Tesis sobre el tema "Aire de jeux"
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Tsipa, Nafsika maria. "Corps et espace psychique : élaboration de la double limite dans un atelier de jeux corporels pour des adolescents psychotiques". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD074.
The object of this research is the metapsychological study of the concept of the limit and the double limit. The main interest is based to the clinic of the psychosis during adolescence and the potentiality of creation and transformation expressed by the body. The methodology leans to the realization of a workshop of physical play which held place in a Hospital in Athens. From this group, four adolescents were chosen, in order to study deep lyeach clinical case throughout the observatory participation the interviews that took place and their medical records. The hypothesis are about the role of the subjective appropriation of the body, the particularity of the transfer and the mobilization of the primary and secondary narcissisme through this played movement. The functioning of the limit is lightened and there fore the attribution of the non-verbal communication is shown and particularly referring to the psychotic pathology, which questions the elaboration of the transitionnality representing a prototype of the function of the limit
Jacob, Frederique. "la ville méditerranéenne : approche spatiale d'une aire géographique multiculturelle de proximité à travers un concept producteur d'espace : la propreté". Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00371494.
Romagny, Vincent. "Jouer l’aire de jeux : les arts de l’exposition de Playgrounds : Reinventing the Square (Musée de la Reina Sofia, Madrid, 2014), PLAY TIME (biennale de Rennes 2014) et The Playground Project (Kunsthalle Zurich, 2016)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA080051.
Our research focuses on three contemporary art exhibitions that each present a specific approach to the same urban object: the playground. The Playground Project at the Kunsthalle Zurich (2016) considers the evolution of the forms that are given to play, based on extensive photographic documentation, and life-sized reproductions of playgrounds; Playgrounds: Reinventing the Square (2014) at the Reina Sofia Museum in Madrid, considers the playground as a metaphor for social conflict and consists of modern and contemporary artworks that do not address the issue of the playground directly; the exhibition L'Aire de jeu, part of the PLAY TIME biennial in Rennes (2014), presents contemporary works that are intended to provoke a reflection on play, quite far from the idea of making the viewer play. These exhibitions are the result of discursive practices which establish a different understanding of the playground, considered here as a myth, in new ways. At first, it is a question of grasping the curators’ intentions, and the choice of the works that manifest them. We then try to show how these practices are axiologically determined and to highlight this by showing the distinct approaches of similar works to which they give rise. Finally, we question the spectral presence of childhood within these exhibitions: each exhibition is based on a figure of the child that enables one to understand and compare the different approaches to a qualitative game with artistic value that explains the way in which the playground is understood and, as a consequence, transmitted
Ginelli, Ludovic. "Jeux de nature, natures en jeu. Des loisirs aux prises avec l'écologisation des sociétés". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0050/document.
More and more practiced, “nature sports and leisure” are affected by strong tensions of our societies. How ecologisation of societies – a cognitive, normative and political process – redefines them? This issue is addressed on the basis of various uses (traditional hunting, sea kayaking, submarine fishing, bowhunting) all affected by similar processes (naturalization of places, sportivisation of activities) in two major “places of nature” partly protected, the Arcachon bay and the creeks of Marseille. To analyse these socio-environmental processes, we have chosen a pragmatist approach, particularly with the key-concepts of experience, trouble, inquiry and “prise”. Our thesis refutes the apparent ecological consensus: when they are observed “in actions”, ecological normalisations create more tensions and splits between users than they federate them. In everyday life situations of co-presence, the users aloofs towards ecology - who belong to others social spheres and annoyed in their “cognitive passions” - are ambivalents towards ecological normalisations. They are torn between the social imperative of being ecologically exemplary and the refusal of the individual and expert machinery (“impact”, “ecocompatibility”, “ecoresponsability”) of this process. These norms are particularly strong in the protected areas (national park of Creeks, nature reserve of the Arcachon bay), where mandated actors support ecologisation and legal norms or rules are included in management devices. So it is only as experts that some users and spokesmen can be heard without real changes in the group of participants, nor the framing of the issues and decision-making. At a theoretical level, these results question some assumptions of pragmatism. From a more political point of view, they lead to discuss the normative machinery of contemporary ecologisations
Lafabregue, Claude. "Choix des loisirs ludomoteurs et socialisation". Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05H014.
The object of this research is to study the involvement of individuals in physical activities, depending on their social status. Does the vicinity of sports facilities modify the influence of the social background in the membership process? The local environment is unable to drastically modify the social determinisms that make the individuals turn towards one activity rather than another. The effects of facilities nearness on the associative joining process depend on the social similarities between the local populations and the participants in the activities. They also vary according to two factors : the spreading of the activity in the area, and the concentration level of community life around local facilities. After unveiling the motor habitus present among the different social classes, we hope to understand better why some social groups are particularly attracted only by a restricted set of physical activities. This study brings to light some elements of youth culture regarding physical activity. The young members of the working class and middle class share the same favorite activities until 14 years old. After that, they follow different ways. When the working class youth remains faithfull to games in which two teams face each other and above all to sports of this kind, some teenagers of the middle class turn towards outdoors activities they had a chance to discover during their holidays. There is no doubt about the fact that the originaly social class plays a part in the production of these differences. But it seems that the carriers of individuals depend also on the own effects of their involvements in physical activity
Farenc, Evelyne. "Jeux en Angleterre au XIVe siècle : jeux de plein air, à l'exception de la chasse et des tournois". Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040105.
The purpose of this study is to provide as much information as possible about the practice and popularity of the various forms of outdoor games existing in fourteenth-century England, with the exception of hunting and tournaments. The social environment has been particularly emphasized: reputation of such past times, ensuing violence, attitudes of church and government, sociological identification of the players, places and times. The research relies on numerous documents of diverse origin: archives and records (in Latin, French, and English), literary works, illuminations (Flemish manuscripts are not to be confused with English ones), carvings, items from museums. Sources are sufficient to draw a survey of these entertainments in England but not to distinguish regional particularities. The study is intended to update, document and rectify imprecisions in the previous histories of this particular field
Farenc, Evelyne. "Jeux en Angleterre au XIVe siècle jeux de plein air, à l'exception de la chasse et des tournois /". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37604974c.
