque. The results present new parabolic friction laws for this type of transmissions.The essence of the second part is the improvement of the collaboration to reduce the danger of the robot to the human working nearby by avoiding obstacles at maximum operating speed. This improvement is achieved by proper obstacle avoidance and collision-free path planning, focusing on path continuity, final motion times, and average end-effector speed. We propose an offline path planning approach, considering the obstacle model, given an initial linear path from pose A to pose B. The obstacle model allows to examine in detail the performance of the trajectory in terms of time and traveled distance.The trajectory planning aims to avoid the obstacle using a series of arcs. A variation of Dubins curves defines the path planning. A set of low-computation equations (using radius, sagittas, tangents, etc.) meets the following requirements: (i) C1 continuity at the meeting points of the different segments (equal direction and magnitude of the tangents), (ii) minimum orthogonal and longitudinal distance of the new path, relative to the original path and the obstacle (main arrow and chord). From the general study in 2D, we develop the corresponding equations in 3D.The path planning equations are computed and validated in MATLAB. Then, the libraries and modules are transferred to the Python language, language supported by the robotics simulation framework: ROS and MoveIt, with application to the UR10e cobot.The simulation results validate the feasibility of the obstacle avoidance planner. These are then adapted to the real robot and improved to address certain issues when using the simulation methodology. The control of the end-effector speed is achieved and trajectories are evaluated in terms of total distance traveled by the end effector, total task time, average linear velocity of the movement, and resulting joint positions and velocities. The evaluation allows a quantitative comparison to rank the best trajectories
Royer, Jimmy. "Productivité et rétention de travail". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ31790.pdf.
Texto completoMusso, Patrick. "Obsolescence du capital, productivité et croissance économique". Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE0057.
Texto completoRascol-Boutard, Sylvie. "La performance dans un contexte interorganisationnel : une approche interprétative et interactionniste du pilotage : Le cas des dispositifs d'aide à l'insertion". Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20174.
Texto completoLe, Maître Didier. "Evaluation de la performance et comportements opportunistes dans les centres de responsabilite". Rennes 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN11014.
Texto completoA department manager can benefit from convenient opportunities so as to obtain a favourable appreciation of his activity which does not correspond to his effort. The aim of this thesis is to answer the following question : does the functioning of french firms in the field of performance evaluation allow them to effectively limit the consequences of such behavior? Its first part, devoted to a study of four theories (theories of agency, of cost transaction, of regulation and of public choice) and of two management tools (quality and activity-based costing), shows a capacity of responsibility centers to adopt efficient opportunistic attitudes, but also an aptitude of the hierarchy to reduce their effects and to use its power to satisfy its own interests. The second part, devoted to empirical studies, includes an overview of state-of-the- art research (the ten studies analysed reveal divergent points of view concerning the efficiency of the departments opportunistic behavior) and the results of our two research surveys (one conducted in three companies in 1992 and the other is a post inquiry survey concentrating on responsibility center managers in 1993). Those two research surveys reveal a reduced liberty of the departments and the hierarchy's use of its power to increase its performance. Our thesis concludes on the ineffectiveness of opportunistic practices of the department managers to change the level of their appreciation, because of the attitudes of their hierarchy and the firm's management. The latter seem more able to use opportunistic practices to satisfy their own interests
Buisson, Marie-Laure. "La légitimité intra-organisationnelle des pratiques de gestion : le cas de l'introduction de l'évaluation et de la rémunération des performances dans les organismes de sécurité sociale français". Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32074.
Texto completoThis research aims to contribute to the construction of the concept of intra-organizational legitimacy of business practices. Even though several theories and empirical studies on organizational legitimacy have been carried out, the legitimacy conferred by internal stakeholders remains unexplored. However, neo-institutionalism emphasizes the intra-organizational difficulties caused by searching for an external legitimacy, and calls for further developments. The study of the introduction of performance and incentive management practices within three French public organizations enables us to observe the intra-organizational legitimacy at work. The results, which are obtained through a qualitative-type study, put forward a diversity and a variability of the different types of legitimacy depending on the organization in question, but a relative homogeneity regarding individual’s characteristics. Consequently, there may be a relationship between organizational values and intra-organizational legitimacy. Moreover, the results confirm that intra-organizational legitimacy is a real management issue. Indeed, the way managers introduce new HRM tools into specific organizational contexts is more important than the tools themselves. Furthermore, cognitive intra-organizational legitimacy of new practices seems essential. Without it, the appropriation of new tools won’t take place. Finally, by adopting management tools from the private sector, public organizations adapt themselves to institutional pressures and try to acquire a new kind of “business legitimacy”. But this diffusion of tools among organizations directly questions their transferability, and puts forward the importance to manage intra-organizational legitimacy of recently adopted tools
Doumbia, Abdoulaye. "La relation entre productivité et exportation des firmes". Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE0011.
Texto completoThis thesis discusses the links between exporting and firms’ productivity. Precisely, we characterize the differentiated behaviours of firms that enter for the first time into export markets. This work has been carried in the context of a North-South comparison in order to reveal whether the effects of self-selection and learning-by-exporting differ between industrialized countries (IC) and less developed countries (LDC). In Chapter 1, I propose a selective review of the recent theoretical models of international trade with heterogeneous firms. In Chapter 2, I pursue with a review of the empirical literature that focus on the comparison between IC and LDC in terms of ex ante and ex post export premia. Finally, in Chapter 3, I propose an empirical analysis using a large database on French firms in order to detect, in the case of France, the learning to export effects beyond the traditionally studied effects of self-selection and learning-by-exporting. This research covers 24 manufacturing sectors that differ in their technological intensities. Our main result is that the learning to export effects do indeed exist in French Low Tech industries where competition is essentially done by “costs”. We thus show that French firms, which operate in those sectors, have experienced large structural transformations prior to their entry into the export markets
Boussemart, Jean-Philippe. "Production capital productivité et endettement de l'agriculture française". Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010048.
