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1
Centre for Rural Legal Studies. "New agricultural labour relations legislation". Review of African Political Economy 21, n.º 61 (septiembre de 1994): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056249408704073.
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Barua, Dr Kakali. "AGRICULTURAL LABOUR AND RURAL LABOUR RELATIONS IN WEST BENGAL ." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 6, n.º 7 (30 de julio de 2021): 2105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2021.v06i07.006.
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Yaro, Joseph Awetori, Joseph Kofi Teye y Gertrude Dzifa Torvikey. "Historical Context of Agricultural Commercialisation in Ghana: Changes in Land and Labour Relations". Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, n.º 1 (6 de julio de 2016): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909616657368.
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This paper provides a broad review of agrarian change in Ghana by highlighting the major developments in the agrarian political economy and their implications for agricultural commercialisation and its modifying influence on land tenure systems, livelihoods, production systems, social relations, and labour relations. While current land tenure arrangements and labour relations in Africa are often explained in terms of globalisation, we argue that the historical context of agricultural commercialisation in Ghana shows continuities and discontinuities in agrarian relations from the colonial period to the present. We also argue that changes over the years have blended with globalisation to produce the distinct forms of labour relations that we see today. The commercialisation of agriculture in Ghana has evolved progressively from the colonial era aided by policies of coercion, persuasion and incentives to its current globalised form. The expansion in the range of commodities over time necessarily increased the demand for more land and labour. The article contributes to the literature by providing great insights into changes in land and labour relations due to increasing commercialisation, and how these enhanced wealth accumulation for the richer segments of society and global capital to the detriment of the poor throughout Ghana’s agrarian history.
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Kusz, Dariusz. "LABOR EFFICIENCY AND CHANGES IN SELECTED RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION FACTORS IN AGRICULTURE IN POLAND". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2020): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7872.
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The purpose of the work was the evaluation of changes in the effectiveness of the use of labor in agriculture against a background of changes in the relation of production factors. The analysis is presented on a regional basis. The empirical material consisted of CSO statistical data from 2000-2016. The following diagnostic variables were used for analysis: (1) the value of gross agricultural output per one employed in agriculture, (2) technical work equipment – the gross value of fixed assets in agriculture per one employed in agriculture, (3) the number of people working in agriculture per 100 hectares of agricultural land (AL), (4) technical equipment of agricultural land – the gross value of fixed assets in agriculture per 1 hectare of AL. Based on a set of diagnostic features describing individual voivodships in Poland, their classification was performed using the cluster analysis of the Ward method. A decrease in the technical equipment of labor was recorded, and an increase in the technical equipment of agricultural land and the number of people working in agriculture per 100 hectares of AL. At the same time, these changes varied in individual groups of voivodships. Analysis of regional differentiation demonstrates that, in voivodships with much more favorable relations of production, labour efficiency was higher. In addition, in these voivodships, the average annual rate of changes in labor efficiency was also at a higher level. This may result in a growing disparity in the level of farming efficiency.
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Domşodi, Dana. "Labour Relations and Labour Structures in Mediterranean Capitalism. Caporalato and Romanian Migration in the Southern Italian Agriculture". Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 64, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2019): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2019-0006.
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Abstract In this paper I will examine the structural and social features of the gang-mastered labour system (caporalato) as it appears in the agricultural production process in Italy. I will discuss the functions of this type of labour regime through an analysis of the role (Romanian) migrant labour plays in the Italian agriculture process and its need for the (informal) labour market mediation in agriculture. My aim is to critically map the function of caporalato within a production circuit that starts with the low price imposed on agricultural goods, and ends up at the top of the production process, namely with the food empires and corporate retail and distribution chains. The economic constraint for an ever cheaper labourforce, and its social context, will guide our critique of caporalato
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van Schendel, Willem. "What Is Agrarian Labour? Contrasting Indigo Production in Colonial India and Indonesia". International Review of Social History 60, n.º 1 (10 de febrero de 2015): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859015000012.
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AbstractIn scholarly writings, the term “agrarian labour” is used variously. It can refer to a very specific set of productive activities – the cultivation of crops and animal husbandry – but it can also have the much broader connotation of rural or non-urban labour. These different uses can be confusing, especially in comparative research. This paper starts from the French comparative agriculture school and its conceptualization of three nested scales of analysis – the “cropping system”, the “activity system”, and the “agrarian system”. It tests these ideas in a comparison of labour employed in the production of indigo dye in two colonial systems (British India and the Dutch East Indies). The article concludes that this approach helps counteract monocausal explanations of labour relations in terms of agro-environmental determinants, the force of colonial capitalism, or local work cultures. It also promotes agriculture-sensitive readings of social transformations by comparing social orders that comprise both agricultural and non-agricultural labour relations.
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Amanor, Kojo Sebastian. "Family Values, Land Sales and Agricultural Commodification in South-Eastern Ghana". Africa 80, n.º 1 (febrero de 2010): 104–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972009001284.
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It is argued that land shortage and the decline of new frontier areas results in increasing conflicts over rights to land and to labour. This constrains land sales and agricultural land becomes increasingly transferred though sharecropping and the commodification of user rights in land, rather than through the evolution of clearly defined land markets. Smallholder agriculture increasingly becomes an individual undertaking, in which labour is hired, and rights to land are acquired rather than allocated within the family. Agricultural relations of production become increasingly commodified and the moral economy of the family is undermined and increasingly socially differentiated. The article traces historically the emergence of these production relations in south-east Ghana.
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Asomah, Joseph Yaw. "Understanding the Role of the State in Promoting Capitalist Accumulation: A Case Study of the Canadian Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program". Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 3, n.º 2 (11 de noviembre de 2014): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v3i2.3751.
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There is limited in-depth research focusing on how the state exerts power and its influence through immigration laws, policies and practices in structuring the relations of labour and capital in a manner that reflects capitalist interests. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the role of the state in fostering capitalist accumulation, using the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) as a case study, and to consider the implications for policy. This paper addresses these questions: What shapes and reproduces labour-capital relations with reference to SAWP? What are the repercussions of these relations, particularly on the international migrant workers? What should be the role of the state and law in transforming these relations? The paper draws on a constellation of insights from neoliberal globalization, segmentation of labour theory, and a conceptual overview of the role of the state in regulating labour-capital relations to illuminate the discussions. This paper helps broaden our current understanding of how the state faciliates capitalist accumulation in the agricultural sector in Canada through immigration policies and practices with reference to the SAWP. The paper therefore makes a contribution to the theoretical debates on the role of the state in the facilitation of capitalist accumulation in agriculture.
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Kushnerev, I. M. "About development of social partnership in the agricultural sector of the Kursk region". Normirovanie i oplata truda v sel'skom hozyajstve (Rationing and remuneration of labor in agriculture), n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2020): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-06-2008-01.
