Literatura académica sobre el tema "Alpha-2-delta subunit"

To study pathways by which acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunits might assemble, Torpedo alpha subunits were expressed in Xenopus oocytes alone or in combination with beta, gamma, or delta subunits. The maturation of the conformation of the main immunogenic region (MIR) on alpha subunits was measured by binding of mAbs and the maturation of the conformation of the AChR binding site on alpha subunits was measured by binding of alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha Bgt) and cholinergic ligands. The size of subunits and subunit complexes was assayed by sedimentation on sucrose gradients. It is generally accepted that native AChRs have the subunit composition alpha 2 beta gamma delta. Torpedo alpha subunits expressed alone resulted in an amorphous range of complexes with little affinity for alpha Bgt or mAbs to the MIR, rather than in a unique 5S monomeric assembly intermediate species. A previously recognized temperature-dependent failure in alpha subunit maturation may cause instability of the monomeric assembly intermediate and accumulation of aggregated denatured alpha subunits. Coexpression of alpha with beta subunits also resulted in an amorphous range of complexes. However, coexpression of alpha subunits with gamma or delta subunits resulted in the efficient formation of 6.5S alpha gamma or alpha delta complexes with high affinity for mAbs to the MIR, alpha Bgt, and small cholinergic ligands. These alpha gamma and alpha delta subunit pairs may represent normal assembly intermediates in which Torpedo alpha is stabilized and matured in conformation. Coexpression of alpha, gamma, and delta efficiently formed 8.8S complexes, whereas complexes containing alpha beta and gamma or alpha beta and delta subunits are formed less efficiently. Assembly of beta subunits with complexes containing alpha gamma and delta subunits may normally be a rate-limiting step in assembly of AChRs.

We have measured ionic and gating currents in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells transiently transfected with cDNAs encoding subunits of the cardiac voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel. Robust recombinant ionic current and associated nonlinear charge movement could be measured over a broad voltage range without contamination by endogenous channel activity. Coexpression of the alpha 2/delta-subunit along with alpha 1- and beta 2-subunits speeded activation and deactivation kinetics and significantly increased the maximal conductance of ionic current. Charge movement was measured at voltages negative to the threshold for activation of ionic current, and gating charge could be immobilized at positive holding potentials that did not inactivate ionic current. The ratio of maximal ionic conductance to maximal charge moved remained the same in the absence or presence of the alpha 2/delta-subunit. However, the maximal amount of charge moved was increased about twofold in the presence of the alpha 2/delta-subunit. These results suggest that coexpression of the alpha 2/delta-subunit enhances the expression of functional L-type channels and, in addition, provide evidence that most of the L-type channel-associated nonlinear charge movement is caused by transitions between nonconducting states of the channel protein that precede the open and inactivated states.

Skeletal-muscle phosphorylase kinase is a hexadecameric oligomer composed of equivalent amounts of four different subunits, (alpha beta gamma delta)4. The delta-subunit, which is calmodulin, functions as an integral subunit of the oligomer, and the gamma-subunit is catalytic. To learn more about intersubunit contacts within the hexadecamer and about the roles of individual subunits, we induced partial dissociation of the holoenzyme with low concentrations of urea. In the absence of Ca2+ the quaternary structure of phosphorylase kinase is very sensitive to urea over a narrow concentration range. Gel-filtration chromatography in the presence of progressively increasing concentrations of urea indicates that between 1.15 M- and 1.35 M-urea the delta-subunit dissociates, allowing extensive formation of complexes larger than the native enzyme that contain equivalent amounts of alpha-, β- and gamma-subunits. As the urea concentration is increased to 2 M and 3 M, nearly all of the enzyme aggregates to the heavy species devoid of delta-subunit. Addition of Ca2+, which is known to block dissociation of the delta-subunit [Shenolikar, Cohen, Cohen, Nairn & Perry (1979) Eur. J. Biochem. 100, 329-337], also blocks aggregation of the enzyme induced by the low concentrations of urea. These results suggest that in native phosphorylase kinase the delta-subunit, in addition to activating the catalytic subunit and conferring upon it Ca2(+)-sensitivity, may also serve a structural role in preventing aggregation of the alpha-, β- and gamma-subunits, thus limiting to four the number of alpha beta gamma delta protomers that associate under standard conditions. In gel-filtration chromatography with urea a protein peak containing equivalent amounts of alpha- and gamma-subunits is also observed, as is a peak containing only β-subunits. Increasing concentrations of urea have a biphasic effect on the activity of the holoenzyme, being stimulatory up to 1 M and then inhibitory. The concentration-dependence of urea in the inhibitory phase parallels its ability to induce dissociation of the delta-subunit.