Texto completoZheng, Yu. "Productivité de l'agriculture française et volatilité des prix". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARE051/document.
Texto completoThe EU has adopted many reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the past decades. Price support has decreased, and decoupled payments have been introduced. As a result, European agricultural prices have become more volatile, in line with world prices.This dissertation measures the evolution of the productivity of French agriculture in a dynamic stochastic farm decision model in the new economic context with increased price volatility. On this basis, it studies the dynamic link between price risk, farmer decisions, and productivity in the structural estimation framework. The literature review in Chapter 2 describes productivity as a residual and emphasizes the measurement issues from the unobserved capital data series and the endogeneity problem in primal estimation.Chapter 3 compares the numerical methods to solve and estimate nonlinear dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) or DSGE-like models, in which capital and productivity are latent state variables. Chapter 4 estimates productivity in a dynamic stochastic decision model based on the generalized maximum entropy (GME) approach. We show that the productivity growth in French agriculture has slowed down and become more volatile following the rise in price volatility. Overall, price risk has an impact on productivity in the way that when exposed to high risks, farmers change their production, consumption, investment and financial borrowing decisions, which in turn affects the realized productivity negatively. Chapter 5 simulates the market impacts of the CAP instruments in a dynamic GTAP-AGR CGE mode
Comes, Christine. "Analyse des mesures de l'efficacité". Paris 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA020117.
Texto completoRondé-Oustau, Isabelle. "Coût et productivité de la navigation aérienne en France". Toulouse 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU10018.
Texto completoThis doctoral thesis comes with the scope of researches in economy of air traffic control. In a context of airspace congestion it is necessary to understand and analyse economic environment of air navigation services. A cost frontier estimation allowing this analyse realsation is applied to the French case
Nedjahi, Abdellah. "La cedraie de chrea (atlas Blidéen) : Phénologie, productivité, régénération". Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10196.
Texto completoVoropanova, Ekaterina. "Productivité du consommateur dans son magasinage et technologies mobiles". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1G002.
Texto completoThis PhD dissertation explores consumer shopping productivity under the influence of mobile technology. First, a multidisciplinary review of productivity literature emphasized the polysemy of productivity concept and some specific features of its definition in service industry. A comparative analysis of consumer productivity literature highlights the diversity of approaches to the analysis of consumer productivity and of its measures, and the relevance to revisit this concept in the digital world, taking into account the specific features of mobile technology.To do so, we realized a qualitative study by 31 semi-structured interviews. The verbatim analysis by means of NVivo software resulted in an extended conceptualization of consumer productivity, including temporal efficiency, monetary efficiency, and efficacy. Based on the literature review and the qualitative study results, we proposed a conceptual model of consumer productivity under the influence of mobile technologies, presenting the antecedents of consumer productivity dimensions and their impact on consumer satisfaction.Finally, a sample of 300 individuals was used to test this model in the context of apparel shopping. The data were analyzed by the structural equations modelling partial least squares with Smart PLS software. The results of the quantitative study confirm the positive impact of consumer productivity on satisfaction. The relations between efficacy and temporal efficiency were moderated by the frequency of the use of smartphone in apparel shopping. The results allowed us to identify the antecedents of consumer productivity: polychronic orientation, time consciousness, price consciousness, implication, attitude towards mobile technologies, and the choice of marketing channels in shopping trips. In the light of the results of the two studies, we argue for the relevance of consumer productivity management approach for retailers exploiting the vast opportunities offered by mobile technologies
Ben, Salah Wided. "Contrats incitatifs, pratiques organisationnelles, TIC et productivité du travail". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST3007.
Texto completoOur work has tried to identify some elements which may have an effect on labor productivity, among which the incentive contracts, the information and communication’s technologies (ICT) and the organizational practices. We took into account the presence of asymmetric information, susceptible to influence the employment relationships and the firm’s choices concerning the organizational practices or the introduction of ICT. The dissertation is divided into two parts: the first one considers the optimal incentive contracts as well as the effect of various remuneration systems on labor productivity. The second part is devoted to the introduction of ICT and the organizational practices. The empirical results drawn from the first part show that the remuneration’s effect on productivity depends on the adopted type of payment and on the social and occupational group of the beneficiaries. They also indicate that the length of the employment’s contract and the rate of short term debts have an effect on productivity. The results obtained within the framework of the second part of the dissertation show that the employees needed some time to adapt, between 1998 and 1999, before the positive effects of the ICT and organizational practices could appear on their productivity. However given the delays of human capital’s accumulation, the effect on labor productivity of various ICT and organizational practices occurred more quickly in 2004. Finally, we showed that the productivity increases more if the company chooses to undertake both changes at the same time
Ben, Salah Wided. "Contrats incitatifs, pratiques organisationnelles, TIC et productivité du travail". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00491975.
Texto completoBen, Abed Jalila. "Présence étrangère - Productivité - Salaire : tests économétriques sur données individuelles temporelles des industries manufacturières en Tunisie". Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0088.
Texto completoWe evaluate impact of foreign presence on productivity and wage levels in the Turusian manufacturing sectors. A production function model is developed using a panel data set. Two statistical models: Hausman and Taylor (198 1) and system GMM were used. Our estimates have confirmed that FDI plays a positive role in increasing industrial productivity, implying that the government should increase their efforts to encourage inward investment. A more intensive foreign presence in a local labor market does not seem to be associated with levels of higher wages in domestic enterprises
Vankeersbilck, Aurélie. "La productivité dans les services publics locaux : le cas du Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12019/document.
