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Kaungu, Gideon Muchiri. "Reflections on the Role of Ubuntu as an Antidote to Afro-Phobia". Journal of African Law 65, S1 (17 de marzo de 2021): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855321000024.
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AbstractThis article argues that xenophobic acts towards black foreigners remain a human rights challenge in South Africa. Foreign nationals, mostly black Africans, continue to experience physical attacks, discrimination and looting of businesses, as well as targeted crime. Prevalent xenophobic attitudes continue to trouble the conscience of all well-meaning South Africans. There is ample evidence that xenophobia has morphed into afro-phobia, the hatred of black foreigners. Xenophobia continues to evolve and attackers are increasingly linking the presence of foreign nationals to socio-economic challenges facing the country. This article argues that, even though South Africa's Constitution does not expressly identify Ubuntu as a national value, it does recognize customary law and many of its provisions are anchored in Ubuntu philosophy. This article proposes Ubuntu, or African “humanness” whose “natural home” should be located in South Africa, as a pragmatic social intervention and a morally sustainable solution to address xenophobia that would be acceptable to both South Africans and foreign nationals.
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Mthombeni, Zama. "Xenophobia in South Africa". Thinker 93, n.º 4 (25 de noviembre de 2022): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/the_thinker.v93i4.2207.
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Despite the human rights principles established in South Africa’s Constitution, there have been recurrent waves of xenophobia throughout the country’s history. Foreigners who live in South Africa have been perceived as the victims of xenophobia and South Africans as the perpetrators. This paper aims to problematise the usage of the ‘ubuntu’ ideology as a utopian African ethic to promote ‘universal’ African humanism. It seems that apartheid’s heritage, which produced the present-day South Africa in which these xenophobic events occur, is often overlooked when South Africans are characterised as xenophobic and in need of ubuntu salvation. The study makes the case that colonial and political issues, which continue to have an impact on high levels of poverty and unemployment, should be considered as ongoing contributors to xenophobia. Several anti-immigration organisations have emerged as discussion points in the country. This study will only concentrate on one of these: Operation Dudula. This paper critically examines the reasons why Operation Dudula is continuing to expand despite protests from civil society organisations. This paper demonstrates, via media stories, how the media primarily portrays the organisation as vigilante that vex ubuntu and African unification. The paper makes the claim that marginalised South Africans are ‘Native Foreigners’, as opposed to simply perpetrators, drawing on Neocosmos’ idea of native foreigners. Instead of being considered as a problem that needs ubuntu’s salvation, the paper argues that anti-immigrant organisations should be understood as a sign of unsolved colonial and political problems that need to be addressed.
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Eyo, Ekpo. "Conventional Museums and the Quest for Relevance in Africa". History in Africa 21 (1994): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171892.
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Although the Western world knows what a museum is, in many parts of Africa its purpose is an open question. To many Africans it is an alien institution introduced by colonialists. Their intentions were good: they wished to study and exhibit local works of art and artifacts and preserve them from deterioration and depredations by local and foreign traders. Yet collecting important art objects and artifacts, some of which were still part of active rituals, and locking them up in a building rather resembling a prison, was to many, Africans and foreigners alike, inimical in principle. Nor did many Africans show much interest in the displays within the glass cases, unless such exhibits pertained to their own particular ethnic heritage. The museums were therefore seen as white elephants staffed by eccentric colonialists, assisted by Africans glad of a job, and visited mainly by foreigners. If we trace the origin and development of the museum in Europe, we may discover why these African museums, as modeled on European institutions, failed to make an impact on the lives of Africans or to meet the needs of the communities they were meant to serve. However, we shall also see how in time certain projects have transformed them into cultural and social centers of great vitality.
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Norman, Ishmael D. "The Axis of Hate: Identitarianism, Afroxenophobia and Vigilantism". European Journal of Development Studies 2, n.º 5 (30 de noviembre de 2022): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2022.2.5.168.
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This is an investigation into the similarities and shared values between Identitarianism, xenophobia and vigilantism, by analyzing recent xenophobic and vigilante attacks of foreigners and migrants in Europe and Africa. Identitarianism or the European brand of the Far-Right political dogma is built on adherence to the concept of homogeneity of race or ethnicity, culture, religion, language, and the general aspiration of a body politic. This is the same as basic foundations of Pan-Africanism design. Identity Politics is typified by the systematic exclusion of people with dissimilar ethnicity, racial characteristics and disparate socio-political belief-systems. The three axis of hate, namely Identitarianism, Xenophobia and Vigilantism were conceptually analyzed using refereed papers that were freely available on the Internet to shed light on their relationships and similarities. The aim was to show how these concepts are being deployed by certain socio-political elements in Europe against Africans and other migrants or even legal immigrants. It also shows broadly, how Africans in some African nations deploy the same tools of hate and exclusion on other Africans of different nationalities by way of physical attacks, and economic sabotage and invasion of businesses owned by foreigners. Such experiences have in the past, occurred in Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Uganda, Gabon, Angola, Kenya and others. Key finding is that the European brand of Identitarianism and Xenophobia; in all of its hostilities are not intrinsically different from Afro-Xenophobic foundations of Pan-Africanism and African societies even today. What is different is that Identity Politics is actively practiced within the culturally relative African democracies, where the Party in power doles out appointments and contracts to both deserving and undeserving Political Party operators, related persons and entities.
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Kerr, Philippa, Kevin Durrheim y John Dixon. "Xenophobic Violence and Struggle Discourse in South Africa". Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, n.º 7 (31 de mayo de 2019): 995–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619851827.
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This paper argues that xenophobia in South Africa is entangled in discourses of liberation struggle, which are often used to justify anti-foreigner violence. We first examine some existing academic explanations for xenophobia, namely internalised racism, poverty/inequality, nationalism, and township and informal settlement politics. To avoid deterministically explaining xenophobia as ‘caused’ by any of these factors, however, we introduce a concept from social psychology, the concept of ‘working models of contact’. These are common frames of reference in which contact between groups is understood in terms of shared meanings and values. Xenophobic violence is not caused but instantiated in ways that are explained and justified according to particular understandings of the meaning of the ‘citizen-foreigner’ relationship. We then review three case studies of xenophobic violence whose perpetrators constructed a model of contact in which African ‘foreigners’ were undermining the struggles of South Africans in various socio-economic contexts. We also examine three cases where xenophobic violence was actively discouraged by invoking an inclusive rather than divisive form of struggle discourse. Thus the nature of the struggle itself becomes contested. We conclude by considering some dilemmatic implications that our analysis provokes.
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Ferreira-Meyers, Karen. "Book Review: Roberto Castillo, African Transnational Mobility in China, Africans on the Move, London: Routledge, 2021". NETSOL: New Trends in Social and Liberal Sciences 9, n.º 1 (13 de mayo de 2024): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24819/netsol2024.7.
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The prologue to this volume of the Routledge African Studies, entitled African Transnational Mobility in China, Africans on the Move, describes Roberto Castillo's experiences in China, focusing on a chance encounter with a man named Myers during a train journey. Myers, originally from Sierra Leone, shared his journey to China in search of opportunities, highlighting the challenges faced by foreigners in a new country. Castillo reflects on the uncertainties and difficulties Myers encountered in China, expressing concern for his well-being. This encounter with Myers and subsequent news events of a demonstration involving Nigerians in China, led the author to ponder the complex dynamics of immigration and cultural integration in China.