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In connection with the spread of coronavirus infection in end of April, a meeting took place by correspondence Kursk regional tripartite Commission on regulation of social-labor relations to discuss current issues, including "About implementation of the decision of the Kursk regional tripartite Commission on regulation socially-labour relations of 23 April 2018 No. 2 on the issue "About the state and measures for further development of social partnership in the agro-industrial complex".
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FORCLAZ, AMALIA RIBI. "A New Target for International Social Reform: The International Labour Organization and Working and Living Conditions in Agriculture in the Inter-War Years". Contemporary European History 20, n.º 3 (8 de julio de 2011): 307–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777311000336.
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AbstractThe economic, political and social imperative of reforming working conditions in agriculture, improving rural living standards and promoting rural development emerged as an international issue in the inter-war years. Despite a growing interest in the history of international organisations, historical research has hitherto made little reference to co-operative efforts and standard-setting in agriculture before the Second World War. This article seeks to fill the gap by examining the process whereby the International Labour Organization (ILO) learned about the specificities of the agricultural sector. It illustrates the ILO's early interest in rural workers and agricultural issues, which it addressed through special committees. Hampered by the challenging diversity of agricultural work and the perceived lack of national organisations and legislation, it was not until the late 1930s that the ILO carried out proper surveys on social issues in agriculture. Set up in the late 1930s, the history of the ILO's Permanent Agricultural Committees illustrates the results of a learning process which eventually positioned the ILO as a focal point of technical expertise, and enabled it to embrace an ever widening and interdisciplinary vision of agricultural labour and labour relations.
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Idris, Miftahu. "Understanding Agricultural Productivity Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Analysis of the Nigerian Economy". International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, n.º 67 (15 de julio de 2020): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijefr.67.147.158.
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In recent times, agricultural sector has returned to the forefront of development issues in Nigeria given its contribution to employment creation, sustainable food supply and provision of raw materials to other sectors of the economy. In lieu of that, this study examines the impact of agriculture on the economic growth in Nigeria using annual time series data covering the sample period of 1981 to 2018. To analyse the data collected, Autoregression Distributed Lag (ARDL) model through the bounds testing framework is employed to measure the presence of cointegrating relations between real GDP, agricultural productivity, labour force, and agricultural export. Results show the presence of both short-run and long-run relationship among the variables, and that agriculture has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. These findings inform the Nigerian government on the need to expedite labour force (human capital) and agricultural export (non-oil) development with the view to achieving sustainable growth and development. In addition, developing skills and competencies of labour force through capacity building in the agricultural sector will encourage research and development thereby increase the export size, hence essential for long-term growth.
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Jarzębowska, Agnieszka Bezat y Włodzimierz Rembisz. "CAP support as a source of capital and labour productivity – analytical considerations". Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 5, n.º 2 (4 de marzo de 2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v5i2.367.
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The level of internal generation of financial funds, i.e. savings, is limited by the achieved productivity and profitability of production. As aside not, it appears easier to overcome the income problem as the basis for that generation of savings by means of interventionism and the underlying transfer of funds from other fields of operation through the national and EU budget to the agricultural holdings. This is a supplementation of the internally generated funds. In the paper, the authors will signal the basic relations between the savings (and external subsidies), investments and increase in production capital of an agricultural producer and an increase of its labour productivity as a basis of growth of income. The goal is to demonstrate the following relations in this respect that form an intrinsic circuitous movement with mutual interdependencies. For the proof of legitimacy, an analytical model with empirical illustrations will be used. Keywords: agricultural producers, income, efficiency, transfers, subsidies and support for agriculture
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Englund, Harri. "The self in self-interest: land, labour and temporalities in Malawi's agrarian change". Africa 69, n.º 1 (enero de 1999): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161080.
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This article examines agricultural labour contracts and household-based production in Dedza District, Malawi. Deepening impoverishment seemingly creates conditions for profound social changes. In agriculture, small-scale contracts rather than big work parties mobilise the bulk of ‘extra-domestic’ labour. Although labourers are paid in cash or in kind, they are most often the recruiter's relatives or affines. The pattern fits, therefore, uneasily with the ideas of labour as a commodity and persons as mutually independent individuals. Claims about changing values must be accompanied by careful analyses of personhood. Among Dedza villagers the notion of the self in the idioms of morality discloses social relations as the origins of a person's interests. By recruiting labour, wealthy villagers make their valued relationships visible. These observations caution against viewing ‘agrarian change’ as a uniform and teleological process in which the buying and selling of labour necessarily entail individualism. As an example of how, in any case, moral sentiments are historical phenomena the article examines the predicament of landless refugees in Dedza District. Under conditions of social and material alienation, agricultural labour contracts became exploitation.
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Brachet, Julien y Judith Scheele. "A ‘DESPICABLE SHAMBLES’: LABOUR, PROPERTY AND STATUS IN FAYA-LARGEAU, NORTHERN CHAD". Africa 86, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2016): 122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972015000819.
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ABSTRACTFaya-Largeau, the largest oasis in northern Chad, seems to present a classic picture of Saharan labour relations and status groups. Colonial officers spoke of nomadic ‘overlords’ who used to exploit sedentary ‘serfs’ of slave descent, but indirectly favoured the latter; today, former status relations are renegotiated, at times violently so. Access to vital resources, and especially agricultural land, is the focus of much contemporary conflict. Yet, on a closer look, this picture becomes less familiar: local agriculture requires little labour, property rights are uncertain, bilateral descent, exogamy and a high degree of mobility blur boundaries, while state involvement remains limited and ambiguous, and education little valued. Status, property and labour hence emerge as contextual categories that depend on as much as they constitute a historically specific and inherently unstable mode of production.
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Abdelkarim, Abbas. "The segmented agricultural labour market in Sudan". Review of African Political Economy 12, n.º 34 (diciembre de 1985): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056248508703650.
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Green, Erik. "State-Led Agricultural Intensification and Rural Labour Relations: The Case of the Lilongwe Land Development Programme in Malawi, 1968–1981". International Review of Social History 55, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2010): 413–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000180.
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SummaryThis article deals with cash crop production and its impact on labour relations in postcolonial African peasant agriculture. The focus is on the Lilongwe Land Development Programme (1968–1981) in Malawi. The aim of the programme was to enable African farmers to increase yields and make them shift from the cultivation of tobacco and local maize to groundnuts and high-yielding varieties of maize. The programme failed to meet its goals, because of contradictory forces set in motion by the programme itself. The LLDP enabled a larger segment of farmers to engage in commercial agriculture, which caused a decline in supplies of local labourers ready to be employed on a casual or permanent basis. Increased commercial production was thus accompanied by a de-commercialization of labour relations, which hampered the scope for better-off farmers to increase yields by employing additional labourers. By using both written and oral sources, this article thus provides an empirical case that questions the conventional view that increased cash-crop production in twentieth-century rural Africa was accompanied by a commercialization of labour relations. It concludes that the history of rural labour relations cannot be grasped by simple linear models of historical change, but requires an understanding of local contexts, with a focus on farming systems and factors that determine the local supply of and demand for labour.
