Artículos de revistas:

1

Gale Johnson, D. "Private agriculture in the Soviet Union". Journal of Comparative Economics 15, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1991): 733–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(91)90015-l.

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2

Stebelsky, Ihor. "Agriculture of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe". Journal of Geography 84, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1985): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221348508979400.

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3

Mastny, Vojtech. "The Soviet Union's Partnership with India". Journal of Cold War Studies 12, n.º 3 (julio de 2010): 50–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00006.

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The relationship between the Soviet Union and India was a hallmark of the Cold War. Over nearly forty years, Soviet-Indian relations passed through three distinct periods, coinciding with the ascendance of three extraordinary pairs of leaders, each extraordinary for different reasons—Jawaharlal Nehru and Nikita Khrushchev, Indira Gandhi and Leonid Brezhnev, and Rajiv Gandhi and Mikhail Gorbachev. The rise and decline of a political dynasty in India paralleled the trajectory seen in the Soviet Union. None of the periods ended well—the first in debacles with China, the second with Indira Gandhi's assassination, the third with the demise of the Soviet Union. The relationship in its heyday in the 1950s and 1960s was the product of a unique set of circumstances during the early Cold War. In the end, however, the relationship proved to be little more than a sideshow in the larger drama of the Cold War.

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4

Hedlund, Stefan. "Soviet Union: The Anomaly of Private‐cum‐Socialist Agriculture". American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70, n.º 2 (mayo de 1988): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1242086.

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5

Hale-Dorrell, Aaron. "The Soviet Union, the United States, and Industrial Agriculture". Journal of World History 26, n.º 2 (2016): 295–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2016.0027.

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6

Nikol’skii, A. A. "Influence of the French scientific school on the development of bioacoustics in the Soviet Union (60–70s of the last century)". Журнал общей биологии 84, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2023): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044459623010050.

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The influence of the French scientific school on the development of bioacoustics in the Soviet Union in the 1960–70s is discussed. The main influence on the development of Soviet bioacoustics was provided by the Laboratory of Physiological Acoustics at the National Institute for Agricultural Research of France, created and directed by René-Guy Busnel. Soviet bioacoustics adopted the research experience of France in three main areas: 1) acoustic orientation and signaling of insects; 2) theory and practice of acoustic repellents in agriculture and aviation; 3) sonar systems, acoustic communication and orientation of marine mammals, echolocation. The main research centers in the Soviet Union are listed and the role of Soviet scientists in the development of various areas of bioacoustics in the Soviet Union is considered.

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7

Leonavičius, Vylius y Eglė Ozolinčiūtė. "The Transformation of the Soviet Agriculture". Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 44, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2019): 93–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2019.1.10.

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The Soviet past is crucial in understanding the processes of transformation of the Lithuanian kolkhoz system into the farming practices of free-market economy. The violent and forced incorporation of the nation-states into the Soviet Union radically transformed societies. In our analysis of kolkhoz system and its transformations, we use two different concepts – Soviet modernity and modernity of the Soviet period. These concepts let us to approach the agricultural project of the Soviet collective farming as an alternative system of social institutions for implementation of industrial farming of modern society. The concept of entangled modernity refers to interaction of two trends of modernization and defines the kolkhoz as a hybrid or a result of intertwining of two models of modernity – the universal and the Soviet one. By applying the concept of entangled modernity and hybrids to the interpretation of the kolkhoz’s post-Soviet transformation, the article explores the experiences of social actors and the inevitable human and material losses of the hybrid’s transformation. In our theoretical interpretation, we use data from interviews with former agents of the kolkhoz system and legislative documents.

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8

Jackson, William D. "The State of the Soviet Union". Worldview 28, n.º 1 (enero de 1985): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0084255900046404.

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The 1980s have become and are likely to remain a new “time of troubles” for the Soviet Union. Principal among these troubles is a faltering economy. The average rate of annual growth for the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (1981-86) is likely to be just over 2 per cent, half the rate achieved a decade ago; and die productivity of both labor and capital in industry during the first three years of the present Plan actually declined. Although investment in machinery production has increased by more than 20 per cent—a key element of a strategy designed to accelerate the modernization of an aged industrial plant—the growth in production of new machinery remains at a postwar low. Increased investment in agriculture has also produced disappointing results, and food shortages in cities are likely to recur in '85. The Soviet leadership must be equally troubled by the fact that, despite rising consumer expectations, growth in per capita consumption during the first three years of the present Plan has averaged a mere 1 per cent—a sharp contrast to the 4-5 per cent realized during the 1970s.

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9

Brooks, Karen. "Soviet Union: The Anomaly of Private‐cum‐Socialist Agriculture: Discussion". American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70, n.º 2 (mayo de 1988): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1242089.

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10

McIntyre, Robert. "Collective Agriculture in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union". Monthly Review 45, n.º 7 (1 de diciembre de 1993): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-045-07-1993-11_1.

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11

Liefert, William M. "Communist agriculture: Farming in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe". Journal of Comparative Economics 16, n.º 2 (junio de 1992): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(92)90164-3.

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12

Nicholson, Steve. "Censoring Revolution: the Lord Chamberlain and the Soviet Union". New Theatre Quarterly 8, n.º 32 (noviembre de 1992): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00007089.