The structural elements required for normal maturation and assembly of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit were investigated by expression of mutated subunits in transfected fibroblasts. Normally, the wild-type alpha subunit acquires high affinity alpha bungarotoxin binding in a time-dependent manner; however, mutation of the 128 and/or 142 cysteines to either serine or alanine, as well as deletion of the entire 14 amino acids in this region abolished all detectable high affinity binding. Nonglycosylated subunits that had a serine to glycine mutation in the consensus sequence also did not efficiently attain high affinity binding to toxin. In contrast, mutation of the proline at position 136 to glycine or alanine, or a double mutation of the cysteines at position 192 and 193 to serines had no effect on the acquisition of high affinity toxin binding. These data suggest that a disulfide bridge between cysteines 128 and 142 and oligosaccharide addition at asparagine 141 are required for the normal maturation of alpha subunit as assayed by high affinity toxin binding. The unassembled wild-type alpha subunit expressed in fibroblasts is normally degraded with a t1/2 of 2 h; upon assembly with the delta subunit, the degradation rate slows significantly (t1/2 greater than 13 h). All mutated alpha subunits retained the capacity to assemble with a delta subunit coexpressed in fibroblasts; however, mutated alpha subunits that were not glycosylated or did not acquire high affinity toxin binding were rapidly degraded (t1/2 = 20 min to 2 h) regardless of whether or not they assembled with the delta subunit. Assembly and rapid degradation of nonglycosylated acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunits and subunit complexes were also observed in tunicamycin-treated BC3H-1 cells, a mouse musclelike cell line that normally expresses functional AChR. Hence, rapid degradation may be one form of regulation assuring that only correctly processed and assembled subunits accumulate, and ultimately make functional receptors in AChR-expressing cells.

Mammalian cell lines expressing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit cDNAs from Torpedo californica were used to study early events in AChR assembly. To test the hypothesis that individual subunits form homooligomeric intermediates before assembling into alpha 2 beta gamma delta pentamers, we analyzed the sedimentation on sucrose density gradients of each subunit expressed separately in cell lines. We have shown previously that the acute temperature sensitivity of Torpedo AChR subunit assembly is due, in part, to misfolding of the polypeptide chains (Paulson, H.L., and T. Claudio. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 110:1705-1717). We use this phenomenon to further analyze putative assembly-competent intermediates. In nonionic detergent at an assembly-permissive temperature, the majority of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subunits sediment neither as 3-4S monomers nor as 9S complexes, but rather as 6S species whether synthesized in fibroblasts, myoblasts, or differentiated myosyncytia. Several results indicate that the 6S species are complexes comprised predominantly of incorrectly folded subunit polypeptides. The complexes represent homoaggregates which form rapidly within the cell, are stable to mild SDS treatment and, in the case of alpha, contain some disulfide-linked subunits. The coprecipitation of alpha subunit with BiP or GRP78, a resident protein of the ER, further indicates that at least some of these internally sequestered subunits also associated with an endogenous protein implicated in protein folding. The majority of subunits expressed in these cell lines appear to be aggregates of subunits which are not assembly intermediates and are not assembly-competent. The portion which migrates as monomer, in contrast, appears to be the fraction which is assembly competent. This fraction increases at temperatures more permissive for assembly, further indicating the importance of the monomer as the precursor to assembly of alpha 2 beta gamma delta pentamers.

Abstract A panel of thirty cloned rat-mouse T cell hybridomas was prepared by fusion of acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-reactive rat T cells with the mouse thymoma BW5147. The T cell hybrids were demonstrated to be AChR reactive by their ability to secrete IL 2 in response to either AChR itself or by purified AChR subunits (alpha,beta,gamma, or delta). Various patterns of AChR subunit reactivity were observed, suggesting a predominant recognition of the alpha subunit, and also a considerable cross-reactivity from one subunit to another.

