Tesis sobre el tema "Agrégat du sol"
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Czarnes, Sonia. "Adhésion sol : racine et biophysique de la rhizosphère du maïs". Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10118.
Texto completoCambier, Philippe. "Organisation des constituants et interactions physicochimiques au sein des microagrégats de sols. Application au système ferrallitique kaolinite-oxyde de fer". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066359.
Texto completoAubertin, Marie-Liesse. "Biochar-compost mixtures : interactions and impact on carbon sequestration and soil fertility". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS173.
Texto completoIn the context of global challenge, innovative organic amendment strategies could be used to improve soil agronomic properties in addition to increasing carbon (C) sequestration in soil. The combination of highly stable biochar with compost, a nutrient-rich material containing labile C, may be a solution to improve C sequestration while enhancing soil fertility in the context of a circular economy. Aim of the thesis was to examine if there are biochar-compost interactions and if yes, what are the mechanisms determining their effect on C and nitrogen (N) dynamics and plant growth, at different time scales. To this end we used laboratory and field experiments and analyzed for biological and thermal stability. The thermal stability of biochar was affected by biocharcompost interactions, which may already occur during their blending. Artificial weathering influenced the biological stability of both materials. Under field conditions, these processes did not significantly influence the carbon dynamics of the mixture, while biochar friability and N dynamics were affected by biochar-compost interactions. We conclude that biochar and compost interactions may occur at different time scales and affect their material properties and performance as soil amendment
Li, Decheng. "Étude par analyse d'images en 2D des processus d'agrégation et d'évolution des porosités dans les sols sous l'influence des cycles d'humectation et séchage". Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066452.
Texto completoPuget, Pascale. "Distribution des matières organiques dans des agrégats de sols limoneux cultivés : conséquences sur la stabilité structurale des agrégats et sur la biodégradation des matières organiques". Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120035.
Texto completoLe, Guillou Cédric. "Effets combinés de la qualité des résidus de culture et de disponibilité en azote minéral sur la stabilisation de la structure du sol par les microorganismes". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARD061.
Texto completoSoil aggregate stability is an important soil physical property as it is a determinant factor of agricultural and environmental soil functions. The incorporation of fresh crop residues in soils improves this soil property but we still need knowledge on the factors affecting its effects. The aim of this PhD thesis was (i) to determine the interactive effect of soil mineral N and crop residue quality on soil aggregate stability and (ii) studying the role of microbial communities. We studied, under controlled conditions, the effect of soil mineral N availability on soil aggregate stability during high-C/N crop residue decomposition. The effect of decomposing crop residues on soil aggregate stability followed two phases: (i) a first phase (7 days) with a rapid increase in soil aggregate stability related to intrinsic residue quality and (ii) a second phase (day 7 to 56) where soil aggregate stability was negatively influenced by the soil mineral N. We evaluated the role of microbial communities in controlling the soil aggregate stability dynamics observed. We showed that early changes were related to an increase of the total microbial biomass. Our results suggest that the dynamics in the second phase was associated to binding agents (microbial polysaccharides) production or consumption and related to some bacterial and fungal population stimulation. In a field-experiment over winter, we confirmed that the effect of high-C/N crop residue inputs on soil aggregate stability was high when soil mineral N content was low. Our study further showed that the effects of high-C/N crop residue addition on soil aggregate stability can be equal to those from a low-C/N crop residue. Winter climatic conditions did not modify the hierarchy nor the dynamics of soil aggregate stability related to crop residue quality, but rather decreased the extent of the effect
Le, Bihan Vincent. "Interactions de nano-objets luminescents (agrégats ou nano-films) avec leurs environnements : effets structuraux et diélectriques". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332025.
Texto completoDans une première partie, nous analysons le comportement d'agrégats de Gd2O3:Eu3+ élaborés par la technique d'évaporation laser assistée par un jet d'hélium, au contact de matrices sol-gel de Gd2O3 et de TiO2. On observe après traitements thermiques, la diffusion des agrégats dans leurs environnements. Dans une matrice de TiO2, il y a formation du composé cristallisé Gd2Ti2O7:Eu3+ de structure pyrochlore. Nous avons alors comparé deux méthodes d'élaboration de ce composé, sous forme de film mince, basées sur l'interdiffusion de couches manométriques d'oxydes: une couche sol-gel ou d'agrégats de Gd2O3:Eu3+ piégée entre deux couches de TiO2. Le composé ternaire cristallise à plus basse température dans le premier cas mais le film est mieux cristallisé dans le second. Les propriétés des nano-systèmes dépendent donc fortement des méthodes d'élaboration.
Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons à la relation reliant la durée de vie d'émission d'un émetteur à l'indice de réfraction de son environnement. Pour la première fois, nous avons mesuré la distance limite d'influence de cet effet en enregistrant les durées de vie d'émission d'une nano-couche de Gd2O3:Eu3+ en fonction du nombre de couche de TiO2 recouvrant la couche luminescente. Lorsque l'épaisseur de TiO2 augmente, la durée de vie radiative diminue jusqu'à saturation. Le rayon de la sphère d'influence de l'indice de réfraction est alors estimé à 150 nm, soit un quart de la longueur d'onde d'émission. Cette distance correspond à la dimension critique où la définition de l'indice de réfraction à l'échelle macroscopique doit être considérée à l'échelle manométrique.
Ferber, Valéry. "Sensibilité des sols fins compactés à l'humidification : apport d'un modèle de microstructure". Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2117.
Texto completoSierra, Jorge. "Etude de l'anoxie dans les sols à structure agrégée en relation avec la respiration microbienne". Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10076.
Texto completoCalleja, Gérard. "Poly(ferrocényldialcoxysilanes) : synthèse, propriétés et introduction dans des matrices inorganiques. Nouvelle voie d'accès à des agrégats de silicium à surface fonctionnalisée". Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20017.
Texto completoMinville, Audrey-Kim. "Comparaison de cultures intercalaires pour la répression des adventices et la stabilité des agrégats du sol dans la vigne semi-rustique en implantation au Québec". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70315.
Texto completoNon-hardy grapevine varieties require winter protection in southern Quebec because temperature can drop to –35 °C and cause irreversible frost damage. Winter protection is provided either by geotextiles or hilling, the latter generating intensive soil disturbance twice a year. These constraints limit the adoption of intercrops because 1) their establishment and growth are concurrent with the crop, 2) hilling destroys intercrops every fall, and 3) the use of geotextiles allows the adoption of perennial intercrops but is more expensive. Although it can control weeds and mitigate soil erosion, intercropping in Quebec vineyards is limited. Moreover, grapevine response to intercropping is poorly documented under Quebec's continental climate. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted (2018-2020) to compare mechanical weeding to two grass mixture intercrops (annual vs perennial), during vineyard establishment. Variables tested included weed control and diversity, soil aggregate stability, vine growth, and grape yield. A weedy control was also included. Cultivation was more efficient at controlling weeds than both intercrops but decreased plant species richness and diversity in comparison to other treatments. Weed density did not decrease over time and weed cover was relatively high (> 50% at the end of the growing season) under intercrops. Nevertheless, weed shoot biomass was lower under intercrops than in the weedy control during the first two years. Cultivation was also detrimental to soil structure, it showed lower aggregate stability compared to vegetated treatments by the end of the season. None of the interrow management methods had an impact on vine yield fruit quality.
Razafimbelo, Tantely. "Stockage et protection du carbone dans un sol ferrallitique sous systèmes en semis direct avec couverture végétale des Hautes Terres malgaches". Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772088.
Texto completoDong, Jucai. "Étude de l’effet de la taille d’agrégats sur la raideur des sols fins traités à la chaux et/ou au ciment : des conditions de laboratoire aux conditions in situ". Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1063/document.
Texto completoSoil treatment is a well known earthwork technique which has been widely used in constructions of railway and highway substructures. It can improve the workability of soils by lowering their water contents and improve the hydro-mechanical performance by reinforcing and binding the soil grains/aggregates. However, the durability of the treated soils is still an open question. It constitutes the main objective of the ANR project TerDOUEST (Terrassements Durables - Ouvrages en Sols Traités, 2008 - 2012).The present study is part of the works in TerDOUEST project, and deals with the aggregate size effect on the stiffness (Gmax) development of lime and/or cement treated fine-grained soils from Héricourt using bender element technique. In the laboratory conditions, four aggregates sizes were accounted for (Dmax = 0.4, 1, 2 and 5 mm). To prepare an aggregate size, the soils were first air-dried, crushed and sieved through a target sieve. The soils were then brought to a desired water content, mixed with additive (lime and/or cement) and compacted both dry and wet of optimum of normal Proctor by keeping the same dry density. The Gmax measurements were performed during curing and during application of wetting/drying cycles. In field conditions that refer to the experimental embankment in Héricourt, the aggregates size is significantly larger: Dmax = 20 mm and 31.5 mm for the silt and the clay, respectively. Cores samples were taken from the embankment at two different times and the Gmax measurements on core specimens were performed. The results show that the hydromechanical behaviour of the cementitious treated soils is strongly influenced by the aggregates size for the treated silt and clay prepared in both laboratory and field conditions: the larger the aggregates, the lower the Gmax and the resistance to wetting/drying cycles. The high heterogeneity of the in-situ soils was also clearly identified. A hyperbolic model was developed enabling up-scaling the results in laboratory conditions to those in field conditions by considering the effect of aggregate size. Comparison between the model predictions and experimental measurements shows the performance of the model proposed, provided that the mean values of experimental data are used to minimize the effect of soil heterogeneity
Le, Fur Cyril. "Evaluation et compréhension du devenir photochimique de composés organiques émergents en solution aqueuse et à la surface du sol". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22632/document.