Texto completoThe performance evaluation in public services has become an important issue in our society today. In industrial and agricultural economies, the concept of productivity was one of the key concepts to measure the performance because it describes a technical performance that poses few problems when dealing with standardized products. However, the advent of the service economy has helped to undermine, if not the relevance of this concept, at least its measurement methods. Indeed, in services, the "real product" is often difficult to grasp. The aim of this subject is to study the productivity issue in services activities to account for the difficulties encountered. We try also to show that this application of this concept presents news obstacles in regard to public services, including local public services, because the specificities of these services. For this, we will try to take stock of various debates on the issue of productivity in services. Then we will take an empirical investigation on the local public services of Nord-Pas-de-Calais area with three main objectives: identify the main "products" in these services, identify performance indicators used and their limits and identify strategies implemented to improve performance. With helps of meetings and researches, we will try to propose new indicators to evaluate the performance of services and new strategies to improve performances
Al, Masri Kamal. "Les impacts de l'E-biseness sur la productivité des entreprises". Grenoble 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE21004.
Texto completoOur research is aimed at studying the impact of e-business on industrial performance. As an indicator of performance, we retain the measure of productivity. Our work suggests that e-business leads to a reorganization of economic activities, which is a factor of productivity. We studied the theoretical foundations of productivity gains obtained by e-business. The main analytical tool used is the theory of transaction costs. To verify the contribution of e-business in the industrial world, we studied two sectors: electricity and vehicle manufacturing. The results of our analyses show that e-business allows for significant productivity gains, particularly because of the improved coordination between the economic agents. To be able to measure exactly the contribution of e-business in terms of productivity gains, we propose a model in the form of a Cobb-Douglas production function. This model is adapted from several works based on the theory of endogenous growth. The main idea is that e-business constitutes an organizational change (similar to technological change) which can act on the production function. The model thus integrates a variable representing this technological change. We replace this variable by an indicator representing the degree of e-business in a particular business unit (the firm). This indicator is built from a certain number of selected criteria, which are supposed to represent the e-business reality of the firm
Outtagarts, Abdelkader. "Comportement dynamique d'un évaporateur de machine frigorifique alimenté par un détendeur électrique". Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0060.
Texto completoThe primary task of an expansion valve in a refrigerating machine is to control the mass flow to the evaporator always at the best optimum, without slugging. A pulsing solenoid expansion valve and three stepper motor controlled expansion valves have been studied. They are designed to operate in a small refrigerating machine of which cooling capacity is less than 6 kW, with constant condensation conditions and variable evaporating temperature (-20°C to + 10°C) and compressor speed (1000 to 3000 rpm). Two control algorithms are used for the stepper motor to open or close the valve (proportional/derivative and qualitative optimal regulation). The control parameters depend on both the expansion valve and evaporator transfer functions. These characteristics are determined by the Broïda method within a range of evaporating temperature and compression speed. In steady- state conditions, with the stepper motor expansion valve, the system is stable with a superheat close to the set point. The cooling capacity varies from 1 to 2. 4 when the compressor speed varies from 1 to 3. For the pulsing solenoid valve, with a proportional/derivative control, some instabilities appear at some operating conditions, due to the low evaporator time constant. In transient conditions, with the step exciting method (300 and 1000 rpm) as well as for the machine start-up, both control algorithms are adequate for regulating the refrigerant into the evaporator
Diop, Omar. "Systèmes de production pluviaux et économie de l'intensification : le cas du Sénégal". Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON10039.
Texto completoThe purpose of this thesis is to analyse the reasons for the failure of attemps to reactivate agriculture in senegal so as to present selective intensification of rainy production systems as an alternative. While in certain regions, demographic pressure led to a use of natural resources never before seen, others show relatively important potentialities to increase yields. This study is meant to help researchers and economic decision-makers. Therefore, we dealt with the following subjects : - the cazuses failure of the agricultural program and cooperative organization ; - the transfer of the risks to the farmers without transfering means ; in accordance with the policy of state disengagement ; - the interest of researching an optimal allocation of resources in order to better entrance the local potentialities. Our results confirmed the need of a new orientation. Even though structural adjustment measures are essential, they do make a selective intensification mostly based on the use of fertilizers, hardly efficient
Dosmagambet, Yergali. "Capacité d'absorption technologique et dynamique de productivité. Application au Kazakhstan". Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00306570.
Texto completoRieber, Arsène. "Impact du capital public sur la productivité et la croissance". Paris 13, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA131034.
Texto completoThis thesis considers the relationship between public capital stock and aggregate productivity and growth. We define "public capital" as community facilities, or "core infrastructure" (streets and highways, water supply. . . ) which function as an input to the private production function. A first part contains the theoretical framework of our research: public capital stock fits into the core of the dynamic of endogenous growth models. The discussion center first on fiscal distortions generated by infrastructure financing: in this perspective, our formalization results on a contradiction between long term and short term view of government policy. In a second model, the interaction between public capital accumulation and revenue growth leads to an endogenous dynamics with multiple equilibria: this result allows tentative interpretations of economic divergence between countries. The empirical studies, linking productivity and growth to public capital, are expounded in a second part. On one hand, we estimate the theoretical relationship between public infrastructure and growth by a "solow augmented" model: the results offer a statistical reliability of the important role of the former on the latter. On the other hand, the pattern of causality discerned in our theoretical framework are empirically studied: it exhibits a bi, directional causality. The last part of our research considers the impact of public infrastructure on industrial location. In this perspective, a model of economic geography is exhibited: trade integration implies that firms tend to locate in countries with better infrastructure. In other words, differentials of public capital endowments can magnify polarization of industrial activities. This dynamic spatial model is confirmed by our empirical results: for this purpose, we have estimated the determinants of foreign direct investment within the european community
Regnault, Blas. "Les rapports université-industrie : les enjeux de la productivité économique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37898.
