Artículos de revistas: "Altitudinal variation"

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Macdonald, J. D. "Altitudinal Variation in Phormoplectes insignis (Sharpe)". Ibis 89, n.º 4 (3 de abril de 2008): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1947.tb03903.x.

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Sáenz-Romero, Cuauhtémoc, Gerald E. Rehfeldt, José Carmen Soto-Correa, Selene Aguilar-Aguilar, Verónica Zamarripa-Morales y Javier López-Upton. "ALTITUDINAL GENETIC VARIATION AMONG Pinus pseudostrobus POPULATIONS FROM MICHOACÁN, MÉXICO. TWO LOCATION SHADEHOUSE TEST RESULTS". Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 35, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2012): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2012.2.111.

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Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. is the forest species most important economically in the state of Michoacán, at central-west México. We investigated genetic variation among P. pseudostrobus populations along an altitudinal gradient in the native indian community of Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro, Michoacán, México. Cones were collected from eight populations at 100 m of altitudinal intervals between 2200 m and 2900 m. Seedlings were grown for approximately two years in two shadehouse environments at Morelia, Michoacán, México and at Moscow, Idaho, USA. Total height was periodically measured during the second growing season to estimate a series of growth indexes for both locations, and dry weights were obtained only for the Morelia test. For the Moscow test there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among populations for cessation of growth, duration of the growth period, and final height. For the Morelia tests there were differences among populations for foliage, shoot and total dry weight (P < 0.025), and significant differences for stem dry weight at P = 0.055 level. There was a strong altitudinal cline for dry weight variables, with seedlings originated from populations from the lowest altitudes having more biomass (r2 = 0.80, P = 0.003). Populations separated altitudinally by about 295 m are likely to be genetically different. We suggest delineation of three altitudinal seed zones (Zone I: 2100 m to 2400 m; Zone II: 2400 m to 2700 m; Zone III: 2700 m to 3000 m), that can be translated into climatic zones delimited according to mean annual temperatures or by degree days > 5 °C. To accommodate climate change we suggest implementing assisted migration programs by transferring populations 300 m upwards to maintain adaptiveness of populations for future climates.

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Fernández-Palacios, José María y Juan Pedro Nicolás. "Altitudinal pattern of vegetation variation on Tenerife". Journal of Vegetation Science 6, n.º 2 (abril de 1995): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3236213.

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Tatar, Marc, Dennis W. Gray y James R. Carey. "Altitudinal variation for senescence in Melanoplus grasshoppers". Oecologia 111, n.º 3 (18 de julio de 1997): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050246.

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S´áenz-Romero, Cuauhtémoc, Lorena F. Ruiz-Talonia, Jean Beaulieu, Nahum M. Sánchez-Vargas y Gerald E. Rehfeldt. "GENETIC VARIATION AMONG Pinus patula POPULATIONS ALONG AN ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT. TWO ENVIRONMENT NURSERY TESTS". Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 34, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2011.1.19.

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Aiming to determine if there is genetic differentiation among Pinus patula Schiede et Chamizo populations along an altitudinal gradient and for quantifying the genotype x environment interaction, 13 Pinus patula populations were sampled from forests of the Native Indian Community of Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca, state of México, along an altitudinal gradient (2400 m to 3000 m), cones being collected on groups of trees on every 50 m of altitudinal step). Seedlings were grown in tree pots in two different environments: a shadehouse located at Ixtlán de Juárez, and in a greenhouse and then in a shadehouse situated at Quebec, Canada. Total seedling height was measured at 6-months of age in both locations. Results indicated that populations differed significantly (P = 0.025), but there was no significant genotype x environment interaction (P = 0.426; B type genetic correlation = 0.93). Population from 2650 m (middle altitude) exhibited the best height. Although not definitive, our study suggests the presence of a weak altitudinal pattern of variation in seedling height, where populations originating of mid-altitudes exhibit the highest growth potential while populations from the upper and lower altitudinal extremes exhibit the lowest growth potential.

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Daniels, Lori D. y Thomas T. Veblen. "Altitudinal treelines of the southern Andes near 40ºS". Forestry Chronicle 79, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2003): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79237-2.

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In the southern Andes near 40ºS, altitudinal treelines are dominated by Nothofagus pumilio, a broadleaf deciduous angiosperm in the beech family (Fagaceae). Treeline elevations, ranging from 1100 to 1500 m a.s.l., are influenced by regional climate and volcanism. At the local scale, disturbance influences treeline elevation, ecotone length, and vegetation productivity. Decadal and interannual variation in climate related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) significantly affected radial growth of krummholz trees and seedling demography; however, climate-treeline relations were complex. Radial growth of krummholz trees and seedling demography responded differently to climate variation. These relations differed between climate regions and were unstable through time. We conclude that inter-annual variations in climate, such as those associated with ENSO, will be critical for successful reproduction and growth of Nothofagus pumilio at treeline in the Andes under the influence of global warming. Key words:Argentina, Chile, climate change, disturbance, forest dynamics, global warming, northern Patagonia, Nothofagus pumilio, South America, timberline

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Drapikowska, Maria. "Variability of Anthoxanthum species in Poland in relation to geographical-historical and environmental conditions: morphological and anatomical variation". Biodiversity: Research and Conservation 30, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2013): 3–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2013-0010.

