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1
Ouedraogo, Peingdewiende Jean. "Protection des œuvres littéraires et artistiques dans l'environnement numérique dans l'espace OAPI". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO20024.
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Les technologies de l’information interrogent la propriété littéraire et artistique de façon permanente. Chaque changement technologique entraine d’importantes répercussions dans la manière de protéger les œuvres culturelles. C’est ainsi qu’avec le développement du numérique des années 2000, plusieurs législations ont été mises à jour en commençant par le droit international. L’accord de Marrakech adopté par l’OMC le 15 décembre 1994 et les deux traités de l’OMPI de 1996 à savoir le traité de l’OMPI sur le droit d’auteur et le traité de l’OMPI sur les interprétations et exécutions et les phonogrammes sont les fruits de ces mutations. Au niveau régional et national, on pourrait également citer le Digital Millénium Copyright Act de 1998 pour l’Amérique et la Directive européenne sur la société de l’information de 2001 pour ce qui est de l’Union Européenne. Tenant compte de ces changements au niveau international et dans les ordres juridiques voisins, le législateur africain a opéré une révision de l’Accord communautaire le 15 décembre 2015. Cette révision prend cependant insuffisamment en compte les préoccupations suscitées par la technologie numérique. L’exemple le plus emblématique est l’occultation des influences de l’Intelligence artificielle sur la propriété littéraire et artistique. Cette thèse vise donc à proposer des solutions pour parachever l’adaptation du droit OAPI de sorte qu’il soit à jour des standards internationaux et tienne compte des développements du droit régional dont la construction est initié par l’Union Africaine avec la mise en place de l’Organisation Panafricaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle. (OAPI). Cette étude touchant à la fois le droit matériel et le système institutionnel de l’OAPI a eu pour objectif de renforcer davantage la sécurité des intérêts des titulaires de droits et ceux des utilisateurs de leurs œuvres de sorte à rendre le cadre communautaire africain plus équilibré et sécuriséInformation technologies are constantly questioning literary and artistic property. Each technological change has important implications for the way cultural works are protected. Thus, with the development of digital technology in the 2000s, several pieces of legislation have been updated, starting with international law. The Marrakesh Agreement adopted by the WTO on December 15, 1994, and the two WIPO treaties of 1996, namely the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, are the fruits of these changes. At the regional and national level, we could also mention the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 for the Americas and the European Directive on the Information Society of 2001 for the European Union. Taking into account these changes at the international level and in neighbouring legal orders, the African legislator revised the Community Agreement on 15 December 2015. However, this revision does not sufficiently take into account the concerns raised by digital technology. The most emblematic example is the concealment of the influences of Artificial Intelligence on literary and artistic property.This thesis therefore aims to propose solutions to complete the adaptation of OAPI law so that it is up to date with international standards and takes into account the developments of regional law whose construction is initiated by the African Union with the establishment of the Pan-African Intellectual Property Organization. (PAIPO). The objective of this study, which touched on both the substantive law and the institutional system of OAPI, was to further enhance the security of the interests of right holders and those of the users of their works, so as to make the African community framework more balanced and secure
2
Chen, Shuo. "Essays on industrial organization, intellectual property, and econometrics /". Full text available from ProQuest UM Digital Dissertations, 2005. http://0-proquest.umi.com.umiss.lib.olemiss.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=1276391061&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1185298129&clientId=22256.
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Diop, Falilou. "Uniformisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle et conflits de lois dans l'OAPI". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE3046.