Texto completoThe study undertaken within this thesis concerns the photochemical behavior of the veterinary antibiotics sulfaquinoxaline and pyrimethamine, as well as the antimicrobial triclosan in aqueous solutions and at the surface of kaolin, used as a soil model.The photochemical study on sulfaquinoxaline was performed at 254 and 365 nm. In all cases, an efficient degradation was observed with a quantum yield that depends on the excitation wavelength, pH and the dissolved molecular oxygen concentration. Molecular oxygen acts as an inhibitor which reflects the involvement of the triplet excited state. Sulfaquinoxaline was clearly shown to be a photosensitizer of β-carotene via a triplet-triplet transfer process. From the analytical point of view, several photoproducts were generated and identified by using HPLC/ESI/MS/MS technique through a close analysis of the fragmentation processes. The byproducts that were formed via the singlet as well as the triplet excited states were mainly generated by photohydrolysis, desulfonation, hydroxylation and isomerisation reactions.The photochemical study of pyrimethamine indicates an efficient photoreactivity with the molecular form. The laser flash photolysis study reveals the implication of singlet and triplet excited states. The byproducts were mainly formed through the substitution of the chlorine atom by an hydroxyl group and the hydroxylation of the aromatic moiety.The photochemical study at the surface of soil was undertaken by using kaolin as a model support. Such simple system appears to be a guideline for precise kinetic and analytical studies. The former was performed as a function of several important parameters such as the layer thickness and the initial concentration of the substrate. The first parameter clearly indicates that for a thickness lower than 70 µm, the rate of diffusion is so fast that this process can be neglected when compared to the photochemical process. Thus, the first rate constant at the surface of kaolin was determined. Only the product of desulfonation was observed with sulfaquinoxaline while with triclosan, several byproducts were obtained such as dimers and oligomers suggesting the formation of aggregates at the surface of the solid support. In order to confirm this aspect, molecular dynamics studies were undertaken and indicate that the adsorption of triclosan mainly occurs at the surface of kaolin via hydrogen molecular bonds. The arrangement of the molecules in a cluster is governed by π-stacking type interactions between the aromatic moieties
Boyemba, Bosela Faustin. "Ecologie de Pericopsis elata (Harms) Van Meeuwen (Fabaceae), arbre de forêt tropicale africaine à répartition agrégée". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209883.
Texto completoDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lours, Thierry. "Etude structurale de la transformation sol-gel : caractérisation des aérogels et étude de leur densification par diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles". Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20012.
Texto completoTardif, Antoine. "Prédiction des taux de décomposition des litières végétales par les trais fonctionnels agrégés". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957816.
Texto completoJewell, Mark. "Diversité des arbres, interactions aériennes et souterraines et décomposition des feuilles mortes". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/75.
Texto completoWang, Yejiao. "Étude des propriétés thermo-hydro-mécaniques des sols fins traités à la chaux". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1164/document.
Texto completoLime treatment is a technique which greatly improves the workability and the mechanical behaviour of problematic soils. However, the sustainability of this treatment in the earthworks for the long term is an important issue for their stability. Besides, the aggregate size resulting from the construction procedure is an essential parameter that may influence the behaviour of treated soils in field construction. The present work deals with the thermo-hydro-mechanical properties of lime-treated soils, with an emphasis put on the curing time and the aggregate size effects. Lime-treated soil samples (both silt and clay) were prepared with different sizes of aggregates and cured during different periods. Afterwards, these soils were studied through microstructural observations, mineralogical analyses, thermal conductivity, air permeability and water retention capacity measurements, as well as the determinations of compressibility and small strain shear modulus. The results show that significant changes of thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of soils are induced by lime treatment after curing. Moreover, the aggregate size also plays an essential role in the behaviour of treated soils. Samples prepared with the large aggregates present higher thermal conductivity and air permeability, but with lower water retention capacity, poorer compression behaviour and smaller stiffness
Peres, Durand Sylvie. "Etude physico-chimique de l'élaboration de gels de titane par le procédé PEM en milieu micellaire inverse decane/TX35/H2O-H2O2". Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20207.
