Bibliografías temáticas / Alternative agro-food movement

Índice

Artículos de revistas
Tesis
Libros
Capítulos de libros

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Alternative agro-food movement"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 7 de diciembre de 2024

Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros

Elija tipo de fuente:

Consulte las listas temáticas de artículos, libros, tesis, actas de conferencias y otras fuentes académicas sobre el tema "Alternative agro-food movement".

Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.

También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.

Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Alternative agro-food movement"

Kim, Hyun-jin, Chul-Kyoo Kim, Hae-Jin Lee y Hae-Kyung Chung. "FEMALE PEASANTS AND THE ALTERNATIVE AGRI-FOOD MOVEMENT IN SOUTH KOREA: AGROECOLOGY AND THE KOREAN WOMEN PEASANT ASSOCIATION MOVEMENT". Journal of Asian Rural Studies 3, n.º 2 (11 de julio de 2019): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v3i2.1906.

Texto completo

Resumen

This paper examines the current state and socio-ecological implications of the alternative agri-food movement organized by the Korean Women Peasant Association (KWPA) in South Korea. In the process of rapid industrial development, South Korean farm sector has suffered from serious environmental problems, depopulation, and poverty. Food production itself has become mostly industrialized using abundant amount of chemical input. This, along with mass consumption system relying on large supermarkets, has led to an unsustainable food system. In this situation, there has been a rise of alternative agri-food movement by the KWPA. We have focused on the influence of agroecology in the KWPA’s activities, which might bring about a more sustainable food system. Under the dominant paradigm of agro-industrialism, farm production inevitably depends on outside resources. This de-contextualizes and disconnects farming from local ecosystems and social relations. Agroecology has emerged in recent years as an alternative paradigm, which can reconnect farming, nature, and society. We have analyzed the KWPA’s programs, such as the indigenous seed preservation movement (ISPM) and Sisters’ Garden Plot (SGP). We have found that agroecology plays an important role in the KWPA’s programs, which involve sharing indigenous farm knowledge; preserving and finding indigenous seeds; and providing seasonal, local, and organic food to the public. These activities have also led to the empowerment of female peasants. These as a whole could be important social resource for a transition to a more sustainable food system.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Chaudhary, Suraj, Atmaz Kumar Shrestha, Sushil Rai, Dhana Krishna Acharya, Sabnam Subedi y Rameshwar Rai. "Agroecology integrates science, practice, movement, and future food systems". Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences 5, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2023): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33888/jms.2023.525.

Texto completo

Resumen

Agroecology is an interdisciplinary field that brings together agricultural practice and ecological principles. This article explores agroecology's theoretical foundations, practical applications, and historical evolution, along with its impact on modern agricultural methods. Agroecology looks at how biophysical and social elements combine to produce food sustainably, promote social justice, and protect the environment. The first section of the article looks at how agroecology developed as a scientific field, discussing its fundamental ideas, practices, and objectives- all of which emphasize participatory, adaptive, and holistic methodologies. The inquiry also looks into how agroecology might support biodiversity, resilience to climate change, and sustainable livelihoods. This article also explores the rise of agroecology as a movement driven by social activism, environmental consciousness, and a search for alternative food systems. After that, the article dives further into the history of agroecology, emphasizing the pioneers' contributions and the development of agroecological principles over time. The text goes on to outline the fundamental principles of agroecology. Its main objectives are enhancing resource efficiency, strengthening resilience, and ensuring social equality. This article discusses the practical applications of agroecology in various agricultural settings, such as permaculture, agroforestry, and agroecological farming systems. A few agro-ecology case studies have been described. Finally, the article highlights the future of food systems. The article concludes by highlighting the necessity of combining scientific understanding with indigenous ecological and cultural knowledge and stating that agro-ecology is viable for a more just and sustainable future for agriculture and food security.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Stroparo, Telma Regina y Nicolas Floriani. "Agroecology, slow food and sustainable development goals (SDGs): resilience of agro-food systems, combat hunger, and local governance". Revista Engenharia na Agricultura - REVENG 32, Contínua (7 de agosto de 2024): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v32i1.17546.