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L’idée selon laquelle l’uniformisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle écarte le problème des conflits de lois semble profondément ancrée dans l’opinion des observateurs qui se sont intéressés au droit de l’OAPI. Du moins, les études qui se rapportent à la propriété intellectuelle dans cet espace n’abordent pas spécifiquement la question du conflit de lois. Lorsqu’elles l’évoquent ponctuellement, elles se limitent essentiellement à constater que ses rapports avec le droit uniforme se résument à sa disparition pure et simple. Ce constat commun méritait néanmoins d’être vérifié. C’est donc à une telle vérification, opérée au moyen d’une confrontation des effets de l’uniformisation du droit de propriété intellectuelle et des causes du problème des conflits de lois, qu’est consacrée la première partie de la présente thèse. Les résultats de cette confrontation conduisent à constater la persistance du problème des conflits de lois au sein de l’espace OAPI, même si le droit uniforme ne manque pas d’en influencer la configuration. Ainsi, la seconde partie de la thèse est consacrée à la recherche de solutions adaptées à la configuration particulière du problème dans l’OAPI. Cette recherche des solutions prend en compte les objectifs de l’entreprise d’uniformisation du droit de propriété intellectuelle, les engagements internationaux des États membres ainsi que les intérêts spécifiques que l’identification de la loi applicable cherche à servir. Elle aboutit, d’une part, à la proposition de solutions positive concernant la coordination institutionnelle nécessaire à une réalisation uniforme des droits de propriété intellectuelle ; d’autre part, à l’élaboration de règles destinées à l’identification de la loi applicable aux différents aspects de la propriété intellectuelleThe idea that the uniformization of intellectual property law eliminates the problem of conflict of laws seems to be deeply rooted in the opinion of observers who have taken an interest in OAPI law. At least, the studies that relate to intellectual property in this space do not specifically address the issue of conflict of laws. When they mention it occasionally, they essentially limit themselves to asserting that the uniform law eliminates the problem of conflicts of laws. This common observation nevertheless deserved to be verified. The first part of this thesis is devoted to such a verification. This verification was carried out by means of a comparison between the effects of the uniform intellectual property law and the causes of the problem of conflicts of laws. The results of this confrontation show the persistence of the problem of conflicts of laws within the OAPI area, even if uniform law does not fail to influence its configuration. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the search for solutions adapted to the configuration of the problem within the OAPI area. This search for solutions considers the objectives of the uniformization of intellectual property law, the international commitments of the member states as well as the specific interests that the identification of the applicable law seeks to serve. It leads, on the one hand, to the proposal of positive solutions concerning the jurisdictional coordination necessary for a uniform realization of intellectual property rights; on the other hand, to the development of rules intended to identify the law applicable to different aspects of intellectual property
4
Somda, Aminata. "Les droits de l'auteur burkinabé sur son œuvre". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR107.
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L’auteur d’une oeuvre de l’esprit au Burkina Faso jouit d’un faisceau de droits reconnus par le droit positif. Ainsi, des droits aussi bien moraux que patrimoniaux lui sont octroyés. Dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de ces droits, un mécanisme est mis en place. Il consiste à la perception et à la répartition des droits de l’auteur sur son oeuvre. Cependant, le poids de la tradition, l’analphabétisme des populations et la méconnaissance de la propriété littéraire et artistique entravent conséquemment le bon déroulement du mécanisme. Ces facteurs socio-culturels concourent à la violation massive des droits d’auteur. En effet, les droits du créateur s’en trouvent fortement affectés tant l’exploitation illégale des oeuvres a atteint des proportions fort inquiétantes. Ainsi, l’auteur est pris en tenaille entre une société réfractaire et une loi obsolète. En effet, la loi n° 032/AN/99 du 22 décembre 1999 portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique au Burkina Faso est, à bien des égards, en déphasage avec l’environnement juridique contemporain. Il convient donc de procéder à une relecture de ce texte pour une protection optimale des droits de l’auteur burkinabé d’une oeuvre de l’esprit. Il convient, également, de mettre l’accent sur la sensibilisation des populations afin de changer la perception erronée de celles-ci de la propriété littéraire et artistiqueThe author of a work of the spirit in Burkina Faso enjoys a bundle of rights recognized by positive law. Thus, both moral and patrimonial rights are granted. As part of the implementation of these rights, a mechanism is put in place. It consists in the perception and the distribution of the rights of the author on his work. However, the weight of the tradition, the illiteracy of the populations and the ignorance of the literary and artistic property consequently hinder the smooth running of the mechanism.These socio-cultural factors contribute to the massive violation of copyright. Indeed, the rights of the creator are strongly affected as the illegal exploitation of works has reached very disturbing proportions. Thus, the author is caught between a refractory society and an obsolete law.Indeed, Law No. 032 / AN / 99 of 22 December 1999 on the protection of literary and artistic property in Burkina Faso is, in many respects, out of step with the contemporary legal environment. It is therefore appropriate to re-read this text for an optimal protection of the rights of the Burkinabe author of a work of the mind. Emphasis should also be placed on sensitizing the population to change their misperception of literary and artistic property
5
Malczyk, Anna. "Games, copyright, piracy : South African gamers' perspectives". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14315.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-126).This thesis examines video games, copyright law and gamers' attitudes to copyright infringement, with particular reference to South Africa. The work provides an overview of the debates about copyright law and digital media, and offers an analysis of attitudes expressed by South African gamers about copyright infringement, popularly termed 'piracy'. The thesis reveals that, while about 70% of the gamers in this study share content illegally, they express complex and varying motivations for doing so, and have various and conflicting means of understanding the supposed illegality of the act. Some of the issues raised by participants in this study relate to contested perspectives on Digital Rights Management (DRM). In this work, I argue that DRM erodes civil liberties and does not necessarily extend the interests of gaming corporations. In this regard, the thesis explores alternative strategies to the restrictive approaches adopted by advocates of DRM as well as prohibitive copyright laws and multilateral agreements on intellectual property. In essence, this work intends to establish middle ground between gamers, who place a high premium on usability and affordability of gaming products, and the gaming corporations, who are interested in extending market share as well as protecting what they deem to be their intellectual property.