Texto completoQuébec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2020
Jemaa, Adel. "Processus d’absorption, Innovation & Productivité : Analyse empirique sur données d’entreprises". Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN0504.
Texto completoThe thesis deals with the conceptualization and assessment of the ability of firms to absorb external knowledge. It also discusses the impact of this capability on innovation and productivity. The first contribution of this thesis consists in modeling the absorption capacity as an integrated process in the innovation of the company processes. This process of absorption is defined and modeled in an original way through a network of interactions between different activities or capacities: the capacity for internal absorption, the access to external knowledge and the ability to cooperate capacity. The second contribution is to analytically treat the issue by integrating the absorption capacity and the cognitive distance through an innovation function simultaneously. This model allows to distinguish between a theoretical absorption capacity and an effective absorption capacity that takes into account the cognitive distance. The third contribution initially consists, on one hand, in measuring the intensity of these different capabilities and, on the other hand, in estimating the causal relationships between them. That is to say, the ability to determine the internal absorption ability to access external knowledge, which in turn, would determine the ability to cooperate. Secondly, the thesis focuses on the influence of the intensity of cooperation on business performance (output of innovation, labor productivity, TFP). Finally, the thesis discusses the impact of the performance of the company on its internal capacity for absorption
Lo, Joseph Lok Wai. "Benchmarking : les performances de la chaîne logistique dans les secteurs du textile et de l'habillement". Valenciennes, 2005. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/af7da1a7-0bf4-416f-98f8-d477a93fd1bb.
Texto completoObjective of this thesis is to carry out an external benchmarking study, and perform various analyses to identify the current state, and to postulate the possible best practices to supply chains in the textile and garment industries. Large scale external benchmarking studies, and existing Performance Measurement Frameworks and Systems have been reviewed. The SCOR-model has been chosen to be adapted to this study. Modifications have been made to adapt the SCOR-model to mentioned industries and to facilitate data collection. We collaborated with two textile associations in Colombia and in Hong Kong China and quantitative performance data from 29 textile-garment supply chains have been collected. Using the performance data, we investigated three types of phenomena using classical statistical methods: (a) Performance trade-offs (b) Influences of demand fluctuations towards performances (c) The group differences between several characteristics of garment factories. Main results from (a) are: mutual enhancement between short lead time and reliable delivery for textile suppliers; trade-off between short lead time and large product category offered for garment factories. From (b) demand fluctuations have greater effects to the textile suppliers and garment factories; for textiles suppliers, fluctuation in volume causes a larger order quantity, and fluctuation in order frequency causes longer lead time. From (c) factories in South China has larger fluctuation in price and order lead time, as well as longer lead time than Colombia; large factories have longer lead time than smaller ones
Runte, Eduardo F. A. "Productivité et sécurité : ajustements au travail dans les systèmes socio-techniques". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00537770.
Texto completoGargouri, Ammar. "La productivité du secteur industriel laitier du Québec et de l'Ontario". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq25584.pdf.
Texto completoJobin, Denis. "Les coûts de transaction déterminent-ils la productivité des professeurs d'université?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0019/MQ56752.pdf.
Texto completoDjimasra, Nodjitidje. "Efficacité technique, productivité et compétitivité des principaux pays producteurs de coton". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482828.
Texto completoGasmi, Esma. "La Productivité dans l'industrie algérienne des biens d'équipement : étude de cas". Paris, EHESS, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988EHES0064.
Texto completoCapital goods industry in algeria has not been particularly developed and has not significantly contributed to the overall development of the productive system. An analysis of productivity in three firms producing capital goods has highlighted the characteristics of this industry as well as its economic inefficiency. Bottlenecks have been identified at different levels which impeded the smooth functioning of the firms. The lack of qualifications of labour was one of the main problems observed
LeBlanc, Mathieu. "Recrutement de la morue arctique Boreogadus saida : climat, productivité et prédation". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38202.
