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Tesis sobre el tema "Alleles"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 25 de julio de 2025

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1

Vekaria, Kanta Premji. "Selective crossover as an adaptive strategy for genetic algorithms." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325478.

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2

Ellis, Scott Anthony. "Evolutionary and functional studies of the mouse retroviral restriction gene, Fv1." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326229.

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3

Wall, Eileen Elizabeth. "Introgression of favourable alleles into livestock populations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14630.

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4

Williams, F. "Molecular analyses of the MHC class 1 region." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269145.

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5

Primomo, Valerio. "Inheritance and stability of palmitic acid alleles in soybeans." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/MQ55703.pdf.

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6

Singh, Tejomayee. "Functionalization of cancer-associated mutant alleles of human CDC4 (FBXW7)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45351.

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Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. This somatic cell genetic disease is characterized by progressive accumulation of mutations in multiple genes. An important characteristic of cancer cells is an increased rate of gains and losses of chromosomes, termed Chromosomal Instability (CIN). One of the frequently mutated genes in a variety of cancers is FBXW7 (F-Box and WD repeat domain-containing 7), encoding the substrate-recognition component of a ubiquitin ligase complex. Fbxw7 targets a number of oncoproteins such as, Cyclin E, c-Myc, Notch1 and Aurora A for ubiquitin mediated degradat

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7

Krausa, Peter. "Defining HLA-A locus alleles from DNA using ARMS-PCR." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338340.

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8

Schulte, Kathleen Q. "Mutagenized HLA DNA Constructs: Tools for Validating Molecular HLA Typing Methodologies." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500888/.

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This study describes the development and validation of mutagenized cloned DNA constructs, which correspond to the polymorphic regions of the class II region of the HLA complex. The constructs were used to verify the allelic specificity of primers and probes in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based HLA typing assays such as Sequence Specific Primers (SSP) and Sequence Specific Oligonucleotide Probes (SSOP). The constructs consisted of the entire polymorphic region of exon 2 of class II HLA allele sequences that included primer annealing sites or probe hybridization sites. An HLA allele sequence

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9

Minchell, Nicola E. "DNA topological stress during DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2019. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/81222/.

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DNA topological stress impedes normal DNA replication. If topological stress is allowed to build up in front of the replication fork, the fork rotates to overcome the stress, leading to formation of DNA pre-catenanes. The formation of DNA pre-catenanes is therefore a marker of DNA topological stress. In this study, I have examined how transcription linked DNA topological stress impacts on fork rotation and on endogenous DNA damage. Transcription, similar to replication, affects the topology of the DNA; and collision between the two machineries is likely to lead to high levels of DNA topologica

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10

Schmidt, Dennis. "Influence of MHC class II alleles on autoimmune susceptibility and resistance." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0006/MQ34993.pdf.

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11

Pincus, Jeffry E. "Hypomorphic ribonucleotide reductase alleles are synthetically lethal with mismatch repair defects /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5088.

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12

Valentine, Summer Danyse. "Production and characterization of new alleles of SCAR in Drosophila melanogaster." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/318.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2003.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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13

Slabbert, Johannes Tobias. "Identification of two CYP17 alleles in the South African Angora goat." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53455.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study describes: 1. The isolation of total RNA and mRNA from Angora goat adrenals. 2. Synthesis and nucleotide sequence alignment of Angora goat CYPI7 cDNA. Two DNA sequences were produced, identifying two CVP 17 alleles in an Angora goat from the Swartland district. 3. The development of a CYPI7 genotype test for Angora goats. 4. Genotyping of Angora goats and Boer goats with the developed genotype test. S. Mapping of the substituted amino acids in the amino terminal of CVP 17 to a specific CYPI7 genotype. 6. Par

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14

Liebert, A. "Evolutionary and molecular genetics of regulatory alleles responsible for lactase persistence." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446922/.