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Hayes, Thomas J. III. "The Creative Entrepreneurs Organization: Developing Innovative Products and Businesses". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35748.
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Global socioeconomic trends are changing the nature of the American workplace. To address the challenges brought about by these changes, American engineering education must focus on developing students into future professionals, equipped to thrive in the fast-paced, technologically intense, globally competitive workplace of the future. One of the most effective ways to prepare students to face the future is by teaching them to innovate.This thesis presents the "Creative Entrepreneurs Organization: Developing Innovative Products and Businesses" (CEO) concept as a method by which Virginia Tech could help students learn innovation. The CEO concept is a student-involvement program intended to develop students into successful entrepreneurs as they work together in small teams to develop and market intellectual property. This Program is intended to produce revenue for the University by virtue of the successful commercialization of the intellectual properties it generates. Additionally, the CEO Program will allow faculty and students to share in the financial rewards associated with the intellectual properties they generate.
The CEO Program concept is presented in light of current trends in the business and academic worlds. Various issues related to its implementation are addressed. The Program is evaluated for its expected value to students, to the University, to the State, and to the Nation. A survey is presented by which the success of the Program can be measured.
For the CEO concept to be successfully realized, several challenges must be overcome. First, the University must embrace this somewhat unorthodox Program in which both educational and financial motives play significant roles. Second, there must be a Program Advocate who will be able to effectively communicate the value and feasibility of the Program. Third, fiscal and physical resources must be available to ensure the successful start-up and operation of the CEO Program. Finally, the Program must find ways to nurture creativity in its participants.
I conclude that the effort required to implement the CEO Program is outweighed by its potential benefits to students, to the University, to the State of Virginia, and to the Nation. Therefore, I recommend that the Virginia Tech College of Engineering consider the CEO Program for implementation.
Master of Science
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Hsueh, Hsiao-Yin Josephine. "A long journey toward intellectual property protection : a case study of Taiwan's copyright law reform /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036831.
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Van, Wiele Bram. "The ratification and implementation of the Marrakesh Treaty: a look at the future of South African Copyright Law". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13038.
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Includes bibliographical references.This dissertation will analyse South African copyright law and its ability to facilitate blind, visually impaired, or otherwise print disabled people. The Marrakesh Treaty intends to promote the making and distribution of copies of, among others, books in formats accessible to visually impaired persons. South Africa did not sign this Treaty yet, intends to sign and ratify this Treaty in the future. This dissertation will analyse the current South African copyright law and policy related to visually impaired persons. To gain insight, this work will also analyse international framework, and foreign copyright law. The aim of this analysis will be to find ways of how the future of South African copyright law should look like, according to the Marrakesh Treaty, to be able to facilitate VIPs. This research also intends to expose the possible law and policy related barriers for non-ratification of the Marrakesh Treaty. Furthermore, this dissertation will analyse what the possible legal implications thereof will be. The main goal of this dissertation will be to formulate a proposal on how the Marrakesh Treaty should me implemented in South African copyright law. This proposal will take into account possible barriers or policy related issues that arise from prior research.
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Dutta, Antara. "Intellectual property rights, market structure and social welfare : three essays in industrial organization". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37413.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-118).
This dissertation consists of three essays on the effects of intellectual property rights protection on market structure and social welfare in the Indian pharamaceutical industry. In contrast to pharmaceutical industries in the developed world, India had historically enforced a weak system of intellectual property rights protection that eliminated most legal barriers to entry in its pharmaceuticals markets. As a condition of its membership to the World Trade Organization, India became required to extend legal protection to all pharmaceutical products by 2005. The first essay analyzes the dramatic increase in the number of products released by domestic firms in India in the period leading up to the 2005 deadline. Speculation in the media linked this phenomenon to the imminent change in patent regime. The essay uses data on pharmaceutical products being sold in India in combination with data on drugs patented internationally to investigate the possibility that Indian firms launched products in the domestic industry as a strategic response to the anticipated change implied by the WTO. Results of the estimation do not provide conclusive evidence of strategic behavior by firms in markets where the patent enforcement could affect the future profitability of domestic firms.