Texto completoDans l’Arctique canadien, la pression des changements climatiques s’accroît, alors que le développement anthropique et les impacts qui en découlent sont de plus en plus importants. Toutefois, nos connaissances sur l’assemblage des poissons demeurent limitées. En assurant le transfert d’énergie entre le zooplancton et les prédateurs supérieurs arctiques, certaines espèces de poissons jouent un rôle clé dans l’équilibre de cet écosystème marin. L’objectif principal de cette thèse doctorale est de documenter les variations spatio-temporelles du recrutement de la morue arctique Boreogadus saida dans l’Arctique canadien ainsi que les facteurs environnementaux et biologiques influençant celles-ci. Basé sur des valeurs d’abondance et biomasse de poissons estimées à partir de données acoustiques validées par des filets et chaluts entre 2005 et 2017, j’étudie: (1) les impacts d’une débâcle des glaces plus hâtive et de températures de surface de la mer plus chaudes sur la survie et le recrutement des jeunes stades de morue arctique dans différentes régions de l’Arctique canadien; (2) le rôle de la productivité de l’écosystème dans le recrutement de la morue arctique et les différences de productivité à travers trois provinces océanographiques de l’Arctique canadien; et (3) la codistribution de la morue arctique et de ses prédateurs aviaires à travers la zone marginale de glace de la mer de Baffin. Une débâcle des glaces hâtive dans l’Arctique canadien entraine des températures printanières et estivales plus chaudes, une floraison hâtive de phytoplancton ainsi qu’une productivité de l’écosystème supérieure durant l’été. Une débâcle hâtive augmente également la biomasse de juvéniles de morue arctique à la fin de l’été en permettant la survie des larves écloses durant l’hiver et le printemps. À la lumière des résultats, il apparait que deux facteurs permettent aux jeunes morues arctiques de l’année de bénéficier d’une fonte des glaces hâtive, du moins jusqu’à présent; soit des températures plus chaudes et, surtout, une ressource alimentaire plus abondante. Durant la période d’étude, la productivité de l’écosystème était similaire dans le sud de la mer de Beaufort et dans le complexe polynique Eaux du Nord/détroit de Lancaster, toutefois la biomasse de juvéniles de morues arctique était supérieure dans la mer de Beaufort. Une prédation aviaire intense pourrait expliquer la biomasse de juvéniles de morue arctique plus faible dans le complexe polynique, confirmant sa réputation comme point chaud biologique pour le transfert d’énergie vers les niveaux trophiques supérieurs. Néanmoins, aucune association spatiale claire n’a été trouvée entre la distribution de la morue arctique et celle de ses prédateurs aviaires à travers la zone marginale de glace de la mer de Baffin, ce qui pourrait être expliqué par une absence de formation de bancs de poissons chez la morue et une stratégie efficace de celle-ci pour éviter la prédation en se cachant sous la glace. Les résultats de cette thèse mettent en évidence la sensibilité de la morue arctique face à son environnement en changement et sa capacité à l’exploiter au maximum à court terme.
In the Canadian Arctic, climate change pressure is increasing, while anthropogenic activities and the resulting human impacts on the ecosystem are intensifying. However, fish communities remain poorly documented despite their pivotal role in the ecosystem equilibrium in transferring the energy from zooplankton to top arctic predators. The main objective of this PhD thesis is to document spatial and temporal variations in polar cod Boreogadus saida recruitment in the Canadian Arctic, and the environmental and biological factors influencing these variations. Based on fish abundance and biomass estimated with hydroacoustic data validated by nets and trawls from 2005 to 2017, I investigate: (1) the impacts of an earlier ice breakup and warmer sea surface temperatures (SST) on the survival and recruitment of age-0 polar cod in different regions of the Canadian Arctic; (2) the role of ecosystem productivity in age-0 polar cod recruitment and differences in productivity across three oceanographic provinces of the Canadian Arctic; and (3) the co-distribution of polar cod and its seabird predators across the marginal ice zone in Baffin Bay. Earlier ice breakup in the Canadian Arctic resulted in warmer SST in spring-summer, earlier phytoplankton bloom and higher ecosystem productivity in summer. Early ice breakup also increased juvenile polar cod biomass at the end of summer by allowing the survival of larvae hatched in winter and spring. In light of these results, it seems that both warm temperatures and, mostly, abundant food resource allow age-0 individuals to benefit from an earlier ice breakup, at least for the time being. During the period of the study, ecosystem productivity was similar in the southern Beaufort Sea and the North Water/Lancaster Sound polynya complex, but juvenile polar cod biomass was higher in the Beaufort Sea. Intense avian predation could explain the lower biomass of juvenile cod in the polynya complex, confirming its reputation as a biological hotspot for the transfer of energy to higher trophic levels. Nevertheless, no strong spatial match was found between the distribution of polar cod and that of its avian predators across the marginal ice zone in Baffin Bay, which could be explained by a lack of schooling behavior in polar cod and a successful strategy to avoid predation by hiding under the ice. The results of this thesis highlight the sensitivity of polar cod to its changing environment and its ability to exploit it to the fullest in the short term.
Movahhedi, Mohammad. "Relations entre innovation, productivité et exportation : analyse empirique sur données d’entreprises". Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN0505.
Texto completoThe thesis is in the context of the entry of heterogeneous firms into export markets. It presents a synthetic and selective review of recent related studies. Based on the surveyed works, we developed an original and simple theoretical model to better integrate the various dimensions of the export decision such as the occasional export. Then, the assumptions are tested as a part of a recursive model from firm-level data (SME-France). The results show that, in one hand, the "trial and error" could play an important role in the decision to durable export, and in the other hand, the role of productivity seems less important. Furthermore, the effect of exporting on the firm performance is analyzed empirically in an original way by distinguishing a self-selection effect and a specialization effect from the classical learning effect. In addition, innovation output and innovation input indicators more relevant than those usually used are constructed from original data. Finally, the estimates show that export affect indirectly productivity through the self-selection effect
Wagner, Vincent. "Amélioration de la productivité en usinage d'un titane réfractaire : le Ti5553". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0016/document.