Texto completo

Resumen

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), transcending their prescribed targets and actions, propose a critical reflection on global food production and consumption patterns. These inquiries foster the promotion of resilient agri-food systems, with Agroecology identified as a pragmatically viable alternative for achieving the advocated goals. The scope of this article is to discuss these intersections, demonstrating that simple actions such as valuing local products, as advocated by Slow Food, can strengthen relationships and networks around food, promoting food security, preservation of knowledge, practices, traditions, and biodiversity, as well as the sense of belonging, improvement of quality of life, sustainable development, and local governance. Methodologically, this research is qualitative, adopting a bibliographical approach and employing a literature review to contextualize and reflect the problem, anchored in the Agroecology domains, SDGs, and the paradigm proposed by the Slow Food movement. This study substantially contributes to understanding the intricate relationships between the SDGs, agri-food systems, and Agroecology. By emphasizing the importance of seemingly simple practices, such as valuing local products, the article highlights the imperative of holistic and sustainable approaches to achieve broader sustainable development goals guided by the principles of “well-being.”

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Reynaud, Emmanuelle, Francois Fulconis y Gilles Paché. "Agro-ecology in action: The environmental oasis projects". Environmental Economics 10, n.º 1 (5 de diciembre de 2019): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.10(1).2019.05.

Texto completo

Resumen

Agro-ecology is now considered as an alternative model to the industrial agricultural model. Faced with the limitations of conventional production models, agro-ecology is emerging today as a possible response to the challenges of the 21st century: food security, circularity, respect for the environment, and development of employment. More generally, the adoption of circular principles aims to decouple environmental pressure from agricultural productivism. Agro-ecology is a relevant research topic because it aims to ensure sustainable and resilient agricultural production, to empower local farmers, to protect the environment and to fight against climate change. This article focuses on the French Oasis projects, as part of the “Hummingbird movement” initiated by Pierre Rabhi, and which represent a successful agro-ecological experience, in economic, social and environmental terms. Different data were collected by compiling information available on the website of 76 Oasis projects across France: people living in the community; lodging possibilities; availability of a school; and direct relationship with local farmers. Then, a social factorial correspondence analysis and an environmental factorial correspondence analysis were realized to evaluate the impacts of environmental Oasis projects. The results show that profitable organizations seem to conduct more social and environmental activities in an agro-ecology context, and they put in place more actions than those who have no profitable aims.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Sinaga, R. P. K., M. A. Lubis, F. A. Nasution y E. P. H. Sembiring. "The challenges of implementing agroecology as a social movement by members of The Serikat Petani Indonesia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1115, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2022): 012101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1115/1/012101.

Texto completo

Resumen

Abstract The disintegration of peasants' social, economic, and cultural systems, as well as environmental harm, have been facilitated by conventional agricultural models and the existence of the green revolution. The Serikat Petani Indonesia (SPI, Indonesian Peasants Union) has made agroecology a social movement issue in an effort to resist the capitalistic agricultural system and has become one of the milestones in the realization of food sovereignty. SPI's initiatives to persuade its members to adopt an agro-ecological model of agriculture rather than a conventional one, however, cannot be implemented effectively. There are still issues that need to be resolved before SPI member may adopt agroecology, despite the fact that instruction is being implemented on both a conceptual and practical level. As an illustration, the SPI base at Pamah Village, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra is one instance where the program for agroecological application has not been successful. As a reflection on the problems that SPI member peasants encounter in implementing agroecological agriculture, the author is interested in conducting research to see and analyze the types of challenges peasants in Pamah Village face while adopting agroecology. This study adopts a qualitative methodology to accomplish its goals, and its data-gathering methods include participatory observations, in-depth interviews, literature and documentary studies, participatory observations, and a limited group discussion. The data is then examined using the Narrative Research Analysis approach after the field data has been collected. Based on the study's findings, it is known that the failure to adopt agroecological agricultural models as an alternative is a strategic issue brought on by low-intensity organizations in the grassroots sector, as well as the quality of efforts to stimulate the involvement of the peasants in analyzing the problems that are entrenched and to choose alternative goals that are also not fully achieved.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Sadovskaya, L. L. y T. L. Korotenko. "Open Science for the agricultural sector: a navigator for open educational resources". Professional education in the modern world 12, n.º 3 (24 de diciembre de 2022): 505–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/2618-7515-2022-3-13.