The surface distribution of the alpha 2/delta subunit of the 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor and its topographical relationship with the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) were investigated during early myogenesis in vitro, by double immunocytochemical labeling with the monoclonal antibody 3007 and an anti-N-CAM polyclonal antiserum. The monoclonal antibody 3007 has been previously shown to immunoprecipitate dihydropyridine receptor from skeletal muscle T-tubules. In further immunoprecipitation experiments on such preparations and muscle cell cultures, it was demonstrated here that the monoclonal antibody 3007 exclusively recognizes the alpha 2/delta subunit of the 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor. In rabbit muscle cell cultures, the labeling for both alpha 2/delta and N-CAM was first detected on myoblasts, in the form of spots on the membrane and perinuclear patches. Spots of various sizes organized in aggregates were then found on the membrane of myotubes. At fusion (T0), aggregates of N-CAM spots alone were found at the junction between fusing cells. At T6 and later stages, all alpha 2/delta aggregates present on myotubes co-localized with N-CAM, while less than 3% of N-CAM aggregates did not co-localize with alpha 2/delta. A uniform N-CAM staining also made its appearance. At T12, when myotubes showed prominent contractility, alpha 2/delta-N-CAM aggregates diminished in size. Dispersed alpha 2/delta spots of a small regular size spread over the whole surface of the myotubes and alignments of these spots became visible. Corresponding N-CAM spots were now occasionally seen, and uniform N-CAM staining was prominent. These results show that alpha 2/delta and N-CAM are co-localized and that their distributions undergo concomitant changes during early myogenesis until the T-tubule network starts to be organized. This suggest that these two proteins might jointly participate in morphogenetic events preceding the formation of T-tubules.

This study used messenger RNA encoding each subunit (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) of the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor from mouse BC3H-1 cells and from Torpedo electric organ. The mRNA was synthesized in vitro by transcription with SP6 polymerase from cDNA clones. All 16 possible combinations that include one mRNA for each of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta were injected into oocytes. After allowing 2-3 d for translation and assembly, we assayed each oocyte for (a) receptor assembly, measured by the binding of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin to the oocyte surface, and (b) ACh-induced conductance, measured under voltage clamp at various membrane potentials. All combinations yielded detectable assembly (30-fold range among different combinations) and ACh-induced conductances (greater than 1,000-fold range at 1 microM). On double-logarithmic coordinates, the dose-response relations all had a slope near 2 for low concentrations of ACh. Data were corrected for variations in efficiency of translation among identically injected oocytes by expressing ACh-induced conductance per femtomole of alpha-bungarotoxin-binding sites. Five combinations were tested for d-tubocurarine inhibition by the dose-ratio method; the apparent dissociation constant ranged from 0.08 to 0.27 microM. Matched responses and geometric means are used for describing the effects of changing a particular subunit (mouse vs. Torpedo) while maintaining the identity of the other subunits. A dramatic subunit-specific effect is that of the beta subunit on voltage sensitivity of the response: gACh(-90 mV)/gACh(+30 mV) is always at least 1, but this ratio increases by an average of 3.5-fold if beta M replaces beta T. Also, combinations including gamma T or delta M usually produce greater receptor assembly than combinations including the homologous subunit from the other species. Finally, EACh is defined as the concentration of ACh inducing 1 microS/fmol at -60 mV; EACh is consistently lower for alpha M. We conclude that receptor assembly, voltage sensitivity, and EACh are governed by different properties.