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Abstract Three Anthoxanthum species are found in Poland: the native A. odoratum L. s. str. and A. alpinum Á. Löve & D. Löve, and the alien A. aristatum Boiss. Major problems within this genus concern: (1) population variation of the native A. odoratum, representing various phases of ecological expansion to anthropogenic habitats; (2) population variation of A. odoratum and A. alpinum along the altitudinal transect; and (3) variation between populations of A. aristatum colonizing new areas and habitats outside its natural range of distribution (chorological expansion). In this study, morphological and anatomical variation of the three Polish Anthoxanthum species was analysed in detail. The variation of A. odoratum and A. aristatum was analysed in respect of environmental differences: habitat types and soil parameters. In the Babia Góra massif, variability distribution along the altitudinal transect was analysed for two vicariants: A. odoratum and A. alpinum. A odoratum in this massif does not cross the upper forest limit (i.e. forest line), and lower montane populations are morphologically very similar to lowland populations. Morphological and anatomical differences were detected between populations of A. alpinum along the altitudinal transect in the Babia Góra massif, with distinct upper montane populations. Moreover, clear morphological differences were found between the two altitudinal vicariants. Lowland populations of A. odoratum are characterized by great morphological variation, only weakly correlated with the type of occupied habitat and the phase of ecological expansion. The detected morphological variation reflects only to a limited extent the environmental variation of occupied habitats, and is not significantly correlated with the phase of chorological expansion. Some soil parameters are significantly correlated with some morphological characters studied in all the Anthoxanthum species. The analysed anatomical features of stems and leaves show continuous variation in the three species.

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Fang, Keyan, Xiaohua Gou, Delphis F. Levia, Jinbao Li, Fen Zhang, Xiuju Liu, Maosheng He, Yong Zhang y Jianfeng Peng. "VARIATION OF RADIAL GROWTH PATTERNS IN TREES ALONG THREE ALTITUDINAL TRANSECTS IN NORTH CENTRAL CHINA". IAWA Journal 30, n.º 4 (2009): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000231.

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Fourteen tree-ring width chronologies were developed along three altitudinal gradients for three mountain ranges in arid north central China. The chronology statistics, combined with results of a rotated principle component analysis (RPCA), suggest that physiological gradients play a more important role in determining tree-growth patterns than altitudinal gradients. As indicated by climate-growth relationships, temperature is mainly related to the low-frequency tree-ring variability, while precipitation is more influential on the high-frequency tree-ring variability. At the low-frequency band, chronologies across species from lower and upper forest limits were generally well correlated, except at the upper site of the Xinglong Mountain. It is plausible that similar temperature-shaped climate-growth relationships in the low-frequency domain may lead to similar growth patterns at this frequency band. Regarding the differing results for the Xinglong Mountain, our interpretation is that the changed growth patterns resulted from the varying climate-growth correlation patterns along the larger altitudinal gradients. The temperature and precipitation limitations for tree growth decrease along the increasing altitudinal gradients.

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Loya-Rebollar, E., C. Sáenz-Romero, R. A. Lindig-Cisneros, P. Lobit, J. A. Villegas-Moreno y N. M. Sánchez-Vargas. "Clinal variation in Pinus hartwegii populations and its application for adaptation to climate change". Silvae Genetica 62, n.º 1-6 (1 de diciembre de 2013): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2013-0011.

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AbstractIn order to determine the genetic variation among populations of Pinus hartwegii along altitudinal gradients, and the possible adaptive decoupling due to climatic change, a common garden test was set up with 13 provenances collected along an altitudinal transect (3150 to 3750 masl; collection sites were every 50 m of altitudinal difference) from Pico de Tancítaro, Michoacán, west-central Mexico. The test evaluated trees aged 4.5 to 5.5 years, and contemporary and future (year 2030; six model-emission scenarios) climate variables were estimated. We found significant (P<0.005) differences among populations in total elongation, final seedling height, basal diameter, rate of elongation, dry weight of needles, branches and stem, total dry weight and first principal component. We found a significant association between population performance, expressed as first principal component values, and their climate, where the best climatic predictor was the frost free period (r2=0.90, P<0.0001). This result indicates that the patterning of genetic differentiation among populations is strongly associated with a climatic and altitudinal gradient. We propose a re-delineation of fixed climatic and altitudinal seed zoning for seed and seedling movement, based on intervals of 26 days of difference of frost free period: Zone 1, from 240 to 214 days of frost free period or 12 to 11°C or 3150 to 3350 masl; Zone 2, 214 to 188 days or 11 to 10°C or 3350 to 3550 masl; and Zone 3, 188 to 162 days or 10 to 9°C or 3550 a 3750 masl. Projecting at what altitude will occur the same frost free period values by year 2030, we suggested that populations should be shifted 400 m attitudinally upward, through a program of assisted migration, aiming to realign the populations to the climate for which they are adapted. Seedling deployment should use future (year 2030) fixed seed zones, with the same projected climatic interval values than contemporary climate, although at the following altitudinal limits: Zone 12030, from 3550 to 3750 masl; Zone 22030, 3750 to 3950 masl; and Zone 32030, 3950 to 4150 masl.

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Kandlikar, Gaurav S., Marcel C. Vaz, Ricardo Kriebel, German Vargas, Fabián A. Michelangeli, Roberto Cordero, Frank Almeda, Gerardo Avalos, Ned Fetcher y Nathan J. B. Kraft. "Contrasting patterns of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional variation along a Costa Rican altitudinal gradient in the plant family Melastomataceae". Journal of Tropical Ecology 34, n.º 3 (mayo de 2018): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000172.

