Bibliografías temáticas / Air pollutant emissions

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Air pollutant emissions"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 1 de junio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Air pollutant emissions"

Račić, Nikola, Branko Lalić, Ivan Komar, Frane Vidović y Ladislav Stazić. "Air Pollutant Emission Measurement". Pedagogika-Pedagogy 93, n.º 6s (31 de agosto de 2021): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/ped21-6s.11air.

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One of the main methods for estimating air pollutant emissions from ships is the method developed by Carlo Trozzi, which was later accepted and recommended by the European Environment Agency in its air pollutant emission inventory guidebooks. Consequently, it has become the most commonly used methods for making inventories of air emissions in the shipping industry and for predicting future trends. The method and its equations use emission factors to calculate the emission of air pollutants from ships. Emission factors are calculated depending on fuel consumption or main engine power; results are given for different year of manufacture and engine speed. This paper presents the measurement of air pollutant emissions and some other parameters on marine engines operating in different conditions. The measured values are calculated to obtain values which will enable the next step, the comparison with the emission factors in the latest guide of the European Environment Agency on the inventory of pollutant emissions.

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Chen, Shaobo, Jianhui Li, Qian You, Zhaotong Wang, Wanyue Shan, Xin Bo y Rongjie Zhu. "Improving the Air Quality Management: The Air Pollutant and Carbon Emission and Air Quality Model for Air Pollutant and Carbon Emission Reduction in the Iron and Steel Industries of Tangshan, Hebei Province, China". Atmosphere 14, n.º 12 (28 de noviembre de 2023): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121747.

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Currently, Tangshan confronts the dual challenge of elevated carbon emissions and substantial pollution discharge from the iron and steel industries (ISIs). While significant efforts have been made to mitigate air pollutants and carbon emissions within the ISIs, there remains a gap in comprehending the control of carbon emissions, air pollutant emissions, and their contributions to air pollutant concentrations at the enterprise level. In this study, we devised the Air Pollutant and Carbon Emission and Air Quality (ACEA) model to identify enterprises with noteworthy air pollution and carbon emissions, as well as substantial contributions to air pollutant concentrations. We constructed a detailed inventory of air pollutants and CO2 emissions from the iron and steel industry in Tangshan for the year 2019. The findings reveal that in 2019, Tangshan emitted 5.75 × 104 t of SO2, 13.47 × 104 t of NOx, 3.55 × 104 t of PM10, 1.80 × 104 t of PM2.5, 5.79 × 106 t of CO and 219.62 Mt of CO2. The ACEA model effectively pinpointed key links between ISI enterprises emitting air pollutants and carbon dioxide, notably in pre-iron-making processes (coking, sintering, pelletizing) and the Blast furnace. By utilizing the developed air pollutant emission inventory, the CALPUFF model assessed the impact of ISI enterprises on air quality in the Tangshan region. Subsequently, we graded the performance of air pollutant and CO2 emissions following established criteria. The ACEA model successfully identified eight enterprises with significant air pollution and carbon emissions, exerting notable influence on air pollutant concentrations. Furthermore, the ACEA outcomes offer the potential for enhancing regional air quality in Tangshan and provide a scientific instrument for mitigating air pollutants and carbon emissions. The effective application of the ACEA model in Tangshan’s steel industry holds promise for supporting carbon reduction initiatives and elevating environmental standards in other industrial cities across China.

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Xue, Yifeng, Xizi Cao, Yi Ai, Kangli Xu y Yichen Zhang. "Primary Air Pollutants Emissions Variation Characteristics and Future Control Strategies for Transportation Sector in Beijing, China". Sustainability 12, n.º 10 (18 de mayo de 2020): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104111.

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Air pollutant emissions from vehicles, railways, and aircraft for freight and passenger transportation are major sources of air pollution, and strongly impact the air quality of Beijing, China. To better understand the variation characteristics of these emissions, we used the emission factor method to quantitatively determine the air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector. The emission intensity of different modes of transportation was estimated, and measures are proposed to prevent and control air pollutants emitted from the transportation sector. The results showed that air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector have been decreasing year by year as a result of the reduction in emissions from motor vehicles, benefiting from the structural adjustment of motor vehicles. A comparison of the emission intensity of primary air pollutants from different modes of transportation showed that the emission level of railway transportation was much lower than that of road transportation. However, Beijing relies heavily on road transportation, with road freight transportation accounting for 96% of freight transportation, whereas the proportion of railway transportation was low. Primary air pollutants from the transportation sector contributed significantly to the total emissions in Beijing. The proportion of NOX emissions increased from 54% in 2013 to 58% in 2018. To reduce air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector, further adjustments and optimization of the structure of transportation in Beijing are needed. As for the control of motor vehicle pollutant emissions, vehicle composition must be adjusted and the development of clean energy must be promoted, as well as the replacement of diesel vehicles with electric vehicles for passenger and freight transportation.

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Bao, Shuanghui, Osamu Nishiura, Shinichiro Fujimori, Ken Oshiro y Runsen Zhang. "Identification of Key Factors to Reduce Transport-Related Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions in Asia". Sustainability 12, n.º 18 (16 de septiembre de 2020): 7621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187621.

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Asian countries are major contributors to global air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, with transportation demand and emissions expected to increase. However, few studies have been performed to evaluate policies that could reduce transport-related emissions in the region. This study explores transport-related CO2 and air pollutant emissions in major Asian nations along with the impacts of transport, climate, and emission control policies using the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM)/Transport model. Our results show that by 2050, CO2 emissions in developing countries will be 1.4–4.7-fold greater than the levels in 2005, while most air pollutant emissions will show large reductions (mean annual reduction rates of 0.2% to 6.1%). Notably, implementation of transport, emission control, and carbon pricing policies would reduce CO2 emissions by up to 33% and other air pollutants by 43% to 72%, depending on the emission species. An emission control policy represents the strongest approach for short-term and mid-term reduction of air pollutants. A carbon pricing policy would lead to a direct reduction in CO2 emissions; more importantly, air pollutant emissions would also be effectively reduced. Shifting to public transportation in developing countries can also greatly influence emissions reductions. An increase in traffic speed shows relatively small effects, but can be meaningful in Japan.

