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1
Erickson, Christopher L. "A Re-Interpretation of Pattern Bargaining". ILR Review 49, n.º 4 (julio de 1996): 615–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900403.
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Most recent studies investigating pattern bargaining have sought to establish its presence or absence by statistically comparing summary measures of wage levels or growth rates across and within industries. The author of this study argues that a better measure of the existence of pattern bargaining over wages is the degree of similarity of collective bargaining contract clauses—the usual focus of negotiators when they engage in pattern-following. Using that criterion, he analyzes UAW and IAM collective bargaining agreements in the automobile, aerospace, and agricultural implement industries for the years 1970–95. He finds evidence that a strong wage pattern existed at both the inter- and intra-industry levels in the 1970s, but that this pattern weakened in the 1980s. Among the major automobile industry bargaining pairs, however, a strong intra-industry pattern returned in the late 1980s.
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Puche, Javier y Carmen González Martínez. "Strikes and Rural Unrest during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936): A Geographic Approach". Sustainability 11, n.º 1 (21 de diciembre de 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010034.
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This article analyses the evolution and geographic distribution of the rural unrest that prevailed during the years of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936), a period characterised by political instability and social conflict. The number of provincial strikes recorded in the forestry and agricultural industries and complied by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare constitute the primary source of the study. Based on this information, maps of the regional and provincial distribution of the agricultural unrest have been created for the republican period. The results reveal that, contrary to the traditional belief which confines the rural unrest of this period to the geographic areas of the latifundios (large estates), Spanish agriculture, in all its diversity, was hit by collective disputes. Although the areas of the latifundios were most affected by the agricultural reform of 1932, the data show that the extension of the unrest in the Spanish countryside was also the result of the refusal of the landowners to accept and apply the new republican collective bargaining agreement. The number of strikes increased during the period 1931–1933, fell between 1934 and 1935, and increased again during the months of the Popular Front (February to July 1936).
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Batzios, Aristotelis, Achilleas Kontogeorgos, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis y Panagiota Sergaki. "What Makes Producers Participate in Marketing Cooperatives? The Northern Greece Case". Sustainability 13, n.º 4 (4 de febrero de 2021): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041676.
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Marketing cooperatives are gaining popularity in the supply chain management of fruits and vegetables (F&V) due to consumers’ increasing desire to purchase cooperative products as well as producers’ willingness to reinforce their bargaining power in the market. The main purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the most important factors that motivate Greek producers to participate in marketing cooperatives, as well as those motives that discourage them. The prefecture of Imathia, in the northern part of Greece, was chosen because it is characterized by a high involvement of cooperatives, wholesalers and retailers in F&V trading. A structured questionnaire was answered by 61 producers of Imathia in 2020. The results indicate that producers recognize that they ensure safer financial transactions and direct distribution of their fresh agricultural produce via marketing cooperatives. Moreover, the study showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the motives of participation in a marketing cooperative that has bargaining power and direct distribution of fresh agricultural produce between the three categories of education level. However, producers appeared to agree that (1) the great divergence in members’ reasons for participation in a marketing cooperative and (2) the inability to take collective decisions by the general assembly are the most important disincentives for participation in marketing cooperatives.
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Kirilenko, Victoria. "Corruption factor in the use of allocated funds for the development of animal husbandry". E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308019.
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Agricultural cooperatives are seen as an efficient way for smallholder farmers to create bargaining power in order to achieve poverty reduction and food security. However, the success of these cooperatives depends on their ability to maintain their social capital, which is at the core of collective action. Using unique data collected from 511 agricultural cooperatives in 12 districts of Tigray region in northern Ethiopia, this paper examines the effects of cooperative size on conflict, fraud, and distrust. We used instrumental variables (IV) probit estimation techniques, accounting for endogeneity of membership size, to confirm that cooperative size does affect the occurrence of conflict, fraud, and trust. The results also indicate that other influencing factors include: cooperative age, number of employees, payment of dividends based on transaction volume, and heterogeneity of member goals.
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Vosko, Leah F. "Legal but Deportable: Institutionalized Deportability and the Limits of Collective Bargaining among Participants in Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program". ILR Review 71, n.º 4 (25 de enero de 2018): 882–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793918756055.
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This article explores how model temporary migrant worker programs (TMWPs) that permit seasonal return can institutionalize deportability or the possibility of removal among participants with legal status. It draws on the cases of two groups of workers who participated in the British Columbia–Mexico Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP) and who managed to unionize and secure collective agreements (CAs). The author argues that the design and operation of SAWP constrains workers’ capacity to see out fixed-term contracts and to realize the promise of seasonal return. These inherent constraints lead to a form of institutionalized deportability, even among participants covered by CAs crafted to mitigate the possibility of unjust termination and premature repatriation and to address workers’ precarious transnational situation. Focusing on how deportability operates, the article analyzes immigration and labor laws and policies, CAs, key informant interviews, and testimony before British Columbia’s labor relations tribunal along with the decisions of that tribunal.
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Griffin, Larry J. y Robert R. Korstad. "Class as Race and Gender|Making and Breaking a Labor Union in the Jim Crow South". Social Science History 19, n.º 4 (1995): 425–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017454.
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Early in 1944 the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) certified Local 22 of the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA) as the bargaining agent for manufacturing workers at the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The local was built and largely sustained by the collective actions of African Americans, especially women, who quickly made it the primary institutional locus advancing the racial aspirations of Winston-Salem's black working class. Operating the largest tobacco manufacturing facility in the world and employing a workforce of 12,000, none unionized (Tilley 1948, 1985), RJR vigorously fought the local from its inception.
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Frascarelli, Angelo. "Migliorare il funzionamento della filiera alimentare: una valutazione degli strumenti per la pac dopo il 2013". ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, n.º 1 (mayo de 2012): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2012-001015.
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In economic literature, agricultural policy instruments for market and price stabilisation are classified in two broad categories: direct instruments and indirect instruments. Having the direct instruments failed, the cap proposals for years 2014-2020 are focusing on the indirect instruments: producer organisations, collective bargaining, interbranch agreements, transparency of the food supply chain, market risk management. Such themes emerged in the recent debate on agricultural policy because of two facts: strong volatility of agricultural prices and a growing disparity between basic prices and consumer prices. Objective of the present work is the evaluation of eight instruments of agricultural policy for improving the food supply chain functioning, with an analysis of potential economical consequences of the various options. The evaluation takes into account both efficiency (expenditure level, simplicity of use of the instruments, compatibility with Wto rules) and effectiveness (market and prices stabilisation, strengthening of producers position in the food supply chain, market transparency). Analysis was conduct referring to economic literature, to empirical evidences coming from sectors that use indirect instruments, and to results of studies produced by public or private organisations.
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Akçay, Erol y Joan Roughgarden. "Negotiation of mutualism: rhizobia and legumes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, n.º 1606 (26 de septiembre de 2006): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3689.
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The evolution and persistence of biological cooperation have been an important puzzle in evolutionary theory. Here, we suggest a new approach based on bargaining theory to tackle the question. We present a mechanistic model for negotiation of benefits between a nitrogen-fixing nodule and a legume plant. To that end, we first derive growth rates for the nodule and plant from metabolic models of each as a function of material fluxes between them. We use these growth rates as pay-off functions in the negotiation process, which is analogous to collective bargaining between a firm and a workers' union. Our model predicts that negotiations lead to the Nash bargaining solution, maximizing the product of players' pay-offs. This work introduces elements of cooperative game theory into the field of mutualistic interactions. In the discussion of the paper, we argue for the benefits of such an approach in studying the question of biological cooperation.
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Domenech, Jordi. "Land Tenure Inequality, Harvests, and Rural Conflict: Evidence from Southern Spain during the Second Republic (1931–1934)". Social Science History 39, n.º 2 (2015): 253–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.53.
