Tesis sobre el tema "Alkaline nanoparticles"

Considering the worldwide growing discharge of minor actinides and the current need for geological disposal facilities for radioactive waste, this work provides a contribution to the safety case concerning Np transport if it would be released from deep repository sites and moving from alkaline cement conditions (near-field) to more neutral environmental conditions (far-field). The reducing conditions in a nuclear waste repository render neptunium tetravalent, which is assumed to be immobile in aqueous environment due to the low solubility solution of Np(IV). For tetravalent actinide nuclides, the most significant transport should occur via colloidal particles. This work demonstrates the formation of intrinsic neptunium dioxide nanocrystals and amorphous Np(IV) silica colloids under environmentally relevant conditions. The dissociation of the initial soluble Np(IV) complex (i.e. [Np(IV)(CO3)5]6-) induces the intrinsic formation of nanocrystalline NpO2 in the solution phase. The resulting irregularly shaped nanocrystals with an average size of 4 nm exhibit a face-centered cubic (fcc), fluorite-type structure (space group ). The NCs tend to agglomerate under ambient conditions due to the weakly charged hydrodynamic surface at neutral pH (zetapotential ~0 mV). The formation of micron-sized agglomerates, composed of nanocrystals of 2-5 nm in size, and the subsequent precipitation cause immobilization of the major amount of Np(IV) in the Np carbonate system. Agglomeration of NpO2 nanocrystals in dependence on time was indicated by PCS and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy with the changes of baseline characteristics and absorption maximum at 742 nm. Hitherto, unknown polynuclear species as intermediate species of NpO2 nanocrystal formation were isolated from solution and observed by HR-TEM. These polynuclear Np species appear as dimers, trimers and hexanuclear compounds in analogy with those reported for other actinides. Intrinsic formation of NpO2 (fcc) nanocrystals under ambient environmental conditions is prevented by admixing silicic acid: amorphous Np(IV) silica colloids are formed when silicate is present in carbonate solution. Herein, the initial molar ratio of Si to Np in solution lead to the formation of Np(IV) silica particles of different composition and size where Si content determines the structure and stability of resulting colloids. Implications for different electronic structures of Np(IV) in dependence on Si content in the solid phase are given by the shift of the absorption maximum at 742 nm characteristic for Np(IV) colloids, silica excess of 5 times the magnitude of Si to Np reveal a redshift up to 6 nm in the colloidal UV-vis spectrum. Precipitation of Np(IV) particles in the ternary system results in a different coordination sphere of Np(IV) compared to the binary system, and the incorporation of Si into internal structure of Np(IV) silica colloids in coffinite-like structure is confirmed by EXAFS. TEM confirms different kinds of particle morphologies in dependence on the silica content. Silica-poor systems reveal porous particles in the micron-range which consist of irregular cross-linked hydrolyzed Np(IV) silica compartments with pores <15 nm. In contrast, long-term stabilized and silica-enriched systems are characterized by isolated particles with an average particle size of 45 nm. Agglomerates of such isolated Np(IV) silica particles appear as consolidated amorphous solids with a densely closed surface and exhibit no internal fractures. The latter mentioned morphology of Np(IV) silica particles might facilitate the migration behavior of Np(IV) in a stabilized colloidal form under environmental conditions. The silica-enriched particles with densely closed surface are long-term stabilized as colloidal dispersion (>1 year) due to repulsion effects caused by significant surface charge. Particles synthesized from Si/Np = 9/1 carry exclusively negative surface charge in nearly the whole pH range from pH 3 to pH 10 with zetapotential = (-) 5 to (-) 30 mV. The zeta potentials of all particle systems containing silica are significantly shifted to more negative values below pH 7 where the isoelectrical point shifts from pH = 8.0 to 2.6 effecting negative charge under ambient conditions which supports electrostatic stabilization of Np(IV) particles. Particle surface charge at the slipping plane, particle size and shape necessarily depend on the initial magnitude of Si content in solution during particle formation. Particular changes of the morphology and internal structure of different Np(IV) silica colloids by aging are indicated by TEM and XPS. The composition and the crystallinity state of the initially formed amorphous phases partially changed into well-ordered nanocrystalline units characterized with fcc structure. The presence of silicate under conditions expected in a nuclear waste repository significantly influences the solubility of Np(IV) and provoke the stabilization of waterborne Np(IV) up to concentrations of 10-3 M, exceeding Np´s solubility limit by a factor of up 10.000. Neptunium and silicate significantly interact with each other, and thereby changing their individual hydrolysis and polymerization behavior. Silicate prevents the intrinsic formation of NpO2 NCs in fcc-structure, and at the same time, Np(IV) prevents the polymerization of silicate. Both processes result in the formation of Np(IV) silica colloids which possibly influence the migration behavior and fate of Np in the waste repositories and surrounding environments. For tetravalent actinides in general, the most significant transport in the environment would occur by colloidal particles. Therefore, Np(IV) silica colloids could have a significant implication in the migration of Np, the important minor actinide in the waste repositories, via colloidal transport.

In this study we have worked out a new kind of nanodevices based on CaF2 and SrF2 hosts doped with lanthanide ions with upconverting properties. The main aim consists in the development of luminescent, MRI active and multifunctional nanoparticles useful in different biomedical fields. The structural, morphological and optical properties have been investigated with laser spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction technique, electron microscopy technique. The colloidal properties have been studied with the Dynamic Light Scattering technique. The encouraging results prove that the upconverting nanoparticles are good candidates as nanothermometers and nanodelivery cargo systems.