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Persistence of lactase into adulthood varies in frequency worldwide and is attributable to several different single nucleotide changes in an enhancer of the LCT gene. One of these is at particularly high frequencies in Europeans and several others have been found elsewhere. However, information about their worldwide distribution is patchy. 2056 DNA samples from populations of Europe, Asia and the Middle East were sequenced to examine the distribution of allelic variants of the LCT enhancer region. It was confirmed that -13910*T is also the predominant allele around the periphery of Europe, and

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15

Seman, Zulkifli Ahmad. "A functional study of the Phytophthora infestans Avr3a alleles and paralogs." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/0c222074-15ba-43cd-b558-22d741c9df51.

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Late Blight disease, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is the most significant threat to potato production world-wide. Identifying and deploying more durable host resistance to P. infestans is a promising way forward to sustain the production of potato. To achieve this goal, it is important to seek key pathogen components that are essential for infection and which, upon detection by the host, trigger a resistance response. One such potential key pathogen molecule is the RXLR-containing effector Avr3a. Avr3a is highly up-regulated during infection and is also required for P. infestans pathogeni

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16

Banerjee, Paromita. "Modeling the Effects of FMR1 Alleles on Behavioral and Synaptic Plasticity." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1217359939.

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17

Naidu, Shan Krishnan. "PATHOLOGY OF THREE TRANSGENIC MOUSE LINES WITH UNIQUE PTEN MUTANT ALLELES." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1282941122.

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18

Yuan, Qinghua. "Minisatellite M32 alleles show population specificity among Thai, Chinese and Japanese." Kyoto University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/124315.

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19

Chen, Qing [Verfasser]. "Random survey for RHD alleles among D positive Europeans / Qing Chen." Ulm : Universität Ulm. Medizinische Fakultät, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1015471439/34.

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20

CASELLA, CINZIA. "STRATEGIES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF ALLELES INVOLVED IN HEREDITARY BREAST CANCER." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427033.

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Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting women in the Western world. At present, several risk factors have been identified and, among them, the most significant is a positive family history for the disease due to the presence of inherited predisposing germline alterations. Despite the discovery of many susceptibility genes, among which the highly penetrant BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the most relevant, more than 70% of the genetic predisposition to breast cancer remains unexplained. During my three-years Ph.D., I used different analytical approaches to investigate DNA alterations and lo

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21

Skouteri, Meliti. "Characterisation of the avian TopBP1 protein and its functions." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/71339/.

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One of the proteins that lie at the heart of the DNA Damage Response (DDR) is Topoisomerase II-binding protein I (TopBP1). TopBP1 was initially identified and has been extensively studied in the yeast model organisms. However, the lack of readily available tools, including genetically defined mutant cell lines, has rendered the characterisation of TopBP1 in higher eukaryotes more challenging. Sequence information obtained from the characterisation of the gallus gallus TopBP1 mRNA revealed a different splicing pattern at the 5'end to the one reported in the Genome Browser. Our assembled TopBP1

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22

Thomas, David John. "Transcription regulation : models for combinatorial regulation and functional specificity." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/48754/.

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Gene regulation id controlled by transcription factor proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences, known as transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). Combinations of transcription factors working, co-operatively in cis-regulatory modules (CRMs), play a role in regulating gene expression. Current computational methods for TFBS prediction cannot distinguish between functional and non-functional sites, and predict very large numbers of false positives. The thesis focuses on the development of a novel computational model, based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), for the identification of fun

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23

Olukoga, Tomisin. "Investigations into the spatial distribution of γH2AX around a DNA double-strand break and the analysis of double-strand break mobility". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76879/.

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A hallmark of the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is histone H2AX phosphorylation by the protein kinase ATM. H2AX is unevenly distributed throughout chromatin and is rapidly phosphorylated to form γH2AX up to 2 megabases either side of DSBs. Studies in yeast systems have shown that while γH2A can spread in cis surrounding the break site, it can also spread in trans onto unbroken chromosomes located in close spatial proximity. Although the majority of data in the current literature presents the well characterised in cis spread of γH2AX, there are strong indications that it

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24

Mumtaz, Muhammad Ali Shahzad. "High-throughput assessment of small open reading frame translation in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65096/.