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Lai, Weilin. "Analysis of Social Adaptation and Integration Issues Faced by Foreigners in China -Taking African Business Community in Guangzhou as an Example". Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 20 (7 de septiembre de 2023): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v20i.11684.
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In the recent twenty years, with China's gradual opening up to the outside world and continuous improvement of Sino-African trade relations, the number of Africans coming to Guangzhou has shown a rapid growth trend, inevitably leading to a series of related social issues. Among them, the issue of social integration faced by African businessmen in Guangzhou has always been a focus and hotspot in research on African residents in Guangzhou. By analyzing and comparing their social adaptation and integration patterns, it is shown that these two stages are part of one process influenced by economic, community, cultural, and psychological factors, etc., resulting in different behavioral patterns. This study aims to provide a reference value for research on foreigners' social integration into Chinese society.
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SULIGOI, B., M. GIULIANI y THE MIGRATION MEDICINE STUDY GROUP. "Sexually transmitted diseases among foreigners in Italy". Epidemiology and Infection 118, n.º 3 (junio de 1997): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268897007449.
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A sentinel surveillance system for the control of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among foreigners was developed in Italy in 1991. From January 1991 to June 1995, 4030 foreigners with a new STD episode were reported. More than one-third of them were North-Africans. The most frequent STDs were non-specific urethritis and genital warts among men, and non-specific vaginitis and latent syphilis among women. The overall HIV prevalence was 5%, with large differences in rates in people from different continents. Very high HIV-positivity rates were observed among homosexuals and homosexual IDUs from Central–South America, with 39·1% and 77·8% seropositive individuals respectively.These data stress the need for increased knowledge of both the spread of and risk factors for STDs among immigrants. Particular attention should be paid to counselling procedures focused on the prevention of risk behaviours for acquiring STDs and HIV infection.
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Zachernuk, Philip S. "Of Origins and Colonial Order: Southern Nigerian Historians and the ‘Hamitic Hypothesis’ c. 1870–1970". Journal of African History 35, n.º 3 (noviembre de 1994): 427–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700026785.
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The professional Nigerian nationalist historiography which emerged in reaction against the imperialist Hamitic Hypothesis – the assertion that Africa's history had been made only by foreigners – is rooted in a complex West African tradition of critical dialogue with European ideas. From the mid-nineteenth century, western-educated Africans have re-worked European ideas into distinctive Hamitic Hypotheses suited to their colonial location. This account developed within the constraints set by changing European and African-American ideas about West African origins and the evolving character of the Nigerian intelligentsia. West Africans first identified themselves not as victims of Hamitic invasion but as the degenerate heirs of classical civilizations, to establish their potential to create a modern, Christian society. At the turn of the century various authors argued for past development within West Africa rather than mere degeneration. Edward Blyden appropriated African-American thought to posit a distinct racial history. Samuel Johnson elaborated on Yoruba traditions of a golden age. Inter-war writers such as J. O. Lucas and Ladipo Solanke built on both arguments, but as race science declined they again invoked universal historical patterns. Facing the arrival of Nigeria as a nation-state, later writers such as S. O. Biobaku developed these ideas to argue that Hamitic invasions had created Nigeria's proto-national culture. In the heightened identity politics of the 1950s, local historians adopted Hamites to compete for historical primacy among Nigerian communities. The Hamitic Hypothesis declined in post-colonial conditions, in part because the concern to define ultimate identities along a colonial axis was displaced by the need to understand identity politics within the Nigerian sphere. The Nigerian Hamitic Hypothesis had a complex career, promoting élite ambitions, Christian identities, Nigerian nationalism and communal rivalries. New treatments of African colonial historiography – and intellectual history – must incorporate the complexities illus-trated here.
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Bodenstein, Brandon. "The world in Guangzhou: Africans and other foreigners in South China’s global marketplace". Anthropology Southern Africa 44, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2021): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2021.1903332.
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Manco, Altay. "Policy and experiences of professional integration of young immigrants in the Walloon region (Belgium)". Migration Letters 1, n.º 1 (1 de octubre de 2004): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v1i1.23.
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This paper aims to identify obstacles to integration of young foreigners in the Walloon region and more generally in Belgium as a whole while presenting in a critical manner the actions undertaken by the local and/or regional actors and the public policies aimed at overcoming these obstacles. Since the 1960s, North Africans, Turkish and Sub-Saharan immigrants and their families have constituted the major component of non-European inflows into Belgium. It has been proved that youths of immigrant descent, in the absence of positive parental role models, often experience difficulties in breaking into the work arena. General initiatives that address the entire population groups experiencing difficulty with employment are inadequate as far as the social integration of foreigners is concerned. In order to go beyond local pilot initiatives and the experimental phase, the Walloon Region has set up integration policy measures for foreigners in the framework of the Centres régionaux d'intégration (CRI) , created under the Decree of 4th July 1996. The action of professional social integration handled by the CRI gives an impression of vagueness in the accomplishment of its role: frontline or rearguard, socio-professional or general integration, local or "trans-regional work".
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Lauer, Helen. "Reasserting African Critical Authority in the National Development Picture". Tanzania Journal of Sociology 2 (30 de junio de 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tajoso.v2i.2.
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The self-promotional rhetoric generated by Western development aid industries and scientific research cartels sustains a popular pretence that Africans require foreign technical wherewithal and moral initiative to meet their development goals. I argue to the contrary. Focusing first upon medical care delivery as a case in point, I demonstrate how global health spending in billions of dollars perpetuates the chronic morbidity and short life expectancy of people in economically-disadvantaged regions of the world. Secondly, turning to Africa’s so-called ‘resource curse’, the sheer ignorance of foreigners about the social significance of land and the meaning of legitimate political authority in Africa defeats cutting edge proposals of Westernoriented ethicists to solve the gross distributive injustices of globalisation. The dearth of African control and decision making authority in international partnerships implicates proposed natural resource reparation schemes which, if carried out, could exacerbate the economic injustices they were designed to reconcile. I argue that, in general, unregulated economic principles determining success in the global knowledge market are an unreliable indicator for ranking the value of knowledge or for predicting the potential success of strategic plans in the management of national development.
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Zuern, Elke. "South Africa at a Turning Point?" Journal of Modern African Studies 53, n.º 3 (10 de agosto de 2015): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x15000427.
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South Africa is at a crossroads. The state has not adequately addressed dire human development needs, often failing to provide the services it constitutionally guarantees. As a result, citizens are expressing their frustrations in a variety of ways, at times including violence. These serious challenges are most readily apparent in poverty, inequality and unemployment statistics, but also in electricity provision, billing and affordability as well as a recent spate of racially motivated attacks which highlight the tension both among South Africans and between South Africans and darker skinned foreigners. The country has, however, been on the brink before and avoided the worst-case scenario of full-scale civil war and state collapse. Far too often South Africa's past successes have been attributed to the role of one man, Nelson Mandela. While Mandela was indeed an extraordinary human being who rightly deserved the international awards and accolades as well as the deep admiration of so many, South Africa's triumphs as a society and a state are the product of both cooperative and conflicting contributions by a wide range of actors. A central question at the present juncture is how well equipped domestic actors and institutions are to address the crisis. The following pages seek to provide some insights and through the perspectives of three authors to consider causes and possible responses.
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Ficek, Rosa E., Shanshan Lan, Walter Gam Nkwi, Sarah Walker y Paula Soto Villagrán. "Book Reviews". Transfers 8, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2018): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2018.080311.