Texto completoThe work presented in this thesis fits the context of modeling and understanding of phenomena related of Ti5553 machining. The goal is to improve knowledge about material to provide optimal cutting conditions, optimal engagement and cutting geometry. We have identified several models allowing to describe the cutting process in tunining and milling. In terms of tool wear and usinability improvement in Ti5553 machining all studies showed a lack of information. Our approach focused towards in developing an alternative method to define the Johnson-Cook law constants based on machining tests and tensile tests to obtain the constitutive law adjusted to Ti5553 machining. The constitutive law was used cutting forces modeling for turning and milling involving the full range of tools used by the company (shapes, cutting geometries...). These models were allowed us the highlights the machining difficulties and propose suitable conditions. The third part focused on wear cutting tools mechanisms analysis where the differents degradation stage in turning and milling have been defined. Their relationships with the cutting process has been identified in order to propose a criterion of wear evolution. Part of this study is to identify the effect of engagement, cutting geometries and cutting conditions on tool wear. The last part concerns the industrial development where we present our work applications and extrapolations in our industrial context. We also tested one of the prospects of machinability improving (increase temperature) but without result. Finally, we addressed the problem of process monitoring on Ti5553 machining where we highlighted the difficulties related to the specifics on cutting process
Djimasra, Nodjitidjé. "Efficacité technique, productivité et compétitivité des principaux pays producteurs de coton". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE0507.
Texto completoThis thesis aims to study the technical efficiency, the productivity and the competitiveness of the main cotton producing countries. In a first chapter, it describes globaly the international competitiveness and the practised commercial strategies. The productive structures in Sub-Saharan Africa are examined in the second chapter, because they are considered as the weakest. The third part deals with the branch of the coton. An econometric study is led in order to highlight the determiners of the performance in the cotton export. The last two chapters concern the analysis and the measurement of the technical efficiency and the global productivity of theoretical and empirical factors. The method of the data envelope is revealed, followed by an econometric analysis. This study is realized to set up a policy of effective production and competitiveness. In this purpose, she proposes a new organizational face in the implication of economic policies to contribute to revitalize the cotton branch, which is considered as a driving element of the economic development in Africa
Djimasra, Nodjitidjé. "Efficacité technique, productivité et compétitivité des principaux pays producteurs de coton". Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE0507/document.
Texto completoThis thesis aims to study the technical efficiency, the productivity and the competitiveness of the main cotton producing countries. In a first chapter, it describes globaly the international competitiveness and the practised commercial strategies. The productive structures in Sub-Saharan Africa are examined in the second chapter, because they are considered as the weakest. The third part deals with the branch of the coton. An econometric study is led in order to highlight the determiners of the performance in the cotton export. The last two chapters concern the analysis and the measurement of the technical efficiency and the global productivity of theoretical and empirical factors. The method of the data envelope is revealed, followed by an econometric analysis. This study is realized to set up a policy of effective production and competitiveness. In this purpose, she proposes a new organizational face in the implication of economic policies to contribute to revitalize the cotton branch, which is considered as a driving element of the economic development in Africa
Lamrani, Mohamed Lamine y Mohamed Lamine Lamrani. "Mesure de la productivité dans une usine de rabotage de bois d'œuvre". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25157.
Texto completoLe marché industriel requiert une production de qualité à des prix compétitifs, comme c’est le cas dans l’industrie du rabotage de bois. L’impact des temps d’arrêt sur la productivité est un phénomène complexe et la maîtrise de ce phénomène constitue toujours une avancée pour les industriels. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’analyser et d'identifier les causes spécifiques de la dégradation de la performance du procédé de rabotage. Le processus de résolution de problèmes proposé dans notre étude est inspiré de la démarche DMAIC (Définir, Mesurer, Analyser, Innover, Contrôler) de Six Sigma. L'application de la démarche DMAIC dans notre étude a révélé que 80% de la non-performance est occasionnée par des arrêts non planifiés des machines. Afin de remédier à cette problématique, il faut contrôler la qualité des intrants et éliminer les dysfonctionnements de la ligne de production. Cela doit passer par la mise en place d'une stratégie de maintenance préventive basée sur la fiabilité.
The industrial market requires a good quality production with competitive prices; this is the case in the wood planing industry. The downtime impact on productivity is a complex phenomenon, and understanding this phenomenon represents a real challenge for industrials. The main goal of this thesis is to analyse and identify the specific causes of the planing process performance degradation. The process put forward in our study is inspired by the DMAIC approach (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) of Six Sigma. The use of the DMAIC approach in our study showed that 80% of non-performance is due to the unscheduled downtime of machines. To solve this issue, it is essential to eliminating the not quality of the inputs and dysfunctions of the production line and this should be done by implementing a preventive maintenance strategy; Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM).
The industrial market requires a good quality production with competitive prices; this is the case in the wood planing industry. The downtime impact on productivity is a complex phenomenon, and understanding this phenomenon represents a real challenge for industrials. The main goal of this thesis is to analyse and identify the specific causes of the planing process performance degradation. The process put forward in our study is inspired by the DMAIC approach (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) of Six Sigma. The use of the DMAIC approach in our study showed that 80% of non-performance is due to the unscheduled downtime of machines. To solve this issue, it is essential to eliminating the not quality of the inputs and dysfunctions of the production line and this should be done by implementing a preventive maintenance strategy; Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM).
Ahmed, Ghazal Montassel El Awasy. "La privatisation du secteur bancaire : étude comparative entre l'Egypte et la France". Lille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL20003.
Texto completoThe banking sector occupies an important rank in the national economy. As it is always in the core of economy providing the financing to the different economical sectors. Because of this important role of the banking sector, this sector was a subject for waves of the nationalization during the 20th century. But as it is the matter in different of the economical sectors, the public property of the banking sector has left its negative effects on this important sector. Now and with the world attitudes toward economical of the market and the financial liberalization we find that most of the advanced countries and also the developing countries have put programs for privatization which included privatization of the banks. However, motivations of the banking privatization, its size, its technical and also its results may differ from one country to another. This research is concerned with study of the banking sector privatization in Egypt as a developingcountry by the way of comparing it with privatization of the banking sector in France as an advanced country that has a great experience in this field. This research consists of two parts : the first part considers of studying the banking sector structure, its economical and financial rôle the property of the banking sector in the two countries of this study. The second part is concerned with studying the legal and financial organization for the banking privatization and also the economical and financial results owning to this privatization
Labaronne, Daniel. "Recherche sur les relations entre la productivité du travail et la compétitivité-prix des économies industrialisées". Tours, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOUR1002.