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Medical BioSciences)
Central nervous system (CNS) infections are a therapeutic challenge. This is partly due to insufficient drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized, highly selective, metabolically active physiological barrier that regulates the movement of molecules into-and-out of the brain. As a result, large hydrophilic antibiotics such as colistin poorly penetrate to the CNS. Colistin is an old 'last line of defence'; a gram-negative antibiotic that has seen its clinical re-emergence due to the surge of multidrug resistance (MDR) infections. However, owing to systemic toxicity, increasing the intravenous dosage, in order to obtain higher CNS penetration, is inimical. Chitosan (CS) based nanoparticles (NPs) have been proposed as drug delivery systems across the BBB. CS is a cationic, natural polysaccharide that has the ability to be complexed with multivalent polymers like dextran (DS) thus forming CS-DS NPs. Naturally, CS has remarkable inherent features such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, ability to encapsulate poorly soluble drugs and it is favourable for endothelial cell uptake. However, polymeric NPs (even those derived from natural polysaccharides) have limited use due to toxicity. Considering the vital role of the BBB, toxicity would denote dire effects on CNS functioning. Therefore, treatment of CNS infections fringes on a deeper understanding of the interactions between drug delivery systems and the BBB.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are expected to enter aquatic systems, but there are limited data on how they might affect microbial communities in pathogen impaired streams. We examined microbial community responses to citrate-AgNP (10.9 ± 0.7 nm) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-AgNP (11.0 ± 0.7 nm) based on microbial concentration and enzyme activity in sediment from a pathogen impaired stream. Addition of each nanoparticle to sediment caused at least a 69% decrease in microbial concentration (1,264 ± 93.6 to 127 ± 29.5 CFU/g) and a 62% decrease in β-glucosidase activity (11.7 ± 2.1 to 1.3 ± 0.3 μg/g/h). Each AgNP reduced alkaline phosphatase activity but their effects were not statistically significant. Sediment exposed to 0.108 mg Ag/kg of AgNO3 resulted in a 92% decrease in microbial concentration and a reduced enzyme activity which was not statistically significant. Measured total silver in sediments treated with AgNPs which exhibited significant inhibition effects on the microbial community ranged from 0.19 ± 0.02 to 0.39 ± 0.13 mg Ag/kg. These concentrations tested in this study are much lower than the expected concentrations (2-14 mg Ag/kg) in freshwater sediments. The results of this study demonstrate that AgNPs can alter microbial community activity and population size, which may lead to false negative fecal indicator bacteria detection and enumeration using methods that rely on β-glucosidase activity. We conclude that the presence of AgNPs in impaired streams and recreational waters can influence pathogen detection methods, potentially affecting public health risk estimates.

Fuel cells represent a promising technology for clean power generation because they convert chemical energy (fuel) into electrical energy with high efficiency and low-to-none emission of pollutants. Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) have several advantages compared to the most studied hydrogen and methanol fuel cells. First and foremost, ethanol is a non-toxic liquid, which lowers the investment of handling facilities because the current infrastructure for gasoline can be largely used. Second, ethanol can be conveniently produced from biomass, hence is carbon neutral which mitigates increasing atmospheric CO2. Last but not least, if completely oxidized to CO2, ethanol has a higher energy density than methanol since it can deliver 12 electrons per molecule. The almost exclusive oxidation to acetic acid overshadows the attractiveness of DEFCs considerably, as the energy density is divided by 3. The standard potential of acetic acid formation indicates that a reaction path including acetic acid, leads to inevitable potential losses of about 0.4 V (difference between ideal potential for CO2 and acetic acid "production"). The development of alkaline DEFCs had also been hampered by the lack of stable and efficient anion exchange membranes. Fortunately, this challenge has been well tackled in recent years,8,9 making the development of alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) which are of particular technological interest due to their simple designs and ability to operate at low temperatures (25-100 °C). In alkaline conditions, the kinetic of both the cathodic oxygen reduction and the anodic ethanol oxidation is facilitated. Furthermore, the expensive Pt catalyst can be replaced by the lower-cost and more active transition metals such as Pd. The main objectives of this project are: i) to provide detailed fundamental understanding of ethanol oxidation reaction on transition metal surfaces in alkaline media, ii) to propose the best rational catalyst design strategies to cleave the C–C bond during ethanol electrooxidation. To achieve these goals two methodologies are used, i.e., in-situ identification of ethanol electrooxidation products using polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) and mechanistic investigation using computational studies in the framework of density functional theory (DFT). The PM-IRRAS technique was advanced in this project to the level of distinguishing electrooxidation products at the surface of the nanoparticles (electrode) and in the bulk-phase of the electrolyte. This new PM-IRRAS utility makes it possible to detect molecules such as CO2 which desorbs from the catalyst surface as soon as they are formed. The DFT insights in this project, provides an explanation as to why it is difficult to break the C–C bond in ethanol and is used for screening the top candidate metals for further studies.

Nanoesferas de sílica contendo fluoróforos encapsulados (o complexo quercetina- Al+3 e o corante rodamina B) foram preparadas com alto controle de tamanho e morfologia, utilizando catálise ácida e básica do tetraetilortossilicato (TEOS). As nanopartículas obtidas apresentaram diâmetro da ordem de 200-300 nm, possuindo maior regularidade quando preparadas em meio alcalino. Nas preparações foram utilizados o método de Stöber e o método caroço-casca. Devido à hidrólise da quercetina em meio básico, as partículas funcionalizadas com o flavonóide ou com o complexo quercetina-Al+3, apresentaram maior intensidade de emissão sob catálise ácida. No caso da catálise básica, as partículas apresentaram emissão significativa quando preparadas utilizando um sol de alumina, porém foram obtidos paralelepípedos nanométricos. Os decaimentos de fluorescência para o sistema quercetina-alumina são biexponenciais, em concordância com os dois complexos quercetina-Al+3 formados no interior da nanopartícula de sílica. No caso da rodamina B, foram realizadas medidas de espectroscopia de correlação de fluorescência, que mostraram uma relação entre relaxação difusional com tamanho e autoagregação das partículas.
Silica nanospheres doped with quercetin-Al+3 and rhodamine B were synthesized with high size control and morphology, using acid and basic catalysis of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). The nanoparticle diameter obtained was about 200- 300 nm, with higher regularity when synthesized in alkaline media. The Stöber\'s and core-shell methods were used as preparation methods. Because the alkaline hydrolysis of quercetin, the flavonoid or the quercetin-Al+3 complex doped nanoparticles showed higher emission intensity when acid catalysis was used. When basic catalysis was performed, the particles prepared with an alumina-sol showed expressive emission intensity, but nanometric parallelepipeds were obtained. The quercetin-alumina fluorescence decays are biexponential, agreeing with the two types of quercetin-Al+3 complexes formed in the nanoparticles domain. In the case of rhodamine B, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measurements were performed, showing a relation between diffusion relaxation with size and aggregation behavior.