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Decentering the State in Automobility RegimesKurt Beck, Gabriel Klaeger, and Michael Stasik, eds., The Making of an African Road (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 278 pp., 34 illustrations, $78 (paperback) Understanding Globalization from Below in ChinaGordon Mathews, with Linessa Dan Lin and Yang Yang, The World in Guangzhou: Africans and Other Foreigners in South China’s Global Marketplace (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017), 256 pp., $27.50 (paperback) Rethinking Mobility and Innovation: African PerspectivesClapperton Chakanetsa Mavhunga, ed., What Do Science, Technology, and Innovation Mean from Africa? (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017), 256 pp., 25 black-and-white illustrations, $36 (paperback) When Is a Crisis Not a Crisis? The Illegalization of Mobility in EuropeNicholas De Genova, ed., The Borders of “Europe”: Autonomy of Migration, Tactics of Bordering (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017), 376 pp., $27.95 (paperback) City, Mobility, and Insecurity: A Mobile Ethnography of BeirutKristin V. Monroe, The Insecure City: Space, Power, and Mobility in Beirut (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2016), 204 pp., 7 photographs, $27.95 (paperback)
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Ayamdoo, Mathew Awine. "Who is to be blamed for The Transatlantic Slave Trade in Africa? A Focus on the Role Played by Africa in the Trade". International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, n.º 04 (2022): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.6407.
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This paper examines the Trans-Atlantic slave trade with a special focus on the role that Africans played in the trade to determine the extent to which a party in the trade can be blamed for the trade that has now been seen as a forgotten crime against humanity. The paper employs the qualitative research methodology, using the desktop review approach, to peruse and analyze secondary materials on the topic under study. The paper establishes the distinct nature of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade that distinguished it from the Trans-Saharan slave trade and other forms of slavery experiences in Africa and elsewhere. The paper also establishes that, Africans played a very significant role in the transatlantic slave trade, as they voluntarily played the role of suppliers of slaves to European slave buyers. The paper also acknowledges the instances where Africans were coerced by their European trading partners into slavery or slave trade, but establishes that Africans traded in equal terms with the Europeans and sometimes dictated the terms of trade, as they aimed at benefiting from the lucrative trade. The paper also indicates how Africans exchanged slaves for fire arms which they needed badly to protect themselves from invasion by neighbours. The paper argues that the slave trade was a trade between two parties – Africans and foreigners and both parties benefited from the spoils of the trade and cannot be exonerated from any blame that may arise from the consequences of the trade.
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Baldanova, Radzhana A. "AFRICANOPHOBIA IN PRC AND SYNOPHOBIA IN AFRICA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF ADAPTATION IN THE HOST SOCIETY". TODAY AND TOMORROW OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY, n.º 101-102 (2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/1993-4947-2020-101-102-03.
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Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a wave of xenophobia has risen around the world. Many countries around the world have begun to use the pandemic to promote all sorts of anti-immigrant sentiments by demonizing migrants. In the international media, there were reports of cases of infringement of the rights and attacks on immigrants from Asia, accused of spreading the coronavirus infection. In Russia, at the very beginning of the pandemic, there was discrimination against Chinese citizens. In African countries, anti-Chinese sentiments were widespread in countries long before the pandemic, and this is due to the dissatisfaction of local residents with the intensification of Chinese economic and political activity on the continent. Many African politicians use xenophobia as a way to fight for power. In China, during the pandemic, anti-immigrant sentiments intensified and they did not bypass African citizens. The PRC is trying with all its might to increase investment in its economy. This is what determined the main course of the PRC’s migration policy — attracting overseas Chinese and foreign specialists, who do not include African migrants. Therefore, Afrikanophobia in China is explained by the difficulty of integration and the presence of a large number of Africans who illegally live and work in China. The local community is dissatisfied with the unauthorized activities of African migrants. During the pandemic, the situation escalated and the Chinese authorities began to accuse Africans living in China of discrimination. However, under the People’s Republic of China Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Law of 2013, all foreigners were subject to control during the epidemic.
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Chekero, Tamuka y Shannon Morreira. "Mutualism Despite Ostensible Difference: HuShamwari, Kuhanyisana, and Conviviality Between Shona Zimbabweans and Tsonga South Africans in Giyani, South Africa". Africa Spectrum 55, n.º 1 (abril de 2020): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002039720914311.
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This ethnographic study explores forms of mutuality and conviviality between Shona migrants from Zimbabwe and Tsonga-speaking South Africans living in Giyani, South Africa. To analyse these forms of mutuality, we draw on Southern African concepts rather than more conventional development or migration theory. We explore ways in which the Shona concept of hushamwari (translated as “friendship”) and the commensurate xiTsonga category of kuhanyisana (“to help each other to live”) allow for conviviality. Employing the concept of hushamwari enables us to move beyond binaries of kinship versus friendship relations and examine the ways in which people create reciprocal friendships that are a little “like kin.” We argue that the cross-cutting forms of collective personhood that underlie both Shona and Tsonga ways of being make it possible to form social bonds across national lines, such that mutuality can be made between people even where the wider social context remains antagonistic to “foreigners.”
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Goodman, Morris. "Pidgin Origins Reconsidered". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 2, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 1987): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.2.2.03goo.
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This article critically reexamines Naro's (1978) account of the origin of Pidgin Portuguese in the 15th century. His claim that the pidgin originated in Portugal and was created by the Portuguese themselves is shown to rest on a number of serious errors, oversights, and misinterpretations with respect both to the historical background and to the Portuguese literary texts of the period which depict the speech of Africans and other foreigners as well as the speech of Portuguese to them. Naro's explanation of the process of pidginization, the so-called "factorization principle," is also reexamined and an attempt is made to look at all factors which might have played a role.
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Haugen, Heidi Østbø. "African Pentecostal Migrants in China: Marginalization and the Alternative Geography of a Mission Theology". African Studies Review 56, n.º 1 (abril de 2013): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2013.7.
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Abstract:The city of Guangzhou, China, hosts a diverse and growing population of foreign Christians. The religious needs of investors and professionals have been accommodated through government approval of a nondenominational church for foreigners. By contrast, African Pentecostal churches operate out of anonymous buildings under informal and fragile agreements with law-enforcement officers. The marginality of the churches is mirrored by the daily lives of the church-goers: Many are undocumented immigrants who restrain their movements to avoid police interception. In contrast to these experiences, the churches present alternative geographies where the migrants take center stage. First, Africans are given responsibility for evangelizing the Gospel, as Europeans are seen to have abandoned their mission. Second, China is presented as a pivotal battlefield for Christianity. And finally, Guangzhou is heralded for its potential to deliver divine promises of prosperity. This geographical imagery assigns meaning to the migration experience, but also reinforces ethnic isolation. The analysis is based on in-depth interviews, participant observation, and video recordings of sermons in a Pentecostal church in Guangzhou with a predominately Nigerian congregation.
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Zewdu, Aklilu Dessalegn y Abiye Daniel. "Xenophobia in Niq Mhlongo’s Dog Eat Dog and Kopano Matlwa’s Period Pain". Jurnal Lingua Idea 14, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jli.2023.14.1.8269.