Daré, William'S. "Comportements des acteurs dans le jeu et dans la réalité : indépendance ou correspondance ? Analyse sociologique de l'utilisation de jeux de rôles en aide à la concertation". Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452429.
Borzakian, Manouk. "Géographie ludique de la France. Approche spatiale des pratiquants et des fédérations des jeux institutionnels". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00548097.
Lipscomb, Antonella. "Le jeu des pronoms personnels dans l'autobiographie contemporaine française". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325027.
Mansuy, Mathieu. "Aide au tolérancement tridimensionnel : modèle des domaines". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734713.
Fortin-Gagnon, Émilie. "Évaluation du service de télécounselling offert par la ligne téléphonique "Jeu : aide et référence"". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28637/28637.pdf.
Mauranyapin, Jérémie. "La décision et les ensembles flous : contributions méthodologiques à la théorie des jeux et l'aide à la décision". Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0059/document.
Determining the allocation and the distribution of scarce resources is fundamental in economics. Thus, decision theory is the cornerstone of economic theory. In this thesis, we first provide a state of the art insisting on the fact that information, that is a central element of decision-making, is imperfect. Secondly, using fuzzy set theory, which aims to capture imprecision, we construct a fuzzy number, so-called C-Shape that captures the sensitivity of the decision-maker. Thirdly, we study decision theory through two key concepts of operation research: (1) game theory and (2) multi-criteria decision making. We provide an analogy between the gauge functions of convex sets and the membership functions arising in fuzzy set theory. Coupling a suitable notion of -convexity with the C-Shape function, we introduce a class of games for which the players can be optimistic, pessimistic or neutral. In addition the existence of Nash equilibrium is proved for such a class of games. Finally, concerning multi-criteria decision analysis, we use the C-Shape functions to characterize a new type of criteria called C-Shape pseudo-criterion, which makes possible to consider the alternatives as substitutable. This should be of interest to take into account, for example, the institutional context in which decision-making is taken
Enten, François. "LES SYSTÈMES D’ALERTE PRÉCOCE (SAP) EN ÉTHIOPIE COMME JEUX D’ACTEURS, DE NORMES ET D’ÉCHELLES - Fabrique et usage des chiffres de l’aide alimentaire en Éthiopie (2002/2004 et 2016)". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0007/document.
Early Warning Systems (EWS) are food security assessment devices that quantify the need of food aid for humanitarian and government decision-makers in the targeting of emergency food aid through quantified and mapped analyzes. Analyzed through the sociological prism, the EWS is a blurr « system of expertise » stabilizing institutional consensus in uncertain environments, thanks to its investment of quantified and mapped form. The thesis is based on the central hypothesis that the Ethiopian EWS participates in strategies of extraversion of the international aid by the State Party, reinforcing its capacities of control and supervision of the populations and the administration. This hypothesis is verified through analyzes of experts in charge of targeting aid, acting as development brokers located at multiple institutional interfaces - through their professional, practical and social norms, and following different steps from micro to macro scales of the device. We shall first recall how the technical-scientific register of EWS derives from the technical and apolitical representations of famines and the evolution of the international food aid regime. A first ethnographic exploration of the practice of agents reveals that these norms are a hybridization between humanitarian norms and bureaucratic norms. We will study these norms separately through sociological, anthropological and historical analyzes, highlighting how the technical register makes possible to aggregate these two universes, hidding political dimensions. An ethnographic study detailing the sets of norms will show how their articulation by the agents, along the hierarchical scales, is presided over by empiricism and negotiation, adjusting the margins of maneuver to the kadre of the Party, to discreetly influence the results and the target of aid. At the village level, we will see how the targeting of aid reinforces the supervision and control of the populations by the kadre. Finally, we will return to the methodological stakes of the field investigations conducted by a former humanitarian
Poussart-Vanier, Marie. "Jeux d'acteurs dans le système alimentaire burkinabé : normes, conflits et compromis dans le marché céréalier et la gestion de l'aide alimentaire d'urgence". Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010671.
Bouzarour-Amokrane, Yasmina. "Structuration des processus d'aide à la décision par analyse bipolaire". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2322/.
The research presented in this thesis concerns the multi-criteria decision support field. This field aims at helping decision makers (DM) to face decisions involving several conflicting objectives. To deals with this, decision is addressed in a context where a group of alternatives is evaluated through a set of criteria (often contradictory) to estimate the potential of each to achieve the goals. The main concern of this research is to propose flexible structuring decision problem support for evaluating alternatives distinguishing between positive and negative aspects they present with regard to objectives achievement. Bipolar structure models are proposed first to evaluate the decision problems at the individual level. The synergistic relationships and potential interactions between the decision characteristics (attributes, alternative objectives) are modeled in a bipolar context and integrated into resolution approaches taking account the certain or uncertain environment in which the evaluation takes place. In a second part, group decision problems are discussed taking into account the impact of human behaviour (influence, individualism, fear, caution, etc. ) on decisional capacity at individual and collective levels. Valuation models and a consensus process are proposed in two relatively independent problem categories: social choice problems, and, strategic game problems
Varano, Sandro. "Proposition d'un espace de navigation hypermédia fondé sur des parcours heuristiques comme aide à la compréhension du patrimoine culturel bâti. SPASM : système de parcours d'apprentissage, de scénarisation et de mémorisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL038N.