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Abstract:The functional composition of plant communities in montane regions has been studied for decades, and most recent analyses find that environmentally favourable landscapes at lower altitudes tend to be dominated by species with resource-acquisitive traits, while more resource-conservative taxa dominate higher-altitude communities. However, it is unclear the extent to which this pattern is driven by co-gradient variation within clades or changes in clade representation across the gradient. To test for co-gradient variation, species composition, phylogenetic structure and functional traits were quantified for 97 species within the plant family Melastomataceae at five locations across a 2500-m altitudinal gradient along Volcán Barva in Costa Rica. Average melastome leaf force to punch, specific leaf area and leaf size vary with altitude, while four other functional traits do not. Taxonomic dissimilarity between communities was correlated with altitudinal difference, while phylogenetic dissimilarity was correlated with altitudinal dissimilarity only when measured with a metric that emphasizes shallow turnover of the tips of the phylogeny. These results highlight how species turnover may be more pronounced than functional or phylogenetic variation along altitudinal gradients. In addition, these results highlight the conservation value of lowland tropical forests, which here harbour a disproportionate amount of phylogenetic and functional diversity.

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Teklu, Yifru y Karl Hammer. "Diversity of Ethiopian tetraploid wheat germplasm: breeding opportunities for improving grain yield potential and quality traits". Plant Genetic Resources 7, n.º 1 (abril de 2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262108994223.

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In this paper, Shannon–Weaver diversity indices were employed to examine the phenotypic diversity in 271 Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions in relation to characters, regions of origin and altitude. Moreover, review of genetic diversity studies in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat was made to explore breeding opportunities. The diversity index varied widely across regions. Among the four altitudinal classes, the highest (0.72) and lowest (0.61) mean diversity indices were observed in altitude classes II and IV, respectively. The diversity index (H′) showed that most traits are polymorphic. The partitioning of the total phenotypic diversity into within- and among-region diversity indicated that 71% of the total variation was attributed to the within-region diversity. Principal component analysis was computed to examine the regional and altitudinal patterns of variation. On regional bases, the first four axes, whose eigenvalues are greater than 1, explained about 82% of the observed phenotypic diversity in the 271 tetraploid wheat accessions. On altitudinal bases, however, only the first two principal components explained 89.7% of the total variation. In general, phenotypic diversity showed considerable differences for each trait in different geographical regions and altitudinal classes which could be utilized in wheat improvement programmes. Breeding opportunities and strategies are suggested.

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Cvetkovic, Dragana y V. Jovanovic. "Altitudinal variation of the sex ratio and segregation by gender in the dioecious plant Mercurialis perennis L. (Euphorbiaceae) in Serbia". Archives of Biological Sciences 59, n.º 3 (2007): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0703193c.

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The sex ratio is one of the most intriguing problems for evolutionary biologists. Spatio-temporal variation of male frequency in sexually dimorphic plant species, spatial segregation, and differential investment of the two sex functions have attracted much research interest. In this study, we examined altitudinal variation of the sex ratio and segregation by gender in Mercurialis perennis (dog?s mercury), a dioecious anemophilous species with wide distribution. The eight studied populations from Serbia represented an altitudinal range of 196 to 1480 m. Sex ratio was significantly biased in seven of the eight populations, with males outnumbering females 3.91:1 in the lowest-altitude population. Our results support the notion of spatial segregation of sexes along on altitudinal gradient: the frequency of males decreased with altitude, from 79.6% to 41.0%. The sex ratio was not significantly correlated with population density. We also examined intersexual differences of plant height in two populations from the extremes of the studied altitudinal range. Males were the larger sex in both populations, though the difference was not significant in the high-altitude population. .

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Baur, A. y B. Baur. "Altitudinal variation in size and composition of eggs in the land snail Arianta arbustorum". Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 1998): 2067–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-145.

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Egg size and egg provisioning are crucial for the survival of offspring in invertebrates without postlaying egg care. The effects of elevation and size of the mother on egg size and on nitrogen and carbon concentrations in eggs were examined in eight populations of the land snail Arianta arbustorum over an altitudinal gradient from 370 to 2340 m in Switzerland. The dry mass of single eggs ranged from 1.48 to 2.79 mg and decreased with increasing altitude. Adult snail size (shell volume) also decreased with increasing elevation as did clutch size and reproductive investment (clutch size x egg dry mass) of mothers. Hatching success of eggs varied among populations, but showed no altitudinal pattern. When differences in parental shell size were taken into account, correlations between altitude and egg size, clutch size, and reproductive investment disappeared. Thus, the altitudinal decreases in egg size, clutch size, and reproductive investment were mainly due to smaller snail sizes at higher elevations. The nitrogen concentration in eggs ranged from 3.4 to 4.5% and decreased with increasing elevation. In contrast to egg and clutch size, the altitudinal variation in nitrogen concentration of eggs cannot be explained by differences in snail size. The carbon concentration in eggs ranged from 31.1 to 33.1%, but showed no altitudinal variation. Nitrogen and carbon concentrations in the eggshell and egg fluid in eggs from four populations were examined separately. The nitrogen concentration in the eggshell ranged from 0.7 to 1.8% and was lower than that of the egg fluid (5.1-5.8%). Similarly, the carbon concentration in the eggshell was lower (20.2-22.8%) than that in the egg fluid (35.8-0.2%). Interpopulation differences in egg composition may affect growth, size, and survival of hatchlings and the extent of egg cannibalism in A. arbustorum.

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Balfour, D. A. y H. P. Linder. "Morphological variation in populations of Disa uniflora (Diseae: Orchidaceae) in the southwestern Cape, South Africa". Canadian Journal of Botany 68, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 1990): 2361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-301.