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In two earlier articles, Steve Nicholson has explored ways in which the the right-wing theatre of the 1920s both shaped and reflected the prevailing opinions of the establishment – in NTQ29 (February 1992) looking at how the Russian Revolution was portrayed on the stage, and in NTQ30 (May 1992) at the ways in which domestic industrial conflicts were presented. He concludes the series with three case studies of the role of the Lord Chamberlain, on whose collection of unpublished manuscripts now housed in the British Library his researches have been based, in preventing more sympathetic – or even more objective – views of Soviet and related subjects from reaching the stage. His analysis is based on a study of the correspondence over the banning of Geo A. DeGray's The Russian Monk, Hubert Griffith's Red Sunday, and a play in translation by a Soviet dramatist, Sergei Tretiakov's Roar China. Steve Nicholson is currently Lecturer in Drama at the Workshop Theatre of the University of Leeds.

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13

Smith, Jenny Leigh. "Agricultural Involution in the Postwar Soviet Union". International Labor and Working-Class History 85 (2014): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547913000458.

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AbstractThis article describes a form of agricultural labor intensification common in the postwar Soviet Union that shares some important similarities to Clifford Geertz's notion of agricultural involution, first devised to describe Javanese wet rice agriculture. Using the examples of hog farming and cotton production, this paper describes the phenomenon of postwar agricultural involution, and explores its limits and possibilities. The most important divergence from Geertz's original model is that in the Soviet cases, agricultural involution did not attain any form of environmental equilibrium; in fact, because of agricultural involution, the Soviet Union was forced to confront the environmental limits of agricultural intensification. The concept of agricultural involution provides a way of thinking about the relative flexibility or rigidity of agroecological health in the face of labor intensification. This quality—how much additional labor and how many extra humans an agricultural ecosystem is able to support—is critical in evaluating how robust or fragile a landscape is.

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14

Wiens, Thomas B. "Agriculture in the Soviet Union and China: Implications for Trade: Discussion". American Journal of Agricultural Economics 67, n.º 5 (diciembre de 1985): 1063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1241373.

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15

Weygandt, Susanna. "The Structure of Plasticity: Resistance and Accommodation in Russian New Drama". TDR/The Drama Review 60, n.º 1 (marzo de 2016): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00527.

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The history of the Russian stage traces the importance of objects in storytelling back to an earlier art: plastika, a stylized acting technique that “speaks” spatially with objects. In Russian New Drama, objects enter the stage as supplements to the hero, who survives the disintegration of the Soviet Union as a shell-of-the-self. As extensions of the hero, the hitherto lifeless things begin “to act” and tell their own story.

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16

Miller, Chris. "Soviet Assessments of China after Mao". Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 42, n.º 2 (9 de julio de 2015): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-04202005.

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This article examines Soviet analyses of the economic reforms that China implemented during the 1980s under Deng Xiaoping. Many historians have argued that Soviet economic reform efforts during the Perestroika era might have been more successful had the Kremlin more closely followed Chinese efforts. This article shows that Soviet economists and sinologists carefully studied China’s reforms to agriculture, industry, and foreign investment law. By the mid-1980s, the article suggests, a significant section of the Soviet intelligentsia believed that China’s market-based economic reforms were working and that the Soviet Union should learn from them.

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17

Coudreau, Marin. "Soviet Plans, Capitalist Chemistry: Khimizatsiya and the Western Pesticide Companies in the Age of Poisons". Global Environment 17, n.º 2 (8 de junio de 2024): 200–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/whpge.63837646622489.

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This paper seeks to provide a decentred and transsystemic approach to the ‘contamination of the Earth’ by pesticides. It tackles connections, circulations and entanglements between the main Western agrochemical companies and the major authorities dealing with the ‘chemicalisation’ of agriculture in the Soviet Union in the Cold War period and beyond. This paper first outlines the development of the Soviet regulatory system for the adoption of pesticides emerging in the 1950–60s in the context of the Cold War. It then analyses how the major Western agrochemical companies started to operate in the Soviet Union after signing trading and R&D partnerships with Moscow during the era of Détente . The third and last part focus on Bayer’s activities in the Soviet Union starting in the 1970s, as a case study that looks at the corporate practices of influences during the late Soviet ‘chemicalisation’ on the one hand and ecological policies and contestations on the other. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0 .

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18

Vollgraff, Matthew. "The Reflex Republic: Physiologies of Art in the Early Soviet Union". October, n.º 188 (2024): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00519.

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Abstract In the immediate wake of the Russian Revolution, Pavlovian reflex conditioning was rapidly elevated to a universal materialist model for understanding and manipulating human behavior, including the production and reception of art. This article explores the little-known history of the “reflexology of art,” a movement that applied physiological concepts and techniques to drama, cinema, and literature with the aim of molding atomized individual subjectivities into a corporeal collective. This movement—which involved figures like Vsevolod Meyerhold, Sergei Eisenstein, and Sergei Tret'iakov—formed part of the highly politicized dialogue between science, politics and the arts in the 1920s. By reconstructing the critical discourse around the reflexology of art within the cultural production of the early Soviet state, the article sheds light on the contradictory impulses animating an avant-garde caught between deterministic visions of social engineering and the subversive passions of revolution.