Restitution of built cultural heritage presented on Internet, interactive CD-ROMs, museum terminals, … is a constant preoccupation of cultural mediation. Thanks to the attractions of hypermedia, namely hypertext and multimedia, it seems that existing products have capacities to transmit heritage information to the public, but ultimately they miss real cognitive or educational purposes. Through the use of existing numerical tools, the objective consists in proposing to non-expert learners, a hypermedia navigation space based on systemic, practical and graphic assumptions, in order to conceive a complete visualization and immersion tool as an aid to understand archaeological and architectural knowledge.From an experimental point of view, we identify among the characteristics of video games and cartography, those which may report that these semiological and cognitive environments can constitute systems of re-presentation and effective learning.The navigation space proposed, correlates activities of exploration and creation. During his real time movement, the learner is guided and motivated following topographical, cognitive and scripted paths. At the same time, he/she creates his/her own « memory map » that will help to move, build knowledge and memorize.The work leads to a conceptual model applicable to all types of buildings. It results in a prototype using the Cheops Pyramid as support of experimentation
Tétreault, Réal. "Jeu de langage et air de famille, deux concepts wittgensteiniens pour une théorie de la création". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0005/NQ43120.pdf.
Moureaux, Florian. "Etude des réactions mettant en jeu l'oxygène dans un système électrochimique lithium-air aqueux rechargeable électriquement". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00947541.
Varano, Sandro. "Proposition d'un espace de navigation hypermédia fondé sur des parcours heuristiques comme aide à la compréhension du patrimoine culturel bâti. SPASM : Système de Parcours d'Apprentissage, de Scénarisation et de Mémorisation". Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547475.
Chebaicheb, Hasna. "Etude de la composition chimique des particules fines et des sources d'aérosol organique sur différents sites en France à partir de jeux de données pluriannuels à haute résolution temporelle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023MTLD0006.
Considering the major climatic and health impacts of fine particulate matter, this work studies their chemical composition at 13 French sites from 2015 to 2021. Organic aerosols (OA) predominate, with increases in winter (residential heating emissions) and summer (formation of secondary organic aerosols). Ammonium nitrate, also a secondary pollutant from combustion and agriculture, dominates during springtime pollution episodes, particularly in the north.The main sources of OA are traffic emissions and biomass combustion. Others are site-specific (cooking activities, industry, ship emissions). Oxygenated factors dominate OA, suggesting aging and secondary formation processes. These results can guide policies aimed at improving air quality, help improve the model accuracy and inform future epidemiological studies)
Laforest, Sophie. "Étude des facteurs de risque de la sévérité et de la survenue des traumatismes liés aux aires et appareils de jeu". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ30313.pdf.
Laforest, Sophie. "Etude des facteurs de risque de la sévérité et de la survenue des traumatismes liés aux aires et appareils de jeu". Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=42071.
The objectives of this research required different study designs. The principal objective was achieved through a case-control study. In this study, logistic regressions were performed to study risk factors of serious (AIS3, n = 88) and moderate injuries (AIS2, n = 203), using minor injuries (AIS1, n = 348) as the reference category. One of our secondary objectives was to analyze risk factors for injury occurrence. For this, two additional case-control studies were performed. In the first study, cases related to playgrounds (n = 639) were compared with control children who had visited the emergency room for another type of injury (n = 1064). In the second study, characteristics of playgrounds where an injury occurred were compared with playgrounds with no injuries. Finally, qualitative analyses were conducted to describe the scenarios of the injury incidents. To prevent future incidents, the Canadian Standards on Children's Playspaces and Equipment were reviewed to identify playground elements associated with injuries.
As they become older, boys tend to sustain more severe injuries than girls. Children who use playgrounds less frequently are at lower risk of being injured, however, when they are injured, the injuries are more severe. Approximately 75% of all playground injuries resulted from a fall. Injuries from falls are more severe than other types of injuries. Public playgrounds account for 71% of injuries and home playgrounds for 21%. Injuries sustained at public playgrounds are more severe than injuries at home, except among children aged 1 to 4. The rate of injury is higher on modules (combination of several types of equipment including swings, climbers and slides) and swings than on slides and climbers. However, injuries on slides are more severe. The odds of serious injuries are 2.1 times greater for a fall on grass compared to one on sand (CI: 1.08; 3.96). The height of the equipment also appears to be a risk factor for incidence and severity of injury. For all hospitals in Montreal during 1991, the average rate of emergency room visits for playground injuries among children aged 1 to 14 years is 397 per 100,000 children for the period May to September. Injury rates are higher for children under 10 years old and among boys.
In conclusion, the findings regarding playground surfaces are the most important, and suggest that, under equipment, grass should be replaced by sand. This recommendation applies to both public and home playgrounds. Prevention programs should focus on ensuring that playgrounds are in compliance with Canadian Safety Standards and should include both public and home playgrounds.
Azzam, Tarik. "Aérodynamique et contrôle de l'écoulement de jeu dans un ventilateur axial obtenu par rotomoulage". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENAM0080/document.
Nowadays, the manufacture of turbomachinery is conditioned by more and more restrictive rules. The industrial challenge for researchers has to consider optimal solutions to reduce sources of energy loss, instability and noise, particularly the tip clearance flow (leakage flow rate). Preliminary actions have been developed at Arts & ParisTech on rotational molding process used for the automobile cooling axial fan. The idea of this work is to use the hollow shape induced by rotational molding process in order to exploit it in the control of tip clearance flow through rotary steady air injection. For this, the shroud ring is composed of injection holes oriented in such away to reduce both of leakage flow rate and the torque. In this work, the thesis focuses on three parts. The first concerns the build of the fan by rotational molding process. The second concerns the experimental study carried out in the ISO 5801 test bench. This study involves the realization of drive system dedicated to rotary steady air injection, metrology for performance determination and the characterization of the near wake axial velocity. The third part deals with the numerical modeling of efficient experimental conditions, then the extrapolation of work towards high injection rates. For this latter, it is possible to cancel leakage flow rate with a considerable gain of the torque thus putting the fan in autorotation
Dang, Kim Dung. "Aide à la réalisation de systèmes de pilotage de narration interactive : validation d'un scénario basée sur un modèle en logique linéaire". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066720.
Charfeddine, Souhir. "Optimisation de l'offre d'une compagnie aérienne en environnement incertain". Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363337.
