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1
Kong, Lijuan, Zirui Fan, Wenchen Ma, Jiatao Lu y Yazhou Liu. "Effect of Curing Conditions on the Strength Development of Alkali-Activated Mortar". Crystals 11, n.º 12 (25 de noviembre de 2021): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121455.
Resumen
In this study, the strength development and microstructure evolution of alkali-activated fly ash (AAF), granulated blast furnace slag (AAG), and metakaolin (AAM) mortars under standard curing, steam curing, and oven curing conditions were investigated. The results show that 80 °C steam curing was more suitable for AAF mortar. Although oven curing was not as good as steam curing under the same temperature, the water evaporation increased the volume density of the N-A-S-H gel and refined the pore structure. For AAG mortar, the strength developed according to a Boltzmann function with time under steam curing conditions, which increased rapidly in the first 8 h, but grew little after about 15 h. Moreover, the strength development was severely limited by steam curing at 60 °C, and decreased under oven curing conditions due to the formation of microcracks that were induced by temperature stress and chemical shrinkage. For AAM mortar, the strength developed according to an Allometric power function with time under steam curing conditions, and the N-A-S-H gel formed in AAM had a higher polymerization degree and denser structure compared to that in AAF. The compressive strength of AAM mortar was 31.7 MPa after 80 °C steam curing for 4 h, and the standard curing time required to reach the same strength was less than 24 h, indicating that the standard curing was more suitable.
2
Thomas, Shobha Elizabeth, S. Sreeja, A. Muhsin Lebba y K. P. Ramaswamy. "Effect of sucrose on slag-fly ash-based alkali activated paste". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1237, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2023): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1237/1/012003.
Resumen
Abstract One of the major concerns in the concrete industry is to improve the sustainability by adopting durable concrete with low energy intensity. This resulted in the remarkable progress on Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC). The AAC consists of a binder system made of a solid aluminosilicate source powder as precursor which needs to be activated by a solid or dissolved alkali activator. Considering the strength as well as durability, Alkali Activated Materials (AAM) has proved to be a novel material that could potentially replace the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The properties of AAM including lower carbon footprint, valorization of industrial waste materials, sustainable as well as economical characteristics has resulted in an increased research interest. Among variety of precursors available, slag based AAM has the ability to acquire strength under ambient curing. But the factors keeping it away from a wide acceptance includes its fast setting as well as low workability. This paper describes the study on effect of sucrose, a bio-additive in slag-fly ash based AAM for improving its setting time and workability. From the experimental results, sucrose has been proven as a good retarder and helps to improve the workability.
3
Bumanis, G. y D. Bajare. "Porous alkali activated materials with slow alkali release dynamic. Role of composition". Materiales de Construcción 68, n.º 329 (7 de febrero de 2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2018.14016.
Resumen
Alkali activated materials (AAM) based on calcined metakaolin or illite clay together with waste by-products, such as waste glass or aluminium scrap recycling waste, were tested as value-added materials for pH stabilization in biogas technology where decrease of pH should be avoided. Porous materials with ability to slowly leach alkalis in the water media thus providing continuous control of the pH level were obtained. XRD, FTIR, SEM and titration methods were used to characterize AAM and their leaching properties. It is clear that composition of the material has an important effect on the diffusion of alkali from structure. Namely, higher Si/Al and Na/Al molar ratios may increase pore solution transfer to the leachate. The leaching rate of alkalis from the structure of AAM is high for the first few days, decreasing over time. It was possible to calculate the buffer capacity from the mixture design of AAM.
4
Lanjewar, Bhagyashri A., Ravijanya Chippagiri, Vaidehi A. Dakwale y Rahul V. Ralegaonkar. "Application of Alkali-Activated Sustainable Materials: A Step towards Net Zero Binder". Energies 16, n.º 2 (15 de enero de 2023): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020969.
Resumen
Economic growth and rapid urbanization have resulted in the increase in demand for infrastructure development. To meet this ever increasing demand, conventional construction materials such as concrete are used, which requires an energy intensive process that in turn impacts the environment adversely. Ordinary Portland Cement, being the dominant binder in the industry, contributes around 8% of worldwide annual carbon emissions, and this is expected to reach around 20% by 2050. Population growth has resulted in the significant increase in agro-industrial waste generation during recent years. Inadequate waste management raises a number of environmental concerns. With the growing economy and rising living standards, global raw material consumption is expected to double by 2060. The reutilization of waste materials will aid in their management, while conserving the available resources. Alkali-activated materials (AAM) have recently been introduced as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional binders with fewer environmental impacts. AAM reduce the need for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by substituting it with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and therefore, reducing the amount of subsequent carbon emissions. Alkali activation is a complex chemical process between the precursors (alumino-silicate materials) and their dissolution in the activators. Different materials react to alkali activators in different ways depending on their properties. The current study aims to provide a critical review of potential agro-industrial wastes on the fresh and hardened properties of alkali-activated concrete (AAC). To understand the design and development of AAC, influencing the parameters such as the molarity of NaOH, alkali activators, and the ratio of the activators have been discussed in detail. The curing regime and its effect on the behavior of alkali-activated concrete are mentioned. The different admixtures used to regulate the properties of AAC are highlighted. AAC exhibited optimized embodied energy, operational energy, life cycle cost, CO2 emission, and raw material consumption rates than the conventional concrete did. However, these results varied based on the precursors used in them. This paper focuses on the design and development of AAC, and it should be viewed as an important contribution towards the adoption of AAC in practical applications. The study presents the potential of AAM as a net zero binder in the making of sustainable concrete with enhanced properties.
5
Joseph, Shiju, Siva Uppalapati y Ozlem Cizer. "Instantaneous activation energy of alkali activated materials". RILEM Technical Letters 3 (12 de marzo de 2019): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2018.78.
Resumen
Alkali activated materials (AAM) are generally cured at high temperatures to compensate for the low reaction rate. Higher temperature accelerates the reaction of AAM as in cement-based materials and this effect is generally predicted using Arrhenius equation based on the activation energy. While apparent activation energy is calculated from parallel isothermal calorimetry measurements at different temperatures, instantaneous activation energy is typically measured using a differential scanning calorimeter. Compared to the apparent activation energy, instantaneous activation energy has minimal effects on the microstructural changes due to the variation in temperature. In this work, the evolution of activation energy was determined by traditional methods and was compared with the instantaneous activation energy. It was found that while the activation energy changed with the progress of reaction over traditional methods, the instantaneous activation energy did not show any changes / or remained the same. The instantaneous activation energy was also found to be higher compared to the apparent activation energy determined with traditional methods.
6
Lin, Chan-Yi y Tai-An Chen. "Effects of Composition Type and Activator on Fly Ash-Based Alkali Activated Materials". Polymers 14, n.º 1 (24 de diciembre de 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010063.
Resumen
The compressive strengths of fly ash-based alkali-activated materials (AAM), produced using various activators of only sodium hydroxide, were measured. Fly ash-based AAM specimens, produced by mixing different kinds of fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFs) with an activator containing only sodium hydroxide, were cured at ambient temperature, and then placed in air for different numbers of days. The short- and long-term compressive strengths and shrinkage of fly ash-based AAM were measured and compared to one another. The effects of type of fly ash, alkali-equivalent content, GGBFs replace percentage, and ages on the compressive strengths and shrinkage of fly ash-based AAM were investigated. Even when different fly ash was used as the raw material for AAM, a similar compressive strength can be achieved by alkali-equivalent content, GGBFs replaces percentage. However, the performance of shrinkage due to different types of fly ash differed significantly.
7
Faridmehr, Iman, Moncef L. Nehdi, Mehdi Nikoo, Ghasan Fahim Huseien y Togay Ozbakkaloglu. "Life-Cycle Assessment of Alkali-Activated Materials Incorporating Industrial Byproducts". Materials 14, n.º 9 (5 de mayo de 2021): 2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092401.
Resumen
Eco-friendly and sustainable materials that are cost-effective, while having a reduced carbon footprint and energy consumption, are in great demand by the construction industry worldwide. Accordingly, alkali-activated materials (AAM) composed primarily of industrial byproducts have emerged as more desirable alternatives to ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based concrete. Hence, this study investigates the cradle-to-gate life-cycle assessment (LCA) of ternary blended alkali-activated mortars made with industrial byproducts. Moreover, the embodied energy (EE), which represents an important parameter in cradle-to-gate life-cycle analysis, was investigated for 42 AAM mixtures. The boundary of the cradle-to-gate system was extended to include the mechanical and durability properties of AAMs on the basis of performance criteria. Using the experimental test database thus developed, an optimized artificial neural network (ANN) combined with the cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA) was developed to estimate the CO2 emissions and EE of AAMs. Considering the lack of systematic research on the cradle-to-gate LCA of AAMs in the literature, the results of this research provide new insights into the assessment of the environmental impact of AAM made with industrial byproducts. The final weight and bias values of the AAN model can be used to design AAM mixtures with targeted mechanical properties and CO2 emission considering desired amounts of industrial byproduct utilization in the mixture.