La lignine est un des polymères naturels les plus abondants et le seul constituant de la biomasse basé sur des unités aromatiques et, à ce titre, représente une ressource renouvelable prometteuse pour la production durable de molécules organiques plus complexes. Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur le développement de matériaux catalytiques capables de transformer sélectivement la lignine en molécules fonctionnelles de base, hautement oxygénées, et l'étude de leur mise en oeuvre en condition alcaline oxydante en utilisant le peroxyde d'hydrogène comme donneur d'oxygène. Différentes familles de matériaux hybrides de type SBA-15 à base de titane, Au/titane, Ag/titane et Fe(TAML) ont tout d'abord été synthétisées et entièrement caractérisées. Des études catalytiques comparatives ont ensuite été réalisées afin d'évaluer leurs performances en termes de degré de dépolymérisation et distribution de produits. Le catalyseur présentant le plus fort potentiel, le matériau TiO2 supporté sur SBA-15, a ensuite été soumis à des études de réactivité plus poussées afin d'optimiser les différents paramètres réactionnels (température, temps de réaction et quantité d'oxydant) permettant d'atteindre en présence d'un excès d'oxydant jusqu'à 90 %pds de conversion de la lignine et à 80°C un rendement en bio-huile de 50%pds constituée principalement d'acides carboxyliques et molécules aromatiques potentiellement valorisables
Lignin is one of the most abundant natural polymers and the only biomass constituent based on aromatic units and as such represents a promising renewable resource for the sustainable production of complex organic molecules. This dissertation reports on the development of catalytic materials capable of selectively transform lignin into basic functional molecules with high oxygen content and the study of their performance under alkaline oxidative conditions, using hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donner. Different families of hybrid materials based on the SBA-15 scaffold were first synthesized by incorporation of titanium, Au/titanium, Ag/titanium and Fe-TAML and completely characterized. Comparative catalytic studies were then accomplished in order to evaluate their performance in terms of degree of depolymerization and product distribution. The catalyst with the highest potential, the TiO2 based SBA-15 material, was then submitted to further reactivity studies in order to optimize the different reaction parameters (temperature, reaction time and quantity of oxidant). In the presence of an excess of oxidant, conversions up to 90 wt. % were obtained, whereas a temperature of 80 °C allowed to obtain a yield in bio-oil of 50 wt. %, which is mainly composed of carboxylic acids and aromatic molecules with potential to be further valorized

A reação de redução de oxigênio (RRO) foi estudada em eletrocatalisadores formados por nanopartículas de óxidos puros e mistos de metais de transição de Mn, Co e Ni, além de estrutura tipo espinel, e por nanopartículas de Ag, Au e Ag3M (M= Au, Pt, Pd e Cu) suportadas em carbono Vulcan, em eletrólito alcalino. Os óxidos de metais de transição foram sintetizados por decomposição térmica de seus respectivos nitratos e as nanopartículas a base de prata e ouro foram sintetizadas por redução química com borohidreto. Os eletrocatalisadores foram caracterizados por Difratometria e Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios X (somente para os óxidos de transição). Os materiais a base de óxidos de manganês, mostraram-se com alta atividade para a RRO, para os quais os resultados espectroscópicos in situ evidenciaram a ocorrência da redução do Mn(IV) para Mn(III), na região de início da RRO. Assim, as atividades eletrocatalíticas foram associadas à ocorrência da transferência de elétrons do Mn(III) para o O2. Entretanto, apresentaram forte desativação após ciclagem potenciodinâmica, o que foi associado à formação da fase Mn3O4, conforme indicado por difratometria de Raios X, após os experimentos eletroquímicos, que é eletroquimicamente inativa. Já o material formado pela estrutura do tipo espinel de MnCo2O4 apresentou alta atividade e estabilidade frente à ciclagem e à RRO. A alta atividade eletrocatalítica foi relacionada a ocorrência do par redox CoII/CoIII em maiores valores de potencial em relação ao CoOx e MnOx, devido a interações entre os átomos de Co e Mn no reticulo espinélico. Contrariamente ao observado nos óxidos com maior quantidade de manganês, o espinel mostrou-se altamente estável, o que foi associada à não alteração de sua estrutura no intervalo de potenciais que a RRO ocorre. Para os materiais bimetálicos a base de prata e ouro, os experimentos eletroquímicos indicaram maior atividade eletrocatalítica para o material de Ag3Au/C. Neste caso, a alta atividade foi associada a dois efeitos principais: (i) a um efeito sinergético, no qual os átomos de ouro atuam na região de ativação, favorecendo a adição de hidrogênio e os átomos vizinhos de prata proporcionam a quebra da ligação O-O, conduzindo a RRO pelo caminho de quatro elétrons por molécula de O2; (ii) ao aumento força da ligação Ag-O, devido à interação da Ag com o Au, resultando em maior atividade para a quebra da ligação O-O, aumentando a atividade da Ag para a RRO, em relação à atividade da Ag pura. Assim, a RRO apresentou menor sobrepotencial e maior número de elétrons em Ag3Au/C, quando comparado com as demais nanopartículas bimetálicas.
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied on electrocatalysts composed by pure and mixed transition metal oxides of Mn, Co, and Ni, including spinel-like structures, and by Ag, Au, and Ag3M/C (M= Au, Pt, Pd e Cu) bimetallic nanoparticles, in alkaline electrolyte. The transition metal oxides were synthesized by thermal decomposition of their nitrates, and the silver and gold-based nanoparticles by chemical reduction using borohydride. The electrocatalysts were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (in the case of the metal oxides). The manganese-based oxide materials showed high activity for the ORR, in which the in situ spectroscopic results evidenced the Mn(IV) to Mn(III) reduction, in the range of the ORR onset. In this case, the electrocatalytic activities were correlated to the transfer of electron from Mn(III) to O2. However, they presented strong deactivation after several potentiodynamic cycles, which was ascribed to the formation of the electrochemically inactive phase of Mn3O4, as indicated by the XRD results, after the electrochemical experiments. On the other hand, the MnCo2O4 spinel-like material showed high activity and stability for the ORR. Its high electocatalytic activity was attributed to the CoII/CoIII redox pair, taking place at higher potentials, in relation to that of the CoOx e MnOx pure phases, due to the Co and Mn interactions in the spinel lattice. Contrarily to the behavior observed for the manganese-based materials, the spinel oxide presented high stability, which was ascribed to the non alteration of its crystallographic structure in the range of potentials tha the ORR takes place. For the Au and Ag-based materials, the electrochemical experiments indicated higher electrocatalytic activities for Ag3Au/C. In this case, its higher activity as associated to two main aspects: (i) to a synergetic effect, in which the gold atoms act in the activation region, facilitating the hydrogen addition, and the neighboring Ag atoms promoting the O-O bond breaking, leading the ORR to the 4-electrons pathway; (ii) to the increased Ag-O bond strength, due to the electronic interaction between Ag and the Au atoms, resulting in a faster O-O bond breaking, enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of the Ag atoms in the Ag3Au/C nanoparticle, in relation to that on the pure Ag. Therefore, the ORR presented lower overpotential and higher number of electrons in the Ag3Au/C electrocatalyst, when compared to the other investigated bimetallic nanoparticles.