(cont.) The results suggest that much of the increase in product launches was driven by the size of the market and the age of the drugs in question. However, without more information on counterfactual current and future profits, we cannot rule out strategic behaviour by domestic firms. The second essay develops a structural model of demand, supply and entry and relates the free entry setting of the industry during the sample period to two sets of welfare issues. The model incorporates firm heterogeneity and product differentiation and backs out demand and supply-side parameters for five key therapeutic categories in the industry. Results of the estimation show that demand varies significantly across the therapeutic categories and that firm heterogeneity is an important factor for both demand and entry costs. Counterfactual simulations of the effect of entry by foreign firms into selected drugs find no evidence of socially "excessive" entry; on the contrary, the simulations suggest large gains to consumers from the addition of more firms, which would overwhelm the losses to producers and thus increase social welfare.
(cont.) Simulations of the welfare effects of patent enforcement in India for four drugs that were under patent protection in the US at the time show losses of over $1 million on average for consumers in these markets and an average reduction in market size of approximately 35,000 patients. In comparison, the increase in profits of the global patent-holders for these drug are estimated to range between $0.08 million and $0.5 million. These gains are modest, particularly in comparison to the costs of global drug development that range between $200 million and $300 million. The third essay looks for empirical evidence of early-mover advantages for pioneering firms in pharmaceutical products markets in India. The first half of the paper employs fixed effects to control for unobserved heterogeneity. Estimates from this basic model suggest that an earlier entry translates into positive gains for firms, in terms of both higher prices and higher revenues. The second half of the paper tackles the sample selection issues arising from the fact that firms choose their own orders of entry. A firm's order of entry into a market is modelled as a continuous decision variable at the first-stage. The selection model then uses the residuals from this first-stage to correct the sample selection bias at the second-stage.
(cont.) The order of entry continues to have a strong effect on the price and revenue received by a firm, with earlier entrants retaining larger long-term advantages. In particular, after accounting for the endogeneity of entry, results suggest that the pure order-of-entry effect on revenue allows the first entrant into a market to earn more than two times the revenue of the fifth entrant and over six times the revenue of the tenth entrant.
by Antara Dutta.
Ph.D.
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Marais, Richard. "Investigating musical copyright infringement: Examining International Understandings of Musical Copyright Infringement for Potential Adaptation into South African Copyright Law". Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31006.
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This thesis examines international approaches to musical work copyright infringement law for the purpose of establishing an approach that can be utilised effectively under the South African copyright infringement framework. In doing so, the importance of the various interactive elements of musical works is investigated as well as the modes of assessment in infringement scenarios. The findings are used to create a robust middle-ground approach to be adapted into the South African copyright infringement framework. Further considerations that impact infringement outcomes are addressed to the extent that they are contextually relevant. These include a discussion of research undertaken on the continent regarding the relationship between creators and the music-related copyright regime as well as the role that exceptions and limitations play in infringement outcomes.
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Sadaf, Naeema. "Patent system and its role in the conservation of South African biodiversity". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25513.
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South Africa is a biologically diverse but technologically less advanced economy. Like many other developing countries in the world, its biodiversity is exposed to danger due to certain human activities. Among these, patents are charged as the easiest routing for misappropriation of indigenous biological resources and traditional knowledge associated therewith. Being member of the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity, South Africa is under obligation to ensure that its patent system supports the Convention's objectives including biodiversity conservation and sustainable use rather than its destruction and decline. The purpose of this dissertation is not only to dilute this misconception about South African patent system but to prove that with an access and benefit sharing mechanism it is an effective tool for biodiversity conservation, capacity-building and industrial development in the country. To make the system more protective of the rights of the indigenous communities, various modifications have also been proposed in the existing stature of the Act.
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Kirk, Katie. "The legal and political imperatives for proposed amendments of the South African Patents Act to implement TRIPS flexibilities and enhance the framework for access to medicines". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13874.
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Includes bibliographical references.A multitude of factors affect the ability of South Africans to access the essential medicines, intellectual property (IP) is one of them. This dissertation considers some of opportunities open to South Africa through international IP flexibilities, which are aimed at safeguarding public health rights against the sometimes access-restricting effects of patent right monopolies. Potential pitfalls are also highlighted, noting strategies for South Africa to avoid the worst of them. The paper begins by giving an overview of the way in which patents affect access to medicines, and contending that the time for making the proposed amendments is now.
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Shanker, Daya. "Fault lines in the World Trade Organization an analysis of the TRIPS Agreement and developing countries /". Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060724.115002/index.html.
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Jungmann, Nina. "Comparative advertising between the conflicting priorities of fair competition, trademark holder's rights and consumer information under South African law compared to the European and German approach on this issue". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20877.