8
Thomas, Shobha Elizabeth, A. Muhsin Lebba, S. Sreeja y K. P. Ramaswamy. "Effect of borax in slag-fly ash-based alkali activated paste". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1237, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2023): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1237/1/012006.
Resumen
Abstract Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC) uses source materials rich in aluminosilicates to gain the properties superior to OPC based concrete. Alkaline chemicals are used to activate reaction in aluminosilicate precursors. In this study a combination of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) and fly ash with low calcium content (class F) is used as precursor and the activator used to activate the precursor is a combination of NaOH pellets and sodium silicate solution. Research interest in alkali activated materials (AAM) has grown as a result of its unique characteristics, which include less greenhouse gas emissions during its production, effective utilization of industrial waste materials, and sustainable as well as economic attributes. However, its quick setting as well as poor workability are deterring its widespread popularity. Though borax has been identified as a good retarder for cement-based materials, its effect on the blast furnace slag-fly ash-based alkali activated system with respect to the control factors were less investigated. The setting time, penetration resistance and workability of Alkali Activated Paste (AAP) is studied to identify the effect of borax with respect to the control factors. The potential of borax in AAM to improve its workability qualities were studied. According to the experimental results obtained, borax is a good retarder for slag-fly ash-based AAP and it could improve workability.
9
Qin, Yongjun, Changwei Qu, Cailong Ma y Lina Zhou. "One-Part Alkali-Activated Materials: State of the Art and Perspectives". Polymers 14, n.º 22 (21 de noviembre de 2022): 5046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14225046.
Resumen
Alkali-activated materials (AAM) are recognized as potential alternatives to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to limit CO2 emissions and beneficiate several wastes into useful products. Compared with its counterparts involving the concentrated aqueous alkali solutions, the development of “just add water” one-part alkali-activated materials (OP-AAM) has drawn much attention, mainly attributed to their benefits in overcoming the hazardous, irritating, and corrosive nature of activator solutions. This study starts with a comprehensive overview of the OP-AAM; 89 published studies reported on mortar or concrete with OP-AAM were collected and concluded in this paper. Comprehensive comparisons and discussions were conducted on raw materials, preparation, working performance, mechanical properties, and durability, and so on. Moreover, an in-depth comparison of different material pretreatment methods, fiber types, and curing methods was presented, and their potential mechanisms were discussed. It is found that ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) provides the best mechanical properties, and the reuse of most aluminosilicate materials can improve the utilization efficiency of solid waste. The curing temperature can be improved significantly for precursor materials with low calcium contents. In order to overcome the brittleness of the AAM, fiber reinforcement might be an efficient way, and steel fiber has the best chemical stability. It is not recommended to use synthetic fiber with poor chemical stability. Based on the analysis of current limitations, both the recommendations and perspectives are laid down to be the lighthouse for further research.
10
Ali, Barham. "Evaluation of Alkali-Activated Mortar Incorporating Combined and Uncombined Fly Ash and GGBS Enhanced with Nano Alumina". Civil Engineering Journal 10, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2024): 902–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-03-016.
Resumen
The present research focuses on assessing the fresh and hardened properties as well as the durability performance of alkali-activated mortar in an ambient environment and the impact of integrating nano-alumina (NA) at a 2% ratio as a substitute for binder materials in alkali-activated mortar (AAM). Additionally, it assesses the effectiveness of alkali-activated mortar employing different blends of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash as environmentally friendly substitute building materials. Fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast slag (GGBS), and an equal mixture of GGBS and FA make up these binder ingredients. As a result, the main binders contain GGBS, FA, or a 50/50 mixture of GGBS and FA. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration is fixed at a 12-molarity level, and the alkali activator solution to binder ratio is kept at 0.5. In the alkali solution, the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide is always 2.5. The study evaluates various properties of AAM, such as compressive strength, flowability, unit weight, flexural tensile strength, and durability, under ambient conditions at a steady room temperature of 23±3°C. Results indicate that AAM mixtures devoid of NA exhibit a higher flow rate compared to those containing NA. Nonetheless, the flowability of AAM mixtures aligns well with standard requirements, being modest yet adequate. Significantly, the inclusion of NA enhances the mechanical properties and durability of AAM, demonstrating its beneficial effects. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-03-016 Full Text: PDF
11
Bumanis, Girts y Danutė Vaičiukynienė. "Alkali Activation of Milled Red Brick Waste and Calcined Illite Clay with Silica Gel Addition". Materials 15, n.º 9 (28 de abril de 2022): 3195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093195.
Resumen
The role of precursor characteristics and mixture composition design of alkali-activated materials (AAM) has been intensively researched with different types of alumino-silicate sources. Two illite-based precursors were prepared and investigated—(i) raw illite clay (IC) treated in a laboratory at 700, 750, and 800 ∘C and (ii) a red brick waste coming from the brick production plant. The fineness of precursors was determined and compared. The precursors were activated with 6 M and 7 M NaOH alkali solutions. Silica gel addition was considered in the composition of AAM. The XRD results indicate the transformation of both precursor types under alkali activation. The efflorescence salts were analyzed on the samples with silica gel addition. Calcined IC precursor allowed us to obtain AAM with a strength from 11 to 16 MPa with an increasing strength gain during curing. The red brick waste precursor showed a compressive strength from 14 to 28 MPa. A high early strength was obtained with no further strength increase. The hydrosodalite and zeolite crystals were detected in the structure of AAM based on the red brick waste precursor. The results indicate different characteristics of AAM based on similar source precursors, showing the important role of the proper treatment of precursors before alkali activation.
12
Lolli, Francesca y Kimberly E. Kurtis. "Life Cycle Assessment of alkali activated materials: preliminary investigation for pavement applications". RILEM Technical Letters 6 (7 de diciembre de 2021): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.120.
Resumen
The capital investment in the US for construction and maintenance of the infrastructure road network is $150 billion/year. Investments in OECD countries will likely stabilize, while other countries will face an exponential growth of investments for infrastructures driven by the development of metropolitan cities. Continued “business-as-usual” practice for portland and asphalt cement concrete pavement construction ignores the increasing warning calls for the identification of more sustainable and less energy intensive paving materials.
Alkali activated materials concrete (AAM) have been studied with growing interest during the last three decades. AAM show promising results in terms of mechanical performance, while also having a global warming potential impact 30-80% less than that of portland cement concrete. The global warming potential of AAM is closely dependent on the: 1) activating solution used to activate the raw material and 2) origin of the raw material. Specifically, the impact of the transport for both of these components is ~ 10% of its global warming potential. Hence, to increase the adoption of AAM for pavements, it is fundamental to analyze the existing literature to clarify the link between environmental impact and mechanical performance, identifying opportunities for applications that are tailored to the local availability of raw material.
13
Vitola, Laura, Diana Bajare, Angel Palomo y Ana Fernandez-Jimenez. "Low-Calcium, Porous, Alkali-Activated Materials as Novel pH Stabilizers for Water Media". Minerals 10, n.º 11 (22 de octubre de 2020): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10110935.
Resumen
Due to the increase of water consumption, water treatment systems become more actual and innovative materials for water treatment are welcomed. Traditionally, alkalizing agents, such as lime or caustic soda, have been employed to increase the pH levels, which induce chemical clarification of wastewater. Some innovative ideas of using low-calcium, alkali-activated materials (AAM) for this purpose have been considered previously. In this study, the low-calcium, porous, alkali-activated material (pAAM) was characterized to understand the impact of the aluminum silicate source and heat treatment on basic properties for material that might be used in water treatment systems as a softener by stabilizing the pH. The studied porous alkali-activated materials may ensure stable and long-lasting (30 days) pH (pH 10.3–11.6) in water media depending on the composition and amount of activation solution used for AAM preparation. Heat treatment does not have an impact on the mineralogical composition and structural properties of the pAAM, but it does change the leaching ability of alkalis from the material structure.
14
Bumanis, Girts y Danute Vaiciukyniene. "Mechanical Properties of Alkali Activated Material Based on Red Clay and Silica Gel Precursor". Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 931–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0070.