Texto completoOur research, owing much to ricardo's theories, emphasizes the relationship between the productivity of work, as a synthetic indicator of national economic performance, measured by the ratio of value added to added to labour strength and price competitiveness of the main industrialised economies, resulting for the latter either in losses or gains of market shares abroad. The productivity of work is accounted for through the concurrence of various dynamically interrelated factors combining the growth of internal and external demand, the constitution of capital, and the achievements in the field of research and development. This interrelation contributes to define what we suggest to call a "productivity system". Basing our work on the lessons derived from the history of world economy development, since the advent of the eighteenth century industrial era, we show that the growth factors of great britain during the first industrial revolution, of the united states during the second one, of japan at the incipient stage of a third industrial revolution, follow a coherent general pattern of development. This coherence expresses, according to our analysis, the pioneer role played by these economies in the definition of an original productivity system combining mass consumption, mass production, work productivity and international competitiveness
Vernier, Éric. "Les produits d'epargne d'entreprise : De la rationalité financière à l'insatisfaction partagée". Lille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL12023.
Texto completoSerret, Vanessa. "Les déterminants de la performance de la gestion collective : application au cas des OPCVM actions". Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX32070.
Texto completoThe financial asset management industry is growing. This thesis is the first systematic research concerning the determinants of performance in the case of French mutual funds. The literature review emphasizes the diversity of the funds' determinants. Three groups of variables have been identified. The first one describes some variables about the management behaviour. And the third one describes some inflow and outflow variables. Empirical research answers two questions : 1) What are the managerial practices of French mutual funds' industry ? 2) What are the determinants of French mutual funds performance ? Thus, the empirical study first describes management practices. Then, it's statistically tested the current hypotheses about the impact of each variable on performance. The factors that explain the performance depend on the choice measurement and also on the management style. The research confirms previous studies, as performance rankings are instable from period to period. Finally, the research brings to asset management professionals some information's about the choice between a volume strategy versus a specialized startegy
Barraud, Didier Valérie. "Contribution à l'étude du lien entre les pratiques de GRH et la performance financière de l'entreprise : le cas des pratiques de mobilisation". Toulouse 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU10060.
Texto completoGadille, Martine. "Le paradoxe productivité/emploi : essai sur les conditions pratiques et théoriques de sa maîtrise". Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX24009.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is one of the greatest challenge met by economic and social policies in occidental countries : namely the race between productivity and employment which penalises the later, as soon as the conditions of a strong growth are not together met. However, beyond the well known macroeconomic point of view, it is a more fundamentalist interrogation which is attempted. The thesis focuses on the firm actors apprenticeship and on a questioning of the roots of one dominant economic knowledge
Ndzogoué, Bernard-Alain. "Le probleme de la performance des entreprises en afrique : rationalite du management et efficacite des entreprises, le cas du cameroun". Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010013.
Texto completoOur research starts on the fact that all studies on the problem of firms performance in africa, overestimate the value of africa civilization values regarded sometimes as bridles ; and attempt to answer to the following interrogation : in comparison with africa civilizations values, would the rationality of management be or not be considered as the most important factor in the explanation of firms performance in africa? how to obtain more efficient managers and performing firms? in the first and second chapters, we carry on a review of literature on the relation between civilization values, the rationality of management and firms performance. Choosing an anthropological approach for africa culture and systemic approach for the rationality of management, in the third chapter, we firstly elaborate a schedule of empirical study specifying the variables and hypothezises of the research and secondly, we carry on throught a questionnaire, an investigation in 74 firms of cameroon. The data computerized is make of 74 questionnaires containing 200 informations each. Regarding the large numbers of qualitative variables, the khi-square test has mainly been used. Nevertheless some explains have been make perfect by many series of hierarchy, factorial and discriminate analyses. The fourth chapter presents the characteristics and the level of performance of the 74 firms. In the fifth chapter analyzing the statistical relations between civilizations values, rationality of management and the firms performance, it clearly appears that the performance level is more associated with the rationality of management than the civilization values, this confirms our thesis. In the sixth chapter concerning our contribution, we propose some guidelines of training in management in africa
Robledo, Christian. "Les conditions de réussite des coentreprises à parent français implantées à l'étranger : identification des systèmes de contrôle et analyse de leur effet sur la performance". Rennes 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995REN11018.
Texto completoFakhfakh, Fathi. "Partage du profit et productivité des entreprises : une étude économétrique sur des grandes entreprises françaises". Paris 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA020067.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is the study of the impact of "interessement" and employee share ownership scheme (actionnariat) on firms performance. It contains, in its first part, a theoritical analysis of the macroeconomic effects and the conditions under wich one can obtain a profit sharing solution for a bargaining between a firm and a union. Different sharing scemes are presented in the chapter 3 while chapter 4 discuss sharing schemes in france. In the second part, the chapter 5 is a construction of different testable hypothesis about the effects of a sharing schemes on firms performance. The chapter 6 is an empirical illustration, made on a panel of 99 french firms over the period 1987-89, of the different hypothesis of the chapter 5. This chapter 6 shows that firms having an "interessement" scheme for a long period are more productive. The chapter 7 present a theoritical model and an empirical illustration about the affects of a shring scheme on quits rate. The results, obtained on an incomplete panel over the period 1981-91, indicate that there is no effect of "interessement" on quits rate, and that "actionnariat" reduce slightly the rate of quits
Lorthioir, Justine. "Architecture alternative de modules photovoltaïques à base de couches minces de Cu(In,Ga)Se2". Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4079.