Les principaux problèmes de prise de décision associés aux opérations aériennes sont analysés, puis la structure des coûts d'une compagnie aérienne et les facteurs qui influent sur sa demande, sont étudiés. La prévision de la demande pour un marché de transport aérien est un exercice difficile et les prévisions sont généralement entachées d'erreurs non maîtrisables. La modélisation floue est alors introduite pour modéliser l'incertitude caractérisant cette demande. Un processus d'optimisation de l'offre (prix et fréquence) sur un marché monopolistique, qui prend en compte de façon explicite la modélisation floue de la demande, est proposé. Puis le cas des situations d'équilibre d'un marché duopolistique est étudié dans les mêmes conditions.
Finalement une illustration numérique des principaux points de cette approche floue est présentée.
Lusso, Bruno. "Les dynamiques territoriales du secteur de l’image en mouvement dans les aires métropolitaines de Lille, de Lyon et de Marseille". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10158/document.
In France, creative industries are traditionally concentrated in the Paris region. During the 1980s, the decentralisation have given to the actors of the Lille, Lyon and Marseille metropolitan areas more power. So they have decided to launch a policy in favor of the image sector. But those creative industries are more or less developped thanks to different regional assets: local TV or newspapers, filming tradition, HEIs, microelectronics or multimedia industries… However, the image sector remains still largely emergent and little structured. In order to retain the workforce trained in the metropolitan areas and tempted to leave the region, public authorities has decided to launch media districts or crossmedia clusters policies. Nevertheless, networks dynamics is still very fragile and emergent in the image sector, that requires a support of public authorities in the long term
Mainsant, Gildas. "Réponse des masses d'eau intermédiaires et modales de l'océan Austral au mode annulaire austral : les processus en jeu et rôle de la glace de mer". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU060/document.
Recent climate trends show a warming and freshening of the surface layers in the region of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Over the same period, the westerlies driving the circulation of the Southern Ocean have significantly increased. This increase is partly due to the intensification of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), the main mode of atmospheric variability south of 20°S. In this thesis, we are interested in understanding the effects of the positive trend of the SAM onto the properties of water masses formed in the region of the ACC. To do so, we implement a strategy of regional coupled ocean-sea ice simulations forced by a series of atmospheric disturbance scenarios.These scenarios are constructed from atmospheric reanalyses in order to describe the various components (dynamic and thermodynamic) of the changes related to the SAM. In response to the increase of the SAM, the simulations show a significant salinification of the ocean mixed layer and of the mode water (SAMW) and intermediate water (AAIW).Most of these changes can be attributed to the dynamic components of the SAM. In Seasonal Ice Zone, the thermodynamic components of the SAM can play an important part (especially in Amundsen Sea and Weddell Sea). The simulations also show the key role played by sea ice in mediating atmospheric changes toward the interior ocean.These simulation results suggest that SAM is not the only driver of recent climate trends in the Southern Ocean
Oliveira, da Silva Sôniá Maria. "L’invention de la scène. Analyse de la théâtralité dans « L’année dernière à Marienbad »". Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030026.
This thesis aims at studying the film theatricality. It analyzes the film Last year to Marienbad [Alain Resnais and Alain Robbe-Grillet, on 1961] by hoping to encircle both main levels of theatricalities which determine the cinematic stage. First of all, the film theatricality can be delivered to the spectator through the implementation of technical theatre artifice on the screen but also by the fake appearance of the filmic environment. First of all, the film theatricality offered to the spectator by the transposition of the technical theatre artifice on the screen but also by fake appearance of the filmic environment. We shall see at first the technical and aesthetic elementary contributions of the theater [dramaturgy, entered laterals, fixedness of the shot of other] in the cinema. We shall speak about a primary theatricality.Then, we shall approach the secondary theatricality, the specific shape of film theatricality, process which evokes the foundation of a playing area through which actors to the theater. In the cinema, this playing area becomes that of the character. The secondary theatricality so exceeds the primary inheritance of the theater in the cinema. It is about a higher level of theatricality, appearing at the moments prégnants of the film, a cut was operated by the play of the characters. Registering the stage in another topographic order, this theatricality precipitates the film into a altered temporal dimension and can be so organized through various levels of the fantasizing of the characters
Perrotton, Arthur. "Conduite du bétail et coexistence entre les aires protégées et leurs périphéries : une approche participative". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS118/document.
About 15 % of the world’s terrestrial area has some kind of protected status. Human-wildlife conflicts, crops raiding, livestock predation, poaching, illegal natural resources harvesting, the list of issues taking place at the edge of African protected areas is long. These issues are wicked problems, characterized by scientific uncertainties and involve conflictive cultural values and interconnections with other problems. The constructivist approach of post-normal sciences (PNS) assumes that reality is socially constructed. Studying and addressing wicked problems therefore requires insights on local stakeholders’ perspectives. In this PhD we focused on interactions between the Sikumi Forest (SF), a Zimbabwean protected area, and the rural communities living at its periphery. More particularly, we focused on the tensions related to cattle herding practices. The situation shows characteristic of wicked problems: the difficulty to frame a precise problem; high uncertainties about the studied SES; incomplete scientific knowledge; competing cultural values; and the interconnection to other problems. In order to understand cattle-related interactions between rural communities and the protected area, we co-designed a participatory research tool taking the form of a role-playing game (RPG) enabling us to elicit cattle herding strategies. The RPG was used with naïve villagers (villagers who were note involved in the co-design). This PhD thesis shows how the use of virtual worlds allows researchers to cope with the catch-22 of wicked problems, that is that any action transforms the problem and brings us “back to the beginning”. The co-design of the research tool allows to deal with one of the major characteristics of wicked problems: uncertainties. In the participatory design of the RGP, these were collectively reframed through negotiation. Participation led to the appropriation of the co-designed object by local actors, as a result our project went beyond the initial ambitions and produced a multi-dimensional tool of which we necessarily lose control. In a wider perspective, we believe that with the emergence of Transfrontier conservation in Africa, participatory approaches like ours can provide alternative ways to study and manage coexistence between protected areas and their peripheries
Ribeiro, Silvana Soares Costa. "Brinquedos e brincadeiras infantis na área do Falar Baiano". Instituto de Letras, 2012. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/28391.