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This paper analyzes rural conflict in one of the most volatile areas of interwar Europe, the latifundia regions of the South of Spain. The historical and economics literature argues that rural conflict is a bottom-up response of landless peasants to unemployment, bad harvests, landownership inequality, changes in property rights, and poor enforcement of proworker legislation. A second generation of historical studies has focused on democratization and concomitant changes in collective bargaining and labor market institutions. Was conflict caused by structural factors like poverty, inequality, or unemployment or was conflict an endogenous response to political change? This paper uses municipal-level time series and cross-sectional variation in rural conflict in three Andalusian provinces (Córdoba, Jaén, and Seville) in the early 1930s to argue that, although collective misery certainly shaped the main issues of contention, inequality or deteriorating living standards did not explain the explosive intensification of conflict during the Second Republic. Geographic variation in conflict would be consistent with unobserved locational advantages and higher agricultural incomes, thicker labor markets, facility of communication, and market access and information, irrespective of the intensity of inequality or the degree of local Socialist political power. Poor harvests can only explain a small part of the time-series evolution of conflict from April 1931 to June 1934, while good harvests probably intensified the competition of temporary migrants and local workers for well-paid harvest jobs. Large gains in rural laborers’ bargaining power, organizational buildup, and reactions to policy changes and state intervention are more promising explanatory factors of the temporal evolution of conflicts in the period.
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Velayudhan, Meera. "The Labour Side of the Story: Informalisation and New Forms of Mobilisation of Kerala’s Women Workers". Social Change 50, n.º 1 (marzo de 2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719901079.
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Historically, in the context of Kerala, through mobilisation, electoral and mass struggles and a broad-based alliance of poor peasants, agricultural labour and workers were forged into a political constituency. This paper locates new forms of women workers’ struggles in the post-1990 context which saw a shift in the politics of labour and in the language of class and since the People’s Planning Campaign for democratic decentralisation in Kerala, when agency moved away from trade unions to a plurality of organisations serving a range of objectives but linked with local governance. There was a shift away from exclusive collective bargaining by workers to collective social activity, for example, Kudumbashree, Ayalkootam (neighbourhood groups), public works, MNREGA forums and other forms of associational activities. Identities shifted beyond that of workers to citizens, involving a range of rights with the neighbourhood and the local as an axis. This paper focusses on women labour particularly in the context of the trajectory of development and labour in Kerala and the wider canvas in which labour movements developed post the 1980s in India.
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Vosko, Leah F. "Blacklisting as a modality of deportability: Mexico's response to circular migrant agricultural workers' pursuit of collective bargaining rights in British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42, n.º 8 (20 de noviembre de 2015): 1371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2015.1111134.
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Houessou, Donald M., Ben G. J. S. Sonneveld, Augustin K. N. Aoudji, Frejus S. Thoto, Smith A. R. Dossou, Denyse J. R. M. Snelder, Anselme A. Adegbidi y Tjard De Cock Buning. "How to Transition from Cooperations to Cooperatives: A Case Study of the Factors Impacting the Organization of Urban Gardeners in Benin". Sustainability 11, n.º 17 (21 de agosto de 2019): 4528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174528.
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Urban gardening offers a viable option to improve diet diversity for the urban poor. Yet, its success rate is particularly dependent on the managerial capacities of urban gardeners to coordinate and organize collective actions for the successful exploitation of the gardens. The calls from governments to organize cooperative structures among farmers seem justified and merits a high priority on agricultural policy agendas. Although principles of cooperative structures exist, there is no blueprint available that indicates how to start a gardeners’ cooperation. Moreover, these collaborations need to ally with and build on existing social structures of the urban gardeners involved. Our research can contribute to this alignment process by exploring and comparing international standards of prevailing organizations and their functioning among 261 gardeners in two cities in Benin. We found that a vast majority of urban gardeners are members of a cooperation. Nevertheless, their membership is largely titular because gardeners mostly behave semi-autonomously and few decisions are taken collectively. The obvious economic advantages of leveraging bargaining power, reducing transaction costs, and increasing possibilities for loans are seriously underutilized. We suggest that capacity building can help to develop cooperation among urban gardeners to reach their full potential which, congruently, should also improve the livelihoods of the urban poor.
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Buchta, S. "Collective bargaining and industrial relations in agriculture – the case of Slovakia". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 52, No. 1 (16 de febrero de 2012): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4995-agricecon.
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Mawejje, Joseph y Stein Terje Holden. "Does social network capital buy higher agricultural prices? A case of coffee in Masaka district, Uganda". International Journal of Social Economics 41, n.º 7 (8 de julio de 2014): 573–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2013-0066.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how social network capital may facilitate agricultural household market access in Uganda. Specifically, the paper investigates if social network capital has significant positive effects on the ability of households to receive higher prices for coffee. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, social network capital is modeled using a household utility maximisation problem that is dependent on consumption and social interactions. The authors assume that social network capital mediates economic benefits through its effect on information flow, market intelligence and collective bargaining. The paper uses two-stage least square econometric methods to investigate whether group involvement at the household level helps farmers to access markets with higher prices. Findings – The findings indicate that social network capital, measured in form of density of participation and attendance score, and multiplicative and additive indices of these, have significant positive effects on the ability to receive higher prices for coffee. Research limitations/implications – The authors realise that several weaknesses in the approach could compromise the validity of the findings. These weaknesses include: the cross-sectional nature of the data, the omitted variable bias, the endogeneity concerns of social capital, sample size and the dimensions that the paper choses to capture social network capital. Future research should explore the factors that can help households to engage more in group activities. Practical implications – The findings have important implications for government policy especially in areas of agricultural development and poverty reduction. Specifically, governments should pay close attention to various social groups as they can serve as important channels to achieve better market outcomes, as is the for coffee prices in rural Uganda. Social implications – Many governments in Sub Saharan Africa are constrained to provide basic public goods to the people. This is due to a combination of limited budgets and lack of good leadership. In such circumstances, the people have to rely on their collective/social effort to take advantage of markets opportunities. Such opportunities can be accessed using the existing social structures whose norms and the trust between members permit cooperation. Originality/value – The study contributes to a small but growing empirical literature on social groups and how they can mediate social economic outcomes especially for rural households. The empirical estimations take into consideration the endogeinety concerns associated with social network capital. The paper will be useful for policy makers and researchers who may have a keen interest in the roles that group activities play in agricultural development and poverty reduction.
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Filippi, Amanda Cristina Gaban, Patricia Guarnieri, José Márcio Carvalho, Silvia Araújo Reis y Cleyzer Adrian da Cunha. "New configurations in Brazilian agribusiness: rural warehouse condominiums". Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 10, n.º 1 (30 de diciembre de 2019): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-12-2018-0178.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development of rural warehouses condominiums (or “condos”) as new rural configurations in the Brazilian agribusiness from the perspective of the theory of collective action. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review was complemented with multiple case studies based on interviews and direct observation. Content analysis was used to interpret the secondary and primary data. Findings Rural warehouse condos can be characterized as a collective action which is a new business model in Brazilian agribusiness. This new initiative has several advantages: reduction of the warehouse deficit and other logistical bottlenecks; strategic commercialization of production; reduction of logistical costs; inclusion of smallholders in the economy and, consequently, the generation of income for smallholders and their participation in the market. Research limitations/implications The study used a qualitative approach and findings and discussion are inherently interpretative. Social implications Understanding the organization of rural warehouse condos supports the inclusion of smallholding farmers and income generation. This creates a social benefit through rural growth and economic development. Some constraints related to the lack of public policies, specific credit lines in financial institutions, the problem of non-regularized rural areas, lack of transparency and conflicts among the members can limit expansion. Originality/value Rural warehouse condos are expanding mainly in the south region of Brazil, where smallholders are concentrated. In this new configuration, they can engage in an association to obtain several benefits, such as reduced logistics costs, better access to financing and increased bargaining power with suppliers. As this research dealt with a relatively new and poorly studied topic, it contributes to the development of new studies to map innovative warehousing practices.