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Jiang, Jinqi, Wanzhen Huang, Zhenhua Wang y Guangsheng Zhang. "The Effect of Health on Labour Supply of Rural Elderly People in China—An Empirical Analysis Using CHARLS Data". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 7 (3 de abril de 2019): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071195.
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In China, due to decades of the ‘one-child policy’ and continuous rural-urban labour migration, real population aging in rural areas is increasing more quickly than in urban areas, and the labour inputs in agricultural production are becoming ever more dependent on the elderly. Using CHARLS data, we examine the effect of health on the labour supply of rural elderly people. We construct a latent health stock index (LHSI) to eliminate measurement bias and then use this one-period lagged LHSI and the Heckman two-stage and the Bourguignon-Fournier-Gurand two-stage method to deal with the simultaneous causality of health and labour decisions and sample selectivity in model estimation. The results show that, in the overall level, the labour force participation and work time of rural elderly people increase significantly with the improvement of health. These effects on the males are sharply greater than on the females and are enhanced with age. In the subdivided agricultural and non-agricultural labour supply, health improvement is positively related with labour force participation of rural elderly and brings an employment allocation from agricultural section to non-agricultural section, especially on the males. However, as the work time, these relations are insignificant and invariant with gender and age.
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RADEL, CLAUDIA, BIRGIT SCHMOOK, JAMIE MCEVOY, CRISOL MÉNDEZ y PEGGY PETRZELKA. "Labour Migration and Gendered Agricultural Relations: The Feminization of Agriculture in the Ejidal Sector of Calakmul, Mexico". Journal of Agrarian Change 12, n.º 1 (13 de diciembre de 2011): 98–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00336.x.
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da Corta, Lucia y Davuluri Venkateshwarlu. "Unfree relations and the feminisation of agricultural labour in Andhra Pradesh, 1970–95". Journal of Peasant Studies 26, n.º 2-3 (enero de 1999): 71–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066159908438705.
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Mervartová, Jana. "Illegal employment". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, n.º 7 (2013): 2507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072507.
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Since 2007 Labour Code contains the definition of dependent work, which can be carried out only in labour-law relations. The Amendment to Labour Code from 2012 makes the definition more precise, when it stipulates essential elements of dependent work and designates the others as conditions, under which dependent work should be carried out. The Amendment to Employment Act changes the definition of illegal work. Illegal work is a performance of dependent work by natural person except for labour-law relation, or if natural person – foreigner carries out work in conflict with issued permission to employment or without this permission. Since 2012 sanctions for illegal work were increased. Labour inspection is entitled to impose sanctions, in case of foreigners it is Customs Office. For control purposes employer is obliged to have copies of documents at the workplace proving the existence of labour-law relation. Goal of controls and high fines is to limit illegal employment of citizens of Czech Republic and foreigners as well. Illegal work has unfavourable economic impact on state budget. It comes to extensive tax evasions and also to evasions within health insurance and social security. If a concluded commercial-law relation meets the attributes of dependent work, then it stands for a concealed legal relationship. Tax Office can subsequently assess an income tax to businessman. Labour-law relationship enjoys a higher legal protection than commercial-law relationship; nonetheless it is not suitable to limit liberty of contract in cases when it is not unambiguously a dependent activity.
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Pitukhina, Maria A., Oleg V. Tolstoguzov y Anastasia D. Belykh. "Arctic local communities and foreign labour migration in the Russian Arctic." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 25, n.º 3/2022 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.3.2022.77.005.
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Article deals with sociological survey results of two respondents types (foreign labour migrants and local community) within five Russian Arctic regions (Yamalo-Nenetsky Autonomous District, Chukotksy Autonomous District, Republic of Karelia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Murmansk Oblast). Survey results of foreign labour migrants made it possible to create a foreign labour migrant profile in the Russian Arctic — it is a man with a secondary vocational education. Survey results of local community in the Russian Arctic made it possible to calculate both conflict index and tolerance index in relation to five Russian Arctic regions. It turned out that conflict index is still quite high at Republic of Karelia and Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). More peaceful situation takes place at Chukotka Autonomous District and Murmanskya Oblast. Both empirical study and its theoretical generalization revealed foreign labour migrants’ integration issues in the Arctic as well as what might happen when social climate fluctuates. The goal of this article is to identify opportunities for cooperation between local communities and foreign labour migrants in the Arctic taking into account socio-economic and ethnic traits of Russian Arctic regions. Based on sociological toolkit identifying some tension areas a theoretical rationale was formulated in order to demonstrate how foreign labour migrants’integration in the Arctic regions occurs and what might happen when social climate fluctuates. A structural model determining interethnic conflicts likelihood was also applied for predictive evaluation. In conclusion, it is emphasized that respondents’ survey results hold in five Arctic regions have demonstrated its “preventive” nature for the Arctic. In terms of interethnic relations, Russian Arctic is not tense and is under control. At the same time, communicative model development between foreign labor migrants and host community allowed us to see how migrants’ integration occurs in the Arctic and what might happen in social climate under certain fluctuations.
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Parr, Joy. "Hired Men: Ontario Agricultural Wage Labour in Historical Perspective". Labour / Le Travail 15 (1985): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25140554.
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Andersson, Elias y Peter Lundqvist. "Gendered time in Swedish family farming". Journal of Family Business Management 6, n.º 3 (10 de octubre de 2016): 310–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfbm-07-2015-0023.
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Purpose The agricultural sector has undergone extensive changes in the 20-30 years since the peak academic debate on family farming. Still today, the understanding and concept of family farming has political implications in the processes of rural and agricultural policy. The purpose of this paper is to study the development of agrarian structure by analysing the gendered and family relations of family farming. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines the concept of the family farm and its utilisation and diversity in the current Swedish agricultural sector from a gender perspective, using empirical data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. The paper operationalises a situated agrarian typology and examines the gendered position and temporalities of family farms in Sweden, based on patterns of labour use. Findings A workable, fruitful typology of the agrarian structure suitable for future comparative studies is revealed. It also demonstrates the gendered time in the farm labour process, the different temporalities involved and their interconnection between gender, family and various spheres. The spatial and geographical implications, as well as the increased dependence on family and hired labour in different farm types, are emphasised. Originality/value The focus of this study contributes to the understanding of spatial-temporal relations of family farm business and organisation in general and in Sweden particularly. It also provides empirical basis for developing and gender mainstreaming rural and agricultural policies.