Direct ethanol fuel cells have been shown to be a good alternative to internal combustion engines in order to reduce the CO2 emissions. In this study, Pd and Pd-based nanocatalysts were deposited on various supports (carbon black, graphene, SnO2, CeO2, TiO2, TiO2 nanotubes and SnO2/TiO2 nanotubes) and their effects on the catalytic properties of the deposited metal for ethanol oxidation in alkaline media are studied. These modifications to the catalytic systems have shown to cause an increase in the reaction rate at the surface of the catalyst and to reduce the overpotential of the ethanol oxidation reaction. Two different promotion mechanisms have been identified. Firstly, the supply of OH- ions at the metal-support interface facilitates the oxidation of adsorbed molecules on neighbouring Pd sites. Secondly, an increase in electron density of Pd nanoparticles with increasing support reducibility modifies the adsorption strength of ethanol and its oxidation intermediates.

Cette étude traite de la préparation de nanomatériaux à base de palladium et de platine qui ont une morphologie contrôlée, et de la caractérisation de leur activité électrocatalytique vis-à-vis de l'oxydation de l'éthanol, l'éthylène glycol et le glycérol en milieu alcalin. La détermination des différentes propriétés de ces matériaux utilisés comme catalyseurs anodiques a permis la compréhension des étapes clés et l'élucidation des principaux chemins réactionnels impliqués dans la conversion électrochimique de ces alcools utilisables comme combustible dans une pile.Dans ce contexte, ces nanomatériaux ont été synthétisés soit par la méthode d'auto-assemblage électrostatique, soit par la méthode polyol assistée par microondes. Ces méthodes de synthèse chimique choisies car plus adaptées à cette fin, ont permis d'obtenir des nanoparticules de type cœur@coquille dont les atomes de palladium ou de platine sont situés dans la coquille, et le cœur constitué de nickel, ruthénium ou d'étain. Nanomatériaux synthétisés par auto-assemblage électrostatique - Par souci d'économiser les métaux nobles et précieux, sans pour autant perdre en activité, les électrocatalyseurs synthétisés par auto-assemblage électrostatique ont été dispersés dans du carbone Vulcan XC-72R ou déposés sur des Nanotubes de Carbone (NTC) avec un taux de charge métallique de wt. 40%. Les résultats issus des différentes caractérisations physicochimiques ont montré que les matériaux préparés ont des compositions expérimentales (par Spectroscopie de Rayons-X à Dispersion d’Énergie – EDX) similaires aux valeurs nominales ; les paramètres de maille et volume des particule varient légèrement pour les différents matériaux (Microscopie Electronique en Transmission – MET et Diffraction des Rayons X – DRX), mais ont gardé le caractère cristallographique de la structure cubique à faces centrées du palladium et du platine. Les nanoparticules obtenues sont en général de forme sphérique et ont une taille comprise entre 2 et 9 nm ; leur morphologie indique des systèmes très organisés, mais leur structure coeur@coquille n'a pour l'instant pas été formellement déterminée. Des expériences de CO-Stripping ont permis de caractériser électrochimiquement les surfaces actives les matériaux qui ont été synthétisés. Il en résulte leur surface active augmentent de façon très significative des systèmes monométalliques aux électrodes bimétalliques, en particulier les nanocatalyseurs Ru@Pd/NTC et Ni@Pt/NTC qui ont des surfaces spécifiques respectives de 73 et 74 m²g-1Pd/Pt. Concernant l'électrooxydation des alcools en C2 et C3 dans un électrolyte alcalin (1,0 mol L-1 [NaOH] + 0,5 mol L-1 [alcool]), les électrocatalyseurs contenant du platine et déposés sur des nanotubes de carbone ont une meilleure activité électrocatalytique vis-à-vis de l’oxydation du combustible éthylène glycol en termes de densité de courant mesurée à un potentiel de -0,2 V vs. Hg/HgO/OH-. Par exemple, sur l’électrode de composition Ni@Pt/NTC, il a été relevé en début d’expérience de chronoampérométrie une densité de courant de 200 mA mg-1Pt qui a seulement baissé à 180 mA mg-1Pt après une étude qui a duré 90 minutes.Des analyses par chromatographie liquide (CLHP) ont été entreprises pour déterminer les molécules issues de l’oxydation des combustibles susmentionnés. Les taux de conversion de l'éthylène glycol et du glycérol ont respectivement atteint 74 et 58 % après 12 heures d'électrolyse par chronoampérométrie sur les catalyseurs Ru@Pt/NTC et Ni@Pt/NTC. Si l’oxydation du glycérol produit sélectivement des ions formiate et oxalate sur Ru@Pt/NTC, elle conduit majoritairement aux ions tartronate et mesoxalate sur l’électrode Ni@Pt/NTC, révélant ainsi deux chemins réactionnels de la transformation électrochimique du combustible glycérol selon la structure cœur-coquilles du matériau bimétallique
The present study proposes the synthesis of nanocatalysts based on palladium and platinum with high morphological organization and investigates their catalytic activity for the electrooxidation of ethanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol in alkaline medium, seeking to understand the steps and mechanisms involved in these reactions. The nanomaterials were synthesized by the electrostatic self-assembly method and by the polyol microwave-assisted method. The goal was to obtain nanoparticles with morphology inspired by the core@shell-type systems, where the shell layer consists of platinum or palladium, and the core contains nickel, ruthenium, or tin. The electrocatalysts synthesized by the electrostatic self-assembly method were supported on Carbon Vulcan XC-72R or Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT, metal/carbon = 40:60). Morphology characterization data indicated uniform spherical shape nanoparticles with size ranging between 2 and 9 nm, besides, the specific morphology point to a particular degree of organization. However, the presence of the core@shell-type system was not confirmed through this analysis. CO-Stripping experiments demonstrated that the electrochemically active surface area of the bimetallic systems increased significantly, particularly for the nanocatalysts