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Truex, Gregory F. "Promises to Keep: Collective Bargaining in California Agriculture :Promises to Keep: Collective Bargaining in California Agriculture." Culture Agriculture 19, n.º 1-2 (marzo de 1997): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cag.1997.19.1-2.61.
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Mukhopadhyay, Ujjaini. "Trade liberalization and gender inequality: role of social norms". Indian Growth and Development Review 11, n.º 1 (9 de abril de 2018): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-07-2017-0051.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of trade liberalization on gender earning differentials and female labour force participation by considering the interaction between changes in relative wages, intra-household bargaining power and social norms. Design/methodology/approach A three-sector general equilibrium model is developed where female labour supply is determined as a collective household decision and depends on male and female wages and intra-household power distribution. On the other hand, the effect of power distribution on female labour supply depends on social norms. Findings Comparative static analysis shows that a tariff cut may reduce female labour force participation and widen gender earning inequality if (i) the agricultural sector is more male labour-intensive than the informal sector, and the marginal utility of the woman from household work is higher than that of the man or (ii) the agricultural sector is more female labour-intensive than the informal sector, and the marginal utility of the woman’s household work is higher to the man than the woman. Policies to raise the empowerment of women might lead to favourable labour market outcomes for women if the marginal utility of the woman’s household work is higher to the man than the woman irrespective of the factor intensity condition. Research limitations/implications The results signify that the effect of trade liberalization hinges on both factor intensity conditions and the relative work preferences of women vis-à-vis men, which in turn is shaped by social norms. Originality/value The paper contributes to the scant theoretical literature on labour market consequences of trade liberalization by considering the gender equality implications of trade liberalization from a supply side perspective. The results of the model are used to explain the recent gendered labour market consequences in India in the aftermath of trade liberalization.
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Taylor, Ronald B., Philip L. Martin, Suzanne Vaupel y Daniel L. Egan. "Unfulfilled Promise: Collective Bargaining in California Agriculture." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 43, n.º 1 (octubre de 1989): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2523218.
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CAMPBELL, D. R. "COLLECTIVE BARGAINING IN ONTARIO AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY". Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 6, n.º 1 (13 de noviembre de 2008): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1958.tb01921.x.
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Sumarno, NFN. "Green Agriculture dan Green Food sebagai Strategi Branding dalam Usaha Pertanian". Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 28, n.º 2 (11 de agosto de 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v28n2.2010.81-90.
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<strong>English</strong><br />Technology application during the Green Revolution had been successfully worked to overcome the national food production deficit. However, due to the policy to maintain low food prices, the increase of production failed to improve the actual farmer’s income. The strategy to differentiate agricultural products with premium prices is set through a logo or brand seal on the products, means that the products are explicitly embedded with environment friendly images, safe and sustainable. The suggested logo is “Green Food” indicated that the products come from “green Agriculture”. The Green Agriculture is a modern agricultural practice using a balanced and controlled agrochemical according to certain protocol to guarantee an environment friendly production process and safety consume of the products. Green Agriculture and the Green Food easier to apply compared to that of Good Agriculture Practices. If Indonesia to adopt Green Agriculture and Green Food, a new regulation called “Indonesian Green Agriculture and Green Food Protocol” need to be formulated. For operational reason, the need to adopt Green Agriculture and Green Food should come from the incumbent and influenced government officials. Green Agriculture and Green Food is a branding strategy to increase the bargaining position and the competitive level of Indonesian agricultural products at both domestic and international markets. China has applied Green Agriculture and Green Food since 1990 and in 2008, 6 million of China’s farmers have adopted the practices along with 816 post-harvest processors with annual Green Food total volume amounted to 42 million ton and US$ 2.32 billion of export value. In Indonesia, Green Food has a high opportunity to get market segment due to the increase awareness on environment quality in addition to higher prices the farmers could enjoy compared to the price of conventional products. Through Green Agriculture and Green Food, the maintenance of environment quality and safety of food consumption will be a collective responsibility of the farmers, processors, traders, and consumers. Green Agriculture and Green Food is the “eco-farming with modern techniques and modern management by modern farmers for modern societies and modern world”.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Penerapan teknologi Green Revolution telah berhasil mengatasi kekurangan produksi pangan nasional, namun karena kebijakan pemerintah untuk menjaga harga pangan murah, maka kenaikan produksi tidak meningkatkan pendapatan petani secara nyata. Strategi diferensiasi produk pertanian untuk memperoleh harga premium adalah dengan memberi logo atau brand pada produk, yang secara eksplisit mencitrakan sebagai produk yang ramah lingkungan, aman konsumsi dan berkelanjutan. Logo yang disarankan adalah Green Food yang produknya berasal dari Green Agriculture. Green Agriculture merupakan praktek pertanian modern dengan penggunaan sarana agrokimia secara terkendali oleh ketentuan protokol, sehingga menjamin proses produksi ramah lingkungan dan produk panennya aman konsumsi. Ketentuan Green Agriculture dan Green Food lebih mudah dioperasionalkan dibandingkan dengan ketentuan Good Agriculture Practices. Apabila Indonesia akan mengadopsi Green Agriculture dan Green Food, perlu disusun ketentuan yang dapat disebut Indonesian Green Agriculture and Green Food Protocol. Keinginan untuk mengadopsi Green Agriculture dan Green Food harus datang dari pejabat berwenang sehingga operasionalisasinya dapat dilaksanakan. Green Agriculture dan Green Food merupakan strategi branding untuk meningkatkan posisi tawar dan daya saing produk pertanian Indonesia di dalam negeri dan di pasar internasional. China telah menerapkan Green Agriculture dan Green Food sejak tahun 1990 dan pada tahun 2008 diikuti oleh 6 juta petani dan 816 perusahaan pengolah hasil panen, dengan total produk Green Food setahun mencapai 42 juta ton dan nilai ekspor sebesar 2,32 milyar dolar. Di Indonesia, Green Food berpeluang mendapatkan segmen pasar cukup besar oleh meningkatnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap mutu lingkungan dan petani memperoleh harga yang lebih baik dibandingkan produk pangan konvensional. Melalui Green Agriculture dan Green Food, maka pemeliharaan mutu lingkungan dan keamanan konsumsi pangan menjadi tanggung jawab bersama, oleh petani, pengolah produk, pedagang dan konsumen. Green Agriculture dan Green Food merupakan “eco-farming with modern techniques and modern management by modern farmers for modern societies and modern world”.
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Cardenas, Gilbert y Philip Martin. "Promises to Keep: Collective Bargaining in California Agriculture." International Migration Review 32, n.º 2 (1998): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547200.
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Majka, Theo J., Philip L. Martin y Miriam J. Wells. "Promises to Keep: Collective Bargaining in California Agriculture". Contemporary Sociology 26, n.º 4 (julio de 1997): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2655086.