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Measurements of sixteen floral and vegetative morphological features of individuals from seven groups of populations of Disa uniflora Berg. (Orchidoideae: Orchidaceae) in the mountains of the southwestern Cape Province of South Africa were used to analyze patterns of intraspecific variation. Each population group had between one and three populations, and each population had between 2 and 30 (mean, 21) individuals. The data were analyzed using multivariate statistical clustering methods. The covariance biplot analysis indicated the patterns of variation, while the phenetic methods were used to test correlations between the patterns of variation and geographical isolation and altitudinal variation. The results are interpreted in the light of competing hypotheses on ecological versus gene-flow models driving interpopulational divergence. Variation was found to be largely between mountain blocks, whereas both geographical distance and altitudinal differences were found to be significantly correlated with the variation patterns. Conservation implications for D. uniflora as well as other Cape species are discussed. Key words: geographic variation analysis, Orchidaceae, intrapopulation variation.

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SINGH, BHUPENDRA, A. K. UNIYAL, B. P. BHATT y P. PRASAD. "ALTITUDINAL VARIATION IN SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF CELTIS AUSTRALIS L." Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 16, n.º 3 (enero de 2006): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2006.9752566.

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16

Beggs, J. R. "Altitudinal variation in abundance of common wasps (Vespula vulgaris)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 18, n.º 2 (enero de 1991): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1991.10757962.

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Oyen, K. Jeannet, Susma Giri y Michael E. Dillon. "Altitudinal variation in bumble bee (Bombus) critical thermal limits". Journal of Thermal Biology 59 (julio de 2016): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.04.015.

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Murai, Yoshinori, Seiko Takemura, Kosaku Takeda, Junichi Kitajima y Tsukasa Iwashina. "Altitudinal variation of UV-absorbing compounds in Plantago asiatica". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 37, n.º 4 (octubre de 2009): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2009.07.005.

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19

Bac, Bui Van y Bui Dinh Duc. "CHANGES IN DUNG BEETLES ALONG AN ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT OF TROPICAL FORESTS IN PU HOAT NATURE RESERVE, NGHE AN PROVINCE". Journal of Forestry Science and Technology, n.º 13 (2022): 028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55250/jo.vnuf.2022.13.028-034.

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Dung beetles are widely used as bio-indicators of habitat changes because they respond quickly to changes in environmental conditions. Altitudinal variation in dung-beetle communities has been studied in various geographical areas. However, there is little known about dung-beetle shifting in tropical forests of Vietnam. This study investigates dung-beetle communities along an altitudinal gradient ranged from 400 to 800 m above sea level (a.s.l.). We collected dung beetles at three transects of three altitudinal classes (altitudinal class 1 = 400 m a.s.l., class 2 = 600 m a.s.l., and class 3 = 800 m a.s.l.) in primary forests of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, using baited pitfall traps. In total, 28 dung-beetle species of 10 genera were recorded during the course of the study. Of the total recorded species, 25, 22 and 17 species were collected in the altitudinal class 1, class 2, and class 3, respectively. The ANOVA test and Tukey’s post-hoc test showed significant differences in species richness, Shannon diversity, and abundance of dung beetles across the altitudinal gradient. Altitudinal class 1 had the highest richness of dung beetles. However, the highest abundance was recorded in the altitudinal class 2. Several dung-beetle species, in response to global warming, have shifted their altitudinal range upward, leading to serious conservation problems such as extinctions of high-elevation species.

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Weinstein, Karen J. "Climatic and Altitudinal Influences on Variation in Macaca Limb Morphology". Anatomy Research International 2011 (18 de octubre de 2011): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/714624.

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This study compares limb lengths and joint diameters in the skeletons of six macaque species (Macaca assamensis, M. fascicularis, M. fuscata, M. mulatta, M. nemestrina, and M. thibetana) from a broad range of habitats and climates in order to test whether ambient temperatures, latitude, and altitude influence interspecific variation in limb morphology in this widely dispersed genus. Analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and partial correlation analysis reveal that species from temperate latitudes and high elevations tend to have short limbs and large joint diameters for their sizes while species from tropical latitudes and low elevations tend to have long limbs and small joint diameters. Interspecific variations in intra- and interlimb length proportions also reflect phylogeny and subtle differences in locomotion. The results of this study suggest that climatic conditions are important factors among many ecological variables that influence limb morphology in this geographically widespread genus.

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Chen, Ruonan, Liangyun Liu y Xinjie Liu. "Satellite-Based Observations Reveal the Altitude-Dependent Patterns of SIFyield and Its Sensitivity to Ambient Temperature in Tibetan Meadows". Remote Sensing 13, n.º 7 (5 de abril de 2021): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071400.

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Photosynthesis and its sensitivity to the changing environment in alpine regions are of great significance to the understanding of vegetation–environment interactions and other global ecological processes in the context of global change, while their variations along the elevation gradient remain unclear. Using solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) derived from satellite observations, we discovered an increase in solar-induced fluorescence yield (SIFyield) with rising elevation in Tibetan meadows in the summer, related to the altitudinal variation in temperature sensitivity at both seasonal and interannual scales. Results of the altitudinal patterns of SIFyield demonstrated higher temperature sensitivity at high altitudes, and the sensitivity at the interannual scale even exceeds that at seasonal scale when the elevation reaches above 4700 m. This high-temperature sensitivity of SIFyield at high altitudes implies potential adaptation of alpine plants and also indicates that changes in photosynthesis-related physiological functions at high altitudes should receive more attention in climate change research. The altitudinal SIFyield patterns revealed in this study also highlight that variations in temperature sensitivity should be considered in models, otherwise the increasing trend of SIFyield observations can never be discovered in empirical simulations.

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Xiong, Jianli, Yanan Zhang, Yuanye Sun, Qiangqiang Liu, Chaojie Fan, Yao Min, Jianping Gou y Wanguang Chen. "Comparison of hematological parameters in two different high altitudinal populations of Batrachuperus pinchonii (Amphibian: Urodela)". Amphibia-Reptilia 39, n.º 1 (2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003142.