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A Tese de Doutorado examina a atualidade da divisão dialetal do Brasil, proposta Nascentes (1953), especificamente no que se refere à área do Falar Baiano, e a pertinência dos limites estabelecidos, considera a realidade presente. O autor divide o Brasil em dois grupos de falares, o do (a) Norte e o do (b) Sul, no qual situa o Falar Baiano, e reconhece, ainda, uma área a que denomina território incaracterístico. O trabalho fundamenta-se na Dialetologia e na Geolinguística Pluridimensional Contemporânea. Tem por objetivo demonstrar a variação diatópica identificada a partir dos dados coletados com base na área semântica escolhida. A Tese apresenta um estudo do léxico dos brinquedos e brincadeiras infantis, fazendo registro das variantes lexicais coletadas na amostra para cada um dos artefatos ou atividades lúdicas. Descreve as características gerais de uso e o modo de confecção de cada um deles, assinalando a importância da sua preservação para a cultura popular. Traz resultado da consulta aos dicionários de Houaiss (2002), Ferreira (1999), Aulete (2006) e Cascudo (1954) no que se refere às variantes lexicais documentadas na amostra. Tem como base, para a análise, um extrato do corpus do Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil composto de 244 inquéritos linguísticos. Os informantes, em igual número, são de ambos os sexos, de duas faixas etárias (18 a 30 e 50 a 65 anos) e de dois graus de escolaridade (fundamental incompleto e superior completo). A área geográfica estudada é composta de 57 localidades pertencentes a 11 estados brasileiros, dos quais 5 estão situados na área do Falar Baiano e os demais em regiões fronteiriças. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação das perguntas referentes aos jogos e diversões infantis são mostrados em gráficos e tabelas contendo a variação encontrada. A variação diatópica está descrita em cartas linguísticas. A Tese vem apresentada em três volumes. No Volume I, constam os capítulos referentes aos pressupostos teóricos adotados, ao Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil, à metodologia aplicada na pesquisa e à análise dos dados coletados. Fecha-se o volume com as Considerações Finais e as Referências Bibliográficas que ampararam o trabalho. O Volume II é formado por um conjunto de 40 cartas das quais 7 são introdutórias, 23 semântico-lexicais, 1 fonética e 9 cartasresumo, estas contendo o traçado de isoléxicas e a delimitação de subáreas dialetais. Do Volume III, constam os Apêndices constituídos pelas listagens de ocorrências das lexias documentadas e da pesquisa lexicográfica e os Anexos. O trabalho atesta a vitalidade do Falar Baiano e sugere a existência de 4 subáreas dialetais.
Cette Thèse examine l’actualité de la division dialectale du Brésil proposée par Nascentes (1953), spécifiquement sur le domaine du Parler Bahianais, et la pertinence des limites établies, en considérant la réalité présente. L’auteur divise le Brésil en deux groupes de parlers, celui du Nord (a) et celui du Sud (b), où il place le Parler Bahianais, et reconnait encore un domaine auquel il dénomme territoire noncaractéristique. Le présent travail se fonde sur la Dialectologie et la Géolinguistique pluridimensionnelle contemporaines. Il a pour objectif de démontrer la variation diatopique identifiée à partir des données collectées sur l’aire sémantique choisie. Cette thèse présente une étude du lexique des jeux d’enfants, en enregistrant les variantes lexicales collectées dans l’échantillon pour chacun des artefacts ou activités ludiques. Elle décrit les caractérisques générales de l’emploi et le mode de confection de chacun d’eux, signalant l’importance de sa préservation pour la culture populaire. Elle présente aussi le résultat des consultations aux dictionnaires de Houaiss (2002), Ferreira (1999), Aulete (2006) et Cascudo (1954), en ce qui concerne les variantes lexicales documentées dans l’échantillon. Ce travail a comme base d’analyse un extrait du corpus du Projet Atlas Linguistique du Brésil, composé de 244 enquêtes linguistiques. Les informateurs, du même nombre, sont des deux sexes, de deux fourchettes d’âge (18 à 30 et 50 à 65 ans) et de deux degrés de scolarité (école primaire incomplète et cours supérieur complet). Le domaine géographique étudié est composé de 57 localités qui appartiennent à 11 États brésiliens, dont 5 situés dans la zone du Parler Bahianais et les autres des régions frontalières. Les résultats obtenus de l’application des questions concernant les jeux et divertissements enfantins sont montrés en des graphiques et des tableaux contenant la variation trouvée. La variation diatopique est décrite en des cartes linguistiques. La Thèse est présentée en trois volumes. Dans le Volume I, figurent les chapitres concernant les présuposés théoriques adoptés, le Projet Atlas Linguistique du Brésil, la méthodologie appliquée dans la recherche et l’analyse des données collectées. Ce volume se ferme sur des considérations finales et les références bibliographiques qui ont étayées le travail. Le Volume II est formé par un ensemble de 40 cartes dont 7 sont introductrices, 23 sémantico-lexicales, 1 phonétique et 9 cartes-résumé, ces dernières contenant le tracé d’isolexiques et la délimitation de sous-aires dialectales. Dans le Volume III figurent les Appendices constitués par des listes d’occurrences des lexies documentées et de la recherche lexicographique et les Annexes. Cette étude atteste la vitalité du Parler Bahianais et suggère l’existence de 4 sous-aires dialectales.
Eveno, Pauline. "L'impédance d'entrée pour l'aide à la facture des instruments de musique à vent : mesures, modèles et lien avec les fréquences de jeu". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787322.
Chartier, Angeline. "Transferts et appropriations de modèles de développement dans les pays du Sud : pour une analyse du (dys)fonctionnelment de l'aide : l'exemple de la décentralisation en Haïti et à Madagascar". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BOR30001/document.