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Bezus, Roman, Sofiia Burtak, Lesia Kriuchko y Nataliia Dubrova. "Premises and prospects for organising and developing secondary and tertiary producers’ cooperatives in Ukraine: the case of dairy service cooperatives". Ekonomika APK 313, n.º 11 (27 de noviembre de 2020): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202011090.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the premises and prospects for organising and developing secondary and tertiary producers’ cooperatives in Ukraine, specifically for dairy service cooperatives. Research methods. The research uses dialectical methods of cognition and monographic method – for the analysis of works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on the problem of agricultural dairy cooperation; empirical and graphical methods – to demonstrate the state of the cooperative movement in European countries and interactions between three levels of cooperatives; remote survey method – to find out the opinions of co-operators about secondary and tertiary cooperatives; abstract logical methods – for theoretical generalizations and formulation of conclusions. Research results. Most cooperators seek a collective solution to the problems of a competitive business environment in Ukraine. The functioning of cooperative unions, which include dairy cooperatives (secondary cooperatives), improved interaction between participants in the dairy business and contributed to better organization of agricultural production in rural communities. According to the respondents’ opinions, the tertiary cooperative is designed to support farmers and cooperatives in solving such significant problems as restrictive legislation, or to support in the process of such critical reforms for agricultural producers as land reform. Those organisations may be able to influence the market conditions, to raise the funding or subsidies for small-scale dairy farmers. Scientific novelty. This article identified the reasons for small-scale dairy farmers to cooperate and their opinions about premises and prospects for organising and developing secondary and tertiary farming cooperatives in Ukraine. It highlighted perspective points of development and improvement for such organizations to support the further functioning of the rural dairy business in Ukraine. In particular, the respondents of surveyed secondary cooperatives are aware of prospective benefits from cooperative unions and expect something similar from starting the tertiary cooperative. They prefer those to be organised based on sectoral mandate and mainly concentrated on legislation and funding matters, but 80% of respondents have doubts about practical realisation of this idea because of such risks as corruption and shadow economy matters. It is important to stress that secondary cooperatives are the business organizations and in the worldwide experience aiming at marketing, processing or trading the production, gaining the bargaining power and market share. Practical significance. Scientists and experts of the agricultural economy can use the results of the study to support the development of secondary and tertiary dairy service cooperatives for improving the working conditions in rural communities with cooperatives and business environment for small-scale dairy producers in Ukraine. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 19.
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Nuryanti, Sri y Dewa Ketut Sadra Swastika. "Peran Kelompok Tani dalam Penerapan Teknologi Pertanian". Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 29, n.º 2 (11 de agosto de 2016): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v29n2.2011.115-128.
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<p><strong>English</strong><br />This paper describes roles of farmers’ groups in agricultural technology application. A farmers’ group is defined as a group of farmers informally consolidate themselves based on their common goals in farming activities. Initial spirit of establishing a farmers’ group is to strengthen farmers’ bargaining position, especially in terms of collective purchasing of farm inputs and selling their agricultural products efficiently. Indonesia has a long experience in formation of farmers’ groups since Mass Intensification (BIMAS) and Special Intensification (INSUS) were launched in 1970s-1980s. Currently, most of farmers groups in Indonesia are not formed by farmers themselves, but they are mostly formed as a response to the government program that requires farmers to become members of a farmers’ group. Most of government support for farmers, such as distribution of subsidized fertilizer, agricultural extension, subsidized farm credits and other programs are distributed to farmers’ group or farmers’ groups association. Introduction and promotion of a new technology is also delivered through farmers’ groups. Thus, the roles of a farmers’ group are not only as the means of distributing government assistance and extension services, but also as the agent for new technology adoption. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Makalah ini merupakan tinjauan (review) dari berbagai literatur dan hasil penelitian terdahulu, ditujukan untuk mendeskripsikan peran kelompok tani dalam penerapan teknologi pertanian. Kelompok tani didefinisikan sebagai sekelompok petani yang secara informal mengkonsolidasi diri berdasarkan kepentingan bersama dalam berusahatani. Semangat awal pembentukan kelompok tani adalah untuk memperkuat posisi tawar, terutama dalam pengadaan sarana produksi dan pemasaran hasil secara kolektif. Indonesia mempunyai pengalaman panjang pembentukan kelompok tani, sejak diluncurkannya program BIMAS, INSUS dan Supra Insus di era 1970-an dan 1980-an. Saat ini kebanyakan kelompok tani di Indonesia tidak lagi dibentuk atas inisiatif petani dalam memperkuat diri, melainkan kebanyakan merupakan respon dari program-program pemerintah yang mengharuskan petani berkelompok. Umumnya program-program bantuan pemerintah seperti: penyaluran pupuk bersudsidi, penyuluhan teknologi pertanian, kredit usahatani bersubsidi, dan program-program lain disalurkan melalui kelompok tani atau gabungan kelompok tani (Gapoktan). Petani yang ingin mendapat teknologi baru dan berbagai program bantuan pemerintah harus menjadi anggota kelompok atau anggota Gapoktan. Dengan demikian, peran kelompok tani tidak hanya sebagai media untuk menyalurkan bantuan-bantuan pemerintah, tetapi juga sebagai agen penerapan teknologi baru.</p>
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Mpedi, Letlhokwa George. "Decent Work and Domestic Workers in South Africa". International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 27, Issue 3 (1 de septiembre de 2011): 315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2011021.
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The majority of domestic workers in South Africa are (black African) women. As long as women do not have the freedom to make their labour market choices, it cannot be said that they are empowered. Ideally, a move away from vulnerable employment into wage and salaried work would contribute towards the empowerment of women. However, the move from the agricultural sector to the services sector in private households hides the limited nature of women's empowerment. This article examines to what degree domestic workers in South Africa are afforded decent work institutionally. To this end, it considers four main challenges. First, the employment deficit: this means that people cannot find work or business opportunities in the formal economy. Second, the representational deficit: due to being unorganized, informal economy workers are excluded from (or under-represented in) social dialogue institutions and processes. Third, the rights deficit: workers' rights relating to freedom of association, collective bargaining, absence of forced labour, and discrimination are insufficient or non-existent. Fourth, the social protection deficit: clearly even though the workers in the domestic sector and informal economy are most in need of social protection, they are unable to access formal social protection schemes due to membership and contribution issues. It has been argued that when attempting to give meaning to the Decent Work Agenda, one may have regard to four strategic objectives, namely, promoting and realizing standards and fundamental principles and rights at work, creating opportunities for women (and men) to secure decent employment and income, enhancing the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all, and strengthening tripartism and social dialogue. This paper analyses and critically evaluates how these strategic objectives have been pursued with respect to domestic workers and to what extent they have been achieved.
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Cardenas, Gilbert. "Book Review: Promises to Keep: Collective Bargaining in California Agriculture". International Migration Review 32, n.º 2 (junio de 1998): 499–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200216.
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Harbridge, Raymond y James Moulder. "Collective Bargaining and New Zealand's Employment Contracts Act: One Year On". Journal of Industrial Relations 35, n.º 1 (marzo de 1993): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500104.
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Thefirst year of bargaining under New Zealand's Employment Contracts Act brought some very significant changes to the nature and structure of bargaining outcomes. This paper reports a major study of collective bargaining outcomes. Collective bargaining is the preferred option for 80 per cent of employers with fifty or more staff; however, the number of workers covered by collective bargains in New Zealand dropped from 721 000 in 1989-90 to an estimated 440 000 by 1991-92. The collapse of collective bargaining did not occur evenly across industries. Significant collapses happened in agriculture, food and beverage manufacturing, the textile and clothing industry, the paper and printing industry, building and construction, retailing, restaurants and hotels and the transport industry. Collective bargaining retains a strong foothold in the electricity and gas production sector, the public sector, the finance sector, the communication industry and the basic and advanced metal manufacturing sectors. A content analysis of 471 collective employment contracts (covering nearly 130 000 workers) settled in the first year of the new legislation is reported here. The data show a wide dispersion of wage settlements as the comparative wage justice system collapses; about half of the workers in the sample, however, received either a wage decrease or no increase over the preceding settlement. Important changes to working time arrangements have been negotiated and these are reported along with other content changes to working time and leave arrangements.
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Taylor, Ronald B. "Book Review: Labor-Management Relations: Unfulfilled Promise: Collective Bargaining in California Agriculture". ILR Review 43, n.º 1 (octubre de 1989): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398904300113.
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Verdery, Katherine y Gail Kligman. "How Communist Cadres Persuaded Romanian Peasants to Give Up Their Land". East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 25, n.º 2 (15 de abril de 2011): 361–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325411399122.