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Wang, Bing, Yifan Wang y Yuqing Zhao. "Collaborative Governance Mechanism of Climate Change and Air Pollution: Evidence from China". Sustainability 13, n.º 12 (15 de junio de 2021): 6785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126785.

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Since entering the industrialized era, China’s greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutant emissions have increased rapidly. China is the country with the most greenhouse gas emissions, and it is also facing serious local air pollution problems. China’s industrial sector is the largest contributor to CO2 and air pollutants. The resulting climate change and air pollution issues have caused China to face double pressures. This article uses the CO2 and comprehensive air pollutant emission data of China’s industrial sector as a starting point and uses econometric research methods to explore the synergy between China’s industrial carbon emission reduction and industrial comprehensive air pollutant emission reduction. The synergistic effect between industrial carbon emissions and industrial comprehensive air pollutant emissions has been quantified, and the transmission path of the synergistic effect has been explored. The empirical results show that there are benefits of synergistic governance between climate change and air pollution in China’s industrial sector. Every 1000 tons of carbon reduction in the industrial sector will result in 1 ton of comprehensive air pollutant reduction. The increase in R&D expenditure in the energy and power sector can significantly promote the reduction of air pollutants in the industrial sector. Increasing the intensity of environmental regulations is the main expansion path for synergy. However, in eastern, central, and western China, the synergy is not the same. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate regionally differentiated emission reduction policies. The research conclusions of this article can provide policy references for the coordinated governance of climate change and air pollution in China.

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Cheng, Qianwen, Manchun Li, Feixue Li y Haoqing Tang. "Response of Global Air Pollutant Emissions to Climate Change and Its Potential Effects on Human Life Expectancy Loss". Sustainability 11, n.º 13 (4 de julio de 2019): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133670.

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Geographical environment and climate change are basic factors for spatial fluctuations in the global distribution of air pollutants. Against the background of global climate change, further investigation is needed on how meteorological characteristics and complex geographical environment variations can drive spatial air pollution variations. This study analyzed the response of air pollutant emissions to climate change and the potential effects of air pollutant emissions on human health by integrating the air pollutant emission simulation model (GAINS) with 3 versions and CMIP5. The mechanism by which meteorological characteristics and geographical matrices can drive air pollution based on monitoring data at the site-scale was also examined. We found the total global emission of major air pollutants increased 1.32 times during 1970–2010. Air pollutant emissions will increase 2.89% and 4.11% in China and developed countries when the scenario of only maximum technically feasible reductions is performed (V4a) during 2020–2050. However, it will decrease 19.33% and 6.78% respectively by taking the V5a climate scenario into consideration, and precipitation variation will contribute more to such change, especially in China. Locally, the air circulation mode that is dominated by local geographical matrices and meteorological characteristics jointly affect the dilution and diffusion of air pollutants. Therefore, natural conditions, such as climate changes, meteorological characteristics and topography, play an important role in spatial air pollutant emissions and fluctuations, and must be given more attention in the processes of air pollution control policy making.

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BEBKIEWICZ, Katarzyna, Zdzisław CHŁOPEK, Jakub LASOCKI, Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI y Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA. "Characteristics of pollutant emission from motor vehicles for the purposes of the Central Emission Database in Poland". Combustion Engines 177, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2019): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-229.

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Within the Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute the Central Emission Database is being established. The Database will cover the most important emission sectors from anthropogenic activities, including usage of motor vehicles. The intensity of emissions of individual pollutants is the input data to air pollution dispersion models. Based on calculations performed by the air pollution dispersion models concentration of pollutants dispersed in atmospheric air (pollution immission) is provided. The annual average immision for a selected place in Poland is a measure of the threat to environment. In order to determine the intensity of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles it is necessary to recognize the intensity of vehicle motion and the volume of emission of pollutants depending on the type of vehicle motion. The task presented in this article is to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles depending on the type of their motion. The mean value of vehicle speeds was used to characterize the type of vehicle motion. The emission of pollutants from vehicles is therefore characterized by the dependence of road emissions of pollutants on the average speed of vehicles. The characteristics were determined for cumulated categories of motor vehicles: passenger cars, light commercial vehicles as well as heavy duty trucks and buses. The results of the inventory of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles in Poland in 2016 were used to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions.

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Chen, Yuyi, Yunong Li y Jie Yan. "Tracing Air Pollutant Emissions in China: Structural Decomposition and GVC Accounting". Sustainability 11, n.º 9 (2 de mayo de 2019): 2551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092551.

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The depth and breadth of China’s participation in global value chains have an important impact on the emissions of air pollutants from the production side, consumption side, and trade implications in China’s industries. Based on the global value chain accounting framework, this paper examines the path of China’s major air pollutant emissions in production and consumption during 1995–2009 and structurally decomposes the factors affecting air pollutant emissions. The results show that, firstly, both the air pollutant emissions on the production side and the air pollution emissions on the consumption side have increased significantly, and the production-side emissions have been higher than the consumption-side emissions. Secondly, the export of intermediate products shows a trend of “high pollution”, and this trend was more obvious after China’s accession to the world trade organization (WTO). Thirdly, the expansion of economic growth was the most important factor in the rapid emission of air pollutants in China and the reduction of pollution efficiency in Chinese industries depends on the increase in service inputs.

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Purwanto, Christine Prita. "INVENTARISASI EMISI SUMBER BERGERAK DI JALAN (ON ROAD) KOTA DENPASAR". ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 9, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2015.v09.i01.p01.