Texto completoHasmy, Aguilar Anwar. "Simulations numériques de la structure et de certaines propriétés des aérogels de silice". Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20170.
Texto completoDong, Jucai y Jucai Dong. "Étude de l'effet de la taille d'agrégats sur la raideur des sols fins traités à la chaux et/ou au ciment : des conditions de laboratoire aux conditions in situ". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00966315.
Texto completoDemenois, Julien. "Quelle influence des symbioses mycorhiziennes et des traits racinaires sur l'érosion des sols tropicaux ? Application à la restauration écologique des écosystèmes forestiers dégradés de Nouvelle-Calédonie sur Ferralsols développés sur substrats ultramafiques". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0011.
Texto completoTropical forest ecosystems cover nearly half of the world's forest area. These ecosystems provide basic services for the well-being of our societies (e.g. regulation of material flows, soil preservation) are particularly affected (loss and degradation of forests) by global changes. New Caledonia, and its ultramafic substrates, is no exception to this trend. Mining and fires are responsible for forest regression, fragmentation, degradation and soil erosion. The archipelago is ranked among the hotspots of global biodiversity and the ecological restoration of these ecosystems is a major challenge. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the ecological restoration of the forests of New Caledonia in order to limit the erosion of soils on ultramafic substrates and is part of the disciplinary field of the ecology of restoration. The scientific objective is to study the influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis and root traits on the erosion of Ferralsols developed on ultramafic substrates through a multi-scale approach. In the first part, we highlight the floristic and structural characteristics of plant communities on ultramafic substrates. These suggest an increased expression of the root traits of dominant species in monodominant forests. The central place of fire and cyclones in the dynamics of plant succession is also emphasized, as well as mycorrhizal symbioses in maintaining the monodominance of Nothofagus aequilateralis. In the second part, our work suggests the existence of a biotic threshold between degraded ligno-herbaceous maquis and ligno-herbaceous maquis. Repeated fires would be the main cause of crossing this threshold. The increase in plant biomass would be the key factor contributing to the stability of the aggregates between these two stages. Thus, fire protection combined with the promotion of plant successions through the use of potentially facilitating species such as Costularia arundinacea could be an efficient strategy for limiting erosion of Ferralsols. In addition, the influence of plant (e.g. floristic composition) and fungal communities (e.g. biomass) on the stability of aggregates is clearly highlighted. The third part aims to evaluate the ability of plant species, combined with mycorrhizal fungi, to increase the stability of aggregates, but also to identify root traits and mycorrhizal associations contributing to this increase. In this section, we demonstrate that the combination of high values for “Root Mass Density - Root Length Density – percentage of fine roots” is effective in increasing aggregate stability. Moreover, the efficacy of this combination of root traits is enhanced by mycorrhizal symbiosis. Thus, of the three plant species evaluated, Costularia arundinacea would be the most effective tool species for increasing the stability of aggregates. This work allowed us to highlight the influence of root traits and mycorrhizal symbiosis on the stability of soil aggregates on Ferralsols on ultramafic substrates, at the scale of plant communities or at the level of plant species. To our knowledge, these results are the first to be acquired on this type of soil. These results make it possible to formulate proposals for the ecological restoration of forest ecosystems in New Caledonia in order to limit soil erosion on ultramafic substrates, but also to sketch new avenues of research
Leguédois, Sophie. "Mécanismes de l'érosion diffuse des sols : modélisation du transfert et de l'évolution granulométrique des fragments de terre érodés". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00516390.
Texto completoHedde, Mickael. "Etude de la relation entre la diversité des macro-invertébrés et la dynamique de la matière organique des sols limoneux de Haute-Normandie". Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00543169.
Texto completoDeloné, Brunise. "Alternatives agro-écologiques à l’usage d’intrants chimiques dans les bananeraies plantains : Le cas de deux régions de la Caraïbe : Guadeloupe et Haïti". Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0758/document.