Texto completo

Resumen

Introduction. The global concept of "sustainable development", aimed at preserving civilization, defines the social significance of education and building of the information society as its most important constituent elements. The pandemic and other global challenges state the important role of education as a means of human survival, designating knowledge as public goods. The movement towards sustainable development of the society is similar to the formation of a new educational reality based on new approaches and principles, including open science. Purpose setting. The current trend in the development of higher education is the course towards the openness of content, the use of digital educational technologies, which is reflected in the documents of the international movement for the creation and dissemination of open educational resources. An analysis of domestic scientific publications shows that open access to scientific and educa-tional information is of particular importance, since the transformation of the education system is taking place against the backdrop of restricting our state’s access to world information resources, sanctions, and import substitution. The agricul-tural sector, which has a special mission to provide the population with food, has faced the task of filling the shortage of highly qualified specialists. In the current period of transformation of the educational system, open educational resources are becoming innovative tools; the experience of agricultural universities in their use during the pandemic has shown good results in the quality of education. However, the global and highly fragmented volume of information on the Inter-net in the absence of standardization of open educational resources makes the process of finding information for learning complex and time-consuming.Methodology and methods of the study. The results of the analysis give grounds to speak about the need to create a national information aggregator system in order to ensure constant open access to information resources for participants in the educational process of the agricultural industry.Results. The results of the study made it possible to prepare a guide to open sectoral information resources of the agro-industrial complex – open educational resources "Navigator of Open Educational Resources for the Agricultural Industry", which is presented on the "Library for Open Science" platform (available at: http://lib-os.ru/obrazovatelnye-resursy/navigator-oor-apk/) and allow users to find the information they need faster and more efficiently.Conclusion. The results of the study give reason to talk about the need to create a national data aggregation system to provide permanent open access to the information resources of participants in the educational process of the agricultural industry.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Cid Aguayo, Beatriz y Alex Latta. "Agro-Ecology and Food Sovereignty Movements in Chile: Sociospatial Practices for Alternative Peasant Futures". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 105, n.º 2 (28 de enero de 2015): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2014.985626.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Cavazzani, Ada. "Tra sicurezza e sovranitŕ alimentare". SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, n.º 87 (junio de 2009): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2008-087002.

Texto completo

Resumen

- The author is discussing the different meanings and applications of the concepts of food security and food sovereignty, with reference to scarcity/lack of food, food quality, universal right to food. Then the article introduces the themes that will be developed in the papers included in this volume. It underlies in particular the opportunity of analysing food issues with a integrated approach, linking the strategies of the agro-industrial system with the new social practices for sustainable food production and responsible consumption. Finally is recalls the renewed interest of rural sociologists for peasantries and rural movements.Key words: food security, food sovereignty, alternative food networks, sustainability, peasantries, rural movements.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Duddigan, Sarah, Chris D. Collins, Zakir Hussain, Henny Osbahr, Liz J. Shaw, Fergus Sinclair, Tom Sizmur, Vijay Thallam y Leigh Ann Winowiecki. "Impact of Zero Budget Natural Farming on Crop Yields in Andhra Pradesh, SE India". Sustainability 14, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 2022): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031689.