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19

Pajala, Mari. "‘Long live the friendship between the Soviet Union and Finland!’ Irony, nostalgia, and melodrama in Finnish historical television drama and documentary series". European Journal of Cultural Studies 20, n.º 3 (16 de enero de 2017): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549416682244.

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In critical studies on historical television programmes, the affective qualities of televisual memory have been discussed mainly in terms of nostalgia. This article argues that conceptualizing the affective modes of relating to the past in more varied ways can help us to better understand the politics of memory on television. As a case study, the article analyses Finnish Broadcasting Company Yleisradio’s historical drama and documentary series that deal with the relationship between Finland and the Soviet Union. The article identifies three affective modes in the programmes: irony, nostalgia and melodrama. Each of these modes offers different possibilities for critiquing, understanding and justifying the past. By studying televisual memories of the Soviet Union in a non-socialist country with important political, economic and cultural ties with the socialist bloc, the article moreover questions a clear East–West binary in studies on post-socialist memory.

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20

Erokhina, Ol’ga. "Concession Policy of the Soviet Union in Agriculture: A Review of the Recent Historiography". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n.º 2 (mayo de 2021): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.2.10.

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Introduction. The article analyzes the issues of agricultural concession presented in the works of Russian researchers Maxim Matveyevich Zagorulko, Vladimir Viktorovich Bulatov and German historian Marina Schmider. Methods and materials. The monographs are significantly complemented by the already known works on concession policy and practice, as the authors introduce a significant number of new sources and statistics from German and Russian archives and libraries. To provide an objective analysis of the scientific works, the author uses the historical-system and historical-comparative methods. Analysis. The Russian researchers analyze the economic activities of four agricultural concessions: “Druzag”, “Manych”, “Druag”, “Prikumskoye Russo-American Partnership”. They identified factors that influenced the increase or decrease in profitability of the enterprises. M. Schmider focused her attention on changing the attitude of the government and business circles of Germany to the concession policy pursued in the USSR. In addition, it reveals the role of German agricultural concessions in the development of the German economy. The author identified mechanisms of influence on the Soviet leadership, which were used to facilitate the activities of two large agricultural concessions – Manych-Krupp and Druzag. It should be noted that the memoirs of German employees of agricultural concessions helped to recreate the life and activity of Soviet and German workers and employees, compare their working conditions, describe the relationship with the local population and government officials. Results. The authors conclude that the effective management methods and economic activities of these concessions contributed to increasing their competitiveness in comparison with similar Soviet enterprises. However, the activities of the concessions depended not only on the interest of the Soviet leadership in them, but also on the foreign policy relations of Germany and the Soviet state.

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21

Weede, Erich. "The Transition to Capitalism in China and Russia". Comparative Sociology 1, n.º 2 (2002): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913302100418475.

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AbstractAt the end of the 1970s the per capita income ratio between the Soviet Union and China was 16 to 1. By now, the gap between Russia and China is closing rapidly. Although the collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union contributed to this levelling of per capita incomes, domestic factors and improvements in China look more important: decollectivization of Chinese agriculture, the establishment of township village enterprises in China, economic openness and market-preserving federalism in China. In all these respects, even post-Soviet Russia continues to lag. Admittedly, Russia was faster than China in privatizing state owned enterprises but the preferential treatment of insiders and the weakness of the rule of law or functional substitutes for it neutralized this potential Russian advantage.

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22

Chroust, David Zdeněk. "Keeping Soviet Russia in the Czech Diaspora?" Canadian-American Slavic Studies 49, n.º 4 (2015): 453–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-04904006.

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The Hospodář was a twice-monthly magazine for Czech farmers in America, launched in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1891. In the 1920s it became more international as the United States shut out immigrants from Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union became a leading subject in its editorials, columns and especially the hundreds of reader letters published every year. Transnational families were a window into the Czech communities in Volhynia and Crimea. Social Democrats, Communists and others argued about the Soviet Union’s merits as a workers’ and peasants’ state. Agronomist Stanislav Kovář became a regular columnist in Vologda and then Novorossiisk on the NEP and then collectivization in Soviet agriculture. Tolerant, largely written by readers, without political or religious affiliation, and international, the Hospodář was a productive forum for experience, imagination and discourse in the international Czech diaspora on the early Soviet Union.

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23

Tsench, Yuliya S. "Agricultural science in the Soviet Union in 1945-1965". Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, n.º 2 (10 de junio de 2020): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-2-156-170.

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The law on the five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR for 1946-50 provided for a significant increase in the volume of agricultural machinery. It was necessary to introduce into agricultural production new high-performance tractors, self-propelled combines, mounted machines with hydraulic control, specialized machines for technical, tilled, forage crops. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the achievements of agricultural engineering science in the USSR in 1945-1965. (Materials and methods) Author studied the history of agricultural engineering science development in the USSR in the post-war period on the basis of archival materials and scientific literature. The sources have shown that the creation of new agricultural machinery required the development of research methods, new more effective technologies for design work and the consolidation of efforts of agricultural engineering science, testers and manufacturers of equipment. (Results and discussion) The article presents an analysis of the development of scientific research and technical developments aimed at improving agricultural technologies and agricultural machinery, and intensifying agricultural production. Author have found regional specialized research institutes, specialized design bureaus, and zonal machine-testing stations were established during the period under review. The article notes that the Department of Mechanization of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been significantly strengthened. A crucial role in the development of agricultural engineering science played the leading research institutions in the country, the All-Union Scientific and Research Institute of Mechanization of Agriculture, All-Union Institute of Electrification of Agriculture, All-Union Scientific and Research Technological Institute of Repair and Operation of Machine and Tractor Park, Research Tractor Institute and the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Agricultural Universities - Moscow, Azov-black sea, Chelyabinsk, Kharkiv institutes of agricultural mechanization, Rostov and Kirovograd institutes of agricultural engineering. (Conclusions) Thanks to the efforts of academic and university scientists, designers and testers, the latest agricultural machines and equipment were created, the introduction of which made it possible to fully meet the country's needs for food and agricultural raw materials.