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Hematological parameters are key to reflect the health status of animals and their physiological adaptation to the environment. However, few studies focused on the inter- and intra-specific variations of hematological parameters in hynobiid salamanders. Here, we examined the hematological parameters of the stream salamander,Batrachuperus pinchonii, originating from two different altitudinal populations to explore their intra-specific variation. Sexual dimorphism is only present in the erythrocyte count and males have higher mean values than females. The morphometric values of erythrocyte, hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte count of the high altitudinal (Jiajin) population were smaller than those of the lower altitudinal (Sandaoping) population; however, a significant difference between two populations was only revealed in the case of erythrocyte length via ANOVA. The results of linear regression showed that a significant relationship was present between body condition and erythrocyte length as well as the erythrocyte length to erythrocyte width ratio. Our findings suggest that the features of hematological parameters inB. pinchoniiare reflected in the size of erythrocyte, and neither in erythrocyte count nor in hemoglobin concentration. These results provide a foundation for assessing and monitoring the health status of this salamander species, and furthermore, for understanding the physiological basis of altitudinal adaptation.

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Daco, Laura, Guy Colling y Diethart Matthies. "Altitude and latitude have different effects on population characteristics of the widespread plant Anthyllis vulneraria". Oecologia 197, n.º 2 (octubre de 2021): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-05030-6.

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AbstractWidespread plants may provide natural models for how population processes change with temperature and other environmental variables and how they may respond to global change. Similar changes in temperature can occur along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients, but hardly any study has compared the effects of the two types of gradients. We studied populations of Anthyllis vulneraria along a latitudinal gradient from Central Europe to the range limit in the North and an altitudinal gradient in the Alps from 500 m to the altitudinal limit at 2500 m, both encompassing a change in annual mean temperature of c. 11.5 °C. Plant size and reproduction decreased, but plant density increased along both gradients, indicating higher recruitment and demographic compensation among vital rates. Our results support the view that demographic compensation may be common in widespread species in contrast to the predictions of the abundant centre model of biogeography. Variation in temperature along the gradients had the strongest effects on most population characteristics, followed by that in precipitation, solar radiation, and soil nutrients. The proportion of plants flowering, seed set and seed mass declined with latitude, while the large variation in these traits along the altitudinal gradient was not related to elevation and covarying environmental variables like annual mean temperature. This suggests that it will be more difficult to draw conclusions about the potential impacts of future climate warming on plant populations in mountains, because of the importance of small-scale variation in environmental conditions.

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Pourbabaei, Hassan, Ali Salehi, Sepide Sadat Ebrahimi y Fazel Khodaparast. "Variations of soil physicochemical properties and vegetation cover under different altitudinal gradient, western Hyrcanean forest, north of Iran". Journal of Forest Science 66, No. 4 (30 de abril de 2020): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/136/2019-jfs.

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This study was done to quantify the amount of soil organic matter and to evaluate physicochemical properties and vegetation cover changes along the altitudinal gradient. Nine altitudinal transects were selected from 100 m a.s.l. to 1 700 m a.s.l. Then, 160 circular plots of 1 000 m2 area with a distance of 150 m from each other were studied. Soil texture, bulk density, particle density, soil base saturation, phosphorus and potassium values did not indicate any specific variation pattern. Whereas pH decreased powerfully, the highest and the lowest value of pH was measured at 100 m a.s.l. and 1 700 m a.s.l., respectively. Soil organic carbon content increased significantly with increasing altitude (P ≤ 0.01). Density of trees decreased dramatically from 100 to 900 m a.s.l., whereas this trend was ascending from 1 100 to 1 700 m a.s.l. Density of shrub species increased with increasing altitude along the gradient and the highest value was revealed at 1 300 m a.s.l. The highest percentage of herbaceous species cover was found at a lower altitude and a decreasing trend was found along the altitudinal gradient.

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González, Graciela Esther y Lidia Poggio. "Intragenomic Conflict between Knob Heterochromatin and B Chromosomes Is the Key to Understand Genome Size Variation along Altitudinal Clines in Maize". Plants 10, n.º 9 (8 de septiembre de 2021): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091859.

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In maize, we studied the causes of genome size variation and their correlates with cultivation altitude that suggests the existence of adaptive clines. To discuss the biological role of the genome size variation, we focused on Bolivian maize landraces growing along a broad altitudinal range. These were analyzed together with previously studied populations from altitudinal clines of Northwestern Argentina (NWA). Bolivian populations exhibited numerical polymorphism for B chromosomes (Bs) (from 1 to 5), with frequencies varying from 16.6 to 81.8 and being positively correlated with cultivation altitude. The 2C values of individuals 0B (A-DNA) ranged between 4.73 and 7.71 pg, with 58.33% of variation. The heterochromatic knobs, detected by DAPI staining, were more numerous and larger in individuals 0B than in those with higher doses of Bs. Bolivian and NWA landraces exhibited the same pattern of A-DNA downsizing and fewer and smaller knobs with increasing cultivation altitude, suggesting a mechanistic link among heterochromatin, genome size and phenology. The negative association between the two types of supernumerary DNA (knob heterochromatin and Bs), mainly responsible for the genome size variation, may be considered as an example of intragenomic conflict. It could be postulated that the optimal nucleotype is the result of such conflict, where genome adjustment may lead to an appropriate length of the vegetative cycle for maize landraces growing across altitudinal clines.