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Stasiv, Oleh, Nataliia Kotko y Liubov Mahas. "Basic principles of modernization of social and labour relations in the context of regulation of incomes of rural population". INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, n.º 7-8 (noviembre de 2019): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2019.7-8.16.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is to carry out a study of the current state of social and labour relations on the basis of scientifically-grounded analysis of the most general indicators such as employment and unemployment, remuneration and living standards of rural population, and further modernization of social and labour relations in the context of regulating rural population incomes. Methodology of research. General scientific methods are used in the research, in particular: statistical, economic analysis – to determine the status and dynamics of such indicators as employment and unemployment, remuneration and living standards of the rural population; tabular – to organize the statistics. Findings. The problems of formation of the level of economic activity, employment and unemployment of the rural population of Ukraine and the Carpathian region are generalized, and the factors that significantly influence the formation of social and labour relations of the rural population are characterized. The following statements are established in the article, in particular: intensive processes of workforce dismissal by agricultural enterprises, narrowing the scope of work in rural areas cause a high level of informal employment of rural population, intensifying its migration behaviour, which, ultimately, leads to changes in the sphere of income generation. The analysis of modern and perspective directions of modernization of social and labour relations is carried out. Originality. A systematic approach is used to outline the problems and features of modernization of social and labour relations in the context of rural population income. Practical value. The obtained results will provide a scientific substantiation for the social and economic performance of the state measures taken to increase social standards, income and living standards of the rural population, and further develop social and labour relations. Key words: economically active population; employment; rural population; social and labour relations.
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Trivedi, Prashant K. "Revisiting Senapur: Reflections on Agrarian Changes in North India". Social Change 47, n.º 4 (21 de noviembre de 2017): 509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085717730248.
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Through a revisit study in 2013, this article attempts to explore agrarian relations in Senapur, a village located in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Research reveals that landlessness remains concentrated amongst dalits as does the continuing hold of ‘upper castes’ on land. When inheritance acts as the primary mode of transfer of landed property in the absence of market-mediated and state-mediated transactions, two results are evident: a decrease in the size of holdings due to the subdivision of property and simultaneously the land remains with the original group of land owners resulting in continuing group inequalities. Given this skewed landownership pattern, one-fifth of the total input cost in cultivation by the landless class is usurped by the landed class in the form of land rent. Another interesting feature of agrarian relations that is observed is the occasional rise in cash agricultural wages which accompany falling incomes from agricultural labour wages. The study also reveals that the ‘eradication of the small farmers’ is not a perceptible phenomenon in Senapur with farming families augmenting their income from other sources to keep their small farms going. The biggest change appears in the composition of the labour force marked by a massive movement from agriculture to construction in the last one decade.
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Pelek, Deniz. "Syrian Refugees as Seasonal Migrant Workers: Re-Construction of Unequal Power Relations in Turkish Agriculture". Journal of Refugee Studies 32, n.º 4 (16 de octubre de 2018): 605–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey050.
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Abstract This article examines the case of Syrian refugees as seasonal migrant workers in Turkey and critically discusses the working and living conditions fostering their relative vulnerability compared to other workers. Syrian refugees are subject to discriminatory practices in terms of lower wages, longer working hours and improper sheltering conditions. This article explores how unequal power relations between ethnically different groups of workers in the agricultural sector are (re)constructed and the consequences of the emergence of Syrian refugees as a novel class. The essential aim of this study is to unravel the process and practice of ethnically hierarchized agricultural labour market after the entrance of refugees. To that effect, the empirical data was gathered through the ethnographic fieldwork (based on semi-structured interviews and participant observation) carried out in Manisa in August of 2013 and 2014 and in Adana-Mersin in September 2013 and February 2015. This study looks into the ways in which actors on farms (workers, labour intermediaries, land owners, village dwellers and state representatives) have responded to the current situation with regard to three controversial subjects: migrant employment, legal framework and the politics on Syrian refugees. It is argued that externalization of labour force realizes through creating new layers, which necessitates the construction of new ethnic categories such as Syrian refugees.
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Gyapong, Adwoa Yeboah. "Land Deals, Wage Labour, and Everyday Politics". Land 8, n.º 6 (13 de junio de 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8060094.
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This article explores the question of political struggles for inclusion on an oil palm land deal in Ghana. It examines the employment dynamics and the everyday politics of rural wage workers on a transnational oil palm plantation which is located in a predominantly migrant and settler society where large-scale agricultural production has only been introduced within the past decade. It shows that, by the nature of labour organization, as well as other structural issues, workers do not benefit equally from their work on plantations. The main form of farmworkers’ political struggles in the studied case has been the ‘everyday forms of resistance’ against exploitation and for better terms of incorporation. Particularly, they express agency through acts such as absenteeism and non-compliance, as well as engaging in other productive activities which enable them to maintain their basic food sovereignty/security. Nonetheless, their multiple and individualized everyday politics are not necessarily changing the structure of social relations associated with capitalist agriculture. Overall, this paper contributes to the land grab literature by providing context specific dynamics of the impacts of, and politics around land deals, and how they are shaped by a multiplicity of factors-beyond class.
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Moon, Wanki y Jin-Myon Lee. "Economic Development, Agricultural Growth and Labour Productivity in Asia". Journal of Comparative Asian Development 12, n.º 1 (abril de 2013): 113–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15339114.2013.776819.
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Abdelkarim, Abbas. "Wage labourers in the fragmented labour market of the Gezira, Sudan". Africa 56, n.º 1 (enero de 1986): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1159733.
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Opening ParagraphThe Gezira scheme has been the focus of considerable attention in the literature of development in tropical Africa, especially during the colonial period. This was because the scheme represented one of the largest agricultural projects initiated by a colonial government. Views on the scheme have been divergent: Gaitskell (1959) describes it as a ‘story of development’ while Barnett (1977) calls it an ‘illusion of development'. The focus of the studies, which are extensive compared to other Sudanese studies, has largely concentrated on the relationship (or so-called partnership) between tenants and government, production requirements and output, as well as occasionally on various aspects of the tenants’ lives and activities. Wage labour, which is the main form of labour, has only been given scant consideration. Even so, the focus has been on its contribution to the total labour requisite and its supply and demand patterns. The social relations of wage labour, and especially relations between tenants and wage labourers as the essential core of production relations in the scheme, have been awarded very little attention. This is the main concern of this article. Compared with most labour-market studies, my intention is to go beyond a mere study of factors affecting supply and demand. In conditions of transition to capitalism and fragmented labour markets, the perception of the social and cultural aspects of labour is indispensable for an adequate understanding of the internal mechanisms of the labour market.
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Janicki, Tadeusz. "Stosunki pracy w wielkopolskich majątkach ziemskich w okresie międzywojennym". Człowiek i Społeczeństwo 38 (15 de junio de 2014): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cis.2014.38.6.