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24

Fowden, L. "Book Review: Communist Agriculture. Fanning in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe." Outlook on Agriculture 19, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1990): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709001900312.

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25

Johnson, D. Gale. "Trade Effects of Dismantling the Socialized Agriculture of the Former Soviet Union". Comparative Economic Studies 35, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1993): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.1993.35.

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26

Christiansen, Femming. "Communist agriculture vol I: Farming in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe". Food Policy 16, n.º 3 (junio de 1991): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(91)90096-3.

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27

Yeremenko, Evgenii Dmitrievich y Zoya Vyacheslavovna Proshkova. "Редакторская практика в киносотрудничестве Советского Союза и Японии". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, n.º 4 (53) (diciembre de 2022): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2022-4-18-23.

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The ideological and cultural context of Soviet-Japanese cinematographic contacts is determined by the activities of foreign film editors. The front of the work of representatives of this profession is selection, literary translation, dubbing, and in some cases – abbreviations, remounting of Japanese films for Soviet rental. Despite the «alien lifestyle», Japanese films were not just exotic «land of the rising sun», but also a kind of interpretation of European and American cultures in different genres: post-neorealist drama («Naked Island», «Red Beard»), sports film («The Genius of Judo»), film catastrophe («The Death of Japan», «The Legend of the Dinosaur»), children’s animation («Puss in Boots»). Joint film productions with Japan are especially noteworthy for the domestic cinema of the 1970s and 80s. The artistic space of these works is presented in the form of a historical drama («Dersu Uzala»), a melodrama («Moscow, my love», «Melodies of the White no-chi»), an animated fairy tale («The Adventures of the Penguin Lolo»). The Soviet Japanese co-production remains a historical example of a creative compromise between states with diverse types of social devices.

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28

Nikulin, Alexander. "Agriculturist V.G. Venzher in the Search of Reforming the Soviet Union". Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S3 (junio de 2022): S174—S181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s101933162209009x.

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Abstract On the anniversary of the centenary of the formation of the Soviet Union, we naturally remember the name and ideas of one of the most brilliant Soviet agricultural economists, who made a huge practical and theoretical contribution to attempts to reform not only Soviet agriculture but also Soviet society as a whole. Vladimir Grigoryevich Venzher (1899–1990) was an agriculturist and economist, who primarily became widely known for his correspondence with Stalin in the early 1950s about the possibilities of reforms in the collective farm system of the Soviet Union. At the same time, the fact that his personality was much broader and deeper than his professional incarnation as an agrarian economist. Venzher, of course, was also an original and deep social thinker, partly Marxist and partly populist-cooperative, who repeatedly proposed to the Soviet leadership and then in relation to the Kosygin and Gorbachev reforms a number of comprehensive alternative reforms aimed at shaping the sustainable development of the Soviet Union and Russia based primarily on the required agrarian reforms.1 To prove and develop this statement, this article examines several key fragments of the political economy and social and philosophical heritage of Venzher in the 1960s–1980s, his letters to the Central Committee of the CPSU, and some of his scientific monographs, which have not yet attracted much attention from researchers.

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29

Majkowski, Jakub. "How successful was Joseph Stalin in establishing Soviet Union as a superpower?" Journal of Education Culture and Society 8, n.º 1 (10 de julio de 2017): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20171.23.31.

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This essay will firstly address the extent of Stalin’s achievements in leading the course for domestic policy of the Soviet Union and its contribution towards maintaining the country’s supremacy in the world, for example the rapid post-war recovery of industry and agriculture, and secondly, the foreign policy including ambiguous relations with Communist governments of countries forming the Eastern Bloc, upkeeping frail alliances and growing antagonism towards western powers, especially the United States of America. The actions and influence of Stalin’s closest associates in the Communist Party and the effect of Soviet propaganda on the society are also reviewed. This investigation will cover the period from 1945 to 1953. Additionally, other factors such as the impact of post-war worldwide economic situation and attitude of the society of Soviet Union will be discussed.

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30

Khudoyorov, Noyibjon Maripjonovich. "COLLECTIVIZATION POLICY OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT IN UZBEKISTAN (AS AN EXAMPLE 1920-1930)". Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal 02, n.º 02 (1 de febrero de 2022): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/social-fsshj-02-02-12.

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In this article has been analyzed the collectivization policy of the Soviet government and its implementation, why the Bolsheviks decided to mass collectivize agriculture in the Union in the late 1920s, and how the mechanism for implementing this idea was developed, based on primary sources and scientific literature.