Texto completoOne of the main drawbacks to industrially develop the CIGSe thin-film solar cells in the photovoltaic market is the lack of technological maturity, since the CIGSe lab-scale conversion efficiency has never been higher (23.3%). In this thesis, we address the key problem of the performance gap between the cells and the modules. These losses are due to the monolithic interconnection (carried out using the standard engravings P1, P2 and P3) which induces (i) a reduction of the active surface of the panels, (ii) optical losses as well as (iii) resistive losses. In order to create high-efficiency minimodules, an alternative architecture has been studied and compared to the conventional structure. In this structure, the metal grids, normally used for the front contact, are also used to monolithically connect the adjacent cells. Our work confirms experimentally and theoretically that these alternative modules lead to better photovoltaic performances that the modules with the standard design. One of the advantages highlighted in this thesis, is the reduction of the window layer thickness which enables to further decrease the optical and resistive losses. The only remaining difference between the photovoltaic cell and the module is the lower open circuit voltage of the module. This difference may be due to the fact that a part of the CIGSe layer grows on glass which is uncovered during the P1 etching. This leads to a different CIGSe morphology, composition and crystal structure. Finally, our results show a 17.2% best lab-scale conversion efficiency for the alternative module (with a fill factor of 81%), against 16.4% for the cells (with a fill factor of 75%). These very promising results open new horizons and ways to further improve the observed performance gap between the solar cells made at the laboratory and the industrial modules
Wildnerova, Lenka. "Adaptation des firmes hétérogènes aux forces de mondialisation". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLN056.
Texto completoReaping benefits from increasingly globalized and more accessible world is not an evident outcome for all economic actors. Heterogeneous consequences of globalization have become apparent within countries over past two decades. Disparities have expanded between regions, firms, and occupations, implying growing inequalities among people. This thesis investigates how firms, being one of the channels of globalization transmitting its impacts across countries, react, adjust, and diverge in terms of performance. The empirical investigation of micro-level data on a firm and a worker level aims to provide understanding for future public policy suggestions by giving insights into how firms respond to globalized and competitive environment, how they choose their labor force, and how the policies and shocks influence their performance on the foreign market. The objective is to give some understanding, in four chapters, on how firms react to multinational presence or presence of very productive, “frontier” firms in their vicinity, and how firms choose their employees, especially immigrant workforce when facing higher foreign demand, and lastly, to provide an evaluation of change in labor cost on export performance of the firms. While aggregated outcomes matter, looking at the behavior of an average firm is insufficient. The distribution of the firms by their characteristics is highly skewed, and respecting heterogeneity of firms can also lead to better understanding of competitiveness. Productivity and employment of small firms in services is associated with small, but statistically significant increases when more foreign firms locate in the firm’s vicinity, implying positive knowledge and technological spillovers from foreign presence. However, small manufacturing firms tend to suffer from more competition, and their productivity is associated with a decline when foreign manufacturing locates in the same region. Mainly medium-sized and large firms tend to increase productivity from cross-sector spillovers of foreign presence, which points out to the fact that more productive and established firms are more likely to benefit from possible supplier relationships or larger market. The firms closer to the technological frontier are more productive. However, experiencing a shock of entry of a new productive firm, the productivity drops for an average firm, which is in line with theoretical literature that predicts that the least productive firms leave the market and resources are then reallocated towards more productive firms. Firms also tend to make choices with respect to their workforce that will ultimately make them perform better. In particular, firms choose to hire an immigrant employee when facing a possibility to increase their exports. Both skilled and unskilled immigrants are hired, while firms do not deviate from their standard trends of hiring low-skilled native employees, and only slightly increase their population of skilled native employees. This happens mainly because immigrants can supply knowledge about foreign markets that is otherwise difficult to obtain. Lastly, increasing labor costs translates into lower export value of firms as shown using a natural policy experiment of fiscal advantages on overtime hours of firms. Yet, an opposite shock of lowering the labor cost has no significant impact on exports of large firms, while small firms are sensitive to the shock and export more.All in all, small and less productive firms are prompt to experience negative shocks from practices of globalized firms or are the least likely to benefit positively from exposure to global networks. However, firms are dynamic entities and have capacity to progress and change or improve their practices, including workforce composition. The government plays role in helping the dynamics of firms, and the policies focused on competitiveness of firms can have impact especially if the firm is of small size
Shen, Zhiyang. "Essays on Green Productivity". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL12004.
Texto completoAs economic development and population growth, human’s production activity lays a heavy burden on the natural environment. In order to maintain sustainable development, investigating the relationship between economic development and environmental impact has received much attention. This thesis takes into account undesirable factors in production technology and tries to integrate the negative externality of carbon emissions into the measurement of economic performance, referred to as green productivity. This thesis employs a nonparametric estimation approach with directional distance function to analyze environmental efficiency, total factor productivity, and carbon shadow prices among different developed and developing countries at the macro level. We propose new contributions to the measurement and decomposition of productivity indices which capture environmental efficiency. Based on empirical results, we discuss the current environmental regulations and economic policies among countries, to provide useful information for decision and policy makers from an economic point of view
Lee, Chang-Woon. "L'impact de l'efficacité du transport urbain sur la productivité de la ville". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523622.
Texto completoLedezma, Ivan. "Structure de marché et productivité : théorie et analyse empirique sur données manufacturières". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00364054.
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