Texto completo

Resumen

It has been claimed that Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), a burgeoning practice of farming in India based on low-inputs and influenced by agro-ecological principles, has the potential to improve farm viability and food security. However, there is concern that the success of the social movement fueling the adoption of ZBNF has become out of step with the science underpinning its performance relative to other farming systems. Based on twenty field plot experiments established across six districts in Andhra Pradesh (SE India), managed by locally based farmer researchers, we present the first ‘on the ground’ assessment of ZBNF performance. We show that there is no short-term yield penalty when adopting ZBNF in small scale farming systems compared to conventional and organic alternatives. In terms of treatment response, we observed differences between agro-climatic zones, but in this initial evaluation we cannot recommend specific options tuned to these different contexts.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Klein, Cristiane Fernanda y Jandir Ferrera de Lima. "O desenvolvimento econômico regional do Brasil". DESAFIOS: Revista Interdisciplinar da Universidade Federal do Tocantins 2, n.º 2 (2 de junio de 2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2359-3652.2016v2n2p155.

Texto completo

Resumen

A agroecologia ainda não forneceu instrumentos e critérios de análise para desenvolver estratégias locais ou regionais, onde os aspectos políticos e institucionais desempenhem um papel fundamental. Este artigo tem como objetivo contribuir para a superação dessas deficiências pela fundação teórica de como deveria ser a agroecologia envolvida na política. A agricultura familiar é o sujeito. É por meio dela que já se desenvolve a agroecologia, obtendo uma transição do modelo da agricultura tradicional, que traz a segurança alimentar para um modelo alternativo. Em primeiro lugar, argumenta-se que, como construção sócio ecológica, agroecossistemas é o produto de relações de poder. Em segundo lugar, mostra a estreita relação que a dinâmica dos agroecossistemas têm com a política e, portanto, o papel de destaque que ocupam no processo de transição agroecológica. É possível perceber a ausência de reflexões sobre a política da Agroecologia. Contudo, a amplitude dos movimentos agroecológicos e as experiências que são realizadas em diferentes níveis de ambos os governos locais e regionais aconselham o desenvolvimento por aspectos políticos da teoria agroecológica. Finalmente, tentada a um diagnóstico sob a situação do sistema global de alimentos, no qual o contexto das experiências agroecológicas deve ser desenvolvido.Palavras-Chave: Agroecologia, Sustentabilidade da Agricultura, Política Pública, Agroalimentar e Crise.ABSTRACTThe agroecology does not yet provide tools and analysis criteria to develop local and regional strategies, where political and institutional aspects play a key role. This article aims to contribute to overcoming these deficiencies by the theoretical foundation of how it should beAgroecology involved in politics. Family farming is the subject. It is through her that already develops agroecology, getting a transition from the model of traditional agriculture, which provides food security for an alternative model. First, it is argued that, as a socio-ecological construction, agro-ecosystems is the product of power relations. Secondly, it shows the close relationship that the dynamics of agro-ecosystems have with politics and therefore the important role they occupy in agroecological transition. Currently you can see that there isvery little reflection on the politics of Agroecology. However, the range of agroecological movements and experiences that are held at different levels of both local and regional governments advise the development of political aspects of agro-ecological theory. Finally, a diagnosis attempted under the situation of global food system, in which the context of agroecological experiments must be developed.Keywords: Agroecology, Sustainable Agriculture, Public Policy, Agribusiness and Crisis.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Tesis sobre el tema "Alternative agro-food movement"

Chazal, Clémentine. "Du Cap de Bonne Espérance à la Pointe de Grave : une étude du mouvement des vins nature et de ses enjeux politiques. Mobilisations environnementales et transformation de la production vitivinicole". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0155.