Tubulin is the major protein component of brain tissue. It normally undergoes a cycle of tyrosination-detyrosination on the carboxy terminus of its alpha-subunit and this results in subpopulations of tyrosinated tubulin and detyrosinated tubulin. Brain tubulin preparations also contain a third major tubulin subpopulation, composed of a non-tyrosinatable variant of tubulin that lacks a carboxy-terminal glutamyl-tyrosine group on its alpha-subunit (delta 2-tubulin). Here, the abundance of delta 2-tubulin in brain tissues, its distribution in developing rat cerebellum and in a variety of cell types have been examined and compared with that of total alpha-tubulin and of tyrosinated and detyrosinated tubulin. Delta 2-tubulin accounts for approximately 35% of brain tubulin. In rat cerebellum, delta 2-tubulin appears early during neuronal differentiation and is detected only in neuronal cells. This apparent neuronal specificity of delta 2-tubulin is confirmed by examination of its distribution in cerebellar cells in primary cultures. In such cultures, neuronal cells are brightly stained with anti-delta 2-tubulin antibody while glial cells are not. Delta 2-tubulin is apparently present in neuronal growth cones. As delta 2-tubulin, detyrosinated tubulin is enriched in neuronal cells, but in contrast with delta 2-tubulin, detyrosinated tubulin is not detectable in Purkinje cells and is apparently excluded from neuronal growth cones. In a variety of cell types such as cultured fibroblasts of primary culture of bovine adrenal cortical cells, delta 2-tubulin is confined to very stable structures such as centrosomes and primary cilia. Treatment of such cells with high doses of taxol leads to the appearance of delta 2-tubulin in microtubule bundles. Delta 2-tubulin also occurs in the paracrystalline bundles of protofilamentous tubulin formed after vinblastine treatment. Delta 2-tubulin is present in sea urchin sperm flagella and it appears in sea urchin embryo cilia during development. Thus, delta 2-tubulin is apparently a marker of very long-lived microtubules. It might represent the final stage of alpha-tubulin maturation in long-lived polymers.

Ascorbic acid is the major factor in brain extract responsible for increasing the average acetylcholine receptor (AChR) site density on the cloned muscle cell line L5. In the present study, we show that this effect of ascorbic acid requires mRNA synthesis, and that the mRNA level for the AChR alpha-subunit is increased to about the same level as are the surface receptors. We have found no increase in the mRNA levels of the beta-, gamma-, and delta-subunits, or in the mRNAs of other muscle-specific proteins, such as that of light chain myosin 2, alpha-actin, and creatine kinase. By in situ hybridization, we further show that the increase in alpha-mRNA in response to ascorbic acid is exclusively in myotubes and is located near clusters of nuclei. mRNA levels for the alpha-subunit in mononucleated cells are very low and do not significantly increase in response to ascorbic acid. The mononucleated cells are thus excluded as a possible source for the increase in alpha-subunit mRNA detected by Northern blot analysis. Our results indicate that there is a very specific action of ascorbic acid on the regulation of AChR alpha-mRNA in the L5 muscle cells, and that the expression of surface receptors in these cells is limited by the amount of AChR alpha-subunit mRNA.

The putative CACHD1 gene was identified following a systematic search for ligand-binding proteins as novel drug targets. The CACHD1 gene encodes CACHD1 and has a predicted protein structure similar to that of the [alpha]2[delta] family of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) auxiliary subunits, which modulates the biophysical properties and plasma membrane expression of VGCCs. On this basis, the hypothesis that CACHD1 represents a novel [alpha]2[delta]-like VGCC auxiliary subunit was tested.

The calcium channel alpha-2-delta (0,28) subunit is an auxiliary subunit associated with voltage-dependent calcium channels. It is implicated in the trafficking and functional expression of the calcium channel complex. This study expands the functional role of the VWA domain and the RRR motif of the 0:26 subunit, and the interaction between this subunit and the anti-epileptic drug, gabapentin The VWA domain is normally found in integrins, where it mediates binding to extracellular proteins. A mutation in the 0:28-2 subunit VWA domain (uMIDAS) did not produce the increase in current amplitude elicited by the wildtype (WT) 0:28-2 control. Co-immunoprecipitation studies using tsA-201 cells (stably expressing OC28-2 containing a mid-HA tag) co-cultured with cerebellar granule cells identified potential proteins from the cerebellar cultures that co-immunoprecipitate with the 0:28-2 protein. This suggests that protein from cerebellar cultures may bind the 0:28-2 subunit. Secondly, an RRR motif found in 0128-I subunit has been implicated as important for binding of the anticonvulsant drug gabapentin (Wang et al., 1999). The electrophysiological properties of the RRA mutant OC28 proteins were examined, and found not to enhance current amplitude to the full extent seen by WT 0:28-1 and 0:28-2 coexpression. Binding studies using both membrane and lipid raft of tsA-201 cells expressing 0:28-1 confirmed a lack of 3H-gabapentin in the R217A mutant condition. Chronic exposure of tsA-201 cells expressing Cav2.1, p4, 0:28-2 or Cav2.2, pib, 0:28-1 to gabapentin resulted in a reduction in size of the resultant currents. The inhibitory action of gabapentin was prevented by pre-incubation of cells with the system-L amino-acid transport inhibitor, suggesting gabapentin acts intracellularly after uptake via this transport mechanism. The inhibitory effects of gabapentin exposure were not replicated using co-expression of 0:28-3, or the non gabapentin-binding mutant 0128-I R217A or a28-2 R282A proteins. This indicated the inhibitory effect was mediated through gabapentin-binding calcium channel a28 subunits.