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The growth of population in Denpasar City followed by increasing of transportation facilities that potentially cause pollution by vehicle emissions and cause serious environmental problems and which has adverse effect to the human health. The research aimed to estimate the number and distribution of emission gases on air pollutants, such as: PM10, NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 and HC. The calculation of estimated based on road mobile sources (On Road) in Denpasar City, includes all known sources such as the highway, small roads, terminals, and parking lots. The calculation of emissions is calculated by using the approach of emission estimation method. The total load of emissions by moving source on the street in Denpasar for each pollutant gases are: value of NOx is 3765.89 tons/year , value of SO2 is 212.34 tons/year, value of HC is 20049.87 tons/year, value of PM10 is 444.16 tons/year, value of CO2 is 984,280.21 tons/ year, and value of CO is 55432.04 tons/year. Overall, the total load of pollutant emissions gases of Denpasar City is greater than the total load of pollutant emissions gases in Palembang city. Spatially, the distribution of pollutant gas emissions are not spread evenly. The pollutants emissions of NOx, CO2, and HC for each gases have the highest values are about 115 – 239 tons/year, 26.944 – 4.735 tons/year, and 471 – 954 tons/year distributed at West Denpasar District and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest pollutans emission of SO2 is about 15,5-44 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District. The highest pollutans emission of PM10 is about 11,5-21 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest CO pollutant emission is about 1277-1912 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, Niti Mandala Renon area, and Udayana University area.

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Zhao, H. Y., Q. Zhang, D. B. Guan, S. J. Davis, Z. Liu, H. Huo, J. T. Lin, W. D. Liu y K. B. He. "Assessment of China's virtual air pollution transport embodied in trade by using a consumption-based emission inventory". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, n.º 10 (19 de mayo de 2015): 5443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5443-2015.

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Abstract. Substantial anthropogenic emissions from China have resulted in serious air pollution, and this has generated considerable academic and public concern. The physical transport of air pollutants in the atmosphere has been extensively investigated; however, understanding the mechanisms how the pollutant was transferred through economic and trade activities remains a challenge. For the first time, we quantified and tracked China's air pollutant emission flows embodied in interprovincial trade, using a multiregional input–output model framework. Trade relative emissions for four key air pollutants (primary fine particle matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds) were assessed for 2007 in each Chinese province. We found that emissions were significantly redistributed among provinces owing to interprovincial trade. Large amounts of emissions were embodied in the imports of eastern regions from northern and central regions, and these were determined by differences in regional economic status and environmental policy. It is suggested that measures should be introduced to reduce air pollution by integrating cross-regional consumers and producers within national agreements to encourage efficiency improvement in the supply chain and optimize consumption structure internationally. The consumption-based air pollutant emission inventory developed in this work can be further used to attribute pollution to various economic activities and final demand types with the aid of air quality models.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Air pollutant emissions"

Gonçalves, Cátia Vanessa Maio. "Contribution of biomass combustion to air pollutant emissions". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/8104.