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The dissertation addresses the legal conflict which is related to the legitimacy of comparative advertising. The national legal system has the task to balance antagonistic interests of trademark proprietors, advertisers, consumers and the public at large. The thesis examines the South African, the European and the German legal system implemented a legal balance and presents consequences, commonalities and differences. After starting with an historical overview on comparative advertising in South Africa and the Advertising Standards Authorities' self-regulating system, the Common law of Unlawful Competition will be addressed with regard to its influences on comparative advertising. Further, the thesis deals with the South African Trade Mark Act and its interpretation of infringement in terms of comparative advertising. Also considering European jurisdiction will be considered. The European approach on trade marks and comparative advertising will be presented as it leads to the German approach on comparative advertising and served as inspiration for the South African Trade Marks Act. The manner of implementation of European Directives influencing comparative advertising in German national law will be examined. Hereby, the distinctive characteristics which are required for comparative advertising as well as the special statutory mentioned cases in which it is unlawful will be presented. The high level of legal differentiation shall be emphasized since this may lead to differences compared to the South African law. Finally, I will compare how South African law and German law approach the subject comparative advertising. Especially the influences of Common law and statutory law on unlawful competition will be compared and evaluated. It shall be presented which consequences can arise out of different systematic approaches in this field of law. Additionally, the differences in the legal approaches on trade mark infringement will be highlighted in respect of presenting whether they cause actual consequences for the final legal valuation of comparative advertising. Furthermore, the commonalities concerning the purpose of encouraging comparative advertising will be addressed.
15
Vermeulen, Johannes. "The Taxation of Intellectual Property: A South African Exporting Perspective / The Taxation of Collective Investment". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4573.
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Mupangavanhu, Yeukai Y. "The regional integration of African trade mark laws: challenges and possibilities". University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4271.
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Doctor Legum - LLDThe need to harmonise laws in Africa has grown in importance in view of the envisaged African common market. Economic integration cannot flourish without an effective regional legal framework. There is fragmentation in trade mark protection in Africa as evidenced by the existing two sub-regional organisations namely, the African Regional Intellectual Property Organisation (ARIPO) and the Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI). The absence of a single regional legal framework has resulted in African countries not having a coherent strategy for advancing their common interests in regional and multilateral negotiations. African countries have acceded to agreements which do not reflect their interests such as Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS). African countries have also been signing Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) which contain higher intellectual property protection standards than the minimum standards prescribed by TRIPS. The purpose of this study is to formulate a proposal for the integration of trade mark laws in Africa, with a view to strengthening the regional legal framework. A consolidated regional position, based on an integrated legal framework, will strengthen Africa’s participation in negotiations. This will in turn ensure greater regard for, and better protection of, Africa’s interests and concerns. Trade mark laws are important as they can hinder or promote trade. Harmonised trade mark laws will create legal and commercial certainty as well as predictability, which is crucial for the promotion of trade and foreign direct investment. The central argument advanced is that the areas of convergence in the laws under study and in the way the laws are interpreted can form the basis for the harmonisation of Africa’s trade mark laws.
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Miggels, Alvizo Romano. "An analysis of trademark infringement by dilution under South African law". University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7329.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe rights relating to a trademark are said to be found in the fact that proprietors have acquired goodwill and a repute in their mark. Trademark law has always protected that aspect of what a trademark embodied, inter alia, to serve as a symbol of where a product originates from and guarantee quality by the setting the registered trademark proprietor’s goods apart from those of his competitor. The dilution of a trademark is one of the most challenging issues facing the sphere of trademark law in South Africa. Trademark proprietors have in the past relied successfully on primary and secondary or extended infringement. There has, however, been a dearth of cases on infringement by dilution thus far. The research in this study will primarily take the form of an evaluation of the development of the anti-dilution action and why there is dearth of successful cases in South Africa. Trademark proprietors are at risk of suffering financial loss if they are not able to protect their marks from dilution. The thesis will make recommendations whether the dilution provision contained in the Act need reform or whether the approach to the application of the anti-dilution provisions by our judiciary needs to change.
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Thörn, Christine. "Internationell tvistlösning inom immaterialrättens område : Utvecklingen av tvistlösningsmekanismer och dess genomslag". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-41782.
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International conventions signifies international trade, which in itself would be ineffective if there were no dispute settlement mechanisms. This essay intends to examine how dispute settlement mechanisms between states have developed over the years and a large emphasis is placed on the World Trade Organizations (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body since it’s had great significance for the efficiency of international law. In order to show the need for dispute settlement mechanisms, a background to the conventions that have called for the development of the DSB is in order. This essay focuses on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), and the agreement that currently regulate intellectual property rights, Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), but also its connection to the DSB. The current negotiations between the EU and the USA for a free trade agreement, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is also mentioned since it intends to serve as a global model once settled. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and analyze the emergence of the TRIPS agreement, and its relation to the dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO.