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31

MASTEROVOY, ANTON. "What Was Socialist Food and What Comes Next?" Contemporary European History 26, n.º 3 (3 de octubre de 2016): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077731600045x.

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Food in the former Soviet Union remains serious political business. In the summer of 2014, in retaliation against Western sanctions imposed in response to the annexation of Crimea, Vladimir Putin's government decreed an odd brand of ‘self-sanctions’ by forbidding the importation of many foodstuffs from the United States and the European Union. Conservative supporters of President Putin sprang into action, exhorting Russian consumers to embrace the opportunity to develop Russian agriculture while Putin's opponents raised the spectre of late Soviet food shortages. Though starvation does not seem like a genuine threat to modern Russia, the fact that these questions are raised at all requires scholars of food to pay attention to Russia and scholars of Russia to view food as an important aspect of the country's history. Serious studies of food in the Soviet Union and under other socialist regimes are particularly worthy of attention since these socio-economic systems, paradoxically, were best known both for proclaiming an end to hunger and for presiding over chronic shortages if not outright famines.

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32

Penn, J. B. "Changes in Europe and the USSR: An Overview for Southern Agriculture and Agribusiness". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 23, n.º 1 (julio de 1991): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017866.

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The world was astonished in 1989 by the initial collapse of socialist institutions and subsequently by the pace at which change swept across the Eastern European region. For a time, even the Soviet Union seemed to be moving toward greater political pluralism, market orientation and the effective end of the Cold War. It is now approaching two years since this political convulsion began (in Poland). This is sufficient time to enable the transition programs to take form, and to permit informed speculation about the potential for their success and, ultimately, how the Eastern European and Soviet situations could affect the farming and food sectors of our economy.

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33

Nicholson, Steve. "Responses to Revolution: the Soviet Union Portrayed in the British Theatre, 1917–29". New Theatre Quarterly 8, n.º 29 (febrero de 1992): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00006321.

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In theatrical parlance, ‘political’ is often taken to be synonymous with ‘left-wing’, and research into political theatre movements of the first half of this century has perpetuated the assumption that the right has generally avoided taking politics as subject matter. This article, the first of two about British political theatre in the 1920s, concentrates on plays about Communism and the Soviet Union during the decade following the Russian Revolution, and offers some contrasting conclusions. Steve Nicholson, Lecturer in Drama at the Workshop Theatre of the University of Leeds, argues that, whether such plays shaped or merely reflected conventional views, they were used by the establishment for the most blatant and explicit propaganda, at a time when it felt itself under threat from the Left. The article has been researched largely through unpublished manuscripts in the Lord Chamberlain's collection of plays, housed in the British Library, and derives from a broader study of the portrayal of Communism in the British theatre from 1917 to 1945.

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34

Vdovina, Elena A. "Nikolai Volkonsky – the director of radio drama". ТЕАТР. ЖИВОПИСЬ. КИНО. МУЗЫКА, n.º 4 (2022): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35852/2588-0144-2022-4-105-118.

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The article deals with the creative biography of Nikolay Volkonsky and his influence on development of the radio theatre directing school in Soviet Union. Main stages of Volkonsky formation as a radio director are outlined. At the very early productions by Nikolai Volkonsky, some techniques are outlined, which soon become canon for the radio theatre. In these first national radio performances Evening with Maria Volkonskaya and Lulli the Musician, Volkonsky uses new sound directing methods that were innovative for broadcasting of that time. They at transforming the time and space of the stage action, presenting the characters through their speech pecularities. Under the leadership of Nikolai Volkonsky, Osip Abdulov and Erast Garin start their work at the radio. They subsequently will be known as the masters of the microphone. There are numerous productions by Nikolai Volkonsky on the radio. The author of the article has selected three performances that can help to create the most complete picture of the creative individuality of the director. These are the radio play The Plant based on the novel by Camille Lemonnier, the radio composition Journey through Japan based on the essays by Gregory Gausner and the monumental pathetic oratorio The Nine Hundred and Fifth Yearbased on the poem by Boris Pasternak. The early years of the soviet radio drama are revealing the common processes in developing of art radio programs when this new unexplored field of creative representation of reality has stood at the forefront of the cultural process. The pioneers of the radio theatre innovatively solved creative tasks by their own experience, gradually asserting the main principles of radio performance. Thus it soon became an independent art direction, important in the process of theatre transformation in the twentieth century and in the genre evolution of national art broadcasting.

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S.T., Nabiyev, Sadykov T.S. y Khasenova Zh.O. "Measures to collectivize agriculture in Kazakhstan: history and experience (20–30s of the 20th century)". Bulletin of the Karaganda university History.Philosophy series 110, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2023): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023hph2/207-218.

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This scientific article outlines and provides a scientific assessment of the purpose, course and consequences of Stalin's totalitarian power of the 20-30s in the Soviet Union, including in Kazakhstan, the elimination of the large rich and medium rich people in Kazakh agriculture as a class, collectivization of the economy in accordance with the requirements of barracks socialism.

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36

SAR, MARCIN. "The Evolution of Centripetal Fraternalism: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 481, n.º 1 (septiembre de 1985): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716285481001009.