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Doutoramento em Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente
In Portugal, it was estimated that around 1.95 Mton/year of wood is used in residential wood burning for heating and cooking. Additionally, in the last decades, burnt forest area has also been increasing. These combustions result in high levels of toxic air pollutants and a large perturbation of atmospheric chemistry, interfere with climate and have adverse effects on health. Accurate quantification of the amounts of trace gases and particulate matter emitted from residential wood burning, agriculture and garden waste burning and forest fires on a regional and global basis is essential for various purposes, including: the investigation of several atmospheric processes, the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, and quantification of the air pollution sources that affect human health at regional scales. In Southern Europe, data on detailed emission factors from biomass burning are rather inexistent. Emission inventories and source apportionment, photochemical and climate change models use default values obtained for US and Northern Europe biofuels. Thus, it is desirable to use more specific locally available data. The objective of this study is to characterise and quantify the contribution of biomass combustion sources to atmospheric trace gases and aerosol concentrations more representative of the national reality. Laboratory (residential wood combustion) and field (agriculture/garden waste burning and experimental wildland fires) sampling experiments were carried out. In the laboratory, after the selection of the most representative wood species and combustion equipment in Portugal, a sampling program to determine gaseous and particulate matter emission rates was set up, including organic and inorganic aerosol composition. In the field, the smoke plumes from agriculture/garden waste and experimental wildland fires were sampled. The results of this study show that the combustion equipment and biofuel type used have an important role in the emission levels and composition. Significant differences between the use of traditional combustion equipment versus modern equipments were also observed. These differences are due to higher combustion efficiency of modern equipment, reflecting the smallest amount of particulate matter, organic carbon and carbon monoxide released. With regard to experimental wildland fires in shrub dominated areas, it was observed that the largest organic fraction in the samples studied was mainly composed by vegetation pyrolysis products. The major organic components in the smoke samples were pyrolysates of vegetation cuticles, mainly comprising steradienes and sterol derivatives, carbohydrates from the breakdown of cellulose, aliphatic lipids from vegetation waxes and methoxyphenols from the lignin thermal degradation. Despite being a banned practice in our country, agriculture/garden waste burning is actually quite common. To assess the particulate matter composition, the smoke from three different agriculture/garden residues have been sampled into 3 different size fractions (PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and PM>10). Despite distribution patterns of organic compounds in particulate matter varied among residues, the amounts of phenolics (polyphenol and guaiacyl derivatives) and organic acids were always predominant over other organic compounds in the organosoluble fraction of smoke. Among biomarkers, levoglucosan, β-sitosterol and phytol were detected in appreciable amounts in the smoke of all agriculture/garden residues. In addition, inositol may be considered as an eventual tracer for the smoke from potato haulm burning. It was shown that the prevailing ambient conditions (such as high humidity in the atmosphere) likely contributed to atmospheric processes (e.g. coagulation and hygroscopic growth), which influenced the particle size characteristics of the smoke tracers, shifting their distribution to larger diameters. An assessment of household biomass consumption was also made through a national scale survey. The information obtained with the survey combined with the databases on emission factors from the laboratory and field tests allowed us to estimate the pollutant amounts emitted in each Portuguese district. In addition to a likely contribution to the improvement of emission inventories, emission factors obtained for tracer compounds in this study can be applied in receptor models to assess the contribution of biomass burning to the levels of atmospheric aerosols and their constituents obtained in monitoring campaigns in Mediterranean Europe.
Em Portugal, estima-se que 1.95 Mton/ano de lenha sejam utilizadas na queima doméstica para aquecimento e confecção de alimentos. Em simultâneo, nas últimas décadas, a área de floresta ardida também tem vindo a aumentar. Estes tipos de combustão contribuem para a libertação de quantidades elevadas de poluentes tóxicos que perturbam a química da atmosfera, interferem com o clima e possuem efeitos nefastos na saúde. A quantificação rigorosa, à escala regional e global, das emissões de gases e matéria particulada associada à queima doméstica, queima de resíduos agrícolas e fogos florestais é fundamental para vários fins, nomeadamente na investigação dos diversos processos atmosféricos, na elaboração de relatórios de emissões de gases de estufa, e na quantificação de fontes de poluição atmosférica que afectam a saúde humana. No sul da Europa, as bases de dados com factores de emissão detalhados são praticamente inexistentes. Os modelos climáticos, a modelização fotoquímica, os inventários de emissões e os estudos de identificação de fontes emissoras utilizam valores típicos obtidos para biomassa norte-americana ou do norte da Europa. Assim, é conveniente utilizar valores mais específicos obtidos localmente. Este estudo teve como principal objectivo a caracterização e quantificação dos gases e aerossóis emitidos por fontes de queima de biomassa, englobando as espécies lenhosas mais representativas da realidade nacional. Foram realizadas experiências de amostragem em laboratório (queima doméstica) e no campo (queima de resíduos agrícolas/jardim e fogos florestais controlados). Em laboratório, após selecção das espécies de biomassa e dos equipamentos de queima mais representativos em Portugal, estabeleceu-se um programa de amostragem para determinar os factores de emissão de poluentes gasosos e particulados, incluindo a composição orgânica e inorgânica dos aerossóis. Ao nível do campo, efectuou-se a amostragem das plumas de fumo resultantes da queima de resíduos agrícolas/jardim e de fogos controlados numa área dominada por espécies arbustivas. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o tipo de equipamento de combustão e o tipo de biomassa utilizados têm um papel importante nos níveis e composição dos poluentes emitidos. Diferenças significativas entre o uso de equipamentos de combustão tradicionais versus equipamentos modernos foram observadas. Estas diferenças devem-se à maior eficiência de combustão dos equipamentos modernos, reflectindo-se na menor quantidade de matéria particulada, carbono orgânico e monóxido de carbono libertados. No que diz respeito ao fogo controlado em áreas dominadas por espécies arbustivas observou-se que a fracção orgânica estudada nas amostras de fumo é composta essencialmente por produtos resultantes da pirólise da vegetação. Estes produtos são constituídos na sua maioria por esteredienos e derivados de esteróis, hidratos de carbono resultantes da quebra das moléculas de celulose, produtos alifáticos provenientes de ceras vegetais e metoxifenóis resultantes da degradação térmica da lenhina. A queima de resíduos agrícolas e de jardim, apesar de ser uma prática proibida no nosso país, é uma realidade bastante frequente. Para avaliar a composição das emissões de alguns tipos de resíduos foram recolhidas amostras de três tamanhos diferentes (PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and PM>10). Apesar de se poder observar uma grande variabilidade em termos de compostos orgânicos dependendo do tipo de resíduo queimado, os compostos fenólicos (derivados do polifenol e guaiacil) e os ácidos orgânicos foram sempre predominantes em relação à restante fracção orgânica. O levoglucosano, o β-sitosterol e o fitol foram os traçadores de queima de biomassa detectados em quantidades mais apreciáveis na generalidade dos resíduos agrícolas e de jardim. O inositol pode ser considerado um bom traçador para as emissões resultantes da queima de rama de batata. Observou-se que as condições ambientais (tais como valores elevados de humidade relativa na atmosfera) provavelmente contribuíram para processos de coagulação e de crescimento higroscópico que influenciaram as características dos traçadores de biomassa, mudando sua distribuição para diâmetros maiores. Foi também feita a avaliação do consumo doméstico de biomassa na forma de um inquérito aplicado à escala nacional. Os resultados obtidos, conjugados com as bases de dados sobre factores de emissão obtidas nos ensaios de queima laboratoriais, permitiram estimar as quantidades emitidas de vários poluentes em cada distrito de Portugal continental. Além de contribuir significativamente para o aperfeiçoamento dos inventários de emissões, os factores de emissão obtidos para vários compostos traçadores poderão ser aplicados em modelos no receptor de forma a avaliar a contribuição da queima de biomassa para os níveis de aerossóis atmosféricas e seus constituintes obtidos em campanhas de monitorização na Europa mediterrânea.

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Upton, Nigel Keith. "Algorithmic solution of air-pollutant cloud models". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304572.

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Ogunlaja, Olumuyiwa Omotola. "Measurement of Air Pollutant Emissions from a Confined Poultry Facility". DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/392.