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In the period between the two world wars large landowners in the Wielkopolska region employed the largest number of hired labourers in the area. The main subject of this article is the professional and personal relations between land estate owners and the two main groups of hired workers (the economic administration staff and the farm workers). The labour relations in Wielkopolska’s land estates were based on a strictly observed hierarchy and division of duties. In interpersonal relations we may notice some patriarchal and technocratic elements. In the case of the former, they were mainly inspired by the landowners (or, in a wider sense, by the residents of the manor house), while the technocratic elements were contributed mainly by the administration staff. The labour relations on land estates were slowly evolving under the influence of legal regulations and were additionally shaped by the economic and cultural developments. The impact of this process on the actual organization of labour was rather limited. It was much more evident in the change of relations between people, which evolved mainly under the influence of the process of change in the consciousness of agricultural workers to replace traditional relations, based on patriarchal ones and manoralism or serfdom-based relations, into professional and contract-based labour relations. However, the trends to modernise the land estates during the 1920s, both in the sphere of technology and social relations, became impeded by the impact of the economic crisis of the 1930s which led again to further consolidation of the patriarchal employer-employee model of relations.
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Bottazzi, Patrick, Sébastien Boillat, Franziska Marfurt y Sokhna Mbossé Seck. "Channels of Labour Control in Organic Farming: Toward a Just Agroecological Transition for Sub-Saharan Africa". Land 9, n.º 6 (22 de junio de 2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9060205.
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Agroecological farming has long been described as more fulfilling than conventional agriculture, in terms of farmers’ labour and sense of autonomy. These assumptions must be reconsidered with adequate theoretical perspectives and with the empirical experience of recent studies. This paper introduces the concept of channels of labour control in agriculture based on four initiatives in Senegalese agroecological horticulture. We build on Bourdieu’s theory of social fields to elaborate a framework that articulates multiple channels of labour control with the type of capital or surplus values structuring power relations during labour processes. Although each of the four agroecological initiatives place a clear emphasis on improving farmers’ well-being, various top-down channels of labour control exist, maintaining most farmworkers as technical demonstrators rather than agents of transformation. These constraints stem from dependence on foreign funding, enforcement of uncoordinated organic standards, and farmers’ incorporation of cultural values through interplays of knowledge and symbolic power with initiative promotors. Pressure on agricultural workers is exacerbated by the context of the neo-liberalisation of Senegalese agriculture and increasingly difficult climatic conditions. A more holistic approach of agroecological initiatives is needed, including the institutionalisation of protected markets for their products, farmers’ inclusion in agroecosystem governance and inclusiveness in the co-production of agroecological knowledge, taking cultural patterns of local communities into account. Recent attempts to scale-up and politicise agroecology through farmers’ organisations, advocacy NGOs, and municipalities may offer new perspectives for a just agroecological transition in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Libman, Caroline. "THE DUNMORE DEPARTURE: SECTION 1 AND VULNERABLE GROUPS". Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel 13, n.º 1 & 2 (24 de julio de 2011): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21991/c9c372.
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In the recent decision Dunmore v. Ontario (A.G.),1 the Supreme Court of Canada held that the complete exclusion of agricultural workers from Ontario’s Labour Relations Act2 was a violation of section 2(d) of the Charter3 that could not be justified under section 1. Dunmore was a novel case; as Bastarache J. noted in the introduction to the majority decision, it represented “the first time” the Court had been called on to review “the total exclusion of an occupational group from a statutory labour relations regime, where that group is not employed by the government and has demonstrated no independent ability to organize.”
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Miller, Stephen. "French Absolutism and Agricultural Capitalism: A Comment on Henry Heller’s Essays". Historical Materialism 20, n.º 4 (2012): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341275.
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Abstract This intervention takes up the depiction of agriculture in Henry Heller’s essays on ancien régime France. The argument of this intervention is that rural social relations did not evolve according to a capitalist logic. Rather, given market opportunities, landlords, both noble and bourgeois, sought to enhance their power over the peasantry, extract additional labour from the families of smallholders, and gain profit for the purpose of adding to their political authority.
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Kissi, Evans Appiah y Christian Herzig. "Methodologies and Perspectives in Research on Labour Relations in Global Agricultural Production Networks: A Review". Journal of Development Studies 56, n.º 9 (12 de diciembre de 2019): 1615–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1696956.
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Abrhám, Josef, Milan Vošta, Peter Čajka y Filip Rubáček. "The specifics of selected agricultural commodities in international trade". Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 7, n.º 2 (20 de junio de 2021): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2021.07.02.01.
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Purpose. This paper evaluates the involvement of three selected agricultural commodities (rice, coffee and soya) in international trade. The aim is to analyze the specification of foreign trade in selected commodities and assess their different significance between representations in domestic markets and exports. This article will also assess other contexts related to international trade in these three commodities, including the negative effects on their trade. Based on the set goal, a research question was asked which evaluates the different position of the examined agricultural commodities on world export markets in relation to domestic consumption.
Methodology / approach. The theoretical anchoring of the issue under study are the approaches taken to international economic relations with the emphasis on the specific features of agricultural trade. The methodological framework of the present study is based on the systematic analysis of the spatial distribution of production capacities, the territorial analysis of exports and imports within the world agricultural market and qualitative evaluation of the specifics of selected export commodities and their role in the economy of countries, including labour market importance and in the possibilities of their use.
Results. The paper presents the results of the involvement of the rice, coffee and soya in international trade analysis. Most rice production is consumed on domestic markets. Unlike rice, most of the coffee produced is exported and less is consumed within the growing countries themselves. Although domestic coffee consumption is increasing, more than 70% of world production is exported. Soya bean production has increased significantly over the past 50 years as a result of the rising demand for animal feedstuff and biofuels. Almost three quarters of soya bean production is consumed as feedstuff.
Originality / scientific novelty. The main contribution of the article is in the application level the elaboration of a comparative view of three selected agricultural commodities. At the theoretical level of the study, it represents a contribution to the discussion within the approaches to the organization of global agricultural trade, the interdependence of economic policies of states, trade ties and the impact on labour markets in relation to production. Agricultural commodities remain an important item in world international trade. However, their share in the total volume is gradually declining. They play an important role in the maintenance of individual countries, but at the same time they are of great economic importance, although we can also mention the less positive aspects of their production, including their impact on the environment. At the same time, it is necessary to realize that this sector is essential for human survival and also that agriculture is important from the point of food security for the population, which can contribute to and increase the level of agricultural protectionism (resilience to world market disruptions or uncontrolled import of genetically modified (GM) food and the transmission of animal diseases). Agriculture is one of the most sensitive economic sectors in the world. Nevertheless, agricultural exports have several economic benefits, including stimulating a wide range of agricultural-related industries, transport suppliers, processing and farm inputs.