Ru@Pd/CNT and Ni@Pt/CNT, whose surface areas were 72.8 and 74.1 m²g-1Pd/Pt² respectively. Concerning the electrooxidation of C2 and C3 alcohols in alkaline medium (1.0 mol L-1 NaOH + 0.5 mol L-1 Fuel), M@Pt/CNT systems exhibited higher catalytic activity, especially when employing ethylene glycol as the fuel, which provided the highest catalytic current at constant potential (Eapp = -0.2 V vs. Hg/HgO/OH-). Specifically, the Ni@Pt/CNT nominal composition presented catalytic activity of 180 mA mg-1Pt. Electrochemical conversion studies were performed with the ethyleneglycol-Ru@Pt/CNT and glycerol-Ni@Pt/CNT systems, and after 12 hours of electrolysis, conversion reached values around 74% and 58%, respectively. Concerning the preferential mechanisms for glycerol electrooxidation, evaluated by liquid chromatography analysis, glycerate and tartronate ions were the major intermediates formed. The Ru@Pt/CNT nanocatalyst was selective for formate and oxalate ions. In addition, Ni@Pd/CNT generated mesoxalate ion during the reaction, suggesting a dual pathway for glycerol conversion, via tartronate and/or mesoxalate ions.The nanostructured materials synthesized by the polyol microwave-assisted method were supported on carbon Vulcan XC-72R with 20% wt. metallic loading. Briefly, the metal cores were synthesized separately for successive deposition of the noble metal, by employing the consecutive reductions technique. We investigated the palladium-based bimetallic catalysts, with ruthenium or nickel metallic cores, for the electrooxidation of ethylene glycol (0.1 mol L-1) in alkaline medium (0.1 mol L-1 NaOH). Morphology characterization data indicated that Pd/C catalyst displayed different nanoparticle shapes, and particle size ranged from 3 to 40 nm. Ru@Pd/C and Ni@Pd/C displayed spherical shape with particle size between 2 and 7 nm and between 3 and 10 nm, respectively. Ni@Pd/C exhibited the higher activity towards ethylene glycol oxidation in alkaline medium, reaching values of about 80 mA mg-1Pd at the end of chronoamperometry experiments. Overall, combination of the results obtained by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy in situ showed that oxidation of glycolate ion is the limiting step for ethylene glycol conversion in alkaline medium in the presence of palladium-based catalysts. Lower amounts of glycolaldehyde, glyoxylate, and oxalate ions emerged at the end of electrolysis procedure, and no carbonate arose
O presente estudo tem como objetivo propor a síntese de nanocatalisadores à base de paládio e platina com elevada organização morfológica e investigar a referente atividade catalítica ao promover a eletro-oxidação do etanol, etilenoglicol e glicerol em meio alcalino, buscando assim compreender as etapas e mecanismos envolvidos perante estas reações. Neste contexto, os nanomateriais foram sintetizados pelo método de automontagem eletrostática e pelo método de poliol assistido por micro-ondas. Estas metodologias foram selecionadas a fim de obter nanopartículas com morfologia inspirada em sistemas do tipo core@shell (núcleo@casca), empregando átomos de paládio ou platina localizados na casca sobre núcleos de níquel, rutênio ou estanho. Os eletrocatalisadores sintetizados via automontagem eletrostática foram suportados em Carbono Vulcan XC-72R ou Nanotubos de Carbono de paredes múltiplas, com razão metal:carbono igual a 40:60. As nanopartículas obtidas apresentaram tamanho que variou entre 2-9 nm, formato esférico em quase sua totalidade e morfologia que indicava a presença de um determinado grau de organização; entretanto não foi confirmada a presença de sistemas do tipo core@shell. Experimentos de CO-Stripping demonstraram um aumento significativo da área eletroquimicamente ativa dos sistemas bimetálicos, com destaque para os nanocatalisadores Ru@Pd/NTC e Ni@Pt/NTC que apresentaram valores de 72,8 e 74,1 m² g-1Pd/Pt² respectivamente. Perante a eletro-oxidação dos álcoois C2 e C3 em meio alcalino (1,0 mol L-1 [NaOH] + 0,5 mol L-1 [Combustível]), os sistemas que apresentaram atividade catalítica mais elevada foram M@Pt/NTC, destacando o etilenoglicol como o combustível que propiciou a maior corrente catalítica quando submetido a potencial constante (E = -0,2 V vs. Hg/HgO/OH-). Mais especificamente, a composição Ni@Pt/NTC apresentou ao final dos experimentos de cronoamperometria um valor de atividade catalítica da ordem de 180 mA mg-1Pt. Os estudos de conversão eletroquímica demonstraram que ao empregar os sistemas etilenoglicol-Ru@Pt/NTC e glicerol-Ni@Pt/NTC atinge-se valores de conversão eletroquímica da ordem de 74% e 58%, respectivamente, após 12 horas de eletrólise a potencial controlado. Quanto aos mecanismos preferenciais de eletro-oxidação do glicerol, avaliados empregando análises de cromatografia líquida, foi verificada a formação majoritária dos íons glicerato e tartronato. Pontualmente, o nanocatalisador Ru@Pt/NTC indicou seletividade para a produção de íons formato e oxalato. Contudo, o catalisador Ni@Pd/NTC propiciou a eletrogeração do íon mesoxalato, sugerindo uma rota dupla de conversão do glicerol, via formação de íons tartronato e/ou mesoxalato.Os materiais nanoestruturados sintetizados via metodologia poliol assistida por micro-ondas foram suportados em Carbono Vulcan XC-72R com carga metálica igual a 20%. Especificamente para este caso, foram sintetizados os núcleos metálicos separadamente, para posterior deposição do metal nobre, empregando a técnica de reduções consecutivas. Foram investigados catalisadores bimetálicos à base de paládio, com núcleos de rutênio ou níquel, para promover a eletro-oxidação do etilenoglicol (0,1 mol L-1) em meio alcalino (0,1 mol L-1 NaOH). As nanopartículas de Pd/C apresentaram diferentes formatos e intervalo de tamanho entre 3-40nm. Para os catalisadores Ru@Pd/C e Ni@Pd/C foram verificados sistemas esféricos com variação do tamanho de partículas entre 2-7 nm e 3-10 nm, respectivamente. Os nanomateriais de composição nominal Ni@Pd/C exibiram elevada atividade para oxidar as moléculas de etilenoglicol em meio alcalino, atingindo valores da ordem de 80 mA mg-1Pd ao final dos experimentos de cronoamperometria