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Hundreds of thousands of putative small ORFs (smORFs) sequences are present in eukaryotic genomes, potentially coding for peptides less than 100 amino acids. smORFs have been deemed non-coding on the basis of their high numbers and their small size that makes it extremely challenging to assess their functionality both bioinformatically and biochemically. The recently developed Ribo-Seq technique, which is the deep sequencing of ribosome footprints, has generated significant controversy by showing extensive translation of smORFs outside of annotated protein coding regions, including putative no

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25

Chen, Xiangrong. "Discovering inhibitors of human Bloom syndrome protein (BLM)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2019. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/81304/.

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26

Macpherson, Annie. "Metabolic dysfunction and impairments in the DNA Damage Response : dissecting a pathomechanistic link between Microcephalic Primordial Dwarfisms and cancer cachexia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/71421/.

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27

Li, Dandan. "SOYBEAN QTL FOR YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS ASSOCIATED WITH GLYCINE SOJA ALLELES." UKnowledge, 2006. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/331.

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USA soybean germplasm has a narrow genetic base that could be augmented by alleles from the wild species Glycine soja which positively influence agronomic traits. The objective of this study was to identify such alleles for yield and yield component QTL (quantitative trait loci). Two populations of 150 BC2F4 lines were generated from a mating between recurrent parent Glycine max 7499 and donor parent Glycine soja PI 245331 with one line in each population tracing back to the same BC2 plant. Population A was used for the QTL identification analysis and population B was used for the QTL verifica

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28

Eglinton, Jason Konrad. "Novel alleles from wild barley for breeding malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) /." Title page, abstact and table of contents only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phe313.pdf.

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29

Logan, Angela Berti. "Characterization of new alleles of PHO85, a cyclin-dependent kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29277.pdf.

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30

Qureshi, Aamir M. "Studies of COLIA1 alleles in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis : a summary." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395138.

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Collagen is the major protein of bone, and an intronic polymorphism of the COLIA1 gene is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) and with osteoporotic vertebral fracture. This polymorphism has not been extensively studied in hip fracture. We screened a cohort of 661 females with osteoporotic hip fracture in comparison with 483 controls, and carried out a similar analysis in 169 males. Genotyping was carried out for the COLIA1 <I>sp1</I> and VDR <I>Bsm1</I> polymorphisms. The COLIA 1 <I>Sp1</I> polymorphism was found to be an independent risk factor for hip fracture among females, with

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31

Gruneberg, Ulrike. "The interaction of HLA-DM with conventional MHC class II molecules." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322410.

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32

Melo, Gessica Baptista de. "Identificação de subtipos de Blastocystis sp. isolados de indivíduos acompanhados no Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/99/99131/tde-08022017-071309/.

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Blastocystis sp. é um protozoário comumente encontrado em amostras fecais de humanos e animais, envolto por aspectos patogênicos e zoonóticos ainda controversos. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado a distribuição dos subtipos (STs) de Blastocystis sp., porém são escassos os relatos sobre a sua caracterização molecular na América Latina, sobretudo no Brasil. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os STs presentes em isolados fecais de indivíduos acompanhados no Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP). Para tanto, amostras fecais pos

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33

Johnson, Andrew Danner. "Search for functional alleles in the human genome with focus on cardiovascular disease candidate genes." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1187018497.

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34

Cheung, Ronald Se-Yuen. "Contrasting tumorigenic growth interactions of apoptosis-deficient MYC alleles with Transforming Growth Factor-alpha /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5000.

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35

Hansen, Beverley Nina. "Longevity, behaviour, and mapping of three temperature sensitive adult lethal alleles of Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29862.