Practical value / implications. The production of agricultural commodities is of great importance to the economies of individual states, where it contributes to the creation of direct, indirect and induced jobs. The agrarian sector is a key sector, especially for less developed countries. The analysis confirmed the high tradability of all commodities examined and is documented by their involvement in the international division of labour in the global projection.
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Collins, Andrea M. "Old habits die hard: The need for feminist rethinking in global food and agricultural policies". Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 5, n.º 1 (16 de febrero de 2018): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v5i1.228.
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A number of global initiatives designed in recent years address global food security and aim to reduce the vulnerability of small-scale and peasant farmers in the face of expanded transnational investment in large-scale agriculture and land acquisition. While there have been efforts to consider women within such initiatives, global governance institutions often overlook the complex gendered dimensions of food systems alongside agricultural land and labour markets. Although institutions emphasize the need for “women’s empowerment”, few policy recommendations have considered its practical application. Indeed, many governance initiatives that address food security or promote land security tend to depoliticize inequalities, which shows the importance of feminist food studies from the perspective of global food and land policy. Integrating a feminist food studies lens to the global governance of food and agriculture allows us to explore the complexities of gendered relations in agricultural practices. A more complete understanding of everyday material, socio-cultural and corporeal experiences within agricultural practices provides a greater understanding of the mechanisms by which gender relations structure food production, land ownership, resource access and governance processes. By using a feminist food studies lens we see a more complete picture of the realities of local resource management and the potential implications for global policymakers such as the World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Committee for World Food Security (CFS). Through this framework, I illustrate how feminist analyses challenge conventional approaches to gender in global policymaking related to food and agricultural production.
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Kojima, Reeitsu. "Agricultural Organization: New Forms, New Contradictions". China Quarterly 116 (diciembre de 1988): 706–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000037930.
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One of the officials in charge of drafting China's agricultural policies, Du Runsheng, divides the reform of her agricultural system into two major stages: the first from 1979 to 1984, and the second from 1985 to the present. In the first stage, China dismantled the people's communes, established an “individual farm” system, and scrapped many governmental controls. The tasks for the second stage, according to Du Runsheng, are the formation of markets for farm produce, rural money, rural labour, and for rural land “usage rights.”
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Ireson, W. Randall. "Invisible Walls: Village Identity and the Maintenance of Cooperation in Laos". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 27, n.º 2 (septiembre de 1996): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400021032.
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Inter-household relations in lowland Lao villages are often characterized by cooperation and mutual support. This study describes norms governing agricultural labour exchange, assistance at household ceremonies, and village-wide projects. Successful cooperation expresses and reinforces values of village mutuality and solidarity which are important principles of Lao social organization and identification.
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Ivanov, Sergei. "Expanding through Precarity". Inner Asia 24, n.º 1 (12 de abril de 2022): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-02302015.
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Abstract Since the early 2000s, the border regions of the Russian Far East have seen rapid growth in large-scale Chinese agriculture through contract-farming arrangements. This article, drawing on archival and ethnographic findings, focuses on contract relations between Chinese agribusinesses and small farmers as a labour regime, unusual in the Russian context. It argues that practices of informal subcontracting, mediation and border governance underlie this regime and produce precarity for small farmers, shifting to them the natural and human risks of agricultural production in Russia. The article points out that managers of large companies used the border to discipline and dispossess direct producers.
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Gerbeau, Yoan Molinero y Gennaro Avallone. "Producing Cheap Food and Labour: Migrations and Agriculture in the Capitalistic World-Ecology". Social Change Review 14, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 121–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scr-2016-0025.
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Abstract Through the perspective of world-ecology, one of the most recent approaches in international relations, we aim to analyse global capitalism as an ecological project based on the appropriation of human and extra-human nature oriented to support capital accumulation process. Agriculture and its labour force occupy a central role in maintaining the world-system in which global chains, international migrations and centre-periphery relationships interact. This paper shows how global processes occur at this intersection. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of the current world-system through this innovative approach, developed mainly by Jason W. Moore, and then show how the world-system’s structure and its crisis have articulated a highlyinternationalized production model whose most significant effect has been the generation of large migrations of cheap labour across the planet. It is also proposed to descend to the local context to highlight examples because the organization of work at this territorial scale is representative of global agricultural production.
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Reed, Mick. "‘Gnawing it Out’: A New Look at Economic Relations in Nineteenth-Century Rural England". Rural History 1, n.º 1 (abril de 1990): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300003228.
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Markets are ubiquitous, dominant, integrating all production nationally: that is interlocking markets in a national purchase and sale network at money price, organised on an economy-wide basis, a market network essential to all industrial and agricultural lines of production… Practically all farm output was sold for cash. All factors of production, land, labour, tools, transport, artificial fertilisers, were available on national markets for purchase at money price… Here we have total market dependence, for livelihood and the ubiquitous use of cash.
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Valeriánová, Zuzana y Zdeněk Patočka. "Analysis of Serious and Fatal Occupational Accidents Associated with Tractors in Agriculture and Forestry in the Czech Republic". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 68, n.º 4 (2020): 719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun202068040719.
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Agriculture and forestry have traditionally been one of the most hazardous occupations for workers. In both these sectors the tractor is one of the most used machinery. From a total of 89 detected serious and fatal accidents with tractors in the Czech Republic between the years 2009 and 2018 were 72 serious and 17 fatal. All the accidents affected men (no woman was affected). Men around 56 with low practice length were most at risk of injury. Categories created by the State Labour Inspection Office of the Czech Republic assign exactly one category to each injury. The most common cause of the accident was poor or insufficiently estimated risk (in 62 of 89 cases). Own accident categories were created, and more than one category of cause was assigned to one injury if found. The most common cause of the accident was an incorrect procedure and breach of rules. The analysis of accidents and related information revealed that out of 89 cases the injury became most often to a tractor operator (in 47 cases) and outside the cab (in 50 cases). Within the labour relations, 14% of the injuries were fatal and 86% were serious; outside of labour relations, 67% of the injuries were fatal and 13% were serious.
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Farinella, Domenica y Giulia Simula. "Land, sheep, and market: how dependency on global commodity chains changed relations between pastoralists and nature". Relaciones Internacionales, n.º 47 (28 de junio de 2021): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2021.47.005.