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Baloyi, Jele Joel. "Intellectual property, entrepreneurship and the music industry :a new ray of hope for enhancing African international trade capacity? A South African case study". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This thesis aimed to examine the prevailing international intellectual property regime as embodied especially in the TRIPS Agreement, for purposes of outlining some of the criticisms levelled against it especially by the less developed world. The work aimed to illustrate how, despite the imperfections of the system, certain intellectual property rights could still be used strategically by African countries to bolster the entrepreneurial spirit, in the form of musical entrepreneurship for purposes of enhancing their international trade capacity.
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Lawana, Andiswa. "South African patent law : developing a balance between the rights of the patients and promoting innovation within the pharmaceutical industry". University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4749.
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Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharmBackground: In South Africa many patented medicines are either unavailable or carry prices that most patients cannot afford. The effects of the patents systems on patient access could greatly depending on how the burden of a disease is distributed across least-developed, developing and developed countries. Method: The study based on a qualitative research method. The sample was based on a non-probability approach. The study used both primary and secondary data collection. The secondary data was critically evaluated and collected from scientific articles, company reports and internet sources, in order to obtain some better insight into the patent situation of pharmaceuticals. Interviews were conducted and analysed by selective ad open coding. Results: The South African patent system needs an examination process to evaluate patent applications. The Patent Act of 1978 meets the minimum TRIPS requirements. The South African market is unique and a small market for innovator companies therefore does not influence innovation by these companies. Conclusion: The study concluded that the key sections of the Patent Act that need further evaluation and aligning more with TRIPS flexibilities are: Compulsory License, “Evergreening”. Data Protection and Establishing an examination system. The study also concluded that the current South African Patent Act sufficiently promotes innovation within the pharmaceutical industry.
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Esan, Olajumoke Ibironke. "The relevance for sustainable development of the protection of intellectual property rights in traditional cultural expressions". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1579_1297941616.
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This research work addresses the problem being faced by developing countries in the commercial exploitation of their traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) by third parties without giving due attribution to nor sharing benefits with the communities from which these TCEs originate. This problem stems from the inability of customary law systems which regulates life in such communities to adequately cater for the protection of these TCEs. The legal systems of the developing countries have also proven to be ineffective in the protection of TCEs from such misappropriation and unauthorized commercial exploitation. This mini-thesis examines how TCEs have been protected domestically through national legislation and internationally through treaties and proposes means by which they can be protected in a manner that would preserve them, while promoting the dissemination of those which can be shared without destroying their inherent nature. This mini-thesis thus explores avenues through which the protection of TCEs would contribute to economic and human development in developing countries.
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Janse, van Vuuren Francois Jacobus. "Technology licencing practices of South African manufacturing companies a profile and the influence of some organisational, transactional and contextual factors /". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01122005-084535.
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Ital, Eric Guy. "Copyright law and the Internet : in modern South African law". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51666.
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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Internet is coming more and more into focus of national and international legislation. Especially with regard to copyright law, the rapid growth of the Internet, its global character, its novel technical applications and its private and commercial use by millions of people makes the control over a work complicated and raises copyright problems all over the world. Present legislation is therefore challenged to avoid gaps in the law. Considering the rapid growth of online providers and users in South Africa, it is likely that copyright disputes with regard to the Internet will evolve here soon. In this dissertation, the "world" of the Internet and its lawfulness with regard to existing South African copyright law will be examined. The examination tries to establish whether South African copyright law is able to cope with the present Internet problems and whether it leads to reasonable results. The first chapter of this dissertation will give an overview of the basic principles of the Internet, including the history, development and function of the Internet. Furthermore the changing aspects by means of diqital technology will be discussed. Because the global character of the Internet lead to "international" infringements, governments are considering the prospect of reaching