Resumen
Abstract The search for alternative alumosilicates source for production of alkali activated materials (AAM) is intensively researched. Wide spread of natural materials such as clays and waste materials are one of potential alternatives. In this research AAM was made from local waste brick made of red clay and calcined low-carbonate illite clay precursor and its properties evaluated. Waste silica gel containing amorphous silica from fertilizer production plant was proposed as additional raw material. 6 M and 7 M NaOH alkali activation solutions were used to obtain AAM. Raw materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, laser particle size analyser, DTA/TG. Raw illite clay was calcined at a temperature of 700 to 800 °C. Waste brick was ground similar as raw clay and powder was obtained. Replacement of red clay with silica gel from 2–50 wt.% in mixture composition was evaluated. Results indicate that the most effective activator was 6 M NaOH solution and AAM with strength up to 13 MPa was obtained. Ground brick had the highest strength results and compressive strength of AAM reached 25 MPa. Silica gel in small quantities had little effect of AAM strength while significant strength reduction was observed with the increase silica gel content. The efflorescence was observed for samples with silica gel.
15
Mundra, Shishir, Susan A. Bernal, Maria Criado, Petr Hlaváček, Gino Ebell, Steffi Reinemann, Gregor J. G. Gluth y John Provis. "Steel corrosion in reinforced alkali-activated materials". RILEM Technical Letters 2 (18 de diciembre de 2017): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2017.39.
Resumen
The development of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) as an alternative to Portland cement (PC) has seen significant progress in the past decades. However, there still remains significant uncertainty regarding their long term performance when used in steel-reinforced structures. The durability of AAMs in such applications depends strongly on the corrosion behaviour of the embedded steel reinforcement, and the experimental data in the literature are limited and in some cases inconsistent. This letter elucidates the role of the chemistry of AAMs on the mechanisms governing passivation and chloride-induced corrosion of the steel reinforcement, to bring a better understanding of the durability of AAM structures exposed to chloride. The corrosion of the steel reinforcement in AAMs differs significantly from observations in PC; the onset of pitting (or the chloride ‘threshold’ value) depends strongly on the alkalinity, and the redox environment, of these binders. Classifications or standards used to assess the severity of steel corrosion in PC appear not to be directly applicable to AAMs due to important differences in pore solution chemistry and phase assemblage.
16
Nehdi, Moncef L. y Abdallah Yassine. "Mitigating Portland Cement CO2 Emissions Using Alkali-Activated Materials: System Dynamics Model". Materials 13, n.º 20 (21 de octubre de 2020): 4685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204685.
Resumen
While alkali-activated materials (AAMs) have been hailed as a very promising solution to mitigate colossal CO2 emissions from world portland cement production, there is lack of robust models that can demonstrate this claim. This paper pioneers a novel system dynamics model that captures the system complexity of this problem and addresses it in a holistic manner. This paper reports on this object-oriented modeling paradigm to develop a cogent prognostic model for predicting CO2 emissions from cement production. The model accounts for the type of AAM precursor and activator, the service life of concrete structures, carbonation of concrete, AAM market share, and policy implementation period. Using the new model developed in this study, strategies for reducing CO2 emissions from cement production have been identified, and future challenges facing wider AAM implementation have been outlined. The novelty of the model consists in its ability to consider the CO2 emission problem as a system of systems, treating it in a holistic manner, and allowing the user to test diverse policy scenarios, with inherent flexibility and modular architecture. The practical relevance of the model is that it facilitates the decision-making process and policy making regarding the use of AAMs to mitigate CO2 emissions from cement production at low computational cost.
17
Bualuang, Thanon, Peerapong Jitsangiam, Teewara Suwan, Ubolluk Rattanasak, Weerachart Tangchirapat y Suriyah Thongmunee. "Influence of Asphalt Emulsion Inclusion on Fly Ash/Hydrated Lime Alkali-Activated Material". Materials 14, n.º 22 (19 de noviembre de 2021): 7017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14227017.
Resumen
Supplementary cementitious materials have been widely used to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions caused by ordinary Portland cement (OPC), including in the construction of road bases. In addition, the use of OPC in road base stabilization is inefficient due to its moisture sensitivity and lack of flexibility. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of hybrid alkali-activated materials (H-AAM) on flexibility and water prevention when used as binders while proposing a new and sustainable material. A cationic asphalt emulsion (CAE) was applied to increase this cementless material’s resistance to moisture damage and flexibility. The physical properties and structural formation of this H-AAM, consisting of fly ash, hydrated lime, and sodium hydroxide, were examined. The results revealed that the addition of CAE decreased the material’s mechanical strength due to its hindrance of pozzolanic reactions and alkali activations. This study revealed decreases in the cementitious product’s peak in the x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) tests and the number of tetrahedrons detected in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR) tests. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed some signs of asphalt films surrounding hybrid alkali-activated particles and even some unreacted FA particles, indicating incomplete chemical reactions in the study material’s matrix. However, the H-AAM was still able to meet the minimum road base strength requirement of 1.72 MPa. Furthermore, the toughness and flexibility of the H-AAM were enhanced by CAE. Notably, adding 10% and 20% CAE by weight to the hybrid alkali-activated binder produced a significant advantage in terms of water absorption, which can be explained by its influence on the material’s consolidation of its matrices, resulting in significant void reductions. Hence, the outcomes of this study might reveal an opportunity for developing a new stabilizing agent for road bases with water-prevention properties and flexibility that remains faithful to the green construction material concept.
18
Guzmán-Carrillo, Hector R., Alejandro Manzano-Ramírez, Ines Garcia Lodeiro y Ana Fernández-Jiménez. "ZnO Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Application in Alkali-Activated Materials". Molecules 25, n.º 23 (25 de noviembre de 2020): 5519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235519.
Resumen
This paper reports an Alkali-Activated Materials (AAM) using two different precursors, metakaolin and a metallurgical slag with photocatalytic zinc oxide nanoparticles, as novel photocatalytic composites. The photodegradation performance of the composites using methylene blue (MB) dye as a wastewater model was investigated by ultraviolet radiations (UV-vis) spectroscopy. Adsorption in dark conditions and photodegradation under UV irradiation are the mechanisms for removing MB dye. The pseudo-first-order kinetic and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were employed, and the experimental data agreed with the pseudo-second-order model in both cases with UV and without UV irradiations. As new photocatalytic materials, these composites offer an alternative for environmental applications.
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Wetzel, Alexander, Daniela Göbel, Maximilian Schleiting, Niels Wiemer y Bernhard Middendorf. "Bonding Behaviour of Steel Fibres in UHPFRC Based on Alkali-Activated Slag". Materials 15, n.º 5 (4 de marzo de 2022): 1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051930.
Resumen
The mechanical performance of fibre-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete based on alkali-activated slag was investigated, concentrating on the use of steel fibres. The flexural strength is slightly higher compared to the UHPC based on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as the binder. Correlating the flexural strength test with multiple fibre-pullout tests, an increase in the bonding behaviour at the interfacial-transition zone of the AAM-UHPC was found compared to the OPC-UHPC. Microstructural investigations on the fibres after storage in an artificial pore solution and a potassium waterglass indicated a dissolution of the metallic surface. This occurred more strongly with the potassium waterglass, which was used as an activator solution in the case of the AAM-UHPC. From this, it can be assumed that the stronger bond results from this initial etching for steel fibres in the AAM-UHPC compared to the OPC-UHPC. The difference in the bond strength of both fibre types, the brass-coated steel fibres and the stainless-steel fibres, was rather low for the AAM-UHPC compared to the OPC-UHPC.
20
Zhu, C. J., I. Pundienė, J. Pranckevičienė, M. Kligys, A. Korjakins y L. Vitola. "Influence of alkaline activator solution ratio on the properties of biomass fly ash-based alkali-activated materials". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2423, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2023): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2423/1/012033.
Resumen
Abstract This study explored the use of untreated high-carbon biomass fly ash (BFA) and less alkaline Na2CO3 as an activator to create alkali-activated materials (AAM). This article investigated how the Na2CO3/Na2SiO3 (SC/SS) ratio of the alkaline activator solution (AAS) influenced the setting time, structural development and physical-mechanical properties of BFA-based AAM pastes that were cured at room temperature. With an increase in the SC/SS ratio, AAM pastes’ initial and final setting times shorten, respectively. The AAM sample with the lowest density and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) value also has the maximum water absorption. The compressive strength of AAM samples dropped after 7 days of curing while the SC/SS ratio increased. Nevertheless, after 28 days of curing, the compressive strength of AAM samples rose with a rising SC/SS ratio. The results for density, water absorption, and UPV were corroborated by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses, which demonstrated that when the SC/SS ratio rises, the structure of the samples gets denser and more homogeneous, in line with the increased compressive strength of the samples.
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Reddy, Bijivemula Kiran Kumar y Mattur C. Narasimhan. "Corrosion of steel rebars embedded in One-part Alkali activated concrete mixes". E3S Web of Conferences 405 (2023): 03024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340503024.