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26

Thomas, George, Latha Joseph, George Varghese, Sreejayan K. Kalyanaraman y Philomena Kuriachan. "Analysis of phenotypic and genetic variations among populations of Oryza malampuzhaensis show evidence of altitude-dependent genetic changes". Canadian Journal of Botany 79, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2001): 1090–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-088.

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Oryza malampuzhaensis Krish. et Chand., one of the tetraploid taxa in the genus Oryza (Poaceae), is geographically restricted to Western Ghats, southern India. This is one of the poorly understood taxa in the genus, and not much is known about the nature and distribution of its genetic diversity. Five individuals each were selected randomly from 11 populations of O. malampuzhaensis from different altitudinal habitats and were grown in a common-garden experiment for 3 years (1994-1997). Sixty morphological traits and 87 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, generated by 14 random primers, were used to study the genetic variation among the populations. Elevation-dependent phenotypic variation was observed for a suite of metric traits. A scatterplot of mean values for these traits separated the populations from low, middle, and high altitudes into distinct groups. Cluster analysis using RAPD distance grouped the populations according to their altitudinal habitat, and a similar pattern of clustering was observed with respect to morphological distance also. The mean of both RAPD- and morphology-based pairwise genetic distance of populations belonging to similar altitudinal levels differed significantly. These estimates also depicted a significant decrease in genetic distance with increasing altitude. The results demonstrate that (i) effective isolation from gene flow coupled with natural selection governs genetic structure in O. malampuzhaensis and (ii) ecological heterogeneity associated with elevational gradient has a crucial role in the evolution of O. malampuzhaensis.Key words: Oryza malampuzhaensis, altitude, RAPD, morphological traits, genetic variations, molecular ecology.

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27

Potts, BM y JB Reid. "Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri Complex. II. The Origin of Variation". Australian Journal of Botany 33, n.º 5 (1985): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850519.

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Previous studies of the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex indicate marked differentiation of the adult phenotype. In this study, genetically based variation in the seedling phenotype is demonstrated. The five main phenetic groups in the complex are shown to be genetically defined and account for most of the genetic variation between populations. Further, the two major phenetic clines in the adult phenotype are paralleled by genetically based clines in the seedling phenotype, with greater genetic differentiation occurring along the cline between subspp. archeri and gunnii than along the cline between altitudinal extremes within subsp. gunnii. Detailed analyses of the structure of populations along the former continuum indicate no evidence for recent secondary intergradation since intermediate phenotypes are widespread and genetically stable and the various character clines appear to be independent. However, historical and biogeographical evidence is presented which suggests that a suture zone occurred between southern and northern populations during the last Pleistocene glacial. The area occupied by intermediate populations would have been amongst the last to be colonized following deglaciation. It is argued that extreme morphs differentiated in allopatry and that the continuum between the subspecies is a result of selective stabilization of a zone of secondary intergradation as opposed to primary intergradation. In contrast, the altitudinal continuum within subsp. gunnii appears to be mainly a result of primary differentiation within a population migrating up slope from a southern glacial refuge. Progeny trials indicate that the high variability and differentiation of several low-altitude, relic populations may be due to hybridization with surrounding species, whereas hybridization has little effect at the boundary of large stands. It is argued that hybridization may be important in the process of range contraction and extinction, and may be a significant evolutionary stimulus in small peripheral isolates.

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28

Chen, G., Y. Wang, C. Zhao, H. Korpelainen y C. Li. "Genetic Diversity of Hippophae rhamnoides Populations at Varying Altitudes in the Wolong Natural Reserve of China as Revealed by ISSR Markers". Silvae Genetica 57, n.º 1-6 (1 de diciembre de 2008): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2008-0005.

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AbstractHippophae rhamnoides L., a dioecious and deciduous shrub species, occupies a wide range of habitats in the Wolong Nature Reserve, Southwest China. Our present study investigated the pattern of genetic variation and differentiation among five natural populations of H. rhamnoides, occurring along an altitudinal gradient that varied from 1,800 to 3,400 m above sea level in the Wolong Natural Reserve, by using ISSR markers. Based on fingerprinting patterns generated by fifteen primers, high levels of genetic variation were present within populations and subpopulations. Substantial genetic divergence was observed among populations, and also among female and male subpopulations, the GSTvalues equaling 0.182, 0.222, and 0.238, respectively. Such considerable divergence present among populations and subpopulations may be caused by complex topography which effectively restricts gene flow, and by variable climatic conditions at different altitudes which may cause varying selective pressures. A significantly positive correlation between genetic and altitudinal distances was detected for the five populations and female subpopulations of H. rhamnoides. The cluster analysis including all populations or male subpopulations resulted in three altitude groups. Our results suggest that altitudinal gradients may be the prime cause affecting the genetic variation pattern of different populations and subpopulations in H. rhamnoides in the Wolong Nature Reserve, Southwest China.

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29

Weathers, Wesley W., Charisse L. Davidson, Christopher R. Olson, Martin L. Morton, Nadav Nur y Thomas R. Famula. "Altitudinal variation in parental energy expenditure by white-crowned sparrows". Journal of Experimental Biology 205, n.º 18 (15 de septiembre de 2002): 2915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.18.2915.