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In this article, we present a historical analysis on how Sardinian pastoralism has become an integrated activity in global capitalism, oriented to the production of cheap milk, through the extraction of ecological surplus from the exploitation of nature and labour. Pastoralism has often been looked at as a marginal and traditional activity. On the contrary, our objective is to stress the central role played by pastoralism in the capitalist world-ecology. Since there is currently little work analysing the historical development of pastoralism in a concrete agro-ecological setting from a world-ecology perspective, we want to contribute to the development of the literature by analysing the concrete case of Sardinian pastoralism. To do so, we will use the analytical framework of world-ecology to analyse the historical dialectic of capital accumulation and the production of nature through which pastoralism -understood as a socio-cultural system that organises nature-society relations for the reproduction of local rural societies- became an activity trapped in the production of market commodities and cheap food exploiting human (labour) and extra-human factors (e.g. land, water, environment, animals etc.). Looking at the exploitation of extra-human factors, the concept of ecological surplus allows us to understand how capital accumulation and surplus was possible thanks to the exploitation of nature, or rather the creation of cheap nature and chap inputs for the production of cheap commodities. We analyse historical pastoralism to understand how geopolitical configurations of global capitalism interact with the national and local scales to change pastoral production, nature and labour relations. We will pay particular attention to the role of land and the relationship between pastoralists and animals. The article is based on secondary data, historical material and primary data collected from 2012 to 2020 through qualitative interviews and ethnographic research. We identify four main cycles of agro-ecological transformation to explore the interactions between waves of historical capitalist expansion and changes in the exploitation of agroecological factors. The first two phases will be explored in the first section of the paper: the mercantilist phase during the modern era and the commodification of pastoralist products, which extend from the nineteenth century to the Second World War. In the mercantilist phase, the expansion of pastoralism finds its external limits in the trend of international demand (influenced by international trade policies that may favour or hinder exports) and its internal limits in the competition/complementarity with agriculture for the available land that results in a transhumant model of pastoralism. In this phase, the ecological surplus needed for capitalist accumulation is produced by nature as a gift, or nature for free, which results in the possibility of producing milk at a very low cost by exploiting the natural pasture of the open fields. The second cycle, “the commodification of pastoralist products”, started at the end of the nineteenth century, with the introduction on the island of the industrial processing of Pecorino Romano cheese, and which was increasingly in demand in the North American market. This pushed pastoralism towards a strong commodification. Shepherds stopped processing cheese on-farm and became producers of cheap milk for the Pecorino Romano processing industry. Industrialists control the distribution channels and therefore the price of milk. Moreover, following the partial privatisation of land and high rent prices, shepherds progressively lose the ecological surplus that was guaranteed by free land and natural grazing, key to lower production costs and to counterbalance the unequal distribution of wealth within the chain. At the beginning of the twentieth century, although the market for Pecorino Romano was growing, these contradictions emerged and the unfair redistribution of profits within the chain (which benefited industrialists, middlemen and landowners to the detriment of shepherds) led to numerous protests and the birth of shepherds' cooperatives. The second section of the paper will explore the third agro-ecological phase: the rise of the “monoculture of sheep-raising” through the modernisation policies (from the fifties until 1990s). The protests that affected the inland areas of Sardinia, as well as the increase in banditry, signal the impossibility of continuing to guarantee cheap nature and cheap labour, which are at the basis of the mechanism of capitalist accumulation. On the basis of these pressures, the 1970s witnessed a profound transformation that opened a new cycle of accumulation: laws favouring the purchase of land led to the sedenterization of pastoralism, while agricultural modernisation policies pushed towards the rationalisation of the farm. Land improvements and technological innovations (such as the milking machine and the purchase of agricultural machinery) led to the beginning of the “monoculture of sheep raising”: a phase of intensification in the exploitation of nature and the extraction of ecological surplus. This includes a great increase of the number of sheep per unit of agricultural area, thanks to the cultivated pasture replacing natural grazing and the production and purchase of stock and feed. Subsidised agricultural modernisation and sedentarisation can once again "sustain" the cost of cheap milk that is the basis of the industrial dairy chain. However, agricultural modernisation results in the further commodification of pastoralism, which becomes increasingly dependent on the upstream and downstream market, making pastoralists less autonomous. Moreover, given the impossibility of further expanding the herd, the productivity need of keeping low milk production costs has to be achieved through an increase in the average production per head. Therefore, there are higher investments in genetic selection to increase breed productivity, higher investments to improve animal feeding and a more intensive animal exploitation to increase productivity. These production strategies imply higher farm costs. In this context, the fourth phase, the neoliberal phase (analysed in the third section of the paper) broke out in Sardinia in the mid-1990s. With the end of export subsidies and the opening of the new large-scale retail channel in which producers are completely subordinate, it starts a period of increased volatility in the price of milk. In order to counter income erosion and achieve the productivity gains needed to continue producing cheap milk, pastoralists have intensified the exploitation of both human (labour) and non-human (nature) factors, with contradictory effects. In the case of nature, the intensive exploitation of land through monocultural crops has reduced biodiversity and impoverished the soil. In the case of labour, pastoralists have intensified the levels of self-exploitation and free family labour to extreme levels and have also resorted to cheaply paid foreign labourers. Throughout the paper, we reconstruct the path towards the production of "cheap milk" in Sardinia, processed mainly into pecorino romano for international export. We argue that the production of ecological surplus through the exploitation of nature and labour has been central to capital accumulation and to the unfolding of the capitalist world ecology. However, we have reached a point of crisis where pastoralists are trapped between rising costs and eroding revenues. Further exploitation of human (cheap labour) and extra-human (nature and animals) factors is becoming unsustainable for the great majority, leading to a polarization between pastoralists who push towards further intensification and mechanisation and pastoralists who increasingly de-commodify to build greater autonomy.
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Taylor, Jeffrey R. "Rural Employment Trends and the Legacy of Surplus Labour, 1978–86". China Quarterly 116 (diciembre de 1988): 736–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000037942.
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Despite 35 years of political turbulence and social change, a constant feature of China's employment situation has been its overwhelming agrarian orientation. In 1952, 88 per cent of China's total work force lived in rural areas, and 95 per cent of these individuals worked in agricultural jobs, primarily farming. By 1986, 74 per cent of the country's work force were considered rural, yet still an overwhelming 80 per cent of these individuals were engaged in agricultural pursuits. Few countries have experienced as rapid a growth as China has over the past four decades, yet maintained an employment structure so closely tied to the soil, the seasons, and the sun.
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Sannikov, Dmytro, Yelyzaveta Yaryhina y Svitlana Khominet. "Legal Issues of Agricultural Land Use by Owners and Workers". Scientific Horizons 24, n.º 11 (23 de febrero de 2022): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.24(11).2021.101-107.