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Xenophobia has been thematized in South African literature by post-apartheid novelists, and they addressed it in different manners. Two post-apartheid authors who dealt with the issue of xenophobia are Niq Mhlongo and Kopano Matlwa in their novels Dog Eat Dog and Period Pain, respectively. This paper aims to examine how Mhlongo and Matlwa portray xenophobia in their novels and explore the ways they employ to neutralize xenophobia. The paper also discusses the causes of xenophobia pointed out in the novels. Therefore, a critical analysis of the novels has been made by the writer using detailed reading and textual evidence. The analysis indicates that South Africans view black foreigners as job stealers, criminals, drug dealers, witches, and bringers of disease. The writers infused the view of black foreign characters on xenophobia to debunk the negative stereotype and attempted to neutralize it by featuring non-xenophobic protagonists. The article also concludes that Mhlongo and Matlwa reveal the role of the media and the scapegoating hypothesis as the causes of xenophobia.
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Fischer, Moritz. "„I Die, but I Thank You…!“ Leipzig Mission at Akeri 1896, Squeezed between Its African Addressees and German Colonial Military". Religions 14, n.º 3 (10 de marzo de 2023): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14030371.
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The following case study clarifies how these three different functions of mission are discursively entangled with one another. Mission as a bridge-builder (between people, cultures, and religions of different origin), as a traitor (cooperating with corrupt colonial and imperial powers), and as a victim (finding misery and death on the mission field). Each of these three terms (bridge-builder, traitor, victim) is, to an extent, applicable to the events that took place during the night of 19–20 October 1896 in Akeri on the slopes of Mount Meru (former German East Africa, today Tanzania). Using the concept of entanglement history, I will analyze the death of two young German missionaries of the Lutheran Leipzig Mission, “caught in the crossfire” between the African community to be outreached and the German colonial military. We will see how various symbolic systems collide in the year 1896 at Akeri. The systems are represented by: (1) German Lutheran missions activities; (2) A German colonial and military expedition; and (3) The resistance of African Maasai societies’ leadership. “Akeri 1896” (I will continue to refer to this event specifically as “Akeri 1896” throughout the article) had become in the following 100 years a complex entanglement of metaphoric meanings. The same event can be a placeholder for victory, for defeat, for disaster, for martyrdom, for Christ-centredness (of the missionaries in their own perception), as well as for evil-centredness (the Africans in their perception of the Western foreigners).
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Rives, J. "Human Sacrifice among Pagans and Christians". Journal of Roman Studies 85 (noviembre de 1995): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/301058.
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In Minucius Felix' dialogue on the value of Christianity, written in the late second or early third century C.E., the character Caecilius, who presents the anti-Christian arguments, recounts a story about their initiations, ‘a story as loathsome as it is well known’: after the initiate has struck a baby concealed under a covering of flour, those present drink the blood from its wounds and so seal their union (Oct.9.5). Later in the dialogue, Octavius, the defender of Christianity, refutes this slander. The alleged crime, he argues, is so terrible that ‘no one could believe it except the sort of person who would attempt it’. He goes on to point out that pagans, not Christians, are the ones who practise actual human sacrifice. He supports his claim by citing specific examples: the Africans who used to sacrifice their children to Saturn, the Taurians and the Egyptian Busiris who sacrificed foreigners, the Gauls, and lastly the Romans themselves, who in the past would bury alive two Greeks and two Gauls and who in his own day sacrifice men to Jupiter Latiaris (Oct.30.1).
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Reid, Richard. "TIME AND DISTANCE: REFLECTIONS ON LOCAL AND GLOBAL HISTORY FROM EAST AFRICA". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 29 (1 de noviembre de 2019): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440119000112.
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ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with East Africans’ perceptions of the intersection between their own, highly charged and contested, local histories, and the global past, as well as their place in it. The two case studies on which the paper is based – Eritrea and Uganda – have much in common in terms of recent history, not least in their experience of prolonged violence, and thus taken together they elucidate distinctive characteristics. Yet they also illustrate broader phenomena. On one level, particular interpretations of local history – both the deeper, precolonial past and the more recent, twentieth-century past – are utilised to critique the flow of global history, as well as the impositions of globalisation, and to emphasise the bitter experience of marginality and lack of agency. At the same time, the global past – conceptualised as the evolution of an intrusive, imperialist, hypocritical global order imposed by foreigners, usually Western in provenance – is seen as omnipresent and pervasive, and thus the arguments made around marginality serve to remind us, paradoxically, how central these communities are (or should be) to the framing of global history.
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Dittgen, Romain. "MATHEWS, Gordon, Linessa Dan LIN, and Yang YANG. 2017. The World in Guangzhou. Africans and Other Foreigners in South China’s Global Marketplace". China Perspectives 2019, n.º 2 (8 de junio de 2019): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.9265.
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Ross, Robert. "The Photographic Presentation of South Africa, 1874 and 1923". Itinerario 25, n.º 3-4 (noviembre de 2001): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300015023.
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What is, and was, South Africa? This is clearly not a question which has a single answer, nor has it ever had one. On the one hand, there is a constitutional answer. In these terms, South Africa did not exist before the creation of the Union in 1910 and since then has been the state created then, transformed into the Republic of South Africa in 1961 and transformed once again with the ending of white minority rule in 1994. On the other hand, there are innumerable answers, effectively those to be found in the minds of all South Africans, and indeed all those foreigners who have an opinion about the country. Nevertheless, these opinions are not random. Clearly, there are regularities to be found within them, such that it is possible, in principle, to describe at the very least the range of answers to this question which were held within particular groups of the population, either within the country or outside it, and also to use specific sources, emanating from a single person, or group of individuals, as exemplary of the visions held by a far wider group.
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Yan, Lijun. "The World in Guangzhou: Africans and Other Foreigners in South China’s Global Marketplace, written by Gordon Mathews, Linessa Dan Lin and Yang Yang". Journal of Chinese Overseas 17, n.º 1 (8 de abril de 2021): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341442.
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Cissé, Daouda. "Book review: The World in Guangzhou: Africans and Other Foreigners in South China’s Global Marketplace Gordon Mathews, Linessa Dan Lin, and Yang Yang". China Information 33, n.º 1 (14 de febrero de 2019): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x18819280e.
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Hossain, Md Kohinoor. "Influence of Religiopoliticology and Duressed Womankind: Perspective Bangladesh". International Journal of Islamic Business & Management 2, n.º 2 (17 de diciembre de 2018): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v2i2.217.
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The world is continuing at its own orbiting and fugitive for the adamboma or bomb of Adam in the womankind and mankind, who are classified into the four generations, and they are religious world, nonreligious world, scientist world and humanitarian world but the people of Bangladesh are in the same kind like the world people to find out God and how they use religions, which is that have discussed by this paper. Bangladesh is a land of ice-aged. It has ancient beliefs, fear, and faiths, which are convinced on the inter-ward eyes, concise and understanding. The original people of her are Non-Aryan. Aryans come to here from the Persian and Middle East countries in the caravan of the rules of the chronology, many foreigners who come to Bengal, they are Greeks, Europeans, and Africans, all of them capture Bengali and they rule Bengal. They snatch away their own land, language, culture, economics, politics, beliefs, and love-nets. Here makes up all official religions, someone is downtrodden by them who remake apartheid in the society of Bengal, this is why they are de-throne from their own land, and they try to live as a freedom where they make up folk-religions. Bengalees learn the foreigners’ religions and they convert into these official religions. The rulers of Bengal rule them as following the religious doctrines only for getting votes when they need to play political power playing and that is why they use them. They use many styles of God theory. The Bengalees, they can how to use the orders of God that will be sought out in this paper. This paper seeks that how the cultic dynamics radicalization runs in Bangladesh and what is the best concept of God in Bangladesh. All people live in equal in the land of God in Bangladesh that empirically applies, for the globe.