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Air emissions from animal feeding operations have become a growing concern. Much work has been done to study occupational exposures and the exhaust concentrations associated with animal facilities; however little information has been provided about air quality around the houses. Ammonia (NH3 ), ethanol (EtOH), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM10) emissions were monitored in two different buildings for laying hens in northern Utah. Over the six-month sampling period, the observed average temperatures for the west and east fan banks of the high-rise building were 21.2±4 and 19.4±1.3°C, respectively, and the average inside relative humidities during the same period were 43.7±7.2 and 48.4±7.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the observed average temperatures for the west and east fan banks of the manure-belt building were 20.6±4.4 and 17.9±2.7°C, respectively, and the average percent inside relative humidities during the same period were 44.4 ±7.6 and 49.3±7.4%, respectively. The ventilation rates ranged from 0.80 m3 h-1 bird-1 to 4.80 m3 h-1 bird -1 with an average of 2.02 m3 h -1 bird -1 for the high-rise barn and from 0.80 m3 h-1 bird -1 to 6.0 m3 h-1 bird-1 with an average of 2.20 m3 h-1 bird-1 for the manure-belt building over the sampling period of September, October, November, and December 2008 and January 2009. Average NH3 emission factors were 72±17 g d-1 AU-1 for the high-rise system and 9.1±7 g d-1 AU-1 for the manure-belt (1 AU is equal to 500 kg of animal live weight). The NH3 emission reduction factor for the manure-belt technique compared to the high-rise technique was 87%. Ammonia levels outside the house appeared to be less than 1 ppm. No significant emissions were registered for N2O, H2S, and EtOH, which were consistently close to zero for both techniques. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emission factor from the high-rise building was 104±11 g day-1 AU-1 and from the manure-belt building, 105±20 g day-1 AU-1. PM emissions were greater from the manure-belt system in comparison with the high-rise system, showing mean values of 165 vs. 114 g day-1 AU-1 for PM 2.5, 1,987 vs. 1,863 g day-1 AU-1for PM10 and 4,460 vs. 3,462 g day-1 AU-1 for TSP respectively. None of the 24-h PM 2.5 measurements collected from both management techniques exceeded the U.S. EPA 24-hr National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 35 μg/m 3.

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Rayfield, David. "Estimation of road traffic pollutant emissions in Greater Manchester". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364058.

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Linaritakis, Konstantinos N. "Factors affecting traffic-related air pollutant levels in urban streets". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47154.

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Moore, Kori D. "Measurement of Agriculture-Related Air Pollutant Emissions using Point and Remote Sensors". DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6907.

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Measuring air pollution emissions from agricultural activities is usually difficult because of their large area and variability. Traditional air quality sensors, called point samplers, measure conditions in one location, which may not adequately measure a plume. Remote sensors, instruments that measure pollution along a line rather than at a single point, are better able to measure conditions around large areas. This dissertation reports on four agricultural air emissions studies that used both point and remote sensors for comparison. The methods used to calculate the emissions are based on previous work and are further developed in these studies. In particular, an atmospheric dispersion model was developed and tested that can account for a particle behaving different than the surrounding gas due to gravity and inertia and depositing out of the flow. Particulate matter (PM) emissions values are reported for two agricultural tillage conservation management practices (CMPs)and the corresponding traditional tillage methods in order to determine how well the CMP reduces emissions. In addition, gas-phase ammonia (NH3) emissions for a dairy operation and PM emissions from a feedlot operation are reported. These studies can help us better measure emissions from agricultural operations and understand how much air pollution is being emitted.

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Mashio, Tomoka 1973. "A study of ground-level air pollutant emissions from airport mobile sources". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80650.

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Graville, Stephen Rhys. "Pollutant formation during the combustion of heavy liquid fuels". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262602.

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Chandru, Santosh. "Trans-boundary pollutant impacts of emissions in the Imperial Valley-Calexico region and from Southern California". Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24770.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Russell, Armistead; Committee Member: Mulholland, James; Committee Member: Odman, Talat.

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Klapmeyer, Michael Evan. "Characterization of Urban Air Pollutant Emissions by Eddy Covariance using a Mobile Flux Laboratory". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37675.

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Air quality management strategies in the US are developed largely from estimates of emissions, some highly uncertain, rather than actual measurements. Improved knowledge based on measurements of real-world emissions is needed to increase the effectiveness of these strategies. Consequently, the objectives of this research were to (1) quantify relationships among urban emissions sources, land use, and demographics, (2) determine the spatial and temporal variability of emissions, and (3) evaluate the accuracy of official emissions estimates. These objectives guided three field campaigns that employed a unique mobile laboratory equipped to measure pollutant fluxes by eddy covariance. The first campaign, conducted in Norfolk, Virginia, represented the first time fluxes of nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured by eddy covariance in an urban environment. Fluxes agreed to within 10% of estimates in the National Emissions Inventory (NEI), but were three times higher than those of an inventory used for air quality modeling and planning. Additionally, measured fluxes were correlated with road density and increased development. The second campaign took place in the Tijuana-San Diego border region. Distinct spatial differences in fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), NOx, and particles were revealed across four sampling locations with the lowest fluxes occurring in a residential neighborhood and the highest ones at a port of entry characterized by heavy motor vehicle traffic. Additionally, observed emissions of NOx and carbon monoxide were significantly higher than those in emissions inventories, suggesting the need for further refinement of the inventories. The third campaign focused on emissions at a regional airport in Roanoke, Virginia. NOx and particle number emissions indices (EIs) were calculated for aircraft, in terms of grams of pollutant emitted per kilogram of fuel burned. Observed NOx EIs were ~20% lower than those in an international databank. NOx EIs from takeoffs were significantly higher than those from taxiing, but relative differences for particle EIs were mixed. Observed NOx fluxes at the airport agreed to within 25% of estimates derived from the NEI. The results of this research will provide greater knowledge of urban impacts to air quality and will improve associated management strategies through increased accuracy of official emissions estimates.
Ph. D.

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Libros sobre el tema "Air pollutant emissions"

Stockton, Margie B. Criteria pollutant emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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E, Stelling John H. y Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory., eds. Criteria pollutant emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory: Project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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E, Stelling John H. y Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, eds. Criteria pollutant emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory: Project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Task Force on Monitoring Air Pollutant Emissions, ed. Recommendations on methodologies of monitoring air pollutant emissions. New York: United Nations, 2002.