Resumen
To reduce CO2 emissions and turn a variety of industrial/agricultural wastes into valuable cementitious products, alkali-activated materials (AAM) are recognized as suitable substitutes for regular Portland cement (OPC). However, the concentrated aqueous alkali solutions used in conventional two-part alkali activated materials are highly corrosive, viscous, and are difficult to handle in direct field applications. As a result, the potential for developing so-called "just add water" type one-part AAMs, as compared to traditional two-part AAM, is being explored, particularly in cast-in-situ applications. In the present study on corrosion of reinforcing steel bars in fly ash-slag (FA-GGBS) based one-part AAC mixtures, three parameters—the total binder content, the relative proportions of GGBS and Fly-ash and the percentage of sodium oxide (Na2O) - are recognized as the key factors in determining the strength and durability performance (including corrosion of rebars embedded in it) of a given AAC mix. Accordingly, experiments were conducted on AAC mixes with three binder contents (440, 460, and 480 kg/m3), three Slag/FA ratios (80/20, 70/30 and 60/40, by volume) and three alternate Na2O percentages (5, 6, and 7%, by weight of total binder content). Prismatic cylindrical test specimens of reinforced geopolymer concrete were prepared and half-cell potential and corrosion rate measurements were made after 28-, 56-, and 90 days of continuous exposure to 3% of NaCl solution, to accelerate the corrosion process. Measured corrosion current density and corrosion rates using a Electro-chemical Corrosion Analyser have indicated that the AAC mixture having a total binder content 440 kg/m3, GGBS/FS ratio of 70/30 and 6% Na2O content, exhibits best corrosion resistance amongst the various mixes tested herein, as measured up to the end of 90-days.
22
Kancir, Ivana Vladić, Vinko Radoš y Marijana Serdar. "Influence of red mud addition in alkali-activated mortars on corrosion resistance of steel". MATEC Web of Conferences 364 (2022): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236402014.
Resumen
Alkali-activated materials (AAM) consist of a precursor, which is a source of aluminosilicates, and an alkali source. The precursors are usually waste materials from various industries such as fly ash from thermal power plants and slags from the metallurgical industry. Due to the increasing use of these materials in the cement industry and strategies for decommissioning coal-fired power plants, alternative raw materials from waste streams are increasingly being explored. One of these materials is waste from the aluminium industry, known as red mud. Due to its chemical composition, which is similar to that of other cementitious materials, red mud is suitable for use in the cement industry. It can also be used as a source of aluminosilicates in the synthesis of AAM. In this study, the corrosion behaviour of steel in chloride exposed AAMs based on fly ash and slag was investigated with and without the addition of red mud. During exposure of AAM to tap water and a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the corrosion process was monitored by corrosion potential and polarisation resistance. AAM mixes containing red mud exhibited better corrosion resistivity and lower current density values compared to mixes without red mud, indicating a possible contribution of the red mud to chloride binding and improving the passivity of the steel.
23
Zhu, Chengjie, Ina Pundienė, Jolanta Pranckevičienė y Modestas Kligys. "Effects of Na2CO3/Na2SiO3 Ratio and Curing Temperature on the Structure Formation of Alkali-Activated High-Carbon Biomass Fly Ash Pastes". Materials 15, n.º 23 (24 de noviembre de 2022): 8354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238354.
Resumen
This study explored unprocessed high-carbon biomass fly ash (BFA) in alkali-activated materials (AAM) with less alkaline Na2CO3 as the activator. In this paper, the effects of the Na2CO3/Na2SiO3 (C/S) ratio and curing temperature (40 °C and 20 °C) on the setting time, structure formation, product synthesis, and physical-mechanical properties of alkali-activated BFA pastes were systematically investigated. Regardless of curing temperature, increasing the C/S ratio increased the density and compressive strength of the sample while a decrease in water absorption. The higher the curing temperature, the faster the structure evolution during the BFA-based alkaline activation synthesis process and the higher the sample’s compressive strength. According to XRD and TG/DTA analyses, the synthesis of gaylussite and C-S-H were observed in the sample with an increasing C/S ratio. The formation of the mentioned minerals contributes to the compressive strength growth of alkali-activated BFA pastes with higher C/S ratios. The findings of this study contribute to the applicability of difficult-to-recycle waste materials such as BFA and the development of sustainable BFA-based AAM.
24
Cui, Dong, Lingshu Shen, Yidong Shen, Guantong Han, Xiaoying Xie, Qianfei Cao, Jing Wang, Hao Wei, Qiannan Wang y Keren Zheng. "Investigation on the Carbonation Behavior of Alkali-Activated Pastes Served under Windy Environments". Materials 16, n.º 2 (14 de enero de 2023): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020825.
Resumen
Most reinforced concrete structures serve under windy environments, and the carbonation resistance under that circumstance exhibits significant difference from that under the steady (no wind) environment. In this study, a windy environment was simulated using one self-developed wind tunnel, and alkali-activated slag/fly ash paste specimens were adopted for the carbonation under variant windy environments. Meanwhile, to reveal the effect of inner humidity on the carbonation, sliced alkali-activated materials (AAM) were mass-balanced first to variant humidity, and were then carbonated under a 2.5 m/s windy environment. With the assistance of computed tomography (CT), the structure of AAM at variant carbonation ages was rendered. The experimental result showed that wind is capable of promoting the exchange of moisture between the sample inside and the outer atmosphere, leading to faster carbonation as compared to that under no wind environment. When preconditioned to lower inner humidity, the carbonation rate of AAM was faster because the larger gaseous space benefited the intrusion of both CO2 and moisture. Furthermore, when preconditioned to lower humidity, the cracking extent of AAM was severer, which also contributed to the faster carbonation. Moreover, compared with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the carbonation front on each instant 1D gray-scale value profile was broader, which suggested that the carbonation progress of AAM under windy environments was no longer controlled solely by diffusion. In addition, the gray-scale value on instant 1D profile fluctuated drastically, which verified cracking in AAM carbonated under windy environments. The current work not only deepens the understanding of the carbonation mechanism in-site (mostly under windy environments), but also helps to develop more environment-friendly construction material, with better durability performance.
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Cristelo, Nuno, Fernando Castro, Tiago Miranda, Zahra Abdollahnejad y Ana Fernández-Jiménez. "Iron and Aluminium Production Wastes as Exclusive Components of Alkali Activated Binders—Towards a Sustainable Alternative". Sustainability 13, n.º 17 (4 de septiembre de 2021): 9938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179938.
Resumen
The sustainability of resources is becoming a worldwide concern, including construction and building materials, especially with the alarming increase rate in global population. Alternative solutions to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a concrete binder are being studied, namely the so-called alkali-activated cements (AAC). These are less harmful to the environment, as lower CO2 emissions are associated with their fabrication, and their mechanical properties can be similar to those of the OPC. The aim of developing alkali-activated materials (AAM) is the maximization of the incorporated recycled materials, which minimises the CO2 emissions and cost, while also achieving acceptable properties for construction applications. Therefore, various efforts are being made to produce sustainable construction materials based on different sources and raw materials. Recently, significant attention has been raised from the by-products of the steelmaking industry, mostly due to their widespread availability. In this paper, ladle slag (LS) resulting from steelmaking operations was studied as the main precursor to produce AAC, combined with phosphating bath sludge—or phosphate sludge (PS)—and aluminium anodising sludge (AS), two by-products of the surface treatment of metals, in replacement rates of 10 and 20 wt.%. The precursors were activated by two different alkaline solutions: a combination of commercial sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate (COM), and a disposed solution from the cleaning of aluminium extrusion steel dies (CLE). This study assesses the influence of these by-products from the steelmaking industry (PS, AS and CLE) on the performance of the alkali-activated LS, and specifically on its fresh and hardened state properties, including rheology, heat of hydration, compressive strength and microstructure and mineralogy (X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infra-red. The results showed that the CLE had no negative impact on the strength of the AAM incorporating PS or/and AS, while increasing the strength of the LS alone by 2×. Additionally, regardless of the precursor combination, the use of a commercial activator (COM) led to more fluid pastes, compared with the CLE.
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Puertas, F., M. M: Alonso, S. Gismera, M. Lanzón y M. T. Blanco-Varela. "Rheology of Cementitious Materials: Alkali-Activated Materials or Geopolymers". MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901002.