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The author comments on the dynamics of Moscow's effort to reconcile its pursuit of control over Eastern Europe with its interest in a viable Eastern Europe, one that is stable and capable of self-sustaining development. Although Moscow has always exercised control in military matters, it allowed some Eastern Europeans economic independence in the 1970s. Changing circumstances in the 1980s, however, have caused the Kremlin to rethink its relationships with its Eastern European “satallies”— half satellites, half allies. Moscow faces dilemmas in areas such as energy, agriculture, the Eastern European states' relations with the West, economic reforms occurring in Eastern Europe, and integration within COMECON. How Moscow resolves these dilemmas lies at the core of its future relationships with Eastern Europe. Other important factors include the lessons learned from Poland, East Germany's evolving relationship with the Federal Republic of Germany, and China's growing economic and political initiatives vis-à-vis Eastern Europe.

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37

Pashkov, S. V. "Evolution of Virgin Agriculture in Northern Kazakhstan: Determinants of Regional Development". Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences 42 (2022): 68–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2022.42.68.

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The agriculture of the Soviet Union, incorporated into the closed economy, significantly lagged behind the Western countries in terms of productivity and labor efficiency due to its extensive nature. Soviet mega-project – the development of virgin and fallow lands in the eastern regions of the country, was not trigger. The purpose of this project was to solve the problem of providing the population with bread. This article considers the underlying causes that led to the initially given vector of extensive development of the virgin agricultural space of Northern Kazakhstan, despite the colossal funds invested in the development of the steppe frontier. The article researches the post-Soviet institutional transformations in the agriculture of the republic, which affected, first of all, the agriculture of the grain belt. Used descriptive and research statistical tools made possible determination of the factors of the post-crisis transition of agricultural formations to the cultivation of industrial (oilseeds) crops as the most highly profitable in modern conditions. Our results showed a significant time and space dynamics of the structure of sown areas and a qualitative transformation of agriculture on the example of an integral part of the virgin frontier – North Kazakhstan region, as a result of the transition to an agrarian landscape system of land management in combination with the digitalization of the industry and the diversification of crops. Innovative and paternalistic measures of further mesoterritorial intensification of agriculture are proposed.

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Kamenskaya, Ekaterina V. "“A Window to the World”: Newspapers and Soviet Foreign Correspondents in the 1960s". Russian History 48, n.º 3-4 (19 de septiembre de 2022): 404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340039.

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Abstract The expansion of foreign correspondent networks in the late Soviet period reflected the importance that international news and reporting had for readers of the Soviet press. This article traces the development of one such foreign correspondent network, that of the Soviet newspaper Sel’skaia zhizn’ (Rural Life), one of the most popular and widespread newspapers in the Soviet Union. Although historiographically overlooked in favor of major political newspapers like Pravda (Truth) and Izvestiia (News), Sel’skaia zhizn’ was an important source of foreign news for the rural population of the Soviet Union. The article examines the role of the editorial office of Sel’skaia zhizn’ in creating a correspondent network, tracing the geographical reach of the newspaper’s correspondents (sobkors) and analyzing their activities and different types of publications. While some materials were similar to those published in other Soviet newspapers, the specifically rural audience of Sel’skaia zhizn’ influenced the topics chosen for articles as well as the style of the authors. The newspaper became a practical guide for readers because foreign correspondents provided them with unique information about the development of agriculture abroad. The article provides research into how readers perceived international news and information in Sel’skaia zhizn’, finding that readers expected the newspaper to fulfill their needs and to reflect their own interests, even in the international section.

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Filep, E. y C. Bichsel. "TOWARDS A RESEARCH AGENDA ON STEPPE IMAGINARIES IN RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION". GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 11, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2018-11-3-39-48.

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This article proposes that there is a need for a sustained engagement with and deconstruction of steppe imaginaries in Russian and Soviet literature in the twentieth century. It argues that “steppe” is not solely a term describing a particular environment, but also a pivotal idea which has shaped and shapes identities, cultural assumptions, political reasoning and even geopolitical thought. Based on the review of existing scholarship, the paper demonstrates the centrality of the steppe as a key imaginary for Russian history until the nineteenth century. However, it also reveals that the research on the relevance of such imaginaries for Russian and Soviet political history in the twentieth century is largely absent. Yet, it was during this period that the steppe environments underwent largescale transformations through processes of land reclamation, irrigation development and industrial agriculture.

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40

KESSLER, GIJS. "Work and the household in the inter-war Soviet Union". Continuity and Change 20, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2005): 409–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416005005643.

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The article examines patterns of work and employment in urban households of the inter-war Soviet Union. Drawing on population censuses and time-budget surveys, it analyses trends in labour participation and gainful employment for men, women and different age-groups from the mid-1920s to the late 1930s. Particular attention is devoted to the division of labour within the household. The single most important change over this period was a substantial increase in labour participation rates, in particular among women. This was a direct result of the state-led industrialization drive of the 1930s, which simultaneously caused a booming demand for labour and a rapid decline of real wages. Households reacted to this challenge by increasing the number of working members per household. Self-employment, targeted by state repression from the late 1920s, practically disappeared, leaving paid employment as the only viable form of gainful employment. Within the household, the increase in female labour participation rates put a heavy strain on women, who came to face a double burden of employment and household duties, including child-care. In three-generation extended households, which were the norm at the time, this resulted in a division of labour between the generations, with the household members of working age concentrating on paid employment and the elderly members of the household on child-care and subsidiary agriculture.