Originally a western political model, decentralization became a development model and a tool in the fight against poverty between 1990 and 2000. The model has since been massively financed and transferred to developing countries, as it was expected to be a lever of good governance and social peace. However, despite 25 years of efforts to establish the model in Haiti and Madagascar, decentralization is still not efficient. More generally, the two countries are characterized by chronic instability, a false pretence of democracy, an aggravation of poverty and maintained or increased inequalities. How can we explain this paradox? Decentralization continues to be transferred and received despite consistently missing the mark because it serves unofficial interests of actors from the South…and the North. Moreover, we consider that the model’s transfer itself is at the source of its malfunctioning. As it facilitates access to power for new stakeholders, it multiplies the sources of conflicts and foments local power games. We offer a profile of Southern stakeholders, visible and invisible, who appropriate the model and aim to decode theirs strategies of power capture. Who are they? How can they maintain the system and simultaneously sabotage it? How do they turn the model into their own tool? What are their goals? What are their strategies in terms of alliances and conflicts? More broadly, we would like to show how these power games relate to Northern realities and lead to the persistent transfer of a dysfunctional model, the preservation of a small hegemony, and the (re)creation of tensions which can lead to crises. This system is ongoing: the crises justify external aid intervention and the input of a new model. In this vicious circle something does functions, but at the expense of the target population. This paradox offers an opportunity to question the aid approach based on the transfer of a standardized model
Lenz, Jn-François. "Comment devenir "je"dans un monde qui vous met hors-jeu ? : Le défi de la construction d'un individu - sujet chez les jeunes du Bel-Air (Port au Prince, Haïti) de 1986 à 2006". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070108.
From 1986 to 2006, Haïti literally imploded in a long and terrible crisis. The country bas witnessed a real human drama that reveals the pain and the difficulty of survival in a community of about ten million people. This situation of social disintegration is rooted in a structural and historical context, fundamentally characterized by the denial of social recognition for the vast majority of citizens. In this study we set out to understand how human individuals were able to live (or survive), evolve and try to structure themselves as subjects in an extreme situation of poverty, violence, chaos and authoritarianism. Using a clinical approach, we studied the social environment of youth in the slums (particularly the neighborhood of Bel-Air), their lived experiences, and the strategies they used to build identities as subjects. Individuals, particularly the poor, build their identity in a continual struggle for self and ultimately against the other. This struggle is heightened by the desire for recognition that is historically rooted in Haitians and which finally results in a form of negative individualism, the individualism of survival. Through our analysis of three determining areas of socialization in the slums - family, neighborhood and school - we measured how the experience of abandonment affects every stage of a youth's life. It represent the fundamental element structuring the identity of these young people in a society of getting by" as the cardinal principle of survival is reduced to "every man for himself". The individualism of survival becomes the mainspring of the work of subjectivation. It is sometimes presented as a particular form of presence, of relation to the other in order to ensure a social existence that is recognized. It is sometimes the expression of social constraints that drive the individual to isolation or loneliness and desolation
Marchant, Thierry. "Agrégation de relations valuées par la méthode de Borda, en vue d'un rangement: considérations axiomatiques". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212380.
Depuis 20 à 30 ans, l'aide multicritère à la décision est apparue. L'expansion de cette nouvelle discipline s'est marquée dans la littérature essentiellement par un foisonnement de nouvelles méthodes multicritères d'aide à la décision et par des applications de celles-ci à des problèmes "réels". Pour la plupart de ces méthodes, il n'y pas ou peu de fondements théoriques. Seul le bon sens a guidé les créateurs de ces méthodes.
Depuis une dizaine d'années, le besoin de bases théoriques solides se fait de plus en plus sentir. C'est dans cette perspective que nous avons réalisé le présent travail. Ceci étant dit, nous n'allons pas vraiment nous occuper de méthodes multicritères à la décision dans ce travail, mais seulement de fragments de méthodes. En effet, les méthodes multicritères d'aide à la décision peuvent généralement être décomposées en trois parties (outre la définition de l'ensemble des alternatives et le choix des critères):
- Modélisation des préférences: pendant cette étape, les préférences du décideur sont modélisées le long de chaque critère.
- Agrégation des préférences: un modèle global de préférences est construit au départ des modèles obtenus critère par critère à la fin de la phase précédente.
- Exploitation des résultats de l'agrégation: du modèle global de préférences issu de la phase 2, on déduit un choix, un rangement, une partition, selon les besoins.
Jusqu'à présent, à cause de la difficulté du problème, peu de méthodes ont été axiomatisées de bout en bout; la plupart des travaux ne s'intéressent qu'à une ou deux des trois étapes que nous venons de décrire.
Nous nous sommes intéressés à une méthode bien connue: la méthode de Borda. Elle accepte comme données de départ des relations binaires. Elle intervient donc après la phase de modélisation des préférences. Le résultat de cette méthode est un rangement. Elle effectue donc les opérations correspondant aux étapes 2 et 3. Dans la suite de ce travail nous appellerons méthode de rangement toute méthode effectuant les étapes 2 et 3 pour aboutir à un rangement. Etant donné que les méthodes de rangement, celle de Borda en particulier, sont utilisées également en choix social, nous puiserons abondamment dans le vocabulaire, les outils et les résultats du choix social. Les résultats présentés seront valides en choix social, mais nous nous sommes efforcés de les rendre aussi pertinents que possible en aide multicritère à la décision.
Dans le chapitre II, après quelques définitions et notations, nous présentons quelques méthodes de rangement classiques, y compris la méthode de Borda, et quelques résultats majeurs de la littérature. Nous généralisons une caractérisation des méthodes de scorage due à Myerson (1995).
Nous nous tournons ensuite vers les relations valuées. La raison en est la suivante: elles sont utilisées depuis longtemps dans plusieurs méthodes multicritères et, depuis peu, elles le sont aussi en choix social (p.ex. Banerjec 1994) car elles permettent de modéliser plus finement les préférences des décideurs confrontés à des informations incertaines, imprécises, contradictoires, lacunaires, Nous commençons donc le chapitre III par des notations et définitions relatives aux relations valuées.