Resumen
A clear alternative to reach the goal of sustainable development in the Construction Sector is the development of alternative building materials to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in a more energetically as well as environmentally eco-efficient way. Alkaline cements (Alkali-Activated Materials, AAMs) and geopolymers meet these requirements; and they are based on the alkali activation of aluminosilicates (mainly waste and industrial by-products, such as blast furnace slag, fly ash and ceramic waste) in highly alkaline solutions. AAMs cements and concretes are notable for being very durable and mechanically resistant. However, to date their rheological behaviour is not well controlled and there is little understanding of it, with very disparate experimental data. Despite this, their rheological behaviour is not fully understood and little is known on the disparate data obtained in AAM pastes. Moreover, the common additives used in the preparation of OPC concretes and the rheology modifiers/controllers are also unstable in the AAMs systems. Understanding and controlling the rheology of the AAMs systems will ultimately determine whether they can be implemented in the market, and will open up greater competitive possibilities in a crisis-affected sector. A systematic study of the factors that affect the rheological properties of AAMs (pastes, mortars and concretes) is therefore necessary in order to ultimately develop more resistant and durable materials.
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Heponiemi, Anne, Janne Pesonen, Tao Hu y Ulla Lassi. "Alkali-Activated Materials as Catalysts for Water Purification". Catalysts 11, n.º 6 (23 de mayo de 2021): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060664.
Resumen
In this study, novel and cost-effective alkali-activated materials (AAMs) for catalytic applications were developed by using an industrial side stream, i.e., blast furnace slag (BFS). AAMs can be prepared from aluminosilicate precursors under mild conditions (room temperature using non-hazardous chemicals). AAMs were synthesized by mixing BFS and a 50 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at different BFS/NaOH ratios. The pastes were poured into molds, followed by consolidation at 20 or 60 °C. As the active metal, Fe was impregnated into the prepared AAMs by ion exchange. The prepared materials were examined as catalysts for the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of a bisphenol A (BPA) aqueous solution. As-prepared AAMs exhibited a moderate surface area and mesoporous structure, and they exhibited moderate activity for the CWPO of BPA, while the iron ion-exchanged, BFS-based catalyst (Fe/BFS30-60) exhibited the maximum removal of BPA (50%) during 3 h of oxidation at pH 3.5 at 70 °C. Therefore, these new, inexpensive, AAM-based catalysts could be interesting alternatives for catalytic wastewater treatment applications.
28
Ruģele, Kristīne, Girts Bumanis, Diana Bajare, Vitalijs Lakevičs y Jānis Rubulis. "Alkaline Activated Material for pH Control in Biotechnologies". Key Engineering Materials 604 (marzo de 2014): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.604.223.
Resumen
By using industrial aluminium recycling waste, recycled silicate glass from outworn fluorescence lamp recycling plant, calcined kaolinite clay supplemented with alkali activator with different silicate modulus the new type of porous material for biotechnologic processes without the need for additional equipment for pH control was researched. This controlled-release system contains an alkali activated matrix in which NaOH crystals are encased. In this study ability to release NaOH per time in water according to material composition and structure were investigated. Three alkaline activated materials AAM 7.5, 10 and 12.5, with different alkali activator content were characterized.
29
Mierzwiński, Dariusz, Janusz Walter y Piotr Olkiewicz. "The influence of alkaline activator concentration on the apparent activation energy of alkali-activated materials". MATEC Web of Conferences 322 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032201008.
Resumen
The aim of this article is to analyse the changes of apparent activation energy (Ea) of alkali-activated materials (AAM) at temperatures up to 100°C. Apparent activation energy (Ea) refers to the minimum amount of energy is required for the occurrence of reaction. The existing AAM research is based on assumptions about Portland cement (OPC). A number of studies have been conducted on the development of concrete strength depending on, inter alia, the duration of seasoning and the liquid to solid ratio (L/S). Based on the apparent activation energy and taking into account the effect of time and temperature at the same time, the physical and mechanical properties of OPC can also be predicted. The influence of the activator on the solidification process should also be taken into account for alkali-activated materials. This article shows the effect of changes in the concentration of the alkaline solution used in the AAM process on activation energy. The synthesized AAM material uses a solution based on water glass, sodium hydroxide, sand and volatile ash from the ‘Skawina’ coal-fired power plant (located in Skawina, Lesser Poland). The chemical composition of the material used is classified as class F ash. The concentration of the alkaline solution was 8M, 10M, 12M and 14M. The described research method was based on the use of thermistors with a negative temperature factor. It enabled prediction of the physical and mechanical properties of the materials tested. The results clearly indicate that this method can be used to determine the activation energy of the AAM. However, when determining apparent activation energy (Ea), the time and activation temperature of the binding processes of these types of materials should be taken into consideration.
30
Duży, Patrycja, Marta Choinska Colombel, Izabela Hager y Ouali Amiri. "The Effect of Preconditioning Temperature on Gas Permeability of Alkali-Activated Concretes". Materials 16, n.º 11 (2 de junio de 2023): 4143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16114143.
Resumen
Alkali-activated materials (AAM) are binders that are considered an eco-friendly alternative to conventional binders based on Portland cement. The utilization of industrial wastes such as fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) instead of cement enables a reduction of the CO2 emissions caused by clinker production. Although researchers are highly interested in the use of alkali-activated concrete (AAC) in construction, its application remains very restricted. As many standards for hydraulic concrete’s gas permeability evaluation require a specific drying temperature, we would like to emphasize the sensitivity of AAM to such preconditioning. Therefore, this paper presents the impact of different drying temperatures on gas permeability and pore structure for AAC5, AAC20, and AAC35, which contain alkali-activated (AA) binders made from blends of FA and GGBFS in slag proportions of 5%, 20%, and 35% by the mass of FA, respectively. The preconditioning of samples was performed at 20, 40, 80, and 105 °C, up to the obtainment of constant mass, and then gas permeability was evaluated, as well as porosity and pore size distribution (mercury intrusion porosity (MIP) for 20 and 105 °C). The experimental results demonstrate up to a three-percentage-point rise in the total porosity of low-slag concrete after 105 °C in comparison to 20 °C, as well as a significant increase in gas permeability, reaching up to 30-fold amplification, contingent upon the matrix composition. Notably, the alteration in pore size distribution, influenced by the preconditioning temperature, exhibits a substantial impact. The results highlight an important sensitivity of permeability to thermal preconditioning.
31
Tole, Ilda, Magdalena Rajczakowska, Abeer Humad, Ankit Kothari y Andrzej Cwirzen. "Geopolymer Based on Mechanically Activated Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag". Materials 13, n.º 5 (4 de marzo de 2020): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051134.
Resumen
An efficient solution to increase the sustainability of building materials is to replace Portland cement with alkali-activated materials (AAM). Precursors for those systems are often based on water-cooled ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBFS). Quenching of blast furnace slag can be done also by air but in that case, the final product is crystalline and with a very low reactivity. The present study aimed to evaluate the cementitious properties of a mechanically activated (MCA) air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) used as a precursor in sodium silicate alkali-activated systems. The unreactive ACBFS was processed in a planetary ball mill and its cementing performances were compared with an alkali-activated water-cooled GGBFS. Mixes based on mechanically activated ACBFS reached the 7-days compressive strength of 35 MPa and the 28-days compressive strength 45 MPa. The GGBFS-based samples showed generally higher compressive strength values.
32
Bella, Nabil, Edwin Gudiel, Lourdes Soriano, Alba Font, María Victoria Borrachero, Jordi Paya y José Maria Monzó. "Formulation of Alkali-Activated Slag Binder Destined for Use in Developing Countries". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 24 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 9088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249088.
Resumen
Worldwide cement production is around 4.2 billion tons, and the fabrication of one ton of ordinary Portland cement emits around 900 kg of CO2. Blast furnace slag (BFS) is a byproduct used to produce alkali-activated materials (AAM). BFS production was estimated at about 350 million tons in 2018, and the BFS reuse rate in construction materials of developing countries is low. AAM can reduce CO2 emissions in relation to Portland cement materials: Its use in construction would be a golden opportunity for developing countries in forthcoming decades. The present research aims to formulate AAM destined for future applications in developing countries. Two activators were used: NaOH, Na2CO3, and a mixture of both. The results showed that compressive strengths within the 42–56 MPa range after 28 curing days were obtained for the Na2CO3-activated mortars. The characterization analysis confirmed the presence of hydrotalcite, carbonated phases, CSH and CASH. The economic study showed that Na2CO3 was the cheapest activator in terms of the relative cost per ton and MPa of manufactured mortars. Finally, the environmental benefits of mortars based on this reagent were evidenced, and, in terms of kgCO2 emissions per ton and MPa, the mortars with Na2CO3 yielded 50% lower values than with NaOH.
33
Faridmehr, Iman, Ghasan Fahim Huseien y Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban. "Evaluation of Mechanical and Environmental Properties of Engineered Alkali-Activated Green Mortar". Materials 13, n.º 18 (15 de septiembre de 2020): 4098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184098.