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SUMMARY We used the doubly labeled water technique to measure daily energy expenditure (DEE) during the incubation and feeding nestling stages in two populations of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys)— one montane and migratory, the other coastal and sedentary —that differ in thermal environment and clutch size. We assessed the birds'thermal environment by continuously monitoring (among other variables)operative temperature and wind speed both in the open and within bushes and willow thickets occupied by sparrows. From these measurements, we derived several estimates of the birds' thermal environment, including standard operative temperature (Tes). Shade air temperature and Tes averaged 6.6 and 10.3°C lower, respectively, at the montane study site during DEE measurements. The montane population's DEE averaged 24% higher than that of the sea-level population (103.6±12.2 versus 83.7±9.6 kJ day-1; means ± S.D., N=31 and 22, respectively), reflecting both its larger brood size(3.7 versus 2.9) and the colder environment. The DEE:BMR ratio was lowest in the sea-level population (2.1 versus 2.6), but neither population worked to their physiological capacity to produce young. DEE was significantly correlated with temperature across populations, with Tes explaining 42% of the variation in DEE. Statistically removing the effect of temperature by adjusting DEE to a common temperature reduced the difference in DEE between populations by 34% to 87.7 and 100.8 kJ day-1, respectively, for sea-level and montane populations. Basal and resting metabolic rates were similar in both populations, implying that greater activity in the montane population accounted for its higher temperature-adjusted DEE. Our results indicate that the thermal context within which behavior occurs can significantly affect interindividual variation in DEE. Attempts to assess reproductive effort by measuring DEE should therefore account explicitly for the effect of temperature.

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30

Lieberman, Milton, Diana Lieberman, G. S. Hartshorn y Rodolfo Peralta. "Small-Scale Altitudinal Variation in Lowland Wet Tropical Forest Vegetation". Journal of Ecology 73, n.º 2 (julio de 1985): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260490.

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31

Koike, Shinsuke, Masashi Soga, Hiroto Enari, Chinatsu Kozakai y Yui Nemoto. "Seasonal changes and altitudinal variation in deer fecal pellet decay". European Journal of Wildlife Research 59, n.º 5 (24 de abril de 2013): 765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-013-0724-9.

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32

Sáenz-Romero, Cuauhtémoc, R. Ricardo Guzmán-Reyna y Gerald E. Rehfeldt. "Altitudinal genetic variation among Pinus oocarpa populations in Michoacán, Mexico". Forest Ecology and Management 229, n.º 1-3 (julio de 2006): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.014.

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33

Thompson, Lindy J. y Colleen T. Downs. "Altitudinal variation in metabolic parameters of a small Afrotropical bird". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 212 (octubre de 2017): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.07.015.

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34

Khare, P. V., M. K. Satralkar, C. Vanlalnghaka, V. L. Keny, M. S. Kasture, A. J. Shivagaje, R. J. Barnabas y D. S. Joshi. "Altitudinal Variation in the Circadian Rhythm of Oviposition inDrosophila Ananassae". Chronobiology International 22, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/cbi-200030508.

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35

Xie, SanPing, BaiNian Sun, DeFei Yan y BaoXia Du. "Altitudinal variation in Ginkgo leaf characters: Clues to paleoelevation reconstruction". Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 52, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2009): 2040–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0157-1.

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36

Suzuki, Taichi A., Felipe M. Martins y Michael W. Nachman. "Altitudinal variation of the gut microbiota in wild house mice". Molecular Ecology 28, n.º 9 (15 de noviembre de 2018): 2378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14905.

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37

Hall, Casey R., Chris J. Burwell, Akihiro Nakamura y Roger L. Kitching. "Altitudinal variation of parasitic Hymenoptera assemblages in Australian subtropical rainforest". Austral Entomology 54, n.º 3 (18 de agosto de 2014): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aen.12114.

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38

P Sah, S. y R. Brumme. "Altitudinal gradients of natural abundance of stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon in the needles and soil of a pine forest in Nepal". Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 1 (16 de enero de 2012): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4673-jfs.

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This paper deals with natural abundance of 15N and 13C in the soil and needles of the pine forest (Pinus roxburghii, Sargent) along an altitudinal gradient. The study area lies in the elevation range of 1,200 m to 2,200 m in Kathmanduvalley of Nepal. The higher altitude soil was found to be much more depleted of 13C than the lower altitude soil. The decreasing trend of C-isotope (as well as the trend of N-isotope) might be attributed to the lower mineralisation rate and net nitrification rate at the higher altitude. The observed differences in isotopic N- and C-contents of needles and soils across altitudinal gradients in this study are a result of the combination of environmentally induced variations in physiological and morphological differences. For example, altitudinal variation in needle δ15N and δ13C at the research site indicates that the needle isotopic composition is related to nitrogen availability at a site.

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39

Rai, Preshina y Saurav Moktan. "Variation in vascular epiphytic assemblage along altitudinal zone in Temperate forest ecosystem". Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 11, n.º 2 (2022): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53562/ajcb.75374.

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The focus of ongoing research in forest ecosystems is highly biased towards vascular epiphytes that grow non-parasitically on host trees and contribute substantially in shaping biodiversity. In this communication, an effort has been made to understand the vascular epiphytic assemblage and richness along the altitudinal gradients in temperate forests of Darjeeling Himalaya. Additionally, influence of environmental variables was also analyzed. Orchidaceae was the dominant family followed by Polypodiaceae and Ericaceae in terms of species abundance. The epiphytic richness and diversity were greater towards lower altitudinal tier compared to the higher. The epiphytic diversity was positively correlated with host tree CBH (circumference at breast height) and bark texture, while bark pH showed a negative correlation. The outcome of this study establishes a baseline of epiphytic characteristics with respect to elevational range and environmental variables in temperate Himalaya. However, a detailed study on population dynamics, habitat evaluation and geographic aspects with further development on monitoring and conservation effort is of utmost necessity.

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40

Aradhya, K. M., D. Mueller-Dombois y T. A. Ranker. "Genetic structure and differentiation in Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae) along altitudinal gradients in Maui, Hawaii". Genetical Research 61, n.º 3 (junio de 1993): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300031335.