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The collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet bloc caused millions of peasants to sign away their rights to land and join collective farms. How did Party cadres accomplish this extraordinary change? In this article, drawn from a large collaborative project, the authors present examples from Romania to describe one of the central techniques used: “persuasion work.” The authors focus on how the persuaders sought to create their authority with villagers, peasants’ and cadres’ reciprocal manipulations of kinship and gender, cadres’ disruptions of the accustomed spatial and temporal organization of village life and peasant responses to them, bargaining and negotiations between cadres and villagers, and more overt forms of “persuasive” coercion. Although persuasion was ostensibly about creating an inner state of belief—convincing peasants of the superiority of collective agriculture—the authors argue that it is more appropriately seen as a performative matter, in which peasants learned to perform the consent that was required of them, whether they believed in the virtues of collectivizing or not. Among the reasons was that Romania’s cadres were largely ill prepared for the job and were unable to be very persuasive. Thus, they both relied on force (thereby heightening peasants’ resistance to joining the collectives) and settled for villagers’ pro forma adherence rather than their active conviction.
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Sachs, Aaron. "Civil Rights in the Field: Carey McWilliams as a Public-Interest Historian and Social Ecologist". Pacific Historical Review 73, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2004): 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3641600.
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This article argues that Carey McWilliams's primary emphasis in Factories in the Field was not on the scale of California agriculture, but on the basic civil rights of farm workers, especially free speech, free assembly, and collective bargaining. Only these civil liberties, McWilliams felt, could help equalize social relations and also improve environmental conditions in California agriculture. Furthermore, by interpreting the 1930s agitation on California farms as having deep roots in the past rather than simply being spurred by white refugees from the Dust Bowl, McWilliams launched a radical critique now recognizable in the writings of both New Western Historians and social ecologists.
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Sabarofek, David J. J. D., Lyndon R. J. Pangemanan y Mex L. Sondakh. "PERANAN PEMERINTAH DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN USAHATANI HOLTIKULTURA DI KABUPATEN BIAK NUMFOR". AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 13, n.º 3A (11 de noviembre de 2017): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.13.3a.2017.18188.
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The purpose of this study is to determine: (1) how the role of the Department of Agriculture in Empowering Horticulture Farmers in Biak Numfor District, (2) constraints faced by farmers in horticulture farming in Dofyo Wafor Village, North Biak District, Biak Numfor District, Papua Province. This research was conducted for 3 months starting from March until May 2017. This research uses qualitative research approach. Primary data were collected by interviews and field observations. Respondents were selected by purposive sampling method as many as 30 respondents selected from 3 farmer groups in the village of Dofyo Wafor. Secondary data collection is obtained from the literature derived from related agencies such as: Animal Husbandry and Food Crop Farming Biak Numfor District. Central Bureau of Statistics of Biak Numfor Regency. Technical Service Unit of Agricultural Extension Institute of Biak Utara District and Dofyo Wafor Village Office. Data analysis used is qualitative analysis. The research found that (1) Government in empowering horticulture farm in Biak Numfor Regency. Particularly in Dofyo Wafor Village, through the Livestock and Food Crops Office of Biak Numfor District has empowered farmers, empowerment carried out in the form of counseling, seed breeder supervisors, providing superior seed support, irrigation irrigation facilities, technological advancement, assistance in land management, and assistance in farmer institutions; (2) The existing obstacles are pest and disease attack on agricultural crops, limited knowledge, skills and capital of farmers, and also the bargaining position of agricultural products that are still low.
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Nalkurti, Anupama y G. L. Narayanappa. "INSIGHTS INTO THE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING PROCESS IN AN INDIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY: A STUDY". International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 8, n.º 12 (3 de enero de 2022): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v8.i12.2021.1060.
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‘JUPITER’ sugars India LTD was founded in 1941 in southern India as a private sugar factory. Later it enhanced its production from 1000 TCD to 8500 TCD in the year 1962. It was amalgamating many subunits and multi locational products into its main unit. The company has focused its attention on various projects and substantial resources. Subsequently, they have decided to organize the company into two units one in southern India and one in northern India.
Sugar industry is a vital agro industry largely depends on agriculture in India and is extremely accountable for creating a major impact on rural economy in particular and the country's economic status on broad-spectrum. Sugar production has a yield in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times. Then subsequently evolutes around the globe1. Sugarcane is a native of tropical Indian domain and spread over to the vital segments of world. Sugarcane plantation would be carried out twice in every year in India. The majority of the sugar production in India takes at regional sugar mills2. Subsequently in the post independence era India contemplated for overall augmentation of sugar industry3.
The Indian sugar industry is independent in its energy needs and further makes additional exportable power through cogeneration. The different byproducts of sugar industry likewise add to the economic development of the nation to advancing various additional industries. Sugarcane has developed as a multi-product crop utilized as an essential raw material for the manufacture of sugar, ethanol, paper, electricity and besides a cogeneration of subsidiary product.
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Korbéogo, Gabin. "Ordering urban agriculture: farmers, experts, the state and the collective management of resources in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso". Environment and Urbanization 30, n.º 1 (28 de noviembre de 2017): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247817738201.
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This article explores the way land tenure, water flows, and water quality are legally, politically and socially framed in a site in Ouagadougou. It shows that urban agriculture is an important source of revenue for various individuals and groups, and a socio-political arena for state representatives, experts and farmers. The main stakes in these power relationships are the regulation, control and use of natural resources (especially water and land), but also residents’ nutrition and health interests. Public authorities produce and monitor the enforcement of legal standards of water use and hygiene, while farmers struggle individually and collectively to ensure efficient use of land and multiple water sources, sometimes challenging official norms. These competing interests lead sometimes to conflicts – over the use of the resources or the legitimacy of rules that regulate urban farming processes – that are negotiated through institutional or informal bargaining. Urban farming is thus a marker of socio-political and economic dynamics in Ouagadougou.
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Bharti, Nisha. "Livelihood Enhancement Through Community-owned Agro-service Centres: A Case Study of MAVIM". International Journal of Rural Management 16, n.º 1 (16 de marzo de 2020): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005219877282.
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Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy with more than 50 per cent of population been dependent of agriculture for their livelihood. However, low profitability from agriculture, high input cost and seasonality of agriculture produce, fails to make it a sustainable source of livelihood for Indian farmers. The transaction cost theory believes that collective actions can help decrease cost and increase profitability in the sector. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) took an initiative to open community managed agro service centers with the objective of providing quality input at a reasonable price. A qualitative study in two districts i.e. Thane and Yavatmal was conducted. Both primary as well as secondary data was collected for this study. Direct contacts and discussions were held with staff of MAVIM district office, community-managed resource center (CMRCs), agro service centers as well as the beneficiaries. The study found that the agro-service centers promoted by MAVIM are doing well and being a form of collective, have helped farmer’s in reducing the cost of operation and increasing their bargaining power in the market. The study concludes that with small changes in the design and structure of the intervention, the organization can help them in achieving their objectives.
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S, Sujith T. y Sumathy M. "Does the Co-operatives Helps the Rural Development in India?" Technoarete Transactions on Advances in Social Sciences and Humanities 2, n.º 1 (23 de mayo de 2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ttassh/02.01.a002.
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In India, the co-operative movement has played an important role in meeting the developmental needs of the rural poor. Co-operatives are the organisation that help the individuals harness the power of collective bargaining in order to protect the financial interests of the impoverished and underrepresented in society. In India co-operative credit structure is three-tiered, with State Cooperative Banks (SCB) at the top of the each state, Central Co-operative Banks in the middle or central level, and Primary Agriculture Credit Societies (PACS) at the bottom level. Each of these institutions focuses on the development of their area of operation and performs distinct purpose for the purpose of the upliftment of the members of co-operatives. The present study discuss the role of co-operative societies in the rural development of our country. Keyword : Co-operation, Rural Development, PACSs
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Piya, Luni, KL Maharjan, NP Joshi y DR Dangol. "Collection and marketing of non-timber forest products by Chepang community in Nepal". Journal of Agriculture and Environment 12 (4 de febrero de 2013): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v12i0.7558.