Resumen
Currently, alkali-activated binders using industrial wastes are considered an environmentally friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which contributes to addressing the high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and enlarging embodied energy (EE). Concretes produced from industrial wastes have shown promising environmentally-friendly features with appropriate strength and durability. From this perspective, the compressive strength (CS), CO2 emissions, and EE of four industrial powder waste materials, including fly ash (FA), palm oil fly ash (POFA), waste ceramic powder (WCP), and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS), were investigated as replacements for OPC. Forty-two engineered alkali-activated mix (AAM) designs with different percentages of the above-mentioned waste materials were experimentally investigated to evaluate the effect of each binder mass percentage on 28-day CS. Additionally, the effects of each industrial powder waste material on SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3 contents were investigated. The results confirm that adding FA to the samples caused a reduction of less than 26% in CS, whereas the replacement of GBFS by different levels of POFA significantly affected the compressive strength of specimens. The results also show that the AAM designs with a high volume FA provided the lowest EE and CO2 emission levels compared to other mix designs. Empirical equations were also proposed to estimate the CS, CO2 emissions, and EE of AAM designs according to their binder mass compositions.
34
Bignozzi, Maria Chiara, Omar Fusco, Alberto Fregni, Luca Guardigli y Ricccardo Gulli. "Ceramic Waste as New Precursors for Geopolymerization". Advances in Science and Technology 92 (octubre de 2014): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.26.
Resumen
Geopolymers, and more in general alkali activated materials (AAM), are a new class of materials obtained by alumino-silicates precursors activated by means of alkaline solutions. Indeed, the term geopolymers is usually strictly referred to pure alumino-silicates such as metakaolin as starting material, whereas when the precursors also contain calcium oxide the resulting products are usually defined AAM. Geopolymerization technology can be more easily considered a sustainable process when industrial waste is used as precursors and the consolidation process occurs at room temperature. With these premises, alkali activation may be a very promising technology for the ceramic sector as well as construction industry. In this work, waste coming from bricks production has been used to obtain, at room temperature, geopolymers with different porosity tuning the sodium silicate content in the feed. Microstructure analysis carried out by means of mercury intrusion porosimeter and scanning electron microscopy is reported and discussed.
35
Duży, Patrycja, Mateusz Sitarz, Marcin Adamczyk, Marta Choińska y Izabela Hager. "Chloride Ions’ Penetration of Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slags-Based Alkali-Activated Mortars". Materials 14, n.º 21 (2 de noviembre de 2021): 6583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216583.
Resumen
Due to the need to reduce the CO2 emissions of mineral binders, researchers are considering the use of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) as an alternative to cementitious binders. The properties of AAMs can be more advantageous than those presented by cementitious binders, and thus they can replace Portland cement binders in some applications. Mechanical tests of AAMs are being conducted on an ongoing basis; however, durability issues related to reinforcing steel in conditions in which steel members interact with chloride ions remain unsolved. In this paper, the precursors for AAM preparations are blends of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) in four slag proportions: 0%, 10%, 30% and 50% expressed as a percent of FA mass. Four alkali-activated mortars were prepared, denominated as AAM 0, AAM 10, AAM 30 and AAM 50, respectively. Their basic physical and mechanical characteristics were investigated, as were their gas transport properties. The nitrogen Cembureau method was applied to determine the permeability of the mortar. The transport properties of the chloride ions were determined using the modified NT BUILD 492 migration test. The comparison of results obtained demonstrated a positive effect of GGBFS addition in terms of an increase in bulk density, permeability, porosity and, at the same time, a reduction in chloride ion penetration. The water absorption tests also provided insight into the open pore structures of mortars. The measurements revealed a strong dependence between fluid transport through the mortars and the water absorption and initial water content of materials.
36
Stoleriu, S., I. N. Vlasceanu, C. Dima, A. I. Badanoiu y G. Voicu. "Alkali activated materials based on glass waste and slag for thermal and acoustic insulation". Materiales de Construcción 69, n.º 335 (25 de junio de 2019): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2019.08518.
Resumen
Porous alkali activated materials (AAM), can be obtained from waste glass powder and slag mixtures by alkali activation with NaOH solution. To obtain an adequate porous microstructure, the hardened AAM pastes were thermally treated at temperatures ranging between 900°C and 1000°C, for 60 or 30 minutes. Due to the intumescent behaviour specific for this type of materials, an important increase of the volume and porosity occurs during the thermal treatment.
The partial substitution of waste glass powder with slag, determines the increase of compressive strength assessed before (up to 37 MPa) and after (around 10 MPa) thermal treatment; the increase of slag dosage also determines the increase of the activation temperature of the intumescent process (above 950°C).
The high porosity and the specific microstructure (closed pores with various shapes and sizes) of these materials recommend them to be utilised as thermal and acoustical insulation materials.
37
Mintsaev, Magomed, Sayd-Alvi Murtazaev, Madina Salamanova, Dena Bataev, Magomed Saidumov, Imran Murtazaev y Roman Fediuk. "Structural Formation of Alkali-Activated Materials Based on Thermally Treated Marl and Na2SiO3". Materials 15, n.º 19 (22 de septiembre de 2022): 6576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196576.
Resumen
Modern materials science is aimed towards abandoning Portland cement in the production of building materials. The scientific novelty of this study lies in its being the first time a comprehensive study of the structure formation of alkali-activated materials (AAM) based on thermally treated marl and Na2SiO3 is carried out. The tasks for achieving this goal were to characterize the thermally treated marl as a new binder, and to comprehensively research the microstructure, fresh, physical, and mechanical properties of the AAM based on the binder. Received active particles of marl with a smaller size than Portland cement have a specific surface area of 580–590 m2/kg. The mineral composition of heat-treated marl is characterized by calcium silicates, which guarantee good binding properties. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples based on the clinker-free binder of alkaline activation using opoka-like marl confirmed the presence of calcite, quartz, and feldspar close to albite, micas, and zeolites. The obtained products of the chemical interaction of the components of the binder confirm the effectiveness of the newly developed AAM. As a result of comparing several binders, it was found that the binder “thermally treated marl—Na2SiO3” is the most effective, since for specimens based on it, a maximum compressive strength of 42.6 MPa, a flexural strength of 4.6 MPa, and minimum setting time were obtained (start 26 min, end 32 min) as well as a water absorption of 10.2 wt.%. The research results will be of interest to specialists in the construction industry, since the proposed recipes for clinker-free cements are an alternative to expensive and energy-intensive Portland cement and provide the creation of strong and durable concrete and reinforced concrete composites.
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Salamanova, Madina, Sayd-Alvi Murtazaev, Magomed Saidumov, Arbi Alaskhanov, Tamara Murtazaeva y Roman Fediuk. "Recycling of Cement Industry Waste for Alkali-Activated Materials Production". Materials 15, n.º 19 (26 de septiembre de 2022): 6660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196660.
Resumen
The cement industry is recognized as an environmental nuisance, and so there is a need to not only minimizes the consumption of cement, but also to completely recycle the waste of the cement industry. This paper’s originality lies in the fact that, for the first time, a comprehensive study of the structure formation of alkali-activated materials (AAM) based on aspiration dust and clinker dust has been carried out. The tasks for achieving this goal were to characterize cement production waste as a new binder and comprehensively research the microstructure, fresh, physical, and mechanical properties of alkali-activated material based on a cement-free binder. Grains of cement production waste are represented by coarse volumetric particles with pronounced cleavage, and a clear presence of minerals is observed. The mineral composition of cement production waste is characterized by calcium silicates, which guarantee good binding properties. The results of the X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples (based on the alkaline-activated cement-free binder using clinker dust and aspiration dust) confirmed the presence of calcite, quartz, feldspar close to albite, micas, and zeolites. The obtained products of the chemical interaction of the binder components confirm the effectiveness of the newly developed AAM. As a result of comparing several binders, it was found that the binder based on aspiration dust with Na2SiO3 and Na2SiF6 was the most effective, since, for specimens based on it, a density of 1.8 g/cm3, maximum compressive strength of 50.7 MPa, flexural strength of 5.6 MPa, minimum setting time (starting at 24 min and ending at 36 min), and water absorption of 12.8 wt. % were obtained. The research results will be of interest to specialists in the construction industry since the proposed recipes for eco-friendly, alkali-activated materials are an alternative to expensive and energy-intensive Portland cement, and they provide for the creation of strong and durable concrete and reinforced concrete composites.
39
Rahman, Muhammad M., David W. Law, Indubhushan Patnaikuni, Chamila Gunasekara y Morteza Tahmasebi Yamchelou. "Low-Grade Clay as an Alkali-Activated Material". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 4 (12 de febrero de 2021): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041648.