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41

Kozyr, Michał J. "Regulacja prawna stosunków własności w rolnictwie ZSRR". Studia Prawnicze / The Legal Studies, n.º 3 (61) (30 de abril de 2023): 59–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37232/sp.1979.3.5.

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The article covers theoretical problems relating to the development and improvement of legal property relations in the agriculture of the Soviet Union. It has been, explained that the essence and specific qualities of the property relations in agriculture are due to the special position of agriculture as a sector of national economy. The author has analysed the state property law and pointed out that the increased share of the socialized production in the state sector of national economy, due to the specialization and concentration of the former, has been the basic trend of development of this property as well as further improvement of its legal regime.Further the author has presented the changes that affect cooperative ownership. As a result of the increased socialization of kołchoz property and the indivisibility of many kołchoz funds, the kołchoz property (co-operative) loses its present (collective) nature and becomes more similar to all national property (state property).In the final part of the article the author showed how both forms of ownership become assimilated in the Soviet agriculture and stressed that this process is stimulated by the emergence of inter-sector, agro-industrial enterprises and their amalgamations.

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42

Czidor, Éva. "Comparative analysis of the transformation of Hungarian and East German agriculture". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, n.º 26 (16 de julio de 2007): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/26/3072.

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Agriculture, and within it, the development and later transformation of the cooperative system shows many similarities between Hungary and the Eastern German provinces. A few examples can be mentioned, such as the mistrust against the notion of cooperation, the forced development of the cooperatives and, as an occupied territory, the influence of the Soviet Union. Similar issues emerged in both countries’ agriculture and the measures taken were also alike. Similar social, economic processes and changes were started at the end of the 1980s (1989/90) and these had a significant effect on the areas that serve as a basis for this study.

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43

Goldman, Wendy Z. "Industrial Politics, Peasant Rebellion and the Death of the Proletarian Women's Movement in the USSR". Slavic Review 55, n.º 1 (1996): 46–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500978.

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In December 1927 delegates to the XV Party Congress of the Soviet Union adopted the slogan, “Face toward Production.” Over the next five years, as the Party embarked on a massive effort to industrialize the country and collectivize agriculture, this slogan came to define policy in every area of life. The Party daily exhorted the people to speed up production, increase the harvest, reconstruct agriculture. Workers erected behemoths of heavy industry as artists emblazoned the image of belching smokestacks everywhere, symbols not of pollution but of the transformative promise of industrialization. Stalin and his supporters purged the unions, the planning agencies and the Party of “rightists” who were seen as obstacles to the new tempos of production and the collectivization of agriculture.

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44

Edele, Mark. "The Soviet Culture of Victory". Journal of Contemporary History 54, n.º 4 (27 de febrero de 2019): 780–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418817821.

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The Soviet Union after the Second World War can serve as a prime example of how victory ’locks in’ a political system. In a mirror image of Wolfgang Schivelbusch’s argument of how ‘cultures of defeat’ encourage social and political innovation, the Soviet ‘culture of victory’ reaffirmed a dictatorial system of government and a command economy based on collectivized agriculture and centrally planned industry. At the same time, however, the war also engendered changes, which played themselves out somewhat subterraneously at first. They include a complex system of veterans’ privileges, a growing welfare state, a more routinized administration, and an economy where individual and family farming played a major role in the provisioning not only of the rural, but also of the urban population. Moreover, counter-narratives and counter-memories of this war could never be completely silenced by the bombastic war cult and would break forth at the end of the Soviet century. Finally, the economic and human costs of this victory were such that they formed a constant dark underbelly to the celebration of the ‘Great Victory’. This article surveys these contradictory legacies of the war and the ways in which they helped shape late Soviet society.

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45

Landmann, Tomasz. "Wybrane przejawy sowietyzacji Ukraińskiej Socjalistycznej Republiki Radzieckiej na początku lat trzydziestych XX wieku w rozpoznaniu Oddziału II Sztabu Głównego Wojska Polskiego i władz politycznych II RP — część I". Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 44, n.º 4 (25 de agosto de 2023): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.4.5.

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The aim of this article is to present selected facts and tendencies proving the increasing sovietization of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the early 1930s. The analysis is based on archival material collected in the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America and current scientific literature. A thesis was put forward that the sovietization phenomenon of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic appeared in various forms and proved harmful to the implementation of Ukrainian national slogans in the early 1930s. The presented arguments allow to conclude that at the turn of the 1920s and the 1930s sovietization replaced the earlier policy of Ukrainization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The sovietization tendencies were reflected in economic reforms (especially in agriculture and industry), political and administrative transformation, or changes in the spirit of socialist society. The sovietization of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, as an important postulate implemented by the communist authorities, was one of the forms of opposition to nationalist slogans that indicated the need for reconstruction of Ukraine independent of the Soviet Union.

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46

Kaidi, Wang. "CULTURAL CONTACTS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA IN THE FIELD OF MUSIC AND DRAMA THEATER (50s of the XXth century)". Arts education and science 1, n.º 2 (2021): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/hon.202102012.