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Oginni, Adeyemi, Oluwaseyi Akerele, Ademola Omoegun y Nnezi Uduma-Olugu. "Documenting the Reuse of Modern Buildings". Docomomo Journal, n.º 69 (15 de diciembre de 2023): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/docomomo.69.11.
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This paper looks into the 2022 writing workshop sponsored by the British Academy with Nigerian and Ghanaian participants. It was focussed on the present status of modern buildings, which are quickly replaced by newer ones, eroding the prevailing vernacular of the landscape of African university campuses. A new approach was adopted to documenting the stories of these buildings, which had existed prior to the time, by Africans, not foreigners. Postgraduate students were co-opted to participate in a five-day writing workshop across three universities in Nigeria. The teams were headed by Early Career Researchers (ECRs) led by a Nigerian Co-Investigator (Co-I), similar to a workshop held in Ghana just a week before. The Principal Investigator (PI) was based in the United Kingdom and assisted by two co-investigators, one from Nigeria and one from Ghana. For the Nigerian contingent, the loci group comprised four participants per group (12 participants in each of the three universities in Lagos, Jos, and Enugu campus). At each university, the participants selected modern buildings on the campus to write about, guided by the ECRs. Scheduled meetings were arranged for expert presentations, site visits, and group meet-ups to discuss their working papers. Recommendations were made for architectural histories and criticisms to be introduced into the students’ curriculum, from which publications and documentation of these buildings can be carried out concurrently. Grants and awards can also be targeted at universities both locally and globally to further improve this approach. Emphasis on the cultural point of view was encouraged in the writing exercise to preserve the heritage aspects of the buildings.
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Allen, William E. "Historical Methodology and Writing the Liberian Past: the Case of Agriculture in the Nineteenth Century". History in Africa 32 (2005): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2005.0002.
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Some of the late nineteenth century success of Liberia coffee, sugar, and other commodities can be attributed to the leasing of plantations to enterprising foreigners, although a few leading politicians did own successful farms … For most Americo-Liberians, the role of dirt farmer was decidedly beneath their station.Yet the reasons for this apathy among most Americo-Liberians for agriculture, which prevailed up to the early 1870s, were not far to seek. The majority of them being newly emancipated slaves, who had in servitude in America been used to being forced to work, erroneously equated their newly won freedom with abstinence from labour.Both arguments are inaccurate, yet the authors made essential contributions to the writing of Liberian history. J. Gus Liebenow became renowned within Liberian academic circles for his earlier book, Liberia: the Evolution of Privilege. In that book he analyzed the policy that enabled the minority Americo-Liberians (descendants of free blacks from the United States who founded Liberia in 1822), to monopolize political and economic power to the exclusion of the majority indigenous Africans for more than a century. M. B. Akpan dissected Liberia's dubious political history and concluded that Americo-Liberian authority over the indigenous population, was identical to the discriminatory and oppressive policy practiced by European colonizers in Africa.
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Arthur William, Fodouop Kouam. "Informal Channel: An alternative for Remittances and International Money Transfers between China and African Countries". International Business Research 15, n.º 7 (21 de junio de 2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v15n7p65.
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Foreigners in different countries rely on different remittance channels for sending and receiving money. This paper analyses the privileged remittances channels that foreigners use in China to send money to their home country and to receive money in China. This paper explores foreigners’ choices of remittance channels in China and the reasons for their choices. On the other hand, the paper aims to highlight the barriers and difficulties foreigners in China experience when sending and receiving money through a formal institution. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to investigate the remittance channels used by foreigners in China; this is the innovation of this study. Using a questionnaire, we collected data from 105 foreigners living in different cities in China; and used descriptive statistics to analyze the data. Findings show that foreigners in China willing to use formal remittances channels face several barriers and therefore rely on informal channels to carry out their transactions of sending and receiving money. To render the formal remittances channels accessible for every foreigner, banks and formal Money Transfer Operators (MTOs) in China should promote English service for foreign customers and deal with computer system problems that reverse names and surnames. In addition, they should deal with the problem of restrictions for some nationalities, reevaluate the transaction amount limits, and offer less complex administrative procedures.
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Spotts, K. "Black American History and Culture: Untold, Reframed, Stigmatized and Fetishized to the Point of Global Ethnocide". European Journal of Philosophy, Culture and Religion 7, n.º 1 (19 de abril de 2023): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejpcr.1423.
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Purpose: A poetic work of fiction haunts the base of the Statue of Liberty. The act overshadowed the original tribute to the Civil War victory and the Emancipation Proclamation. Abraham Lincoln's praises of the Black American military fell silent. Eurocentrists shrouded centuries of genius and scaled-down Black American mastery. Sagas of barrier-breaking Olympians, military heroes, Wild West pioneers, and inventors ended as forgotten footnotes. Today, countries around the world fetishize Black American history and culture to the point of ethnocide. The real-time case study of Woni Spotts explores the phenomenon. Until ancient traditions evolve with authenticity, global cultures will wither and die. The presented research chronicles over half a millennium of archives. Lists with names, dates, and genealogies seal the Black American legacy in stone.
Methodology: The presented research for case studies draws from archival data, dated events, news articles, and an interview with Woni Spotts. The case studies generated three lists. Fifty sports and competitions were dated and cataloged. The athletes were analyzed by a genealogist. Forty music and dance genres were cataloged by publishing or recording dates. The artists were analyzed by a genealogist. Copyright infringements were noted. Inventors were researched for U.S. patents. NASA astronauts and inventors were analyzed by a genealogist.
Findings: The presented research showed centuries of untold, reframed, stigmatized, and fetishized Black American history and culture. In the case studies, foreigners of African descent (Africans, Caribbeans, Central Americans, and South Americans) practiced ethnocidal behavior in concert with European descendants. Prolific abolitionists, patriots, politicians, and inventors were written out of history. Superstar athletes were obstructed or outshined by fictional
Recommendations: Case studies showed centuries of fragmented narratives created biases and distortions. Black Americans were written out of history, reframed as background characters, stigmatized with skewed statistics, and fetishized globally to the point of ethnocide. The presented research stands as a vital resource for preservationists. Music and dance genre architects were solidified by publishing and recording dates. Athletic events, inventions, and NASA scientists were recorded.
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Da Silva Santos, Lilian, Hans Wolff, François Chappuis, Pedro Albajar-Viñas, Marco Vitoria, Nguyen-Toan Tran, Stéphanie Baggio et al. "Coinfections between Persistent Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases and Viral Infections among Prisoners from Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America". Journal of Tropical Medicine 2018 (6 de noviembre de 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7218534.
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In Swiss prisons, more than 70% of detained people are foreigners and over one-third originate from sub-Saharan Africa or Latin America. These two regions are endemic for various tropical diseases and viral infections, which persist after migration to nonendemic countries. Parasitic infections (schistosomiasis; strongyloidiasis) and cooccurrent viral infections (HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C (HCV)) are especially of concern for clinical care but have been neglected in empirical research. These diseases often remain silent for years before causing complications, especially if they occur concomitantly. Our research aimed to study the prevalence rates and coinfections of two neglected tropical diseases, namely, Strongyloides stercoralis and Schistosoma sp. and viral infections among sub-Saharan Africans (SSA) and Latin Americans (LA) in Switzerland’s largest pretrial prison. We carried out a cross-sectional prevalence study using a standardized questionnaire and serological testing. Among the 201 participants, 85.6% were SSA and 14.4% LA. We found the following prevalence ratios: 3.5% of HIV (4.1% in SSA, 0% in LA), 12.4% of chronic HBV (14.5% in SSA, 0% in LA), 2.0% of viraemic HCV (1.7% in SSA, 3.4% in LA), and 8.0% of strongyloidiasis (8.1% in SSA, 6.9% in LA). The serological prevalence of schistosomiasis among SSA was 20.3% (not endemic in Latin America). Two infections were simultaneously detected in SSA: 4.7% were coinfected with schistosomiasis and chronic HBV. Four other coinfections were detected among SSA: schistosomiasis-HIV, HIV-chronic HBV, HIV-HCV, and schistosomiasis-strongyloidiasis. To conclude, the high prevalence rates of persistent viral and parasitic infections and their potential coinfections among SSA and LA detained migrants highlight the need to implement control strategies and programs that reach people in detention centers in nonendemic countries.