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Meij, R. Air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power stations. Arnhem: N. V. Kema, 1986.

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Environment, Alberta Alberta, ed. Alberta Environment summary report on 2004 NPRI air emissions. Edmonton: Alberta Environment, 2006.

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Kemme, Michael R. Reducing air pollutant emissions from solvent multi-base propellant production. [Champaign, IL]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1999.

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Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (U.S.), ed. Abatement of hazardous air pollutant emissions from Army chromium electroplating and anodizing operations. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1996.

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Maryland. General Assembly. Department of Legislative Services. Office of Policy Analysis. Power plant emissions in Maryland: An overview of the problem and efforts to implement a multi-pollutant approach to reduce emissions. Annapolis, MD: Dept. of Legislative Services, 2005.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Air pollutant emissions"

McCormick, Warren. "Inventories of Air Pollutant Emissions". En Air Quality Management, 279–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7557-2_13.

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Sturm, P. J. "Air Pollutant Emissions in Cities". En Air Quality in Cities, 31–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05217-4_4.

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Połednik, Bernard, Sławomira Dumała, Łukasz Guz y Adam Piotrowicz. "Pollutant characteristics and emissions". En Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Exposure in Urbanized Areas, 1–16. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003206149-1.

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Gomes, J. F. P. "Monitoring of Pollutant Emissions Using Stack Sampling Techniques". En Industrial Air Pollution, 51–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76051-8_7.

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Lezama, José Luis, Rodrigo Favela, Luis Miguel Galindo, María Eugenia Ibarrarán, Sergio Sánchez, Luisa T. Molina, Mario J. Molina, Stephen R. Connors y Adrián Fernández Bremauntz. "Forces Driving Pollutant Emissions in the MCMA". En Air Quality in the Mexico Megacity, 61–104. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0454-1_3.

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Thibodeaux, Louis J. "Theoretical Chemodynamic Models for Predicting Volatile Emissions to Air from Dredged Material Disposal". En Intermedia Pollutant Transport, 121–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0511-8_9.

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Vircikova, E. y J. Macala. "Air-Pollutant Emissions and Imissions from Metallurgical Industry". En Mineral Processing and the Environment, 85–110. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2284-1_5.

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Ponomarev, N. A., N. F. Elansky, V. I. Zakharov y Y. M. Verevkin. "Optimization of Pollutant Emissions for Air Quality Modeling in Moscow". En Processes in GeoMedia—Volume I, 137–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38177-6_16.

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Carvalho, Ana Cristina, Lennart Robertson y Manu Anna Thomas. "Attribution of the Californian Fire Emissions to the Surface Pollutant Levels in Sweden". En Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVIII, 139–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12786-1_19.

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Sarica, T., K. Sartelet, Y. Roustan, Y. Kim, L. Lugon, M. André, B. Marques, B. D’Anna, C. Chaillou y C. Larrieu. "Modelling Pollutant Concentrations in Streets: A Sensitivity Analysis to Asphalt and Traffic Related Emissions". En Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVIII, 287–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12786-1_39.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Air pollutant emissions"

Cerdeira, R., C. Louro, L. Coelho, J. Garcia, C. Gouveia, P. J. Coelho y T. Bertrand. "Traffic pollutant emissions in Barreiro city". En AIR POLLUTION 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air070311.

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"Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project Summary". En Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.39314.

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"Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project: Illinois Data". En Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.39310.

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"Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project: Indiana Data". En Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.39311.

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"Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project: Iowa Data". En Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.39312.

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"Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project: Minnesota Data". En Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.39313.

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Gorse, Robert A., Jack D. Benson, Vaughn R. Burns, Albert M. Hochhauser, William J. Koehl, Louis J. Painter, Robert M. Reuter y Brian H. Rippon. "Toxic Air Pollutant Vehicle Exhaust Emissions with Reformulated Gasolines". En International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/912324.

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Frassoldati, Alessio, Alberto Cuoci, Tiziano Faravelli, Eliseo Ranzi, Salvatore Colantuoni, Pasquale Di Martino, Giuseppe Cinque et al. "Fluid Dynamics and Detailed Kinetic Modeling of Pollutant Emissions From Lean Combustion Systems". En ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22551.

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A methodology for computing steady turbulent reacting flows and the formation of pollutants in combustors for aeroengine applications is presented. The aim of this paper is to describe and to further validate the proposed computational approach. A 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) proprietary code and a Kinetic Post-Processor (KPP) have been coupled and applied to calculate the gas temperature and pollutant emissions. The thermo-fluid dynamics results of the CFD code are post-processed by the KPP with the use of detailed kinetics for predicting pollutant emissions, with special emphasis on nitrogen oxides. A new application of the above calculation methodology has been carried out on an injection system based on Partial Evaporation and Rapid Mixing (PERM) concept, designed and developed in the frame of the EU program for NEW Aero engine Core concepts (NEWAC). This injection system was studied experimentally at Karlsruhe University and ONERA using a tubular combustor, in order to perform the first assessment in terms pollutant emissions at the outlet at different operating conditions. The model predictions are compared with experimental results and globally the agreement is satisfactory, especially for NOx emissions. The analysis of the data presented in this paper provides useful information for further improvements in both modeling and experimental activities.

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Corporan, Edwin, Matthew J. DeWitt, Christopher D. Klingshirn, Shannon M. Mahurin y Meng-Dawn Cheng. "Emissions Characteristics of a Legacy Military Aircraft". En ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59255.