L-type voltage-dependent calcium (Ca2+) channels (CaV1.2) initiate cardiac excitation-contraction coupling producing a rapid Ca2+ current (peak ICa,L) that triggers Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores, and a persistent current (late ICa,L) that flows towards the end of the action potential (AP). Peak and late ICa,L shape the plateau phase of the AP, counterbalancing potassium currents. An exaggerated activation of the late ICa,L during AP repolarization can cause transient membrane potential depolarizations called Early Afterdepolarizations (EADs), that can trigger lethal arrhythmias. Therefore, CaV1.2 channels represent a highly promising therapeutic target to abolish EADs. Current anti-arrhythmic drugs that operate on CaV channels (Class IV antiarrhythmics) reduce peak ICa,L, causing a negative inotropic effect. Based on the discovery that a small reduction of the late ICa,L can potently suppress EAD occurrence, we hypothesized that drugs selectively targeting this late component should efficiently suppress EADs preserving contractility. To test this hypothesis, we used roscovitine, a purine analog that reduces the late (non-inactivating) ICa,L over “peak”, accelerating the voltage-dependent inactivation of CaV1.2 channels. We proved that decrease of late ICa,L by roscovitine, verified both in native and cloned CaV1.2 channels, abolished EADs in rabbit ventricular myocytes preserving contraction efficiency. Moreover, this reduction suppressed and prevented EAD-mediated ventricular fibrillation in rabbit and rat hearts. In both isolated myocyte and heart experiments, the effect was independent from the mechanism chosen to induce EADs (hypokalemia and/or oxidative stress). These results suggest that 1) limiting anomalous Ca2+ channels action during the plateau phase is an effective and safe antiarrhythmic strategy and that 2) roscovitine can be considered as a potential pilot compound for a new class of antiarrhythmics that likely would not compromise heart contractility. Cav1.2 channels derive their voltage dependence properties from the structural asset of the α1 pore-forming subunit which comprises 4 positively charged modules, called voltage-sensing domains (VSD I-IV), that undergo a conformational change upon membrane depolarization, opening the channel. The voltage-dependent properties of these four VSDs are modulated by several auxiliary subunits (such as α2δ and β) interacting with the α1 subunit. Specifically, α2δ subunit, by remodelling the voltage-dependent properties of 3 out of 4 cardiac VSDs, allows CaV1.2 channels to operate at physiological membrane potentials producing the typical fast-activating current. Interestingly, the same auxiliary subunit produces opposite effects on the close relative CaV1.1 channels which regulate the excitation-contraction coupling in the skeletal muscle. Here, the α2δ subunit slows down CaV1.1 activation kinetics and leaves almost unperturbed the voltage-dependent activation of the pore. The molecular mechanism by which the α2δ subunit differently modulates CaV1.1 channels compared to CaV1.2 isoform is still unknown. To gain a mechanistic insight, we expressed in Xenopus oocytes CaV1.1 channels (α1S and the auxiliary subunit β1a) with or without α2δ. Using the voltage clamp fluorometry technique, we tracked the voltage-dependent conformational rearrangement of each VSD in conducting channels to derive pore and VSD voltage-dependent relationships. Analogously to CaV1.2, each CaV1.1 VSD had unique biophysical properties that might reveal different functional roles. The presence of α2δ remodelled only VSD I voltage-dependent properties, shifting its activation ~ 20 mV to more negative membrane potentials, may accounting for the ~ 10 mV-hyperpolarizing shift of pore opening observed with the accessory subunit. As opposite to CaV1.2, α2δ slowed down CaV1.1 activation kinetics and accelerated the rate of channel closure, contributing to reduce Ca2+ influx during depolarization.