Ensuite, nous présentons quelques méthodes de rangement opérant au départ de relations valuées. C'est-à-dire des méthodes de rangement qui agissent non pas sur des relations nettes, mais sur des relations valuées et qui fournissent comme précédemment un rangement des alternatives. N'ayant trouvé dans la littérature aucune méthode de ce type, toutes celles que nous présentons sont neuves ou des généralisations de méthodes existantes; comme par exemple, les méthodes de scorage généralisées, que nous caractérisons en généralisant encore une fois le résultat de Myerson.
Nous présentons enfin ce que nous appelons la méthode de Borda généralisée, qui est une des généralisations possibles de la méthode de Borda au cas valué. Nous basant sur un article de Farkas et Nitzan (1979), nous montrons que contrairement à ce qui se passait dans le cas particulier envisagé par Farkas et Nitzan (agrégation d'ordres totaux), la méthode de Borda généralisée (et sa particularisation au cas net) n'est pas toujours équivalente à la méthode proximité à l'unanimité. Cette dernière méthode classe chaque alternative en fonction de l'importance des changements qu'il faudrait faire subir à un ensemble de relations pour que l’alternative considérée gagne à l'unanimité. Nous identifions quelques cas où l'équivalence est vraie.
Ensuite, nous reprenons un résultat de Debord (1987). Il s'agit d'une caractérisation de la méthode de Borda en tant que méthode de choix appliquée à des préordres totaux. Nous la généralisons de deux façons au cas de la méthode de Borda en tant que méthode de rangement appliquée à des relations valuées. Lorsqu'on applique la méthode de Borda, on est amené à calculer une fonction à valeurs réelles sur l'ensemble des alternatives.
La valeur prise par cette fonction pour une alternative s'appelle le score de Borda de cette alternative. Ensuite, on range les alternatives par ordre décroissant de leur score de Borda. La tentation est grande - et beaucoup y succombent (peut-être avec raison) d'utiliser le score de Borda non seulement pour calculer le rangement mais aussi pour estimer si l'écart entre deux alternatives est important ou non (voir par exemple Brans 1994). Cette approche n'a, à notre connaissance, jamais été étudiée d'un point de vue théorique. Nous présentons deux caractérisations de la méthode de Borda utilisée à cette fin.
Dans la dernière partie du chapitre III, nous abandonnons la démarche qui visait à caractériser une méthode par un ensemble de propriétés le plus petit possible. Nous comparons 12 méthodes sur base d'une vingtaine de propriétés. Les résultats de cette partie sont résumés dans quelques tableaux.
Ce travail aborde donc la méthode de Borda et sa généralisation au cas valué sous différents angles. Il livre une série de résultats qui, espérons-le, devraient permettre de mieux comprendre la méthode de Borda et peut-être de l'utiliser à meilleur escient. Toutefois, quoique notre objectif ait été de présenter des résultats pertinents en aide multicritère à la décision (et nous avons fait des progrès dans ce sens), il reste du chemin à faire. Nous sommes probablement encore trop proche du choix social. Ceci constitue donc une voie de recherche intéressante, de même que l'étude d'autres méthodes de rangement et l'étude de méthodes complètes d'aide multicritère à la décision: modélisation du problème (identification du ou des décideur(s), des alternatives et des critères), modélisation des préférences, agrégation des préférences et exploitation des résultats de l'agrégation.
Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Zaleski, Laetitia. "Assistant de décision et de négociation par analyse de viabilité - Application à la gestion participative d’espaces protégés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS432.
Good management of shared spaces requires taking into account the multiplicity of stakeholders who each have their own values and objectives. It is subject to two recurring problems. The first is the lack of consensus, the second is a consensus on an ineffective solution in its response to the problems raised. Combining the participatory aspect with technical assistance makes it possible to address both aspects. It is possible both to help the actors in the decision-making process, while at the same time directing their reasoning towards a coherent result. In order to provide technical assistance, we choose to use the theory of viability, which proposes to users to define a set of constraints grouping the interests and objectives of each. This method has two advantages. On the one hand, it is no longer necessary to aggregate or prioritise the criteria. On the other hand, viability allows an infinite time horizon to be taken into account, implying respect for intergenerational equity. Moreover, we draw inspiration from the techniques used for the design of serious games in order to give an educational and awareness-raising aspect to our tool for participatory management. This thesis work focuses on the design, development and impact study of a tool for participatory management based on viability theory. We have implemented a prototype of an IT assistant that gives concrete form to the ideas proposed in the thesis. Then we conducted a first experimentation of its use in order to analyse its interest and the benefits brought to decision making and negotiation. This evaluation allowed us to assess the influence of this tool from the point of view of decision support, negotiation support and awareness of the issues raised by resource sharing. An application inspired by the case of Brazilian extractive reservation allowed us to illustrate this approach
Tétreault, Réal. "Jeu de langage et air de famille : deux concepts wittgensteiniens pour une théorie de la création : étude en contrepoint des mots les plus fréquents chez six auteurs éthiciens universitaires québécois dans le texte de leur choix qui traite d'éthique et publié entre 1990 à 1996". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/63499.
Cette thèse est exploratoire. Elle s'appuie sur une étude d'observation de faits. Elle ne procède d'aucune autre hypothèse préalable que celle-ci : “La signification, c'est l'usage” (Ludwig Wittgenstein). Il s'agit d'une enquête rétrospective qui ne se veut nullement expérimentale. Nous ne provoquons rien. Nous observons. Nous examinons systématiquement les mots de certains textes afin d'en tirer des analyses, des bases de discussions et des hypothèses de recherche. Notre démarche est exploratoire dans le même sens que la cartographie, le diagnostic et le désir d'une suite du monde. La démarche statistique n'est utilisée que pour objectiver nos observations sur le langage des éthiciens de notre échantillon. Nous illustrons et démontrons, chemin faisant, les concepts “jeu de langage” et “air de famille” du philosophe Ludwig Wittgenstein et nous les appliquons à une théorie de la création.
Leboucher, Cédric. "Optimisation of the weapon target assignment problem foir naval and ground command and control systems". Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1093.