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Emissions from aircraft and associated ground equipment are major sources of local pollution at airports and military bases. These pollutant emissions, especially particulate matter (PM), have been receiving significant attention lately due to their proven harmful health and environmental effects. As the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tightens environmental standards, it is likely that military operations, including the basing of advanced and legacy aircraft, will be impacted. Accurate determination of emission indices from aircraft is necessary to properly assess their environmental burden. As such, the gaseous and PM emissions of a B-52 Stratofortress aircraft were characterized in this effort. This emissions study supports the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) project WP-1401 to determine emissions factors from military aircraft. The main purpose of the project is to develop a comprehensive emissions measurement program using both conventional and advanced techniques to determine emissions factors for pollutants of fixed and rotating wing military aircraft. Standard practices for the measurement of gaseous emissions from aircraft have been well established; however, there is no certified methodology for the measurement of aircraft PM emissions. In this study, several conventional aerosol instruments were employed to physically characterize the PM emissions from two of the aircraft’s TF33 turbofan engines. Exit plane pollutant emissions were extracted via probes and transported through heated lines to the analytical instruments. Particle concentrations, size distributions and mass emissions, as well as engine smoke numbers (SN), soot volatile fraction and total hydrocarbon emissions were measured. The engines were tested at four power settings, from idle to 75% normal rated thrust (NRT) (95% N2 – turbine speed). Test results show relatively consistent PM and gaseous emissions between the two engines for most conditions tested. The measured TF33 PM mass emission indices (EI), including estimated sampling line losses, were in the range of 1.0–3.0 g/kg-fuel and the particle number (PN) EI were between 4.0–10.0E+15 particles/kg-fuel. The particle size data followed a single mode lognormal distribution for all power settings with particle geometric mean diameters ranging from 52 to 85 nm. In general, the aerosol instrumentation provided consistent and reliable measurements throughout the test campaign, therefore increasing confidence on their use for turbine engine PM emissions measurements.

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Celis, Cesar, Barrie Moss y Pericles Pilidis. "Emissions Modelling for the Optimization of Greener Aircraft Operations". En ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59211.

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This work focuses on the development and implementation of an emissions prediction model which allows the reliable calculation of emissions trends from current and potential future aircraft gas turbine combustors. The ultimate goal of the model developed involves its use in efficient aircraft trajectory optimisation processes, which eventually allow identifying aircraft “greener trajectories”, minimizing in that way both aircraft fuel consumption and the pollutants emitted. From the three broad strategies that can be adopted for combustor emissions prediction: empirical correlations, stirred reactor models, and comprehensive numerical simulations involving detailed Computational Fluid Dynamics calculations, the second one was chosen for the development of the model described in this work. Thus, critical zones within the combustor are represented by individual stirred reactors, incorporating the processes of mixing, combustion heat release, and pollutant formation. To take into account inhomogeneities in gas composition and temperature which influence directly the rates of pollutant formation, a stochastic representation of turbulent mixing in the combustor primary zone is utilized. Results obtained from the simulations of an actual combustor using the emissions prediction model developed in terms of NOx, CO, UHC, and soot/smoke emitted show reasonable agreement with experimental data, reproducing the trends observed in practice.

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Informes sobre el tema "Air pollutant emissions"

Seltzer, Michael D., Curtis Anderson y Mark P. Nitzsche. A Continuous Emissions Monitor for Hazardous Air Pollutant Metals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, febrero de 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada607419.

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Olsen, Daniel y Bryan Willson. GRI-02-0201 Emissions Reduction Methods for 4SLB Industrial NG Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), diciembre de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011535.

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This project utilizes the Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) at Colorado State University (CSU) to evaluate the existing methods for controlling emissions and to identify and quantify new methods for mitigation. The EECL has two 4-Stroke Lean-Burn (4SLB) and a 4-Stroke Rich-Burn (4SRB) currently installed at its industrial engine test bed (IETB). The work demonstrates, using A 4SLB only, the contribution of the criteria pollutants NOx and CO, and hazardous air pollutant (HAPs) formaldehyde, formed in the pre-combustion chamber (PCC) compared to that formed in the power cylinder.

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Ma, Ding, Ali Hasanbeigi y Wenying Chen. Energy-Efficiency and Air-Pollutant Emissions-Reduction Opportunities for the Ammonia Industry in China. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), junio de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1236781.

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Hasanbeigi, Ali, Nina Khanna y Lynn Price. Air Pollutant Emissions Projections for the Cement and Steel Industry in China and the Impact of Emissions Control Technologies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1372903.

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Chandath, Him, Ing Chhay Por, Yim Raksmey y Diane Archer. Air Pollution and Workers’ Health in Cambodia’s Garment Sector. Stockholm Environment Institute, marzo de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2023.017.

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The findings of this study can inform and enable policymakers in improving occupational air pollution, including addressing air pollution, pollution sources and other related issues in the garment manufacturing sector in Cambodia. Such interventions will help to uphold the health of workers as a human right, ensure safe workplaces, and also be beneficial for the country’s economic growth, as a healthy workforce is more productive. While the garment sector serves as Cambodia’s economic backbone and creates much-needed jobs, it is also a highly polluting industry, alongside being regularly implicated for not upholding labour rights. The sector emits pollutants to air from intensive energy use, solid and hazardous waste emissions, noise pollution and wastewater pollution discharge. Despite this, the sector’s environmental impacts in Cambodia, particularly in relation to air pollution, are not well known, and this gap was highlighted in the development of Cambodia’s 2021 Clean Air Plan. Aiming to fill this gap, in cooperation with SEI, the Air Quality and Noise Management Department of the General Directorate of Environmental Protection of Cambodia’s Ministry of Environment conducted a research project to improve understanding of air pollutant emissions from the textile industry and the health impacts on workers in Cambodia’s garment industry. The study drew on in-depth interviews with 323 garment factory workers across 16 factories, interviews with 16 factory owners, and quantitative data to better understand all interviewees’ experiences with occupational air pollution. While the research documented any symptoms related to air pollution, it did not employ medical research to assess the workers’ health status, nor did it attempt to investigate the cost or impact of air pollution on factory production. This policy briefing draws on a longer report prepared by the Ministry of Environment (Chandath, H., Chhay Por, I., Sokyimeng, S., Dana, S., Raksmey, Y. 2023. Understanding Air Pollution in the Garment Sector and Health Impacts on Workers: A Cambodian Case Study. Ministry of Environment, Cambodia. https://epa.moe.gov.kh/pages/categories/view/document-daqnm).