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Clements, J. Clancy. "Foreigner Talk and the Origins of Pidgin Portuguese". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 7, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1992): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.7.1.04cle.
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In this study it is argued that what Naro (1978) calls the Reconnaissance Language (RL) was not a pidgin language but simply an instance of foreigner talk (FT). Historical evidence is presented from which it can be reasonably inferred that Portuguese FT must have existed before the RL was purportedly formed. Moreover, it is claimed that if the Portuguese in fact taught African captives simplified Portuguese, which is not entirely supported by the facts, the strategies and patterns from which they would have drawn, to simplify their language and teach it to the Africans, arguably stem from FT strategies that already existed in Portuguese. By simply assuming that Portuguese FT strategies existed at the time of the Portuguese seaborne expansion, all the features of Naro's RL are accounted for. Consequently, positing something like an RL, i.e., a code consciously developed by the Portuguese court to teach to African captives who were prospective interpreters, becomes unnecessary.
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Mbembe, Achille. "Afropolitanism". Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art 2020, n.º 46 (1 de mayo de 2020): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10757163-8308174.
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African discourse has been dominated for almost a century by three politico-intellectual paradigms: anticolonial nationalism, various reinterpretations of Marxism, and a Pan-African sphere of influence that gave special place to two types of solidarity—a racial and transnational solidarity, and an international and anti-imperialist solidarity. In addressing the question, “Who is African and who is not?,” the author reminds readers that traces of Africa cover the face of the capitalist and Islamic worlds. The precolonial history of African societies is a history of colliding cultures and can hardly be understood outside the paradigm of itinerancy, mobility, and displacement. In addition to the forced migrations of the previous centuries, there have also been migrations driven by colonization. Today, millions of people of African origin are citizens of various countries of the world—a historical phenomenon he calls worlds in movement. Awareness of the interweaving of the here and there; embracing, with full knowledge of the facts, strangeness, foreignness, and remoteness; the ability to recognize one’s face in that of a foreigner and to make the most of the traces of remoteness in closeness; to domesticate the unfamiliar; to work with what seem to be opposites—it is this cultural, historical, and aesthetic sensitivity that underlies the term Afropolitanism—a political and cultural stance in relation to the nation, to race, and to the issue of difference in general. Today, many Africans live outside Africa or live on the continent but not necessarily in their countries of birth. They have had the opportunity to experience several worlds. They are developing a transnational culture the author calls “Afropolitan.”
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Cheuk, Ka‐Kin. "Mathews, Gordon with Linessa Dan Lin & Yang Yang. The world in Guangzhou: Africans and other foreigners in south China's global marketplace. viii, 252 pp., illus., bibliogr. Chicago: Univ. Press, 2017. £20.50 (paper)". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 26, n.º 2 (18 de mayo de 2020): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.13271.
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Maseng, Jonathan. "Repositioning the concept of Xenophobia in the African context: Why do we allow ourselves to be defined by others?" International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 13, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2024): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v13i3.3239.
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The main goal of this work is to reposition the concept of xenophobia in the African context. This is to reflect on Thabo Mbeki’s narrative on Xenophobia. Africa continues to remain a pawn due to the Eurocentric ideas that have been forced on the Africans also brought about a foreign concept of xenophobia as if Africans are not brothers in the name of brotherhood. It is incontestable that brothers are, in some cases engage in fight, but there was a laid down rules and norms of resolving such misunderstanding. With the employment of qualitative research methods, complex interdependence theory garnished with Anglo-American conspiracy theory; we argue that, Anglo-American imperialist managed to spread and enforce the usage of English through imposing the concept xenophobia in the continent while failing to capture the essence of sibling fights or fights amongst African brothers and sisters conceptualised by the Batswana speaking people as maragana teng a bana motho. Through acknowledging Mbeki’s narrative and some sampled African languages, we argue that, while there is a word for foreigner in these sampled African languages, there is no direct or indirect translation of xenophobia in African languages. We conclude that the concept xenophobia has its etymological foundations in Greek and is therefore foreign in any of the African and South African indigenous languages.
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Lowi, Miriam R. "Identity, Community and Belonging in gcc States". Sociology of Islam 6, n.º 4 (4 de diciembre de 2018): 401–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00604004.
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Studies of identity and belonging in Gulf monarchies tend to privilege tribal or religious affiliation, if not the protective role of the ruler as paterfamilias. I focus instead on the ubiquitous foreigner and explore ways in which s/he contributes to the definition of national community in contemporary gcc states. Building upon and moving beyond the scholarly literature on imported labor in the Gulf, I suggest that the different ‘categories’ of foreigners impact identity and the consolidation of a community of privilege, in keeping with the national project of ruling families. Furthermore, I argue that the ‘European,’ the non-gcc Arab, and the predominantly Asian (and increasingly African) laborer play similar, but also distinct roles in the delineation of national community: while they are differentially incorporated in ways that protect the ‘nation’ and appease the citizen-subject, varying degrees of marginality reflect Gulf society’s perceptions or aspirations of the difference between itself and ‘the other(s).’
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Adams, C. Jama. "The World in Guangzhou: Africans and Other Foreigners in South China’s Global Marketplace, by Gordon Mathews, Linessa Dan Lin, and Yang Yang. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. vii+252 pp. US$85.00 (cloth), US$27.50 (paper, eBook)." China Journal 80 (julio de 2018): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/697626.
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Tewolde, Amanuel Isak. "Reframing Xenophobia in South Africa as Colour-Blind: The Limits of the Afro Phobia Thesis". Migration Letters 17, n.º 3 (8 de mayo de 2020): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i3.789.
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Many scholars and South African politicians characterize the widespread anti-foreigner sentiment and violence in South Africa as dislike against migrants and refugees of African origin which they named ‘Afro-phobia’. Drawing on online newspaper reports and academic sources, this paper rejects the Afro-phobia thesis and argues that other non-African migrants such as Asians (Pakistanis, Indians, Bangladeshis and Chinese) are also on the receiving end of xenophobia in post-apartheid South Africa. I contend that any ‘outsider’ (White, Asian or Black African) who lives and trades in South African townships and informal settlements is scapegoated and attacked. I term this phenomenon ‘colour-blind xenophobia’. By proposing this analytical framework and integrating two theoretical perspectives — proximity-based ‘Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)’ and Neocosmos’ exclusivist citizenship model — I contend that xenophobia in South Africa targets those who are in close proximity to disadvantaged Black South Africans and who are deemed outsiders (e.g., Asian, African even White residents and traders) and reject arguments that describe xenophobia in South Africa as targeting Black African refugees and migrants.