Texto completoPlantain (Musa paradisiaca) is the staple food of millions of people worldwide and its cropping generates ongoing revenues for many farmers who are planting small or medium size areas. As in other tropical regions, plantain cultivation in Guadeloupe and Haiti is under heavy parasitic constraints terrestrial (plant-parasitic nematodes and banana weevil) as well as aerial (black Sigatoka in particular). Conventional means of control based on the use of synthetic products which adverse effects on the environment (soil, water, animals ...) as on human health are not bearable any more. It is thus urgent to think about agroecological solutions allowing to restore the biological balances, to maintain good soil quality and optimal plantain cropping systems.This is the ultimate goal of this thesis which couples the realization of an agroecological diagnosis in peasants’ plots, and the test of agroecological alternatives in semi-controlled conditions. To do this, a typology of plantain cropping systems was carried out from an agrienvironmental survey in the two study areas. It allowed to select 23 plots in Guadeloupe and 12 in Haiti in which an agroecological diagnosis was implemented. Based on this diagnosis and the research of agroecological alternatives to the use of chemicals, a field experiment was set up in Guadeloupe, in an experimental station allowing the test of three innovative practices for plantain cultivation (alone and combined), namely : i) the introduction of a cover-crop Paspalum notatum for weed control while reducing the use of herbicides ; ii) the input of worms’ compost to control plant-parasitic nematodes specific to plantain and to fertilize it ; iii) the use of healthy “PIF” plants (plants issued from stem fragments) free from telluric pests (nematodes and weevil’s larvaes).The typology of plantains cropping systems shows: i) in Guadeloupe the previous crops are: fallow pineapple and plantain predominate with a low level of intensification (low and infrequent chemical inputs) or high (high and frequent chemical inputs); ii) in Haiti, the previous crops are: fallow, plantain and cassava predominate with a low level or no intensification at all (no inputs). The results of the agroecological analysis show that : i) when the level of intensification is low, perennial plantain and pineapple as previous crops help maintaining a good soil quality and a good regulation of the telluric pests ; ii) when the level of intensification is strong, the soil engineers drastically reduce, while the density of telluric parasites increases without affecting good levels of instantaneous yields (plots where the previous crop is pineapple or mostly fallow) ; iii) when the fertilization is totally missing, it decreases the biological activity of the soil furthermore the plantain yields, exacerbated by the choice of the previous crop (cassava or plantain), in connection with soils and climate constraints and the black Sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, especially in the Haitian plots ; iv) the crop succession plantain/plantain is the most critical regarding the plantain’s cropping, because whatever the level of intensification, the yields remain relatively low in connection with a degradation of the health state, compared to other previous crops.The driving of an experiment in a research station shows that on the scale of one year, the three tested innovative practices allow maintaining a good soils quality. Healthy plants "PIF" have a better health state (absence of plant parasitic nematodes in the roots) which helps a significant increase of the yields. Cover-crop P. notatum helps the weeds and the soil pests control and favors the improvement of soil biological activity and plantain yields. Worms’ compost contributes to the maintenance of a better soils quality while allowing the regulation of the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes of the plantains
Duriez, Caroline. "Physico-chimie des matières en suspension de la Moselle et de ses affluents". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL056N/document.
Texto completoThis work uses geochemical and mineralogical approaches to characterize physical and chemical properties of suspended solids in the Moselle and its tributaries. The study focused on analyzing the pollutants in dissolved and particulate compartments. This allowed (i) the identification of inorganic components composition in particles and colloids in the aquatic environment of the Moselle and one of its tributaries: the Fensch, (ii) the determination of the evolution of inorganic contributions along Moselle and the Fensch and their transfer to the confluence Fensch-Moselle in addition to the determination of main contamination sources, (iii) the identification of organo-mineral associations and the determination of the organization of aggregates, (iv) the analysis of the speciation of some elements by microanalysis. This work highlighted the importance of studying suspended solids that are often neglected compared to water and sediments compartments
Fernandez-cornudet, Christelle. "Devenir du Zn, Pb et Cd issus de retombées atmosphériques dans les sols, à différentes échelles d'étude. -Influence de l'usage des sols sur la distribution et la mobilité des métaux-". Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002321.
Texto completoGros, Raphael. "Fonctionnement et qualité des sols soumis à des perturbations physiques et chimiques d'origines anthropiques: réponses du sol, de la flore et de la microflore bactérienne tellurique". Phd thesis, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006161.
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