Resumen
The potential application of alkali-activated material (AAM) as an alternative binder in concrete to reduce the environmental impact of cement production has now been established. However, as the production and availability of the primarily utilized waste materials, such as fly Ash and blast furnace slag, decrease, it is necessary to identify alternative materials. One such material is clay, which contains aluminosilicates and is abundantly available across the world. However, the reactivity of untreated low-grade clay can be low. Calcination can be used to activate clay, but this can consume significant energy. To address this issue, this paper reports the investigation of two calcination methodologies, utilizing low-temperature and high-temperature regimes of different durations, namely 24 h heating at 120 °C and 5 h at 750 °C and, and the results are compared with those of the mechanical performance of the AAM produced with untreated low-grade clay. The investigation used two alkali dosages, 10% and 15%, with an alkali modulus varying from 1.0 to 1.75. An increase in strength was observed with calcination of the clay at both 120 and 750 °C compared to untreated clay. Specimens with a dosage of 10% showed enhanced performance compared to those with 15%, with Alkali Modulus (AM) of 1.0 giving the optimal strength at 28 days for both dosages. The strengths achieved were in the range 10 to 20 MPa, suitable for use as concrete masonry brick. The conversion of Al (IV) is identified as the primary factor for the observed increase in strength.
40
Ji, Xin, Xiaofeng Wang, Xin Zhao, Zhenjun Wang, Haibao Zhang y Jianfei Liu. "Properties, Microstructure Development and Life Cycle Assessment of Alkali-Activated Materials Containing Steel Slag under Different Alkali Equivalents". Materials 17, n.º 1 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17010048.
Resumen
To improve solid waste resource utilization and environmental sustainability, an alkali-activated material (AAM) was prepared using steel slag (SS), fly ash, blast furnace slag and alkali activators in this work. The evolutions of SS content (10–50%) and alkali equivalent (4.0–8.0%) on workability, mechanical strength and environmental indicators of the AAM were investigated. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were adopted to characterize micromorphology, reaction products and pore structure, and the reaction mechanism was summarized. Results showed that the paste fluidity and setting time gradually increased with the increase in SS content. The highest compressive strength was obtained for the paste at 8.0% alkali equivalent due to the improved reaction rate and process, but it also increased the risk of cracking. However, SS was able to exert a microaggregate filling effect, where SS particles filling the pores increased the structural compactness and hindered crack development. Based on the optimal compressive strength, global warming, abiotic resource depletion, acidification and eutrophication potential of the paste are reduced by 76.7%, 53.0%, 51.6%, and 48.9%, respectively, compared with cement. This work is beneficial to further improve the utilization of solid waste resources and expand the application of environmentally friendly AAMs in the field of construction engineering.
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Wong, John Kok Hee, Sien Ti Kok y Soon Yee Wong. "Fibers, Geopolymers, Nano and Alkali-Activated Materials for Deep Soil Mix Binders". Civil Engineering Journal 6, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2020): 830–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091511.
Resumen
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Lime (CaO) have traditionally been used as binder materials for Deep Soil Mix (DSM) ground improvement. Research has been conducted into possible alternatives such as pozzolans to reduce reliance on either cement or lime. However, pozzolans still undergo similar calcium-based reactions in the strengthening process. In this review, further alternative binder materials for soil strength development are explored. These recent developments include fiber reinforcement materials, alkali activation methods, nanomaterials and geopolymers, which can potentially achieve equal or improved performance. Research to date has shown that alkali-activated materials and geopolymers can be equivalent or superior alternatives to pozzolanic supplemented cement binders. The case is made for GP cements which potentially produces 80% less CO2 than conventional portland cement during manufacture. One-part AAM and GP cements are a promising substitute for portland cement in DSM. A combined approach which incorporates both Ca and alkali activated/geopolymer types of materials and hence reactions is proposed.
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Sun, Zengqing, Xiaoyu Li, Qingsong Liu, Qingyu Tang, Xiaochen Lin, Xiaohui Fan, Xiaoxian Huang, Min Gan, Xuling Chen y Zhiyun Ji. "Recent Advances in Alkali-Activated Materials with Seawater and Sea Sand". Materials 16, n.º 9 (6 de mayo de 2023): 3571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093571.
Resumen
The development of sustainable cementitious materials is essential and urgent for the construction industry. Benefiting from excellent engineering properties and a reduced greenhouse gas footprint, alkali-activated materials (AAM) are among the robust alternatives to Portland cement for civil infrastructure. Meanwhile, concrete production also accounts for around 20% of all industrial water consumption, and the global freshwater shortage is increasing. This review discusses recent investigations on seawater-mixed AAMs, including the effects of seawater on workability, reaction mechanism, shrinkage, short and long-term strength, binding of chloride and corrosion of steel reinforcement. Attention is also paid to the utilization of sea sand as aggregate, as well as discussions on the challenges and further research perspectives on the field application of AAMs with seawater and sea sand.
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Batista, Raquel P., Juliana O. Costa, Paulo H. R. Borges, Flávio A. Dos Santos y Fernando S. Lameiras. "High-performance alkali-activated composites containing an iron-ore mine tailing as aggregate". MATEC Web of Conferences 274 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927402004.
Resumen
High-performance cementitious composites have been developed to overcome the brittleness of mortars and concretes, thus improving the deformation and toughness of these materials under flexion and tension. Poli Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibres are employed in the production of such “Engineered Cementitious Composites” - ECC; the PVA fibres have a loadcarrying capacity after the first crack (matrix failure), which changes the mechanical behaviour of the composites from brittle to ductile and significantly increases the ultimate strength. This deflection or strain-hardening behaviour is accompanied by a multiple cracking of the composites, which results from the design of a proper formulation, with correct amount of PVA fibres (usually 2% vol. fraction) and employment of a very fine sand (passing 0.6 mm). Recent developments in the area of ECC comprise the replacement of Portland cement (PC) matrices with alkali-activated materials (AAM). The idea is to produce composites with similar performance but with improved chemical durability and lower environmental impact. A more sustainable solution would consider the replacement of the fine sand with mine tailings in the production of ECC-AAM. Some tailings from the iron-ore mining activities in Brazil are significantly finer than those aggregates used for PC mortars and concretes; therefore, they cannot be employed in traditional PC-based materials. Nevertheless, those fine materials could replace the fine natural aggregate used in the production of ECC. This paper investigates the replacement of a natural quartz sand with an iron-rich mine tailing in PVA-reinforced AAM. Four composites were studied from a combination of two different matrices and 2 different aggregates. The matrices were obtained from the alkaline activation of metakaolin (MK) with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH); silica fume (SF) was used to adjust their composition: SiO2 / Al2O3 molar ratio equal to 3.0 or 3.8. The aggregates used were either natural quartz (passing 0.6 mm) or tailings produced during the mining activities of iron ore in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The mine tailing studied is much finer than the natural sand (passing 0.3 mm) but it was used as received in the production of ECC-AAM. The aggregate to binder ratio was kept constant (equal to 1.0 in mass) irrespective of the type of aggregate. All mortars were reinforced with 2% vol. of PVA fibres; extra water was added to the mixes to maintain the same consistency for the composites. The mechanical properties investigated are compressive strength, flexural strength and toughness. The apparent dry density of the mortars was also assessed. The preliminary results presented in this paper indicate that iron-rich tailings may be effectively used in the production of ECC-AAM; however, durability tests are still necessary.
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Zhu, Chengjie, Jolanta Pranckevičienė, Ina Pundienė y Olga Kizinievič. "Utilising Phosphogypsum and Biomass Fly Ash By-Products in Alkali-Activated Materials". Sustainability 16, n.º 3 (26 de enero de 2024): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16031084.
Resumen
Significant environmental issues are raised by the phosphogypsum (PG) waste that is being produced. In Lithuania, about 1,500,000 tons of PG waste is generated yearly, and about 300 Mt is generated yearly worldwide. A by-product of burning wood biomass in thermal power plants is biomass fly ash (BFA). By 2035, compared to 2008 levels, industrial biomass incineration for combined heat and power and, as a consequence, BFA, is expected to triple. This study revealed the possibility of using these difficult-to-utilise waste products, such as BFA and PG, in efficient alkali-activated materials (AAM). As the alkaline activator solution (AAS), less alkaline Na2CO3 solution and Na2SiO3 solution were used. The study compared the physical–mechanical properties of BFA-PG specimens mixed with water and the AAS. After 28 days of curing, the compressive strength of the BFA-PG-based, water-mixed samples increased from 3.02 to 6.38 MPa when the PG content was increased from 0 to 30 wt.%. In contrast, the compressive strength of the BFA-PG-based samples with AAS increased from 8.03 to 16.67 MPa when the PG content was increased from 0 to 30 wt.%. According to XRD analysis, gypsum crystallisation increased when the PG content in the BFA-PG-based samples with water increased. The presence of AAS in the BFA-PG-based samples significantly reduced gypsum crystallisation, but increased the crystallisation of the new phases kottenheimite and sodium aluminium silicate hydrate, which, due to the sodium ions’ participation in the reactions, created denser reaction products and improved the mechanical properties. The outcome of this investigation aids in producing sustainable AAM and applying high volume of hardly usable waste materials, such as BFA and PG.