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The study investigates the problems of compliance with the legislative requirements in the use of agricultural land in Ukraine, depending on who directly extracts useful properties from such land plots: employees of agricultural enterprises, or the owners of these lands – farmers, members of agricultural cooperatives, citizens who engaging in agricultural production activities individually. The article provides examples of the impact of the activities of workers and the labour of agricultural landowners on the state of land use, compliance with environmental safety requirements, deterioration, and improvement of the quality of land plots. Research of legal issues of targeted, rational, and efficient use of land plots, ensuring the requirements for the preservation of the natural environment, biological diversity and ecosystems contained in the study, provide an opportunity to draw certain conclusions, the essence of which comes down to the fact that the current state of legal relations concerning the use of land plots by employees and landowners needs to be reformed. This is conditioned upon the fact that employees are not motivated to improve the quality of land and its soils, comply with environmental safety requirements, and preserve biological diversity in ecosystems that include the corresponding land plots. Since the main motivation is to obtain a certain benefit, and sanctions for non-compliance with the requirements of legislation in the field of land protection are inefficient, the use of hired labour in agriculture is often described as a negligent and mindless attitude towards land use and ensuring environmental safety. But the owner or user of a land plot that uses it as a farmer, cooperative member, entrepreneur, etc., is motivated not only to make a profit at a given time, but also to improve its quality characteristics, ensure environmental safety, and preserve ecosystem biological diversity, since this is a factor in the stability of obtaining profits from agricultural activities performed on a certain site and in the future
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Alha, Akhil. "Impact of MGNREGA on a Tightened Labour Market". Social Change 47, n.º 4 (21 de noviembre de 2017): 552–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085717728004.
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The study discusses the impact of the implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) on an already tightened rural labour market through a field survey conducted in two villages of Rajasthan. The article argues that the impact of the programme in a constricted rural labour market has been marginal because of a low off-take of work because of already developed alternate livelihood strategies which reduced the incentive to work in this programme. Nevertheless, the scheme has been instrumental in two ways: first, it led to the withdrawal of lower caste women from agricultural work which signifies an escape from the exploitative production relations in the two villages under study; and second, it has resulted in the formation of an exclusive category of MGNREGA workers consisting of female workers from the middle castes who were previously were not participating in paid labour.
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Kueh, Y. Y. "Mao and Agriculture in China's Industrialization: Three Antitheses in a 50-Year Perspective". China Quarterly 187 (septiembre de 2006): 700–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000336.
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Accelerated agricultural collectivization in China was an inescapable consequence of the broader economic goal of socialist industrialization. Rightly or wrongly, this wider vision of China's future was imposed by Mao, and to judge the High Tide of agricultural collectivization of 1955–56 without regard to these wider objectives is a mistake. The collectivization represented an extensive growth that relied on labour mobilization to expand factor supply and to extend the crop sown area in a manner rationalized by the theories of Ragnar Nurkse. This strategy inevitably required bureaucratic control and coercion, depressed peasant consumption and the forced siphoning off of the agricultural surplus. As such its outcome should not be evaluated in terms of the neoclassical economic norms of income maximization, peasant incentives or efficiency in cropping patterns based on market prices.In this framework, the post-Mao decollectivization and the readjustment of the agriculture-industry balance can be seen as a transition to an intensive agricultural growth strategy that was built upon the precise material legacy (expanded irrigation and drainage capacity) left behind by Mao. This strategy has proved to be remarkably successful in further releasing industrial growth from the agricultural constraint.
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El-Khoury, Gabi. "Agriculture in Arab countries: selected indicators". Contemporary Arab Affairs 9, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2016): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2016.1244943.
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In line with the global trend, this statistical file assumes that the Arab countries are in a situation where they must find ways of feeding the growing population with a limited amount of land and water and other natural resources. It also assumes that the population in the Arab region is becoming increasingly urban. This represents a clear challenge for the region to ensure that agricultural communities are able to contribute to ensuring that expanding urban populations have access to safe and nutritious food, recognizing the crucial role of agriculture in reducing rural poverty, malnutrition in poor countries and, at the same time, contribute to sustainable development. Table 1 introduces statements on the rural population, while Table 2 gives figures on agricultural labour forces. Table 3 provides figures on total and cultivated areas, while Table 4 presents statements on land use. Table 5 is concerned with agricultural production and its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP), while Tables 6 and 7 present statements on agricultural and food imports and exports. Figures on Arab countries' contribution to the food gap value, self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) in main agricultural products and on the proportion of the under-nourished in Arab countries and their ranking in the Economist Intelligence Unit's Global Food Security Index (GFSI) 2016 are shown in Tables 8–10 respectively.
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McLaughlin, Janet, Don Wells, Aaraón Díaz Mendiburo, André Lyn y Biljana Vasilevska. "‘Temporary Workers’, Temporary Fathers: Transnational Family Impacts of Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program". Articles 72, n.º 4 (11 de enero de 2018): 682–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1043172ar.
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Summary Under Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP), migrant workers come to Canada for up to eight months each year, without their families, to work as temporary foreign workers in agriculture. Using a ‘whole worker’ industrial relations approach, which emphasizes intersections among work, family and community relations, this article assesses the impacts of these repeated separations on the wellbeing and cohesion of Mexican workers’ transnational families. The analysis is based primarily on 74 in-depth, semi-structured interviews that were conducted in Spanish with male workers, their spouses and children, and with the children’s teachers. Assessment criteria include effects on children’s health and educational success, children’s behaviour, mothers’ abilities to cope with added roles and work, and emotional relations among workers, children and spouses. The study findings suggest that families are often negatively impacted by these repeated separations, with particular consequences for the mental and physical health of children. Children’s behavioural challenges often include poor school performance, involvement in crime, drug and alcohol abuse (especially among sons), and early pregnancies among daughters. As temporary ‘single moms,’ wives often have difficulty coping with extra functions and burdens, and lack of support when their husbands are working in Canada. Typically, there are profound emotional consequences for workers and, frequently, strained family relations. The article concludes by offering practical policy recommendations to lessen negative impacts on SAWP workers and their families, including higher remittances; improved access to labour rights and standards; and new options for family reunification.
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Nazli, Hina. "Susanne Thorbek. Gender and Slum Culture in Urban Asia. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1994.233 pages. Hardbound: Indian Rs 225.00." Pakistan Development Review 33, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 1994): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i3pp.300-302.
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The process of urbanisation is fed by the migration of people from the rural to the urban areas. Among the several reasons why people move to cities, the following are considered to be the most important: modernisation in agriculture and the resultant labour displacement, rapid industrial development, and concentration of land in a few hands; also the lack of non-agricultural jobs in the rural areas and the increase in population. The immigrants face a different environment in the cities and generally find it difficult to adjust to the setting with a new set of social relations. The poor unskilled labour coming from the rural areas to settle in the cities at any cost finds its way to the squalor of the slum areas. The resultant population pressure forces the people of these areas to face severe problems not only in terms of inadequate wages and incomes but also in terms of their relations with their spouses, children, friends, relatives, and neighbours. In the slum areas thus growing, it is not possible for the planning and development authorities, despite their extensive efforts, to provide to all the inhabitants such social services and amenities as education and health facilities, parks, playgrounds, and safe drinkingwater. Left without the amenities of developed urban areas, these inhabitants struggle for survival.