international accord on the protection of intellectual property in the digital era. In chapter two, the present international harmonisation of copyright law will be introduced. Especially the quick adoption of the World Intellectual Property Organisation Treaties in December 1996 demonstrated that an international realisation for a call for action is existing. In chapter three, the application of South African copyright law with regard to the Internet will be discussed. First, it will be examined if a digital work on the Internet is protected in the same way as a "traditional" work. Second, the various rights of the copyright holder are discussed in connection with the use of a work on the Internet. Third, the potential application of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder to various actions on the Internet, such as caching, Web linking and operating an online service will be discussed. The Internet is a worldwide entity, and, as such, copyright infringement on this system is an international problem. The scenario of global, simultaneous exploitation of works on the Internet conflicts sharply with the current system of international copyright protection, which is firmly based on national copyright laws with territorial effects. Section four provides therefore an overview of the applicable law on an international net and analyses the necessity and borders of protection.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nasionale en internasionale wetgewing fokus in In toenemende mate op die Internet. Die versnelde groei van die Internet, sy wêreldkarakter, sy nuwe tegnologiese aanwendings en sy private en kommersiële gebruik deur miljoene mense maak beheer oor In werk baie gekompliseerd en skep veral outeursregprobleme regoor die wêreld. Wetgewing soos dit tans is, word dus uitgedaag om die leemtes in die reg te ondervang. Gegewe die vinnige groei van gekoppelde verskaffers en gebruikers in Suid-Afrika, is dit waarskynlik dat - outeursreggeskille met betrekking tot die Internet binnekort ook hier gaan ontwikkel. In hierdie verhandeling gaan die "wêreld" van die Internet en sy wettigheid onder bestaande Suid-Afrikaanse outeursregwetgewing ondersoek word. In die ondersoek word gepoog om vas te stelof Suid-Afrikaanse outeursregwetgewing geskik is om die Internetprobieme wat tans bestaan te hanteer en of dit lei tot aanvaarbare resultate. Die eerste hoofstuk van die verhandeling sal In oorsig gee van die basiese beginsels van die Internet, insluitende die geskiedenis, ontwikkeling en funksie van die Internet. Verder sal die veranderende aspekte as gevolg van digitale tegnologie bespreek word. Die wêreldkarakter van die Internet gee aanleiding tot "internasionale" inbreukmakings en om hierdie rede oorweeg regerings die moontlikheid van internasionale ooreenkomste oor die beskerming van intellektuele eiendom in die digitale era. In hoofstuk twee word die bestaande internasionale harmonisering van outeursreg bespreek. Veral die vinnige aanname van die World Intellectual Property Organisation se verdrae in Desember 1996, illustreer dat daar In internasionale bewustheid is dat iets in die verband gedoen moet word. In die derde hoofstuk word die aanwending van die Suid-Afrikaanse outeursreg met betrekking tot die Internet bespreek. Eerstens word ondersoek of a digitale werk op die Internet op dieselfde wyse as 'n "tradisionele" werk beskerm kan word. Tweedens word die verskillende regte van die outeursreghebbende in verband met die gebruik van 'n werk op die Internet, bespreek. Derdens word die potensiële aanwending van die eksklusiewe regte van die outeursreghebbende op verskillende aksies op die Internet, soos byvoorbeeld kasberging, web koppeling en die werking van 'n gekoppelde diens, bespreek. Die Internet is 'n wêreldwye verskynsel en sodanig is outeursreginbreukmaking op hierdie stelsel 'n internasionale probleem. Die scenario van 'n wêreldwye, gelyktydige uitbuiting van werke op die Internet is in skerp konflik met die huidige stelsel van internasionale outeursregbeskerming wat stewig gegrond is op nasionale wetgewing met territoriale werking. Hoofstuk vier bied daarom 'n oorsig oor die toepaslike reg op 'n internasionale netwerk en analiseer die nodigheid en ook grense van beskerming.
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Андрущенко, М. "Франчайзинг в Україні: реалії існування". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11754.
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В усьому світі франчайзинг уже давно став невід’ємним атрибутом економіки: за оцінками експертів, в розвинутих країнах світу більше 40% всіх продажів здійснюється через франчайзингові мережі. В Україні активно розвивається внутрішній франчайзинг, що представляє собою достатньо специфічний сплав франчайзингових технологій і вітчизняних підходів до ведення бізнесу.
При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11754Науковий керівник: Волк О.М.
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Štrosová, Alžběta. "Práva k duševnímu vlastnictví v obchodních jednáních WTO". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-12294.
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The goal of this diploma thesis is to introduce the intellectual property rights protection in the member states of the World Trade Organization and the main agreement that regulates this area, i.e. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual property Rights. The only discussed topic in the current round of negotiations are geographical indications and the creation of multilateral system for notifying and registering geographical indications for wines and spirits. Moreover, the thesis deals with the work of the TRIPS Council and several disputes related to TRIPS fulfillment.
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Karam, Fabio Hungaro. "Conhecimentos tradicionais, propriedade intelectual e politica externa brasileira". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279244.