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Chepangs are highly marginalized indigenous nationalities of Nepal, who live nearby the forests that are rich in Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs) of commercial importance. These NTFPs can be a potential source of income for Chepangs. This study describes the role of Chepangs in the marketing channel of those NTFPs and analyses the household socio-economic characteristics that influence the collection and marketing of NTFPs by Chepangs in Shaktikhor VDC of Chitwan district using backward multiple regression method. Empirical evidences show that collection and marketing of NTFPs is not an attractive source of income especially for those relatively better-off Chepang households who possess higher landholdings, food self-sufficiency, and income from other alternative sources. This is because the current price offered for the NTFPs collected by the community is very nominal, that do not even cover the labour costs involved. Praja Cooperative Limited (PCL), a Chepang community based institution in Shaktikhor, is struggling to provide better prices for Chepangs. However, it is facing challenges due to limited institutional management capacity of Chepangs. Further empowerment of PCL can contribute to improve the bargaining power of Chepang community in NTFP trade. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011, Page 10-21 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v12i0.7558
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Arun, Dangi Pooja. "A Measurement Tool for Impact Assessment of Group Farming on its Members". Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 22, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2022): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2022/oct_dec/32-37.
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Group farming is a collective approach wherein farmers pool their land, labour, capital and share costs and profi ts. It helps to improve farmers’ access to markets and credit, by improving their knowledge, economies of scale, and bargaining power. It is important to study the impact of group farming towards economic, social, participatory, market linkage and technological point of view as it is one of the strong interpreters to boost productivity of smallholder agriculture. The summated rating method proposed by Likart (1932) was used to develop the scale to quantify the impact of group farming. Initially 72 statements were selected relating to review of literature and 31 being fi nalized for the fi nal construction of the scale. The precision and consistency of the data were determined by calculating the reliability and validity of the scale. This scale will help the policy makers, academicians and researchers interested in studying the impact of group farming on its participants.
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Hartatri, Diany Faila Sophia. "Influence of Quality Improvement Activities and Direct Selling Through Mediated Partnership Model on Supply Chain, Farm-Gate Price and Indonesian Households Specialty Coffee Farmers’ Income". Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 32, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2016): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v32i1.175.
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The low farm-gate price of agricultural commodities is commonly caused by low quality and complicated value chain. Quality improvement and direct selling through Mediated Partnership Model (Motramed) are conducted to increase farm-gate price and bargaining power of smallholder farmers. In Indonesia, Motramed has been applied in several coffee producing regions, such as Flores, Kintamani and East Java. This research aimed to understand the influence of quality improvement and direct selling activities through Motramed on market chain, farm-gate price and household coffee farmers’ income in Indonesia. This research was conducted in Kintamani in 2013. This research also used farm-gate data in several specialty coffee producing regions, including Flores (Bajawa and Ruteng), Kintamani and East Java that collected during 2010 and 2011. I incorporated both quantitative and qualitative research methods to explore and analyse the data. Household farmer survey, semi-structured interview with coffee stakeholders including farmers, collectors, exporters, government officials and NGOs; and field observation were used for collecting the data. The research shows that quality improvement activity in the farm level and direct selling through Motramed has
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(АА) Rust, Braam. "The preparation of the labor relations landscape of South Africa (1994-2008): an environmental perspective for sustainable development". Environmental Economics 8, n.º 1 (12 de abril de 2017): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(1).2017.10.
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This paper undertakes a review of the literature that examines the highlights and changes in specific external environmental factors (Ecology, Economy, Politics, Legislation and legal structures, and Society), between1994 and 2008 in South Africa, with the aim to ascertain how these factors affect the day-to-day labour relations in the workplace and add to sustainable development. These factors form the landscape for labour relations. Changes to them have consequences on the quality of labour relations, that is, inter alia, the frequency, and intensity of conflicts, disputes, demands and industrial actions. It is also evident that with its power and through the political system, the South African trade union was enhanced to shape the labour relations landscape. Labour laws were particularly designed to be worker friendly and to ensure that trade unions could use a fair collective bargaining system to spread the wealth of the mining industry, agriculture and other industries more evenly. Also, because of the alliance that exists between Labour and the ruling party (ANC), the economy was influenced so that economic policies could to a certain extent guide and steer economic growth, unemployment, inflation, interest rates and exchange rates. Trade unions were instruments in ensuring that formal changes in laws and policies did, in fact, reach and positively impact families and households within the social environment. Lastly, trade unions were the most effective instrument for heralding change within South Africa in the environmental fields of ecology, economy, politics, legislation and legal structures, as well as within society. Furthermore, these fields have interchangeably affected the labour relations landscape thereby indelibly shaping it between 1994 and 2008.
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Sarkar, Avijit y Avijan Dutta. "The Milk Producers’ Organization and Indian dairy sector". Veterinarska stanica 53, n.º 3 (13 de octubre de 2021): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46419/vs.53.3.5.
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The needs of the Milk Producers’ Organization are achieved by strengthening the scattered and poorly organized Indian milk producers, who lack access to resources and services. In fact, the Milk Producers’ Organization has emerged as an interface between the business environment and individual milk producers through forward and backward linkages, while facilitating the strength of collective action, bargaining power and economies of scale. It has thus responded appropriately to the economic and socio-cultural needs of producer members and surrounding entities. The National Accounts Statistics (2020) of India estimates that the contribution of livestock in total agriculture and allied sectors Gross Value Added (at Constant Prices) has reached to 28.63 per cent (2018-19) which again shows the importance of the Milk Producers’ Organization in a populous country such as India. The Organization extends its assistance in the form of financial support, technical inputs, milk productivity, quality produce, managing value chains, access to market actors and handling environmental and business regulation. This review paper outlines the key viewpoints and aims to explore how the Milk Producers’ Organization has built capabilities and optimized capacities in the existing scope and challenges of the Indian dairy sector. The livestock sector supports the livelihood of approximately 20.5 million people in India. India’s milk production is at 4.8% CAGR as opposed to 1.8% CAGR of global milk production. However, the Organization faces conflicting areas of interest, such as social concern and business demands and this ambivalence necessitates enabling policy and professionalism to steer organizational growth and sustainability. In view of the globalized business environment, the Milk Producers’ Organization has taken on the responsibility to compete both on the domestic and global markets. In view of emerging international trade practices, further study is required to establish mechanisms to deal with Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures. A co-operative business model can be further explored with additional utilization of bovine manure and unproductive bovines to re-establish a more cost efficient model to deal with global price levels of milk and dairy products.
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Oberoi, Harinder Singh y Dinesh M R. "Trends and Innovations in Value Chain Management of Tropical Fruits". Journal of Horticultural Sciences 14, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.2019.v14i02.002.