This research investigates a practical air defence problem, usually named Weapon Target Assignment (WTA) in the literature. The WTA problem is a well-known problem of military operation research that encountered a wide success in the research community, but still nowadays since it remains an unsolved problem because of its NP-hardness property. From analytical to heuristic methods, the WTA was deeply investigated and many attempts to solve this problem have been proposed. However, the proposed modelling of this problem is consistent with the 1950's technologies. Thus, the proposed modelling found in the literature can be considered as obsolete and cannot fit the requirement of the current technology advances. Indeed, the battle field dramatically changes over 60 years, and the recent literature proposes only few studies taking into account these amendments. The herein study proposes to investigate a Command & Control system (C2) in air defence applications. Usually a C2 system includes sensors, a Tactical Operation Centre (TOC) and one or more launchers. The sensors provide information about aerial tactical situation to the TOC. This TOC is in charge of evaluating the received information in order to compute the attainability of the targets, then an engagement plan that includes the assignment of the available weapons to the incoming targets and a date to fire for each assignment. This engagement plan is then proposed to one human operator in charge of accepting whole or part of this engagement plan and engage the targets following the received instructions. To achieve this goal, an innovative and patented approach to mitigate the issues related to multi-objective optimisation is proposed. Then, a continuous optimisation algorithm based on the combination of the Particle Swarm Optimisation and the Evolutionary Game Theory was proposed to determine the best dates to fire. The optimal assignment was obtained by adapting the aforementioned algorithm to the discrete case. This thesis also gives the proof that the designed algorithms are locally convergent and intensive benchmarking confirms the developed theory. In order to respect the real-time requirement, it was also devised to use the Neural Networks to lighten the identified burdensome parts of the algorithm and decrease computational time. Not limited to the military operation research field, the herein study reuse some basic concepts of missile guidance and navigation to compute the attainability of the targets. From this thesis, it can be identified that following aspects need to be carefully considered to provide an efficient decision making support to a human operator: First, clearly define what a good engagement plan is. Second, the engagement plan must be steady to avoid high rate changing in the assignments that could significantly disturb the operator. Third, the proposed engagement also must be reliable and robust to face any possible situations. Fourth, the computation time and computation load are technical constraints that cannot be overstepped. Finally, the operational constraints related to the mission context defined during a pre-mission stage must also be taken into account. Therefore, the proposed decision making support must help and significantly reduce the operator's work load in this situation of high stress and sensitive context
Ghemmogne, Fossi Leopold. "Gestion des règles basée sur l'indice de puissance pour la détection de fraude : Approches supervisées et semi-supervisées". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI079.
This thesis deals with the detection of credit card fraud. According to the European Central Bank, the value of frauds using cards in 2016 amounted to 1.8 billion euros. The challenge for institutions is to reduce these frauds. In general, fraud detection systems consist of an automatic system built with "if-then" rules that control all incoming transactions and trigger an alert if the transaction is considered suspicious. An expert group checks the alert and decides whether it is true or not. The criteria used in the selection of the rules that are kept operational are mainly based on the individual performance of the rules. This approach ignores the non-additivity of the rules. We propose a new approach using power indices. This approach assigns to the rules a normalized score that quantifies the influence of the rule on the overall performance of the group. The indexes we use are the Shapley Value and Banzhaf Value. Their applications are 1) Decision support to keep or delete a rule; 2) Selection of the number k of best-ranked rules, in order to work with a more compact set. Using real credit card fraud data, we show that: 1) This approach performs better than the one that evaluates the rules in isolation. 2) The performance of the set of rules can be achieved by keeping one-tenth of the rules. We observe that this application can be considered as a task of selection of characteristics: We show that our approach is comparable to the current algorithms of the selection of characteristics. It has an advantage in rule management because it assigns a standard score to each rule. This is not the case for most algorithms, which focus only on an overall solution. We propose a new version of Banzhaf Value, namely k-Banzhaf; which outperforms the previous in terms of computing time and has comparable performance. Finally, we implement a self-learning process to reinforce the learning in an automatic learning algorithm. We compare these with our power indices to rank credit card fraud data. In conclusion, we observe that the selection of characteristics based on the power indices has comparable results with the other algorithms in the self-learning process
Drouin-Provençal, Étienne. "Optimisation des aires de jeux des salons de jeux du Québec". Thèse, 2018. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9308/1/eprint9308.pdf.
Pilote, Éric. "Le Comité International Olympique, la Solidarité Olympique et l'aide au développement du sport : une étude quantitative des relations entre l'aide financière allouée aux Comités Nationaux Olympiques et des indicateurs courants de développement humain et socio-économique /". 1998. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=734135981&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Bhéreur-Lagounaris, Alexia. "Jeux à portée sociale : vers une nouvelle appellation d’un divertissement responsable". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21887.
Ghali, Ramla. "Détection et amélioration de l'état cognitif de l'apprenant". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19540.
This thesis aims at detecting and enhancing the cognitive state of a learner. This state is measured by the ability to acquire new knowledge and store it in memory. Focusing on three types of environments to enhance reasoning: environment Logic, serious game LewiSpace and intelligent serious game Inertia. Physiological measures (in particular the electroencephalograms) have been taken in order to measure learners’ engagement and mental states. Improving learners’ reasoning is key for successful learning process. In a first part, we present the implementation of logic environment. We present statistics on this environment, with data collected during an experimental study. Three types of data: engagement, workload and distraction, these measures were effective and can predict and classify learner’s performance. In a second part, we describe the LewiSpace game, aimed at teaching Lewis diagrams. We conducted an experimental study and collected data from electroencephalograms, emotions and eye-tracking software. Combined with machine learning algorithms, it is possible to anticipate a learner’s need for help using these data. In a third part, we finish by presenting some assistance strategies in a virtual reality game called Inertia (to teach Physics). The latter adapts according to two measures extracted from electroencephalograms (frustration and engagement). Based on our study, we were able to enhance the learner’s success rate on game missions, by improving its cognitive state.