Since its initial proposal in 1998, alkaline hydrothermal processing has rapidly become an established technology for the production of titanate nanostructures. This simple, highly reproducible process has gained a strong research following since its conception. However, complete understanding and elucidation of nanostructure phase and formation have not yet been achieved. Without fully understanding phase, formation, and other important competing effects of the synthesis parameters on the final structure, the maximum potential of these nanostructures cannot be obtained. Therefore this study examined the influence of synthesis parameters on the formation of titanate nanostructures produced by alkaline hydrothermal treatment. The parameters included alkaline concentration, hydrothermal temperature, the precursor material‘s crystallite size and also the phase of the titanium dioxide precursor (TiO2, or titania). The nanostructure‘s phase and morphology was analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (non-invasive backscattering), nitrogen sorption, and Rietveld analysis were used to determine phase, for particle sizing, surface area determinations, and establishing phase concentrations, respectively. This project rigorously examined the effect of alkaline concentration and hydrothermal temperature on three commercially sourced and two self-prepared TiO2 powders. These precursors consisted of both pure- or mixed-phase anatase and rutile polymorphs, and were selected to cover a range of phase concentrations and crystallite sizes. Typically, these precursors were treated with 5–10 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions at temperatures between 100–220 °C. Both nanotube and nanoribbon morphologies could be produced depending on the combination of these hydrothermal conditions. Both titania and titanate phases are comprised of TiO6 units which are assembled in different combinations. The arrangement of these atoms affects the binding energy between the Ti–O bonds. Raman spectroscopy and XPS were therefore employed in a preliminary study of phase determination for these materials. The change in binding energy from a titania to a titanate binding energy was investigated in this study, and the transformation of titania precursor into nanotubes and titanate nanoribbons was directly observed by these methods. Evaluation of the Raman and XPS results indicated a strengthening in the binding energies of both the Ti (2p3/2) and O (1s) bands which correlated to an increase in strength and decrease in resolution of the characteristic nanotube doublet observed between 320 and 220 cm.1 in the Raman spectra of these products. The effect of phase and crystallite size on nanotube formation was examined over a series of temperatures (100.200 �‹C in 20 �‹C increments) at a set alkaline concentration (7.5 M NaOH). These parameters were investigated by employing both pure- and mixed- phase precursors of anatase and rutile. This study indicated that both the crystallite size and phase affect nanotube formation, with rutile requiring a greater driving force (essentially �\harsher. hydrothermal conditions) than anatase to form nanotubes, where larger crystallites forms of the precursor also appeared to impede nanotube formation slightly. These parameters were further examined in later studies. The influence of alkaline concentration and hydrothermal temperature were systematically examined for the transformation of Degussa P25 into nanotubes and nanoribbons, and exact conditions for nanostructure synthesis were determined. Correlation of these data sets resulted in the construction of a morphological phase diagram, which is an effective reference for nanostructure formation. This morphological phase diagram effectively provides a .recipe book�e for the formation of titanate nanostructures. Morphological phase diagrams were also constructed for larger, near phase-pure anatase and rutile precursors, to further investigate the influence of hydrothermal reaction parameters on the formation of titanate nanotubes and nanoribbons. The effects of alkaline concentration, hydrothermal temperature, crystallite phase and size are observed when the three morphological phase diagrams are compared. Through the analysis of these results it was determined that alkaline concentration and hydrothermal temperature affect nanotube and nanoribbon formation independently through a complex relationship, where nanotubes are primarily affected by temperature, whilst nanoribbons are strongly influenced by alkaline concentration. Crystallite size and phase also affected the nanostructure formation. Smaller precursor crystallites formed nanostructures at reduced hydrothermal temperature, and rutile displayed a slower rate of precursor consumption compared to anatase, with incomplete conversion observed for most hydrothermal conditions. The incomplete conversion of rutile into nanotubes was examined in detail in the final study. This study selectively examined the kinetics of precursor dissolution in order to understand why rutile incompletely converted. This was achieved by selecting a single hydrothermal condition (9 M NaOH, 160 °C) where nanotubes are known to form from both anatase and rutile, where the synthesis was quenched after 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 hours. The influence of precursor phase on nanostructure formation was explicitly determined to be due to different dissolution kinetics; where anatase exhibited zero-order dissolution and rutile second-order. This difference in kinetic order cannot be simply explained by the variation in crystallite size, as the inherent surface areas of the two precursors were determined to have first-order relationships with time. Therefore, the crystallite size (and inherent surface area) does not affect the overall kinetic order of dissolution; rather, it determines the rate of reaction. Finally, nanostructure formation was found to be controlled by the availability of dissolved titanium (Ti4+) species in solution, which is mediated by the dissolution kinetics of the precursor.

Clusters/nanoparticles are aggregates of a “small” number of building blocks, atoms or molecules, ranging from two up to millions of atoms. Two main groups of clusters have been studied using photoelectron spectroscopy based on synchrotron radiation. They are dry/wet alkali-halide clusters, including pure water clusters, and metal-based nanoparticles. For the dry alkali halide clusters, analysis of the data and theoretical modeling has allowed us insights into the local electronic properties at nanoscale: a change of polarizability of ions in the alkali-halide clusters due to the varying environment has been suggested. The study of the wet salt clusters shows that the alkali-halides are already solvated at the nanoscale reached by water clusters doped with salt vapor. The photoelectron angular distribution of water cluster shows lower anisotropy parameters as compared to the separate monomers. A model based on intracluster scattering has been built to partly explain the reduction. In the last part of the thesis, metal-based multi-component nanoparticles have been produced by self-assembly processes using reactive magnetron sputtering. Depending on the specific metal element, oxidation processes have been applied before or after the aggregation. Clearly radial distributions such as core-shell and “sandwich-like” structures have unambiguously determined by photoelectron spectroscopy.