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The rate at which an organism ages, as well as the onset of senescence are determined by many factors. Different species, as well as different strains of the same species, have characteristic lifespans. This study is an investigation of three strains of Drosophila melanogaster, to test their influences on ageing and senescence. Temperature-sensitive putative allele mutants [formula omitted], [formula omitted], and [formula omitted], and wild-type Oregon-R (control) Drosophila melanogaster were examined for patterns of age dependent behaviour loss over the course of their adult lifespans. Long

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36

Castle, Marianne Q. L. "Immunogenetics of multiple sclerosis : an investigation of the alleles of the HLD-A region /." View thesis, 1995. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030825.155933/index.html.

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37

Kharazi, Alexandra. "Generation and molecular analysis of dominant negative alleles of anthrax lethal factor in Drosophila." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1453196.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 8, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 26).

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38

Berthenet, Elvire. "Genome evolution and virulence in H. pylori : identifying the genes/alleles underlying phenotype variation." Thesis, Swansea University, 2018. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43683.

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An estimated 50% of all people carry the stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This organism is responsible for gastric problems like gastritis and gastric ulcers, and is one of the major causes of gastric cancer worldwide. Large numbers of people carry this organism asymptomatically and many questions remain about why serious symptoms develop in a subset of infected humans. These extremely recombinant bacteria may take different evolutionary trajectories in different people, and some genomic changes may be associated with gastric cancer. To test this, and learn more about the gen

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39

Walker, Sarah A. "Investigating the role of the ATR-dependent DNA damage response in the aetiology of microcephalic primordial dwarfism disorders." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43346/.

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Repair of damage to the DNA is essential for the maintenance of genomic stability, both during embryonic development and normal growth. The cell has therefore evolved a complex array of interconnected pathways to ensure the appropriate response to DNA damage is initiated, such as cell cycle checkpoint arrest, activation of DNA repair pathways or induction of apoptotic processes. These co-ordinated signal transduction pathways have been termed the DNA damage response (DDR). A previous study showed that ATR-dependent damage responses were frequently defective in cell lines from patients with Mic

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40

Phelps, Sarah. "Analysis of the Ies6 subunit of the INO80 chromatin remodelling complex." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61895/.

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The INO80 complex is a large ATPase chromatin remodeller which contains 15 accessory subunits in S.cerevisiae. Its subunits include the highly conserved ATPases Ruvb1 and Ruvb2, the actin-related proteins Arp5, Arp8, Act1 and Arp4, Actin, and a number of IES (I̱noE̱ighty S̱pecific) subunits Ies1, Ies2, Ies3, Ies4, Ies5 and Ies6, in addition to subunits Nhp10 and Taf14. All 15 of the accessory subunits are assembled around a catalytic core component known as Ino80. The INO80 complex has roles in transcription, DNA repair, replication, and chromosome segregation. These roles are in addition to i

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41

Hart, Lesley Ruth. "Dissecting the genotype to phenotype relationships of genomic disorders." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47112/.

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Over the last decade, major advances in the development and application of microarray-based comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) technology have significantly contributed to our understanding of Genomic Disorders. My aims here were to provide insight into the genotype to phenotype relationships of three Genomic Disorders; CUL4B-deleted X-Linked Mental Retardation (XLMR), Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS) and 16p11.2 Copy Number Variant Disorder. CUL4B encodes a structural component of the Cullin-RING-ligase 4-containing class of E3 ubiquitin ligases. CUL4B-deleted XLMR represents a syndromal

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42

Gossmann, Toni Ingolf. "Investigating genome wide patterns of natural selection in eukaryotes." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43293/.

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Mutations are the ultimate source of new genetic information and they can be neutral, harmful or beneficial. The ultimate fate of all mutations is either to be lost or to eventually become fixed in a population. In this thesis I investigate genome wide traces of natural selection in eukaryotes. I focus on the most common type of mutations, point mutations, in protein coding genes. I investigated whether there is adaptive evolution in 11 plant species comparisons by applying an extension of the McDonald Kreitman (MK) test and found little evidence of adaptive evolution. However, most of the inv

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43

Kaschula, Richard. "The regulation of Hox genes by microRNAs during Drosophila development." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/48805/.