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Watha-Ndoudy, Noël, Claude Mélaine Dipakama, Jean de Dieu Nzila, Isidore Nguelet-Moukaha y Victor Kimpouni. "Impact de l’Orpaillage sur les Ecosystemes Forestiers du Secreur de Souanke, Republique du Congo". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, n.º 36 (30 de noviembre de 2022): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n36p169.
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Ce travail a pour objet de contribuer à la connaissance de l’orpaillage et de ses impacts dans les écosystèmes forestiers du secteur de Souanké au Nord-Ouest de la République du Congo. La méthodologie est basée sur l’inventaire des types et des caractéristiques des exploitations, et sur une évaluation des impacts environnementaux observés à l’aide de la grille de Fecteau et des analyses au spectrophotomètre. La télédétection a servi à l’évaluation de la dégradation forestière. Occupant 18 sites sur les 20 identifiés, l’exploitation artisanale reste dominante (soit 90%) par rapport à celle semi-industrielle. L’exploitation artisanale est pratiquée par des Congolais et certains étrangers (Camerounais, Tchadiens, Congolais de la RDC et des ressortissants des pays Ouest africains,) organisés en équipes légères tandis que l’exploitation semi-industrielle est pratiquée par des sociétés chinoises. Les impacts négatifs relevés sur l’environnement du secteur sont : dégradation du couvert végétal, perturbation du milieu faunique, excavations, stagnation des eaux et asphyxie des plantes, éboulements, modification du paysage, amoncellements de graviers et morts-terrains, augmentation de la turbidité des eaux, perturbation du régime d’écoulement des eaux, risques d’accident. Les impacts identifiés pour l’orpaillage semi-industriel et artisanal sont respectivement : majeurs (50 % vs 31%) ; moyens (29% vs 15%) ; mineurs (21% vs 54%). La turbidité est supérieure à 500 UTN du point de lavage jusqu’à 1000 m en aval dans les sites mécanisés alors qu’elle décroit rapidement en aval des sites traditionnels. La superficie forestière dégradée par les activités d’orpaillage est évaluée à 934 ha sur 13.912 ha, soit un taux de 6.7%.
The aim of this work is to contribute to the knowledge of gold artisanal mining and its impacts in the forest ecosystems of Souanké sector in the northwest of the Republic of Congo. The methodology is based on an inventory of the types and characteristics of mining operations, and on an assessment of the environmental impacts observed using the Fecteau grid and spectrophotometer analyses. Remote sensing was used to assess forest degradation. Of the 20 sites identified, 18 are dominated by artisanal mining (90%) compared to semi-industrial mining. Artisanal mining is carried out by Congolese and some foreigners (Cameroonians, Chadians, West Africans, and Congolese from the DRC) and organized in small teams, whereas semi-industrial mining is carried out by Chinese companies. The negative impacts noted on the environment of the sector are degradation of the vegetation cover, environmental disturbance, excavations, stagnation of water and asphyxiation of plants, landslides, modification of the landscape, heaps of gravel and dead land abandoned, increase in water turbidity, disturbance of the flow regime of watercourses, risks of accidents. The impacts identified for semi-industrial and artisanal gold mining are respectively: major (50% vs. 31%), medium (29% vs. 15%), and minor (21% vs. 54%). Turbidity is above 500 NTU from the washing point to 1000m downstream in mechanized sites, whereas it decreases rapidly downstream in artisanal sites. The forest area degraded by gold mining activities is estimated at 934 ha out of 13,912 ha, corresponding to a rate of 6.7%.
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ADO, ABDOULKADRE, ELIE CHRYSOSTOME y ZHAN SU. "EXAMINING ADAPTATION STRATEGIES OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS IN CHINA: THE CASE OF GUANGDONG". Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 21, n.º 04 (diciembre de 2016): 1650027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946716500278.
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This paper examines how sub-Saharan Africans do business in China, particularly in the province of Guangdong. Through a qualitative approach, the paper analyzes data obtained from twenty interviews with sub-Saharan Africans. It’s a descriptive study that explores the strategies, tactics and attitudes adopted by those sub-Saharan Africans to cope with a particularly difficult Chinese business environment. Using the concepts of foreignness and adaptation, the study identified four categories of immigrant entrepreneurs: the assimilators, the conservatives, the adventurers and the cautious. Concomitantly, this research identified factors and skills that contributed significantly to immigrants’ success in China. The paper also underlines challenges sub-Saharan Africans still face in China and the unconventional tactics they use. The study represents an insightful exploration of an increasingly important subject but still under-studied. It calls for a thorough research toward the understanding of African businesses in China.
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Ibrahim, Yusuf Kamaluddeen, Abdullahi Ayoade Ahmad y Usman Sufyan Duguri. "The Complexities of South African Xenophobia on Nigerian Nationals". Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 4, n.º 2 (18 de noviembre de 2020): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.2.7.
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The Nigerian-South African relationship is couched in the paradigm of intricate interdependence. The elements that brought the two African major powers closer include political, cultural, and economic dimensions. Therefore, any dissimilarity of interest between both countries would ruin their relationship and implicate the whole African Union concept that unites Abuja/Pretoria relations. Over 100 South African companies permeate the Nigerian market in several economic sectors and most are successfully operating in Nigeria. Nigerian companies such as First Bank, among others, are also operating in South Africa. As long as South Africa and Nigeria are both dominant powers in their respective sub-regions, a threat like xenophobia needs to be eradicated and coordinate some effective policies for Africa's development. The study employed a qualitative method and library sources, past literature on different xenophobic trends noted in the journal articles, books, and others, on the South African xenophobia and its implications on Nigeria/South African relationship. The study adopted the frustration-aggression theory and it found that incessant xenophobic attacks on Nigerian nationals and other foreigners in South Africa are based on prejudices. The study went further with suggestion to provide some panacea to the catastrophe of South African xenophobia.
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Maciel, Wellington Ricardo Nogueira. "USOS DE UMA CIDADE DA LIBERDADE: estudantes africanos em Redenção". Caderno CRH 30, n.º 79 (22 de septiembre de 2017): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ccrh.v30i79.20026.