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Shi, Kangyi, Hongyang Deng, Jinxuan Hu, Junqi Zhou, Xinhua Cai y Zhiwei Liu. "Effects of Steel Slag Powder Content and Curing Condition on the Performance of Alkali-Activated Materials Based UHPC Matrix". Materials 16, n.º 10 (21 de mayo de 2023): 3875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16103875.
Resumen
The accumulation of steel slag and other industrial solid wastes has caused serious environmental pollution and resource waste, and the resource utilization of steel slag is imminent. In this paper, alkali-activated ultra-high-performance concrete (AAM-UHPC) was prepared by replacing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) powder with different proportions of steel slag powder, and its workability, mechanical properties, curing condition, microstructure, and pore structure were investigated. The results illustrate that the incorporation of steel slag powder can significantly delay the setting time and improve the flowability of AAM-UHPC, making it possible for engineering applications. The mechanical properties of AAM-UHPC showed a tendency to increase and then decrease with the increase in steel slag dosing and reached their best performance at a 30% dosage of steel slag. The maximum compressive strength and flexural strength are 157.1 MPa and 16.32 Mpa, respectively. High-temperature steam or hot water curing at an early age was beneficial to the strength development of AAM-UHPC, but continuous high-temperature, hot, and humid curing would lead to strength inversion. When the dosage of steel slag is 30%, the average pore diameter of the matrix is only 8.43 nm, and the appropriate steel slag dosage can reduce the heat of hydration and refine the pore size distribution, making the matrix denser.
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Rasuli, Mohammad Idris. "A Study on the Influence of Sodium Silicate Concentration and SiO2 : Na2O Ratio on the Properties of Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Alkali-Activated Materials Cured at Ambient Condition". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (31 de marzo de 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7762507.
Resumen
Low-calcium Fly ash-based alkali-activated materials (AAM) have some extraordinary properties such as high fire resistance and low shrinkage. However, they have lower strength and high setting time when curing at ambient temperature conditions. Therefore, this research aimed to improve the strength and setting time of low-calcium fly ash-based AAM curing at ambient temperature conditions. The effect of the changes in concentration and modulus of sodium silicate and curing condition of the materials were studied on the properties of the AAM. Fly ash type II, 32% sodium metasilicate pentahydrate, 32 and 56% sodium disilicate solution, 8M sodium hydroxide, and standardized were used. Using 32% sodium disilicate solution significantly improved the flowability of mortar. Moreover, it increased the compressive strength and remarkably decreased the setting time of AAM at ambient temperature curing. The decrease in the concentration of sodium disilicate has a significant influence on the reactivity of fly ash.
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Xu, Peng, Qingliang Zhao, Wei Qiu, Yan Xue y Na Li. "Microstructure and Strength of Alkali-Activated Bricks Containing Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Fly Ash Developed as Construction Materials". Sustainability 11, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 2019): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051283.
Resumen
Alkali-activated materials (AAM) are widely applied in the field of building materials and civil engineering to substitute cement materials. This study used two types of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA): grate-firing fly ash (GFFA) and fluidized bed fly ash (FBFA) as brick raw materials. Various weight ratio of 20%, 30%, and 40% GFFA and FBFA were added to coal fly ash (CFA), GGBFs (Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag), and an alkali-activating reagent to produce alkali-activated bricks. Microstructure and crystalline phase composition were observed to analyze their compressive strength, and a leaching test was used to prove the material’s safety for the environment. It can be seen from the results of this study that the alkali-activated bricks containing FBFA had higher compressive strength than those containing GFFA in the same amount. Considering the engineering properties, the alkali-activated bricks containing FBFA are more suitable to be used as building materials. The difference in the compressive strength resulted from the large amount of calcium compounds and chloride salts present in the GFFA. From SEM analysis, it was observed that there was a large number of pores in the microstructure. It was also found from the results of XRD that the bricks containing GFFA contained a large amount of chloride salt. From the results of the two leaching tests, it was found that the amounts of six heavy metals detected in the leachates of the bricks in this study met the corresponding regulation standards. This described MSWI-FA is suitable for use as alkali-activated material, and its products have potential to be commercially used in the future.
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Lv, Xuesen, Yao Qin, Zhaoxu Lin, Zhenkun Tian y Xuemin Cui. "One-Part Plastic Formable Inorganic Coating Obtain from Alkali-Activated Slag /Starch(CMS) Hybrid Composites". Molecules 25, n.º 4 (14 de febrero de 2020): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040844.
Resumen
Coating technology can be applied to decorate building constructions. Alkali-activated materials (AAM) are promising green and durable inorganic binders which show potential for development as innovative coating. In the paper, the possibility of using AAM composited with starch (CMS) as a novel plastic formable inorganic coating for decorating in building was investigated. The rheological properties, including plastic viscosity, yield stress, and thixotropy were considered to be critical properties to obtain the working requirements. Four different mixtures were systematically investigated to obtain the optimum formulation, and then were used to study their hardened properties, such as mechanical strengths (compressive, flexural, and adhesive strength), drying shrinkage, cracking behavior, and microstructure. Study results found that CMS could quickly and efficiently be hydrolyzed in an alkaline solution to produce organic plastic gel which filled in AAM paste, leading to the significant improvement of coating consistency, plastic viscosity, and thixotropy. The optimum coating composited with 15.40 wt% CMS shows a relatively stable rheological development, the setting time sufficient at higher than 4 h. Furthermore, CMS shows a significant positive effect on the cracking and shrinkage control due to padding effect and water retention of CMS, which results in no visible cracks on the coating surface. Although the mechanical strength development is relatively lower than that of plain AAM, its value, adhesive strength 2.11 MPa, compressive strength 55.09 MPa, and flexural strength 8.06 MPa highly meet the requirements of a relevant standard.
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Sucharda, Oldrich, Vlastimil Bilek, Pavlina Mateckova y Lubos Pazdera. "AAM for Structure Beams and Analysis of Beam without Shear Reinforcement". Solid State Phenomena 292 (junio de 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.292.3.
Resumen
Advances in technology and sustainability requirements create substantial demand for material research. In construction industry, possibilities of innovation of concrete are opened by using recipes based on new activation methods, where alkaline activated composites can be included. This article focuses on this area where the results of the recipe verified under industrial conditions are presented, and the way of processing is significantly different from the laboratory conditions. The aim of the article is to present the material properties and differences of alkali activated specimens that are compared with series of common concrete material properties based on composition from the same aggregate material base. It was found that the most significant differences are the modulus of elasticity. In both of the recipes, the same design cube compressive strength is used. The article presented also experiment and nonlinear analysis of the alkali-activated beam without shear reinforcement, which was used to study the mechanism of damage and collapse of AAM beam. Nonlinear analysis was used thanks to complex knowledge of material properties. Numerical modelling uses the ATENA software. Test of small structural element is complemented by an advanced crack detection diagnosis with the use of acoustic emission.
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Dheyaaldin, Mahmood Hunar, Mohammad Ali Mosaberpanah y Radhwan Alzeebaree. "The Effect of Nano-Silica and Nano-Alumina with Polypropylene Fiber on the Chemical Resistance of Alkali-Activated Mortar". Sustainability 14, n.º 24 (13 de diciembre de 2022): 16688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416688.
Resumen
This study investigates the simultaneous effect of nano-silica and nano-alumina with and without polypropylene fiber on the chemical-resistant of alkali-activator mortar (AAM) exposed to (5% Sulfuric Acid, 5% Magnesium Sulphate, and 3.5% Sodium chloride) attack. Design-expert software provided the central composite design (CCD) for mixed proportions. Nano-silica (NS) and nano-alumina (NA) at 0, 1%, and 2%, and with polypropylene fiber (0, 0.5%, and 1%) were used in the production of AAM. The alkali activator mortar mixes were created using an alkaline activator to binder ratio of 0.5. The binder materials include 50% fly ash Class F (FA) and 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). A sodium silicate solution (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) were combined in the alkaline activator at a ratio of 2.5 (Na2SiO3/NaOH). The mechanical properties of AAM were tested via compressive strength and flexural strength tests. The results show that the acid attack, more than the sulphate and chloride attacks, significantly influenced the AAM. The addition of both nanomaterials improved the mechanical properties and chemical resistance. The use of nanomaterials with PPF showed a superior effect, and the best results were indicated through the use of 2%NA–1%PPF.