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SummaryThe level and distribution of genetic variability within and among Metrosideros polymorpha populations along altitudinal gradients on the island of Maui, Hawaii were examined to assess the extent of genetic differentiation. Sixteen loci encoding 11 enzymes were scored in 17 populations along the NE wet slope of Mt. Haleakala and Kipahulu Valley in East Maui and six populations along the Puu Kukui trail in West Maui. On average, 50% of the loci were polymorphic within populations with an overall mean of 2·15 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosities for different populations were moderate (0·108–0·220) and conformed to panmixia except for one of the mid-elevation populations. The distribution of allozyme variation indicates that very little differentiation has occurred along altitudinal gradients. Approximately 90% of the total variation resides within populations in East Maui while 95% was found within West Maui populations. The mean populational pair-wise genetic identities (Nei's I) ranged from 0·909 to 0·998. The UPGMA cluster analysis on genetic identity matrices and PCA on allele frequencies revealed marginal altitudinal differentiation. Twenty one alleles out of a total 63 showed statistically significant correlations with environmental variables.

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41

F. Zokirova, Dilnoza y Fazlitdin Z. Khalimov. "MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES OF THE BEETLE ACINOPUS (ACINOPUS) LAEVIGATUS MENETRIES, 1832 (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE) IN THE MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS OF UZBEKISTAN". Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 17, n.º 2 (20 de diciembre de 2022): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2022.17.2.0141.

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The morphometric parameters of Acinopus (Acinopus) laevigatus Ménétriés, 1832 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) were studied and their altitudinal variability was assessed. The length of head is the most variable, and the smallest value of the coefficient of variation is observed for the width of elytra. The length of body parts (head, pronotum, elytra) were more variable compared to their width. The correlation relationship between the morphometric parameters of different parts of the body was analyzed. A high correlation was found between the elytra length (EL) and the total body length (BL) (r=0.93), and the lowest correlation was found between the elytra width (EW) and the pronotum length (PL) (r=0.57). According to all measurement indicators, high-mountain representatives of beetles were inferior to middle-mountain individuals, and the variation in traits was also less. Only the width of the elytra turned out to be more variable in individuals of the highlands. Statistical analysis showed a rather high reliability of the influence of altitudinal belts on the morphometric parameters of beetles for all studied parameters. However, changes in body proportions in different altitudinal zones were not significant, except for the EW/BL index.

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42

Kao, Wen-Yuan y Kuo-Wei Chang. "Altitudinal trends in photosynthetic rate and leaf characteristics of Miscanthus populations from central Taiwan". Australian Journal of Botany 49, n.º 4 (2001): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00028.

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Leaf photosynthetic rate and leaf characteristics including chlorophyll content, leaf width, leaf mass per area (LMA), stomatal density and the dimensions of guard cells were measured in C 4 Miscanthus spp. growing along an altitudinal gradient from 390 to 2700 m in central Taiwan. The main objective of this study was to understand if morphological and physiological variation occur in leaves of the C 4 plants growing along the altitudinal gradient. Measurements were taken during the growing season, May, July and September, of 1997. Photosynthetic rate, leaf width and guard cell dimensions decreased while LMA and stomatal density increased with altitude. The pattern of continuous variation in the analysed parameters suggests that it is related to some underlying environmental factors (mainly air temperature and CO 2 concentration) associated with changing altitude.

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43

Lee, Jong Koo, Ok-Sik Chung y Woo-Shin Lee. "Altitudinal Variation in Parental Provisioning of Nestling Varied Tits (Poecile varius)". Wilson Journal of Ornithology 123, n.º 2 (junio de 2011): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/10-106.1.

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44

HU Qipeng, 胡启鹏, 郭志华 GUO Zhihua, 孙玲玲 SUN Lingling y 王彬 WANG Bin. "Response of leaf functional traits ofBetula ermaniisaplings to the altitudinal Variation". Acta Ecologica Sinica 33, n.º 12 (2013): 3594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5846/stxb201205160724.

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45

Ananina, Galina, Alexandre A. Peixoto, Blanche C. Bitner-Mathé, Wilma N. Souza, Luciano Basso da Silva, Vera L. S. Valente y Louis B. Klaczko. "Chromosomal inversion polymorphism in Drosophila mediopunctata: seasonal, altitudinal, and latitudinal variation". Genetics and Molecular Biology 27, n.º 1 (2004): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572004000100011.

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46

Naya, Daniel E., Claudio Veloso y Francisco Bozinovic. "Gut Size Variation AmongBufo spinulosusPopulations Along an Altitudinal (and Dietary) Gradient". Annales Zoologici Fennici 46, n.º 1 (febrero de 2009): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5735/086.046.0102.

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47

Belen, A., B. Alten y A. M. Aytekin. "Altitudinal variation in morphometric and molecular characteristics of Phlebotomus papatasi populations". Medical and Veterinary Entomology 18, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2004): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-283x.2004.00514.x.

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48

Karl, Isabell y Klaus Fischer. "Altitudinal and environmental variation in lifespan in the Copper butterflyLycaena tityrus". Functional Ecology 23, n.º 6 (1 de julio de 2009): 1132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01607.x.

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49

Badyaev, Alexander V. "Altitudinal variation in sexual dimorphism: a new pattern and alternative hypotheses". Behavioral Ecology 8, n.º 6 (1997): 675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/8.6.675.

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50

Díez, Concepción M., Brandon S. Gaut, Esteban Meca, Enrique Scheinvar, Salvador Montes-Hernandez, Luis E. Eguiarte y Maud I. Tenaillon. "Genome size variation in wild and cultivated maize along altitudinal gradients". New Phytologist 199, n.º 1 (2 de abril de 2013): 264–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12247.

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