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JOHNSON, R. E. THE IMPACT OF SHRINKING HANFORD BOUNDARIES ON PERMITS FOR TOXIC AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM THE HANFORD 200 WEST AREA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), noviembre de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/860875.

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RANADE, D. G. Notice of Construction (NOC) Application for Criteria and Toxic Air Pollutant Emissions from Thermal Stabilization of Polycubes at the PFP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), noviembre de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/805444.

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Grauer y Chapman. L52330 Development of an Active Air Control System. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), marzo de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010447.

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Develop an active air control system that, when installed on a turbocharged-engine system, will reduce NOX emissions below the levels of the system alone. While the turbocharged-engine system allows the natural gas compression industry to decrease pollutant emissions via increased air flow, the physics of the system and the environments in which these systems operate restrict further advancements. A new model, the Charge Air Integrated Manifold Engine Numerical Simulation (CAIMENS). The CAIMENS model was used to: Quantify the effects of charge air imbalance between cylinders in terms of NOX production; Illustrate that an imbalance in mass air flow creates a one-to-one imbalance in corrected trapped equivalence ratio Reveal a 5% to 12% imbalance in air flow present in the candidate Cooper GMV engine which correlated to a 65% to 92% imbalance in NOX production; and Provide detailed information that led to the specification of a mass air flow (MAF) sensor coupled with an air flow balancer (AFB), comprising the Active Air Control (AAC) system. The research team proceeded by working with the ERLE team to select cylinder liners for the NGML air flow bench, and then expanded the air flow bench from one cylinder to two cylinders. The specified AAC system was installed on each of the two cylinders. The research team then conducted a series of experiments to evaluate and fine tune the AAC system. The AAC system was able to correct up to a 12.4% air imbalance. The end point of the project was an AAC system that could, with some engineering effort, be applied to field engines. Benefit: The resulting technology was an active air flow control system consisting of an AFB integrated with a MAF sensor. The AFB has characteristics analogous to that of a throttle plate used in a carbureted internal combustion engine.

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McCarthy, James, Jeffrey Panek y Tom McGrath. PR-312-12206-R02 FTIR Formaldehyde Measurement at Turbine NESHAP and Ambient Levels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), abril de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011476.

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When natural gas is combusted, formaldehyde is formed as an intermediate product as methane is converted to CO2 during combustion. Formaldehyde is regulated by the U.S. EPA as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) under National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) regulations, and both turbines and reciprocating engines are listed source categories where EPA is required to develop regulations. NESHAPs have been adopted for natural gas-fired combustion turbines and reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE), with initial regulations in 2004 that included a 91 parts per billion (ppb) standard for new turbines at "major source" facilities. However, the Turbine NESHAP was "stayed" by EPA as the agency considered whether natural gas-fired turbines should be regulated (i.e., whether those turbines would be "delisted" or removed from the rule). In response to a legal challenge regarding EPA's failure to meet Clean Air Act mandated schedules, EPA recently indicated that it plans to initiate a required periodic review of the Turbine NESHAP and that review will also address the delisting request. The "residual risk and technology review" (RTR) for the Turbine NESHAP will likely be conducted in 2018. Revisions to the regulation may be proposed when that review process is complete. Formaldehyde is ubiquitous (e.g., naturally formed through atmospheric chemistry even if not directly emitted), and there is also the potential that atmospheric levels and atmospheric chemistry are not adequately understood. Earlier pipeline industry testing of turbine formaldehyde emissions using refined methods indicated exhaust formaldehyde below 100 ppb and near the method detection limit. Anecdotal data from that test program showed ambient levels comparable to turbine exhaust in some cases, with naturally occurring emissions from an adjacent corn field resulting in ambient concentrations higher than formaldehyde exhaust levels. Evidence of "high" ambient formaldehyde levels (relative to turbine exhaust) may provide context and a counterargument to restrictive formaldehyde regulations. Understanding turbine formaldehyde emissions as compared to ambient levels is challenged by the ability to measure formaldehyde concentrations less than 100 parts per billion (ppb). Extractive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) methods were developed for combustion exhaust formaldehyde measurement. However, measuring the ultra-low levels from turbines, commensurate with the NESHAP standard, will likely pose challenges. This project measured ambient formaldehyde levels using FTIR testing for comparison to the NESHAP standard. Significant challenges for conducting such measurements are apparent, which presents technical questions related to the feasibility of implementing emissions tests for the Turbine NESHAP standard.

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Brunner, Huschenbett y Beshouri. PR-336-06206-R01 Engine Control for Legacy Engines - Cylinder and Cycle Level Control. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), mayo de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010041.

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The reduction or even elimination of cylinder to cylinder combustion variation and cycle-to-cycle combustion instability may result in further nitrous oxides (NOx) reductions at the same engine average air/fuel ratio (and hence turbocharger operating point) or allow operation at a leaner air/fuel ratio before the onset of instability. Reductions in imbalance and instability can also reduce carbon pollutant emissions, reduce break specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and improve engine operability. Achieving these goals requires a better understanding of the sources and impacts of that imbalance and instability and then the development techniques to reduce if not eliminate both. This effort focuses on combustion instability of legacy large bore pipeline reciprocating engines operating at very high air/fuel ratios to meet higher emission standards. The report provides a detailed cycle-to-cycle analysis of acquired pressure and ion current data of four test engines in-cluding Clark T-series family and Cooper Bessemer GMV/W engines. The possibility of upcom-ing misfire or poor combustion prediction is investigated and discussed. The document further investigates advanced cylinder balancing strategies as well as the benefits of improved pre-combustion chamber performance.

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