Texto completo

Resumen

Au sein de l'industrie vinicole actuelle, un changement de paradigme est en cours alors que de plus en plus de vignerons remettent en question les pratiques conventionnelles fordistes et les techniques viticoles intensives. Pourtant, cette rupture avec le modèle industriel reste confinée à une cohorte restreinte de producteurs, de vignerons pionniers qui transforment la production de vin en défendant la protection de l'environnement, le soin écologique, la viticulture à petite échelle et le renouveau de l'artisanat. Ces pratiques alternatives se manifestent par l'émergence du mouvement des vins nature, un segment de niche du marché du vin qui a attiré l’attention des professionnels du vin, des médias spécialisés et des critiques internationaux, suscitant des réactions vives de toutes parts. Cette recherche part de l'absence de définition technique du vin nature, l'examinant non pas comme un produit ni une marchandise, mais comme un mouvement social de résistance et une évolution du marché. Cette recherche doctorale repose sur trois hypothèses clés. Premièrement, j'affirme que le mouvement des vins nature agit comme une plateforme de résistance et d'innovations radicales, notamment pour les petits vignerons indépendants qui en faisant émerger un nouveau cadre cognitif créent un précédent au sein d'une industrie hautement normée, réglementée et symboliquement chargée. Deuxièmement, je soutiens que le mouvement des vins nature est apparu dans toutes les régions viticoles, tant dans ce qu'on appelle la « Vieille Europe » que le « Nouveau Monde ». Par conséquent, le mouvement des vins nature peut être considéré comme un réseau transnational avec une identité internationale qui traverse les régions viticoles et une diversité d'ancrages locaux. Troisièmement, je soutiens que le réseau des vins nature permet un projet politique de diffusion de nouveaux savoirs et savoir-faire dans le secteur vinicole, en proposant des voies alternatives de productions et en présentant des techniques innovantes tout le long de la chaine de valeur du vin. Dans cette perspective, le réseau des vins nature se pose en agent de changement progressif mais structurel au sein de l'industrie vinicole. Adoptant une perspective à la croisée entre la sociologie politique et l’économie politique, et utilisant des méthodes qualitatives, y compris des entretiens et des observations, ainsi que l'analyse des réseaux sociaux, cette étude explore l'émergence du mouvement des vins nature dans deux régions viticoles distinguées : la province du Cap-Occidental en Afrique du Sud et la région de Bordeaux en France
Within the current wine industry, a paradigm shift is underway as winemakers increasingly question conventional Fordist practices and intensive viticulture techniques. Yet, this departure from the industrial model remains confined to a select cohort of trailblazing winemakers who are reshaping wine production by championing environmental stewardship, ecological care, small-scale viticulture, and renewed craftsmanship. These alternative practices manifest through the emergence of the natural wine movement, a niche segment of the wine market that has attracted tremendous attention from wine professionals, specialised media and critics internationally, provoking some acute reactions from all ends of the wine spectrum. This research departs from the absence of a technical definition for natural wine, examining it not as a product, nor a commodity, but as a social movement. The doctoral study is grounded in three key hypotheses. First, I assert that the natural wine movement acts as a platform for resistance and radical innovations, particularly for small independent winemakers, setting a precedent within an industry that is highly normed, regulated, and symbolically charged. Second, I argue that the Natural Wine Movement has surfaced in all wine regions, both from the so-called Old and New World. Consequently, the natural wine movement can be considered a transnational network with a diversity of local anchors yet supporting an international identity that cuts across wine regions. Third, I contend that the natural wine network allows for a political project of knowledge production throughout the wine sector at large, offering alternative ways of producing and showcasing innovations. In this perspective, the natural wine network becomes an agent for incremental yet structural change within the wine industry. Adopting an approach at the crossroads between political sociology and political economy, and employing qualitative methods, including interviews and observations, and social network analysis, this study delves into the emergence of the natural wine movement in two distinguished wine regions: the Western Cape Province in South Africa and the Bordeaux region in France

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Libros sobre el tema "Alternative agro-food movement"

Food for the Future: Stories from the Alternative Agro-Food Movement. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2024.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Food for the Future: Stories from the Alternative Agro-Food Movement. Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2023.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Food for the Future: Stories from the Alternative Agro-Food Movement. Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2023.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Alternative agro-food movement"

Vargas-Hernández, José G. "Sustainable Urban Agro Ecology and Its Implications With Food Systems". En Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 143–66. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4915-5.ch008.