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India produced about 97.35 million tons of fruits during 2017-18, of which less than 1% fruits were exported. In India, less than 5% of the total fruits produced are sold by the organized supply chain management and E-commerce companies and 3% of the total produce gets processed, indicating that more than 90% of fruits follow the traditional route of supply chain involving farmers, auctioneers, agents/intermediaries, wholesalers, sub-wholesalers, retailers, cart vendors before they reach the consumers. Post-Harvest (PH) losses occur at each stage of the supply chain and are compounded with each operation. A study on PH loss estimation has shown maximum loss of 15.88% in guava among fruits while other studies have reported much higher PH lossesin fruits. Value of tropical fruits, both in monetary terms and quality reduces during harvesting, handling, transportation from the farmer’s field, packaging, storage, retail and even at the consumer’s level. Important interventions that reduce the PH losses and improve the supply chain management are establishment of pre-cooling facilities and short term storage facilities through evaporative cooling/refrigeration mechanisms at the farm gate, primary processing and packaging provision at the farm gate or nearby collection centres, transportation of fruits in refrigerated/evaporative cooled vans with the use of alternate energy sources and provision for low temperature and high humidity storage at the retail centres. Establishment of a Postharvest management system for sorting, washing, partial drying, edible coating, if required and grading at the collection centres will help in reducing the PH losses in the supply chain and help farmers get a better value for their produce. Formation of farmer clusters or Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs) provides farmers a better bargaining power because of higher volumes. Educating and bringing awareness among the farmers about the good agricultural practices (GAP), mechanization in field operations, availability of seeds for different seasons, eliminating the problem of seasonality are also important in production of quality output. Transportation of fruits, such as mango, banana and guava in vans/wagons operating through evaporative cooling/cooling mechanism using phase change material will help in improving the shelf life of such fruits. An integrated radio frequency identification (RFID) system along with the sensors for ethylene, temperature and RH monitoring is likely to help in easy tracking and traceability of the fresh produce. Establishment of primary and secondary processing facility at the farmer cluster/ FPO levels will help in transforming the farmers to primary processors.
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Bimantio, Muhammad Prasanto y Dian Pratama Putra. "Simulasi Pengadaan Usaha Turunan Berbasis Buah dan Limbah Salak Pondoh untuk Meningkatan Pendapatan Industri Salak Pondoh di Kabupaten Sleman". Agrointek : Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian 15, n.º 3 (19 de agosto de 2021): 756–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agrointek.v15i3.9378.
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The high production of salak pondoh in Sleman Regency is not in line with the welfare of the farmers. The farmers receive a low price during the main harvest season, where the selling price per kilogram drops below the cost of production, so that the profit margins of farmers are not met. Abundant production during the main harvest and characteristics of perishable fruit are the cause of this problem, so that most farmers sell their crops to the nearest traders. This condition makes the bargaining position of farmers weak and the price determined by the traders, thus impacting on the decline in their welfare level. The purpose of this study is to formulate the salak pondoh business model in Sleman Regency in the form of dynamic simulations to carry out various scenarios of procuring business products based on raw materials in the form of fruit and waste from salak pondoh. The results of this simulation are expected to provide an alternative picture of solutions, steps, and conditions for academics, business people, and government in the form of a simulation template for each scenario. Data collection was carried out through direct observation to the salak pondoh place of business in Sleman Regency, brainstorming, interviews with related parties such as the salak pondoh association and the Sleman District Agriculture Office, and secondary data documentation on research topics. Scenarios of derivative business procurement (fruit and waste-based raw materials) provide a significant increase in income compared to business as usual business conditions, ranging from 4% - 44% in various fractions tested and up to 293% in extreme conditions and able to reduce the number of unemployed in Sleman Regency. The scenario of supplying derivative business made from pondoh salak fruit provides a significant increase in income compared to procurement of derivative business made from pondoh salak plant waste. It takes a probability value of sales of derivative products of more than 48.97% so that the revenue value from the business procurement scenario is greater than business as usual
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Nchimbi, Stivin Aloyce, Michael Kisangiri, Mussa Ally Dida y Alcardo Alex Barakabitze. "Design a Services Architecture for Mobile-Based Agro-Goods Transport and Commerce System". Mobile Information Systems 2022 (27 de enero de 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6041197.
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Despite massive mobile phones adoption globally, Agriculture Supply Chain (ASC) in Tanzania is challenged by the low adoption of m-commerce integrated to m-payment and m-transport services as key information enablers for efficiently linking farmers to buyers. With such an inefficient and ineffective information gap, middlemen have become information custodians by decreasing farmers’ bargaining power in the market. In addressing the challenge, this study uses stakeholders to validate core services needed and proposes service architecture for Agro-Goods Transport and Commerce (AgroTC) system using installable and build-in mobile phone applications (internet web, mobile apps, and USSD). The proposed method appreciates a user-centric approach for system development. A scenario of the potato supply chain in Tanzania was considered where 2309 respondents were interviewed from farmers, buyers, and transport service providers from a predetermined sample size (n = 384) having a 95% confidence level. Data were collected using mobile phones configured with Open Data Kit (ODK) technology and analyzed using the R Studio tool with Pandas libraries. The results indicated that buyers were not interested in disease and land management information. Collectively, farmers (74%) and buyers (60%) highly demand m-commerce services as a virtual platform for linking them. Only farmers showed concern about disease management information. Furthermore, 35% of the farmers and 57% of the buyers need m-transport, whereas 35% of the farmers and 69% of the buyers need m-payment service. It was revealed that the remaining percentages lack knowledge on mobile phone features to perform online businesses. All transport service providers pointed to the challenge of existing middlemen in reaching customers and required technological change in managing transport systems. The proposed mobile-based AgroTC architecture provides a foundation business approach in Tanzania and many developing countries. System developers and innovators can use the proposed architecture design to design prototypes using the preferred language to meet ASC stakeholders’ needs and expectations.
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Reddy, A. Amarender, S. S. Raju, A. Suresh y Pramod Kumar. "Analysis of pearl millet market structure and value chain in India". Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 8, n.º 2 (4 de junio de 2018): 406–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-02-2016-0007.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the market structure and value chain of pearl millet grain and fodder in India. There is a decline in demand for human consumption, with an increase in demand for non-food uses like cattle and poultry feed, raw material for starch and breweries industry. This paper explores alternative channels, uses and value chains of pearl millet grain and fodder. The paper examines in what ways small farmers can benefit from the evolving alternative uses for pearl millet grain in cattle and poultry feed industry, breweries and starch industry. The paper also analyses the impact of aggregators in increasing the efficiency of the value chain. Design/methodology/approach The study collected primary data from farmers, traders, commission agents and exporters and importers with innovative marketing channels with aggregators (Self-Help Groups) and without aggregators to analyze the prospects for improvements in marketing channels and value chain. Findings Given that the production of pearl millet is scattered and thin, there is a lot of scope for market aggregators to increase scale economies to reduce market costs to supply in bulk to food and industrial uses. Although there was some demand for human consumption high-quality grain, most of the future demand will come from cattle and poultry feed industry, breweries and starch industry. To tap these larger potentials, farmers need to aggregate their produce and ensure regular supply in bulk quantity at least to compete the cost with alternative grains like maize and broken rice. Research limitations/implications The research is based on the field-level data collection and observations obtained from Western India. This paper provides insights how the value chain of pearl millet is working and what improvements are needed to make value chain more efficient and inclusive. Although the results are applicable to similar neglected crops and area, more caution is needed. Social implications Through the formation of farmer aggregators, farmers can enhance their bargaining power vis-a-vis industry. Originality/value Till now, there is no study that explored the pearl millet value chain in detail in India, and the paper tries to fill this literature gap.
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Angela Patricia Molusi. "THE CONSTITUTIONAL DUTY TO ENGAGE IN COLLECTIVE BARGAINING". Obiter 31, n.º 1 (17 de septiembre de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v31i1.12383.
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The law regarding collective bargaining in South Africa has been interpreted in two ways; the Labour Relations Act (LRA) refers to a duty to bargain collectively, while the Constitution refers to a right to engage in collective bargaining. These two interpretations have been subjected to judicial criticism (SANDU v Minister of Defence 2003 3 SA 239 (T) I; SANDU v Minister of Defence 2004 4 SA 10 (T) II; and Minister of Defence v SANDU 2007 1 SA 422 (SCA) III (hereafter “SANDU I, II and III”)). These cases are relevant in terms of the courts’ interpretation of collective bargaining as a duty or freedom. They are currently the main cases dealing with this issue in South Africa. This has created doubt as to whether the distinction provides an acceptable basis to use the terms interchangeably, both by the courts as well as those involved in collective bargaining. The purpose of this paper is firstly to sketch the landscape of South Africa’scollective bargaining jurisprudence, touching on the current legislation and secondly to give an overview of why collective bargaining is a necessary tool to balance power in the workplace. I shall examine the discourse as to whether the term “collective bargaining” creates a duty to participate (which can mean compelled) in collective bargaining on the part of the employer, as opposed to a right to engage in collective bargaining (which is voluntary). Lastly, the author will attempt to show the thread of how the courts have answered the question in case law.