Abstract In this work, evolution of structural properties of anhydrous and hydrated alkali halide clusters are studied using synchrotron radiation based photoelectron spectroscopy. Alkali metal core level spectra of small anhydrous RbCl, RbBr, CsCl and CsBr clusters indicate a NaCl structure. For larger CsBr clusters a structural phase transition to CsCl structure is likely the case. Alkali halide core level spectra of mixed RbBr-water clusters indicate that at dilute concentration the salt is dissolved by the water cluster but ion pairing increases with concentration. Modeling of gas phase cluster formation and electronic structure calculations of core level chemical shifts are used to interpret the experimental spectra.

碩士
義守大學
材料科學與工程學系
102
In recent years, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have brought attention to the potential application of the field of Regenerative Medicine, such as tissue repair. In this investigation, the combination of molecular imprinting technique and fluorescent signaling compartment (zinc oxide) leads to the formation of alkaline phosphatase- and octamer4- imprinting composite nanoparticles with the phase inversion of poly(ethylene-co-ethylene alcohol)s. The characterization of molecularly imprinted poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) coated zinc oxide/Fe3O4 composite nanoparticles were further analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X ray diffraction (XRD), fluorescence spectrophotometer (PL), superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The mean size of magnetic/ZnO composite nanoparticles was 108.5 ± 13nm. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of composite nanoparticles, having a green fluorescence with an emission at 510 nm was obtained under the excitation at 360 nm. ALP- and Oct4- MIP composite nanoparticles were applied to detect the concentration of alkaline phosphatase and and Oct4 (Octamer4) using PL, respectively. Finally, iPSC cell have been successfully labeled by ALP-MIP magnetic optical composite nanoparticles.

碩士
國立交通大學
材料科學與工程學系
98
Non-platinum based electrochemical active materials were developed to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in an alkaline electrolyte. Many research indicated that the silver has demonstrate excellent ability for ORR. In addition, the morphology of silver affected its ability greatly. For this reason, it is our objective to control the morphology of silver particles to promote ORR ability. First, we followed the self-established synthesis condition to fabricate silver cubes and truncated cubes to increase the specific facets with better catalysis for ORR. Second, silver nanorods in various aspect ratios were synthesized and the ORR analysis was carried out. Finally, to increase the stability of silver for ORR, Ag@C was synthesized to stabilize the structure of silver. In the synthesis for truncated cubes, we employed a hydrothermal method to form the desirable morphology. From the IV TEM images, we confirmed that an effective control for the concentration of surfactant and reducing agent could change the growth rate of at different faces. From the XRD, it revealed that the ratio of (111) to (200) has changed notably. Finally, we determine that the morphology with better performance is truncated cube instead of regular cube for ORR. As expected, the silver nanoparticles with different sizes have different electro-catalytic activities for ORR. In the second part, silver nanorods were synthesized by adding different concentrations of iron ions to control silver seed. From TEM images, they confirmed that different aspect ratios of silver nanorods were synthesized successfully. We determined that the structure of silver nanorod was fcc from XRD. The potentiodynamic test demonstrated that the ORR was improved by increasing the aspect ratio of silver nanorods. Carbon-decorated silver truncated cubes with a core-shell structure were formed by a two-stage hydrothermal synthesis. From TEM images, they confirmed that the thickness of carbon shell was effectively controlled depending on processing time. From XRD, the structure was still fcc. Finally, the Ag@C structure was prepared in optimized parameter, revealing outstanding performances for ORR.

碩士
長庚大學
化工與材料工程學系
102
Compared to other liquid fuels of fuel cells (FCs), ethanol is environmentally friendly and can be massively produced by biomass or agriculture. Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) are considered more and more important on mobile and portable applications. In this study, a variety of binary Pt-Pd/ graphene (Pt-Pd/G) electrocatalysts for the anode were prepared with different parameters through using ethylene glycol (EG) as the reducing agent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were adopted to characterize the different catalysts. Meanwhile, the electrochemical properties for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) of these catalysts were also evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 1 M KOH electrolyte. The best catalyst for the anode of DEFCs was found to be the 30 wt. % Pt1-Pd3/G (3.62 nm) with the specific loading and composition in terms of their electrochemical properties.

碩士
元智大學
化學工程與材料科學學系
96
The physical dispersion, suspension stability and resuspension after precipitation of aqueous suspensions of Degussa P25 powders in alkaline condition (pH7-12) was investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), apparent turbidity, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). DLS was used to obtain time evolution of the histograms of particles at upper and lower layers of the suspensions. FESEM was used to confirm the size distribution of coverage. Experimental parameters include pH value, stirring conditions, surfactant and sodium salt addition, and pH adjustment. The results suggested that in alkaline condition, the stability of P25 suspension increased with increasing initial pH and reached its peak at pH11 but decreased further with increasing pH. Resuspension of precipitated suspensions cannot reverse the stability achieved with freshly prepared ones. Extended ultrasound treatment significantly improved the stability those pH8 ones but not so for the pH11. For suspensions of different pH value, the addition of sodium chloride to adjust to the same the sodium ion concentration leads to reduced electrical double layer thickness, thereby enhanced particle agglomeration and speed up particle settling. Initial pH value appeared to be critical to suspension stability, pH adjustment after suspensions were made may not help improve stability.

碩士
長庚大學
化工與材料工程學系
100
In this study, we have synthesized the Pt nanoparticles which average diameter was 1-2 nm by colloidal particles, and chose carbon black, graphene and via ammonium sulfate modification of graphene as a carbon support. In alkaline solution, when we added polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution and Nafion solution acted as ionomer, we compared them. Consequently, we evaluated the performance of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution as ionomer in methanol oxidation reaction and reliability for number of cycles under different scanning. We have used Pt / carbon black, Pt / graphene and Pt / sulfonated graphene to modify glass carbon electrode. No matter in which kind of catalysts added polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution as ionomer, all the kind of catalysts could present excellent performance. By cyclic voltammetry, after all the kind of catalysts scaned 50 cycles, they shown the largest methanol oxidation activity 666.67, 1501.69 and 2371.31 mA / mgPt, respectively. In addition, the methanol oxidation activity of Pt / sulfonated graphene were better than other two kind of catalysts. When the scan cycle was the 200th, the methanol oxidation activity decreased to 294.09, 1162.03, and 2156.54 mA / mgPt, respectively, and also meant that the reliability of Pt / sulfonated graphene better than the other two kind of catalysts.