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Este trabalho analisa a presença de estudantes estrangeiros na cidade de Redenção, Ceará, Brasil. Seu objetivo é compreender as ressignificações que guineenses produzem do espaço urbano. O estudo busca dialogar com as pesquisas sobre a atual diáspora africana no Brasil. Nesses estudos, sobressaem ênfases nas identidades nacionais recriadas por sujeitos deslocados. Observa-se, porém, uma subvalorização dos condicionantes espaciais ao se interpretar a localização desses sujeitos na “terra do outro”. Argumenta-se, neste artigo, que os usos estrangeirosocorrem no momento em que Redenção presencia o florescimento de um imaginário de cidade da liberdade, por se tratar do primeiro núcleo urbano a libertar os escravizados em fins do século XIX. Após a instalação da Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira em 2010, o novo marco espacial dessa topografia da liberdade, a cidade passou a se apropriar de símbolos que compõem um mosaico de temporalidades históricas contrastantes.USES OF A CITY OF LIBERTY: african students in the city of RedençãoABSTRACTThis study analyzes the presence of foreigner students in the city of Redenção, state of Ceará, Brazil. The objective of this study is to understand the resignifications that Guineans produce of the urban space. This study aims to dialogue with researches made about the ongoing African diaspora in Brazil. In these studies, the emphasis in national identities recreated by dislocated individuals is highlighted. However, it is observed an under valorization of the spatial conditions when interpreting the location of these individuals in the “land of the other”. We argue that the foreign uses occur at a moment when Redenção experiments the growth of an imaginary of a city of liberty because it was the first urban nucleus to free slaves at the end of the nineteenth century. After the installation of the University for International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony in 2010, the new spatial milestone of this topography of liberty, the city began to appropriate symbols that compound a mosaic of contrasting historical temporalities.Key words: Foreigners; Urban language; Social Imaginary; Contemporary diasporas; Urban spaceLES USAGES D’UNE VILLE DE LA LIBERTE : des étudiants africains à RedençãoABSTRACTCe travail consiste en l’analyse de la présence d’étudiants étrangers dans la ville de Redenção située dans l’état du Ceara au Brésil. L’objectif de la recherche est de comprendre les resignifications de l’espace urbain produites par les Guinéens. Cette étude essaie d’établir un dialogue avec les recherches concernant l’actuelle diaspora africaine au Brésil dans lesquelles ressortent les identités nationales recrééespar des sujets déplacés. On observe cependant une sous-valorisation des éléments conditionnants spaciaux lorsqu’on interprète la localisation de ces sujets sur le “territoire de l’autre”.L’argumentation est que les usages étrangers se passent au moment où Redenção assiste à l’apparition d’un imaginaire de ville de la liberté étant donné qu’il s’agit du premier noyau urbain qui a libéré les esclaves à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle. Après l’installation de l’Université pour l’Intégration Internationale de la Lusophonie Afro-brésilienne en 2010, nouveau repère spatial de cette topographie de la liberté, la ville s’est appropriée de symboles qui composent une mosaïque de temporalités historiques et de contrastes.Key words: Etrangers; Langage urbain; Imaginaire social; Diasporas contemporaines; Espace urbain
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Tarisayi, Kudzayi Savious. "Afrophobic Attacks in Virtual Spaces: The Case of Three Hashtags in South Africa". Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes 37, n.º 1 (2021): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11567/met.37.1.2.
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Contemporary discourse on migration in the Republic of South Africa reveals recurring attacks on foreign nationals over the past decade. Recent literature shows that the attacks have mainly targeted foreign nationals from other African countries. However, this growing literature focuses on physical attacks on foreigners while negating cyberspace ones. This article focuses on attacks on foreign nationals in virtual space. The study sought to answer two research questions: In what way are migration and migrants being portrayed on South African Twitter? In what way are Twitter hashtags being used to perpetuate afrophobia? A study of three hashtags was conducted. The article drew from the scapegoating theory to interrogate tweets on South African Twitter. Data was generated using an online hashtag tracker. A qualitative content analysis of three hashtags (#PutSouthAfricansFirst, #NormaliseHiringSACitizens and #SAHomeAffairsCorruption) was conducted. The study noted the omnipresent view that all black foreigners in South Africa were “illegal immigrants” regardless of their migration status. Besides, black foreigners were stereotyped as criminals. The Department of Home Affairs was viewed as complicit in the influx of illegal immigrants in South Africa through corrupt activities. The tweets also blamed the government for its inability to resolve the problem of illegal immigrants. The study established that hashtags were now the new frontier for afrophobic attacks on black foreigners in South Africa.
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Castillo, Roberto. "The World in Guangzhou: Africans and Other Foreigners in South China's Global Marketplace Gordon Mathews, with Linessa Dan Lin and Yang Yang Chicago, IL, and London: University of Chicago Press, 2017 viii + 252 pp. $27.50; £20.50 ISBN 978-0-226-50610-4". China Quarterly 236 (diciembre de 2018): 1233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741018001583.
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Laforcade, Geoffroy de. "‘Foreigners’, Nationalism and the ‘Colonial Fracture’". International Journal of Comparative Sociology 47, n.º 3-4 (agosto de 2006): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715206066165.
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The riots that shook the French banlieues in 2005, while unique in their geographic extension and political resonance, are but the most recent manifestation of an ongoing escalation of violence and repression that has periodically rocked the economically devastated, socially fractured and highly cosmopolitan cityscape of post-industrial France. The stigmatization of unemployed youths and outcast working-class families as ‘foreign’ is a complex and multi-layered phenomenon. This article traces the history of the so-called ‘immigrant problem’, and of policy responses to it, from the time of the Algerian war to the republican nationalist backlash against multiculturalism over the past two decades. The trauma of decolonization, increased visibility of Maghrebi, West African, Antillian and other communities with origins outside of Europe, fears of ‘islamicization’, and political/ideological controversies over how the nation's history should be remembered and taught to future generations, have weighed heavily on the representation of immigrants and their descendants as unassimilated threats to national cohesion. Far from limiting their agency to criminality and random social violence, the youths of the banlieues have played an active role in redefining the terms in which citizenship and national identity, as well as the colonial heritage of France, are cast in the arena of public debate, challenging state policies and well-entrenched historical myths in the process.
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Claudio, Fernanda. "The Ambiguous Migrant. A Profile of African Refugee Resettlement and Personal Experiences in Southeast Queensland, Australia". Diversité urbaine 14, n.º 1 (16 de diciembre de 2014): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027817ar.
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Australian history is marked by immigration control and attempts to exclude foreigners. Exclusionary strategies toward foreigners are expressed in policies that limit numbers and types of migrants and foster exclusionist attitudes amongst the population. Successive Australian prime ministers have won elections based on policies of immigration and border control. Fear and rejection of foreigners characterize current policies toward asylum seekers and refugees; importantly, this stance also affects the allocation of resources to support refugee resettlement. I examine the implications of underfunding health and social support services for African refugees in Brisbane. A profile of this population is provided along with a discussion of resettlement services. Abdominal pain and inadequate responses by the health system serve to exemplify the complex experiences of newcomers who have not yet found their place in Australia.
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Mikešová, Pavla. "Museums and Their International Audiences". Muzeum: Muzejní a vlastivedná práce 55, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2017): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmvp-2017-0046.
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Abstract The National Museum, the Centre for Presenting Cultural Heritage in cooperation with the Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures, held on the 24th and the 25th October 2017 a specialised seminar entitled “Museums and Their International Audiences” focusing on the work of the museum staff with foreigners who are living in the Czech Republic and foreign visitors. The seminar presented innovative projects from the environments of museums and galleries that present the culture and the history of foreigners and national minorities who are living in the Czech Republic, it dealt with the role of museums in the field of integration of foreigners and with possibilities of cooperation with the non-profit sector in this area. On the second day of the seminar a specific intercultural skills training was held.
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Khan, Pervaiz. "South Africa: from apartheid to xenophobia". Race & Class 63, n.º 1 (julio de 2021): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063968211020889.
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How to explain the violent xenophobic attacks in South Africa in recent years? Two militant South African activists, Leonard Gentle and Noor Nieftagodien, interviewed here, analyse the race/class bases for the anti-foreigner violence in terms of the echoes/reverberations of apartheid and the rise of neoliberalism. They argue that remnants of apartheid have endured through the reproduction of racial and tribal categories, which has contributed to the entrenchment of exclusionary nationalist politics and the fragmentation of black unity. South Africa’s specific history of capitalist development, the African National Congress’s embraces of neoliberalism, on the one hand, and rainbowism, on the other, have produced the underlying conditions of precarity and desperation that resulted in the normalisation of xenophobia. The unions, too, have failed to recognise the new shape of the ‘working class’. Gentle and Nieftagodien outline the need to contend with the broader social conditions, the global economic crisis, neoliberalism and the deep inequalities it engenders in order to counteract the rising tide of xenophobia and build working-class unity.