Texto completo

Resumen

This chapter has the aim to analyze the implications and interrelationships between a sustainable urban agro ecology and the food system. The beginning assumption of this analytical review considers that sustainable urban agro ecology has positive implications in the development of a sustainable urban food system. The analysis is based on the theoretical and empirical literature review confronted with common spatial-functional observations of urban development and configurations. The analysis concludes that the sustainable urban food system based on agro ecology is growing as an alternative movement towards the building and maintenance of a fairer and healthier urban sustainable environmental development.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Vargas-Hernández, José G. "Sustainable Urban Agro Ecology and Its Implications With Food Systems". En Research Anthology on Strategies for Achieving Agricultural Sustainability, 127–50. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5352-0.ch008.

Texto completo

Resumen

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Kumar, Amit. "Impact Analysis of Amendment Application Under Diversified Agro-Ecological System". En Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 135–50. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7940-3.ch008.

Texto completo

Resumen

In alternative agricultural systems such as organic or low-input farming, farmers can build particular forms of relationships that help sustain ecosystem services and social infrastructure more effectively. The authors discuss many of these relationships, including direct marketing, fair trade certification, and food justice movements. An agroecological approach to improve tropical small farming systems must ensure that promoted systems and technologies are suited to the specific environmental and socio-economic conditions of small farmers, without increasing risk or dependence on external inputs. Here in this chapter, the authors have focused on diversified agro-ecological systems.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Kumar, Amit. "Impact Analysis of Amendment Application Under Diversified Agro-Ecological System". En Research Anthology on Strategies for Achieving Agricultural Sustainability, 116–26. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5352-0.ch007.

Texto completo

Resumen

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

"in the Limpopo valley harvest labour was needed for rice production at the agro-industrial complexes at the same time that the peasants needed to harvest their own plots. The colonial settlers had relied on force and on the use of task work to cope with this. Hence, the peasants would start very early in the morning to harvest a designated area at the settler farms and subsequently move on to their family plots. The wage would supplement the income and subsistence acquired from the family plot. However, when the state farms tried to introduce an eight-hour working day (instead of task work), they experi-enced an immense withdrawal of labour when it was most needed. The wage did not cover the consumption needs of a family throughout the year and, increasingly, money did not guarantee access to goods or did so only at the cost of accepting catastrophic reduction in the real wage. Similar shortage problems of labour were experienced in the plantation sectors, in food pro-duction in state complexes of Angonia or Zambezia, on cotton farms in the north, etc. The co-operative movement, which was never very strong since it had never received the effective material backing of the state, was further weakened by the fact that the development of parallel markets within the rural economy enfeebled the poorer peasantry even further. The latter would have to be the social force to be mobilised behind the co-operative movement; rather, it became economically weakened as a result of its rapidly deteriorating real incomes and the fact that the existing co-operative movement provided no real alternative. The government policy to link up purchase with sale so as to stimulate rural production did nothing to counteract this process of differen-tiation but, rather, tended to intensify it. Indeed, rural trade between the state and the peasantry was intermediated by private trade. The policy gave them an increased leverage over the peasantry and allowed them to channel more crops into the parallel markets since they effectively traded at terms of exchange which were less favourable than those laid down officially. Furthermore, the impact was that the supply of com-modities became concentrated in the hands of the richer peasantry (who had surpluses to sell) and this gave them leverage over the poorer peasantry. Finally, this process did not take place within conditions of peace but, rather, within an ever-spreading war situation. The South African-backed MNR was gradually spreading throughout the whole country and its acts of brutal oppression of the population and of sabotage and destruction of the whole network of social and economic infrastructure led to the increased destabilisation of the economy and society. To combat this force, a strong alliance between the army and the peasantry was necessary. But this alliance itself became weakened by the worsening of the economic situation of the peasantry. Economic investment was concentrated in bis projects within the state sector and these became the target of MNR attacks. On the other hand, the destabilis-ing effect of the concentration of resources on the state sector and of off-loading the burden of the costs on to the peasantry through the inflationary issue of money, unbacked by material resources, weakened the peasantry economically and intensified processes of differentiation. At the time of the preparation for the Fourth Congress it was not surprising". En The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions, 209. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203043493-32.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Ofrecemos descuentos en todos los planes premium para autores cuyas obras están incluidas en selecciones literarias temáticas. ¡Contáctenos para obtener un código promocional único!