碩士
國立高雄大學
化學工程及材料工程學系碩士班
100
In this study, by using lentiviral vector with four transcription factors (Oct4、Sox2、C-myc、Klf4) reprogrammed Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK293 cells) to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).With cell morphology observation and variety of methods to identify its gene expression, such as agarose gel DNA electrophoresis, real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence and Raman spectroscopy analysis. In the cell growth procedure, alkaline phosphatase concentration is closely related. Therefore, alkaline phosphatase-imprinted poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)/quantum dots composite nanoparticles can be labeling and sensing those molecules in the cells. Finally, nanoparticles were prepared for the detection of alkaline phosphatase in cell medium and compared with commercial ARCHITECT ci 8200 system.

Methods for integrating enzyme systems with electrochemical reactions having applications to diagnostic sensing are described. Diagnostic tests that include biological molecules can be classified as biosensors. Existing testing methods often require trained technicians to perform, and laboratory settings with complex infrastructure. The theme of this dissertation is the development of methods that are faster, easier to use, and more applicable for non-laboratory environments. These goals are accomplished in systems using enzymatic catalysis and galvanic processes. Two biosensors with specific model pathologies have been designed and demonstrated in this study. The first assay senses a DNA fragment representing the Epstein Barr virus and uses enzyme-mediated Ag deposition over a v microfabricated chip. The chip contains a specially designed pair of electrodes in an interdigitated array (IDA). Detection is signaled by a change in the resistance between the two electrodes. The second biosensor discussed in this study is targeted towards the digestive enzyme trypsin. It is selfpowered due to its construction within an open-circuit galvanic cell. In this system, a small volume of blood serum is introduced onto the device over barriers made of protein and Al that block the anode from solution. In the presence of trypsin, the protein gel is rendered more permeable to sodium hydroxide. Adding hydroxide initiates the dissolution of the Al layer, closing the cell circuit and illuminating a light-emitting diode (LED). A relationship was observed between LED illumination time and trypsin concentration. Biosensors that utilize enzymes to generate or amplify a detectable signal are widely used, and the final project of this study uses a nanoparticle based approach to protect the catalytic activity of alkaline phosphatase (AlkP) from hostile chemicals. By incubating Au colloid with AlkP overnight and adding Ag+, core@shell nanoparticles of Au@Ag2O can be isolated that show AlkP activity. The resulting enzyme-metal composite material was analytically characterized and demonstrated greater activity in the presence of organic inhibitors relative to either wild type vi or Au colloid-associated AlkP without the Ag2O shell. The stabilization procedure is complete in one day using a onepot synthesis. This method may provide opportunities to carry out biosensing chemistry in previously incompatible chemical environments.
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碩士
元智大學
化學工程學系
92
At present, over 60 million liters per year of 10-15 % copper-containing waste etchants (CCWEs) generated from printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing are disposed of in Taiwan. The CCWEs are mainly composed of copper chloride, hydrochloric acid, and water. Since the disposal of the etchants without proper treatment has posed an environmental problem, the separation or storage method have been previously used. Therefore, resource recovery of these undesired waste etchants in the form of high-purity CuCl2, would be economically and environmentally attractive. Experimentally, the CuO nanoparticles were recovered from CCWEs by using hydrothermal and ultrasonic neutralization with alkali hydroxide. The control factors of the synthetic experiments included the neutralization types, pH values, reaction temperatures or calcined temperatures of CuO products. In the neutralization process by addition of the NaOH into the CCWEs, the precipitates of CuCl2．3Cu(OH)2 and Cu(OH)2 were formed below 40℃at pH = 5-8 and 9, respectively. However, the CuO nanoparticles were produced above 40℃ and pH＞10. The properties of liquid residues and CuO precipitates were further analyzed by using ICP/AES, XRD, FESEM, TEM, XPS, EPR or EXAFS/XANES spectroscopy. From the FE-SEM microphotos, needle and slit shape CuO residues were found below and above 40℃, respectively. The comparison of the results for hydrothermal forward- or backward-neutralization with ultrasonic neutralization methods, the later one had the advantages of shorter reaction times and smaller CuO particles with diameters of approximately 25-100 nm and lengths of 50-400 nm. By using TGA method, the chlorine-free CuO nanoparticles were formed and confirmed at pH > 12. The XRPD patterns showed the precipitates transformed from CuCl2．3Cu(OH)2 to CuO at pH = 10-12. Existence of the Cu(II) was also confirmed by XANES and XPS spectroscopy. The CuO nanoparticles with a square-plane structure were observed by EPR spectra. The CuO nanoparticle with a Cu-O bond distance of 1.94 ± 0.02 Å and a coordination number of 3.5 ± 0.1 was also measured by EXAFS spectroscopy. From ICP/AES data, more than 99% of the copper in CuO recovered from CCWEs. The major by-products in recovered CuO nanoparticles were NaCl, H2O, and trace heavy metals such as Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn or Cr. Keywords: PCB, Copper chloride etchant waste, Alkali Neutralization, Hydrothermal and ultrasonic neutralization, CuO nanoparticles, XANES, EXAFS.

碩士
淡江大學
化學學系碩士班
93
In the first part, gold nanoparticles with surface modification of bifuncionalities, thioctic acid (TA) and crown ether, were prepared for studies of alkali metal ion sensing. The sensing ability of the GNPs toward K+ and Na+ can be realized by color changes, from red to blue, upon adding metal ions. Such transform is triggered by a 2-to-1 sandwich complexation of 15-crown-5 to K+ and 12-crown-4 to Na+. The alkyl linkage is also found to influence the sensing efficiency. Crown-CH2O(CH2)4S-GNPs showed significantly higher complexation rates than those with longer alkyl linkages. This is possibly due to the cooperative effect that the similar of TA and butyl group pre-organized crown moieties. This method is applied to the qualitative determination of K+ and Na+ in human urine samples by UV-vis spectrometry, and the results are in good agreement with those obtained from ICP-AES. In the second part, a series of cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals are doped with GNPs covered with liquid crystals. The changes in transition temperatures decrease with increasing doping ratios. By careful examination of the optical textures under polarized optical microscope, differences can be observed before and after doping. The differences in textures are attributed to the change in intermolecular packings upon doing.