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Solivam, Erik L. "Collective Bargaining and Municipal Distress". Commonwealth 16, n.º 1 (3 de octubre de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.15367/com.v16i1.461.
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The limited authority that municipalities have over the costs of police and fire personnel is a primary cause of fiscal distress in local governments in Pennsylvania. This article argues that the state legislature must amend Act 111 to give local governments and uniformed-employee unions equal standing under the law. The currently inequitable standing between a police or firefighters' union and a local government during negotiation and arbitration is the flaw in Act 111. The root of this flaw lies in the historical relationship between the state legislature and local governments and the parallel history that led to the passage of Act 111 in 1968. The defect in Act 111 is a prime cause of the substantial growth in the cost of local governments' municipal police pensions. The state legislature recognized the legal deficiency of Act 111 by enacting the Municipalities Financial Recovery Act, known as Act 47, which is the state program for municipal bankruptcy. To curtail the pending municipal fiscal crisis, the state legislature must amend Act 111. The amendments proposed in this article would correct the defect in Act 111 by granting equal standing under the law to local governments and police and firefights' unions.
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Thanduxolo Qotoyi y Adriaan van der Walt. "DISMISSALS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING". Obiter 30, n.º 1 (21 de octubre de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v30i1.12604.
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Competitive forces in the market force employers to change the way they operate their businesses. The changes that employers have to make often demand an alteration of the employees’ terms and conditions of employment. By law employers are not permitted to effect changes to the employees’ terms and conditions of employment unilaterally. They have to obtain the consent of the affected employees. This is where collective bargaining fits in. The employer has to negotiate with the employees. One way in which, through the process of collective bargaining, an employer can exert pressure on the employees to accept the changes is to effect a lock-out.Under the Labour Relations Act 28 of 1956 within the context of a lock-out, an employer was permitted to use conditional dismissal as a bargaining weapon. This conditional dismissal had to be coupled with an offer of re-employment should the employees accept an employer’s demand. In essence, the lock-out had a bite in the form of the conditional dismissal. This made the lock-out quite effective.The 1995 Labour Relations Act prohibits in no uncertain terms the use of a dismissal as a means of compelling employees to accept an employer’s demand in any matter of mutual interest. Within the collective bargaining context, dismissal is not a legitimate option. The employer only has the lock-out as a tool of compulsion. The definition of a lock-out in terms of this Act does not accommodate the use of dismissal. This makes the lock-out option to be less potent than it was under the 1956 Labour Relations Act. However, employers are permitted to dismiss on operational grounds, provided that they follow a fair procedure. Terms and conditions of employment greatly feature in the operational requirements of a business. If the employees’ terms and conditions of employment are not responsive to the operational requirements of the business and they are unwilling to accept changes to those terms, the employer has the right todismiss them. The employer will not be dismissing the employees as a way of inducing them to accept the changes. He will instead be dismissing them on the basis of operational requirements. The question that then arises is how should a dismissal that is intended to compel employees to accept an employers demand (falling within section 187(1)(c) of the 1995 Labour Relations Act) be distinguished from a dismissal that is genuinely based on operational requirements as contemplated by section 188(1)(a)(ii). The question arises whether the fact that section 187(1)(c) explicitly prohibits the use of dismissal within the context of collective bargaining gives rise to some tension with section 188(1)(a)(ii) which categorically gives employers the right to dismiss on operational grounds.
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Monray Marsellus Botha. "REVISITING AN OLD FRIEND: WHAT CONSTITUTES “A MATTER OF MUTUAL INTEREST” IN RELATION TO A STRIKE? A TALE OF TWO RECENT CASES Pikitup (SOC) Ltd v SA Municipal Workers Union on behalf of Members (2014) 35 ILJ 983 (LAC); and Vanachem Vanadium Products (Pty)". Obiter 36, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v36i1.11684.
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The purpose of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (the LRA) is to advance economic development, social justice, labour peace and democratization of the workplace. The primary objects of the LRA, inter alia, include the following: “to provide a framework within which employees and their trade unions, employers and employer’s organisations can (i) collectively bargain to determine wages, terms and conditions of employment, and other matters of mutual interest; and (ii) formulate industrial policy”, and “to promote orderly collective bargaining [and] (ii) collective bargaining at sectoral level”. The LRA in its purpose provision also makes provision for the advancement of the effective resolution of labour disputes and employee participation in decision-making in the workplace. Central to collective bargaining is the right to strike and the recourse to lock-out, respectively available to employees and employers. The collective-bargaining system has since 2007 become increasingly adversarial as “a decline in negotiating capacity, the re-emergence of non-workplace issues negotiations, and the rise of general mistrust between the parties” as the key factors contributing to the worsening of the collective bargaining is evident. The focus on strikes, has unfortunately, not been positive, as some industries have been plagued by violent, and/or unprotected and sometimes protected strike action that carries on for long periods of time. The focus of this case note is, however, not to look at the latter categories of strikes but rather to discuss a very contentious issue related to strike action: What constitutes mutual interest with reference to strikes? Two recent cases (Pikitup (SOC) Ltd v SA Municipal Workers Union on behalf of Members (2014) 35 ILJ 983 (LAC); and Vanachem Vanadium Products (Pty) Ltd v National Union of Metal Workers of SA Case No J 658/14) will be evaluated against the backdrop of existing literature and case law on this issue.
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Clarence Tshoose. "DETERMINING THE THRESHOLD FOR ORGANIZATIONAL RIGHTS: THE LEGAL QUAGMIRE FACING MINORITY UNIONS RESOLVED – South African Post Office v Commissioner Nowosenetz No (2013) 2 BLLR 216 (LC)". Obiter 34, n.º 3 (17 de agosto de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v34i3.12012.
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The issue of organizational rights facing minority unions has been a quagmire since the advent of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995(hereinafter “the LRA”). This quagmire exists, notwithstanding the fact that the Constitution affords every trade union the right to engage in collective bargaining (s 23 of the Constitution, 1996). The acquisition of organizational rights by trade unions plays a crucial rolein as far as collective bargaining is concerned. It is through collective bargaining that unions are able to negotiate with employers regarding the terms and conditions of employment. Commentators have often viewed the LRA as favouring larger unions and as conferring clear advantages on unions with majority support at the industry level. Chapter III of the LRA regulates collective bargaining. Whereas this chapterostensibly promotes a pluralistic approach to organizational rights it is unequivocally biased towards majoritarianism. This is the case despite minority trade unions fulfilling an important role in the current labour system especially when it comes to the balance of powerin the employment arena. In light of the above, the legal quagmire faced by the minority unions in the quest for acquiring organisation rights in terms of the relevant provisions of the LRA is clearly illustrated by the decision in South African Post Office v Commissioner Nowosenetz No ((2013) 2 BLLR 216 (LC) (hereinafter “ the South African Post Office case”)).
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Fiona Leppan, Avinash Govindjee y Ben Cripps. "BARGAINING IN BAD FAITH IN SOUTH AFRICAN LABOUR LAW: AN ANTIDOTE?" Obiter 37, n.º 3 (20 de diciembre de 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v37i3.11515.
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While good-faith bargaining is recognized in many overseas jurisdictions and by the International Labour Organisation, such a duty has not been incorporated in South African labour legislation. Given the many recent examples of labour unrest in South Africa, it is time to consider whether there should be a duty to bargain in good faith when taking part in collective bargaining. Recognizing such a duty would arguably benefit both employers and employees and South Africa as a whole.