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Hox genes encode a family of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors involved in the activation of diverse cell differentiation programs along the antero-posterior axis of animals. Hox gene expression is controlled by a complex set of regulatory mechanisms which are still not fully understood. Despite this, misregulation of Hox gene expression can lead to severe developmental abnormalities and various forms of disease. This work addresses the way in which small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs, miRNAs) regulate Hox gene expression and function during development. To do this we use the Drosoph

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44

Bartlett, Edward J. "Structural and functional characterisation of the Nonhomologous End-Joining proteins of the archaeon Methanocella Paludicola." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47033/.

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Maintenance of the genome is essential for life to prosper. Regular insults to the genome are sustained by all cellular life and can foster genetic instability if left unrepaired. The most lethal genetic damage is a double strand break (DSB), the cleavage of the phosphate backbone on both strands of the DNA double helix. Two main pathways exist which provide mechanisms for coping with DSBs; precise repair utilising the identical sister chromatid as a template to recreate the broken segment (homologous recombination; HR), and direct fusion of the broken ends in the absence of an intact template

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45

Comyn, Sophie. "Characterization of degradative protein quality control mechanisms using model substrates derived from temperature sensitive alleles." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60239.

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The purpose of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is to maintain proteome integrity, thereby promoting viability at both the cellular and organism levels. Exposure to a range of acute stresses often produces misfolded proteins, which present a challenge to maintaining proteostatic balance. The accumulation of misfolded proteins can lead to the formation of potentially toxic protein aggregates, which are characteristic of a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Therefore, a number of protein quality control pathways exist to promote protein folding by molecul

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46

Campbell, Jackie Bridget. "Increasing wheat hardness locus functionality by increasing puroindoline copy number and introduction of novel alleles." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/campbell/CampbellJ0507.pdf.

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47

Gazzard, James. "Genetic and phenotypic analysis of five alleles of the mutant mouse shaker-with-syndactylism (sy)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342067.

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48

Kaur, Harjeevan. "Influence of Bna.FAD2 alleles on the erucic acid and polyunsaturates content in Brassica napus oil." Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22243/.

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Brassica napus L. (rapeseed) is an economically important oilseed crop worldwide, having uses in both food and non-food sectors. Its industrial applications are linked to the natural occurrence of erucic acid (EA, C22:1), together with other fatty acids in its seeds. EA is a valuable fatty acid that could be derived into products such as erucamide, brassylic acid and pelargonic acid having a wide range of industrial applications such as plasticizers, slip additives, lubricants, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel and many more. EA biosynthesis is controlled by Bna.FAE1s (FATTY ACID ELONGASES 1) in B. n

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49

Catucci, Irene. "Identification of low-penetrance alleles, genetic modifiers and mutation analysis in familial breast cancer cases." Thesis, Open University, 2013. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54681/.

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To date, germline mutations in known high-penetrance genes, mainly BRCAI and BRCA2, and in moderate- and low-penetrance genes are responsible for approximately 30- 35% of breast cancer familial clustering, leaving the majority of them unexplained. In addition, the variability of the risk conferred by BRCAI and BRCA2 mutations suggests the presence of genetic modifiers of this risk. Therefore, the identification and characterization of as many as possible of genetic factors is crucial for risk prediction in members of breast cancer families. In this context, the aim of this thesis was firstly t

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50

Borazjani, Gholami Farimah. "Role of replicative primase in lesion bypass during DNA replication." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68762/.

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Maintenance of genome integrity and stability is fundamental for any form of life. This is complicated as DNA is highly reactive and always under attack from a wide range of endogenous and exogenous sources which can lead to different damages in the DNA. To preserve the integrity of DNA replication, cells hav evolved a variety of DNA repair pathways. DNA damage tolerance mechanisms serve as the last line of defence to rescue the stalled replications forks. TLS, error-prone type of DNA damage tolerance, acts to bypass DNA lesions and allows continuation of DNA replication. Surprisingly majority

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