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The article is devoted to the cultural cooperation between the USSR and the People's Republic of China in the field of musical theater. The Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between these two countries, signed in Moscow on February 14, 1950, became a starting point in the development of cultural contacts. The most productive period was from 1949 to early 1960s. An important marker of the development of Soviet-Chinese cultural relations was the tour of theater troupes from both countries to the Soviet Union and the Celestial Empire. The Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko Moscow Musical Theater team visited China in 1954, and later the artists of the Shaoxing Opera and the Shanghai Theater of Beijing Musical Drama demonstrated their art in Russian cities. The two countries' directors showed mutual interest in the classical opera art of their counterparts: in Beijing and Tianjin P. I. Tchaikovsky's "Eugene Onegin" and "The Queen of Spades" were performed by Chinese singers, while in Russian cities the traditional Chinese theatre plays "The Spilled Cup" and "The Grey-Haired Girl" were staged by Russian artists.

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Schelchkov, Andrey. "1973 — the dramatic collapse of the Chilean revolution. Viewed by the materials of the archive of the Central Committee of the CPSU". Latinskaia Amerika, n.º 9 (2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0027279-5.

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The Chilean Revolution is one of the most important events in the Latin American history of the XXth century. Its defeat, its dramatic circumstances, and the brutality of the military regime's repression turned it into a symbolic event that marked the collapse of the illusions of a peaceful, democratic transition to socialism. The course of the revolution itself, the "Chilean path to socialism", the actions of various actors have been studied in numerous historical studies. In addition to Chilean actors, parties, politicians, and representatives of society, external political forces took part in this drama, indirectly and directly. One of these was the Soviet Union, which closely observed and analyzed the Chilean events. With the opening of the Soviet archives, documents became available that reveal many little-known or hidden subjects of the short but intense history of Unidad Popular in Chile. In this text, the author relies on the documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU, reflecting the vision of the Soviet authorities of the events of the Chilean revolution in the most dramatic period of its development, in the last year of the government of Salvador Allende, in 1973.

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48

Grout-Smith, Tim. "Agricultural Reform in Ukraine: Spreading the Message". Outlook on Agriculture 23, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1994): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709402300409.

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Ukraine is potentially one of the richest agricultural countries in the world, with vast plains of black earth, or chernozem, and a temperate climate. But declines in agricultural production which were already evident under the Soviet Union have accelerated in the last three years, as the country's economy has spiralled into hyperinflation. Now, attempts are being made to revive Ukrainian agriculture using Western technology, management and marketing. The BBC's Marshall Plan of the Mind is spreading the message through radio and television.

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Mourad, D. y M. van der Perk. "Modelling nutrient fluxes from diffuse and point emissions to river loads: the Estonian part of the transboundary Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe drainage basin (Russia/Estonia/Latvia)". Water Science and Technology 49, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 2004): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0154.

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First results are presented of a large-scale GIS-based nutrient transport modelling for the 1985-1999 period in the Estonian part of the transboundary drainage basin of Lake Peipsi (Estonian)/Chudskoe (Russian), one of the largest lakes in Europe, shared by Russia and Estonia. Although the lake is relatively undisturbed by human pollution, it is vulnerable for eutrophication by increased river loads, as shown in the past, when the north-eastern part of the former Soviet Union suffered from intensive agriculture. The collapse of the Soviet Union caused a dramatic decline in fertilizer application rates and widespread abandonment of agricultural land. Although concentration measurements and modelling results indicate a general decrease in nutrient loads, modelling is complicated by the transfer of nutrients from diffuse emissions, which is strongly governed by retention and assumed periodic release from storages within the river basin, like the root zone, tile drains, ditches, channels, bed sediments, floodplains and lakes. Modelling diffuse emission contribution to river loads can be improved by better knowledge about the spatial and temporal distribution of this retention and release within the drainage basin.

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50

Lyubinin, Aleksandr В. "POST-SOVIET DRAMA OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (IN CONNECTION WITH THE 99TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FORMATION OF THE USSR AND THE 30TH ANNIVERSARY OF ITS ABOLISHMENT)". Russian Economic Journal, n.º 5 (25 de noviembre de 2021): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2021-5-62-75.

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The article was prepared in connection with the 99th anniversary of the formation of the USSR and the 30th anniversary of the termination of its existence. The article reveals the relationship between the norms of the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 (and subsequent versions of the document) on the self-determination of nations and their right to secede from the Union with the real process of destruction of a single state. It is shown that the disintegration of the Union was carried out not in connection with the constitutional right of the union republics to self-determination, not with the observance of the appropriate procedures for leaving the single state, but, on the contrary, on an anti-constitutional basis. The author reveals the artificial and politically motivated nature of the arguments regarding the «mines» laid down in their time by the Bolsheviks under the national state structure of the USSR. This device turned out to be productive both for repelling military aggression and for peaceful construction, because it was formed taking into account the totality of the binding circumstances of its time, on the principles of equality and voluntary self-determination. It has been proven that the absence of the right to secede from parts of a single state does not provide any guarantees against the collapse of this state, an example of which is the European monarchies that ended their journey at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as the events in the USSR and around the Chechen Republic. The fundamental difference between constitutional multinational formations, one of which was the Soviet Union, and formations built on a contractual basis following the example of the Gorbachev SSG, the Belovezhskaya agreement on the creation of the CIS and the Union State of Russia and Belarus, is revealed.

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