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Orientador: Reginaldo Carmelo Correa de MoraesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T15:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karam_FabioHungaro_M.pdf: 1151964 bytes, checksum: ceae1122c8f1a08a380ce1ba096b8282 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como e por que se formou, nas reuniões da Organização Mundial do Comércio, da Convenção da Diversidade Biológica e da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual uma agenda de negociações relacionada à proteção dos conhecimentos tradicionais e dos recursos biogenéticos a eles associados com a intenção de controlar as suas apropriações. A agenda não se esgota nas próprias negociações. Elas têm estabelecido as bases conceituais sobre as quais o tratamento sul americano e internacional do respectivo tema tem se estruturado no decorrer da década de 1990 e no limiar do século XXI. Tais negociações, pela pluralidade e heterogeneidade de seus interlocutores, tem espelhado um aglomerado de posições e interesses conflitantes que demandam dos países menos influentes e com maior potencial de desenvolvimento sustentável, caso dos países ricos em biodiversidade, variados esforços diplomáticos na obtenção da revisão do acordo de Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPs), com o intuito de torná-lo incapaz de promover a interpretação restritiva dos dispositivos da CDB e de uniformizar o tratamento desta problemática nas distintas organizações internacionais. Analisar como se organizaram e quais os elementos precípuos de antagonismo e de cooperação entre os países desenvolvidos e os países em desenvolvimento liderados pelo Brasil e pela Índia no que tange a esta problemática no interior do Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual, constitui, por conseguinte, o escopo central deste trabalho
Abstract: The objective of this work is to describe how and why it was formed, in the meetings of the World Trade Organization, of the Convention On Biological Diversity and of the World Intellectual Property Organization, an agenda of negotiations related to the protection of the traditional knowledge and the biogenetic resources associated to them with the intention of controlling its appropriations. The agenda is not sold out in the proper negotiations. They have established the conceptual bases on which the South American and international treatment of the respective subject has structuralized in elapsing of the 1990¿s decade and in the threshold of XXI century. Such negotiations, by the plurality and difference in kind of its interlocutors, have inspired an accumulation of positions and conflicting interests that demand of the less influent countries and with greater potential of sustainable development, case of the megabiodiverse countries, varied diplomatists efforts in the attainment of the revision of the TRIPs agreement, aiming to make it unable to promote the restrictive interpretation of the CDB devices and to unify the treatment of this problematic in the distinct international organizations. To analyze how they were organized and the main questions of antagonism and cooperation among the developed countries and the megadiverse countries led by Brazil and India which refers to this problematic issue, it is, therefore, the central target of this work
Mestrado
Relações Internacionais
Mestre em Relações Internacionais
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Polido, Fabrício Bertini Pasquot. "Contribuições ao estudo do direito internacional da propriedade intelectual na era Pós-Organização Mundial do Comércio: fronteiras da proteção, composição do equilíbrio e expansão do domínio público". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-29082011-115009/.
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Após 15 anos de sua adoção pelos Membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio, o Acordo sobre os Aspectos da Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS) ainda permanece como um dos pilares das modernas instituições do sistema internacional da propriedade intelectual e merece contínua análise de seus efeitos sobre países em desenvolvimento. Nesse sentido, tendências expansionistas e níveis mais elevados de proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual, nas distintas esferas do multilareralismo, bilateralismo e regionalismo, são, no entanto, confrontadas com as necessidades reais dos países em desenvolvimento, que ainda devem explorar as flexibilidades existentes no Direito Internacional da Propriedade Intelectual. Isso parece ser evidente após a fase de transição do Acordo TRIPS. A implementação de obrigações relacionadas à proteção substantiva e procedimentos de aplicação efetiva da proteção (observância) dá lugar para controvérsias resultantes das demandas pelo acesso aos bens do conhecimento - bens da tecnologia e informação na ordem internacional. O presente trabalho oferece contribuição para o estudo do Direito Internacional da Propriedade Intelectual na Era Pós-OMC e propõe uma análise e reavaliação de seus elementos, princípios e objetivos. Enfatiza a tarefa imperativa de redefinição do equilíbrio intrínseco da propriedade intelectual e a manutenção e expansão do domínio público, concebidos como valores de ordem pública internacional. Nesse contexto, o trabalho propõe analisar os objetivos futuros de um regime internacional da propriedade intelectual, em parte consolidados pelos proponentes da Declaração de Doha sobre TRIPS e Saúde Pública e a Agenda da OMPI para o Desenvolvimento. Em sua estrutura, o trabalho divide-se em três partes. A primeira parte (Status Quo: O Presente e o Passado dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual na Ordem Internacional) analisa as políticas e objetivos justificam o regime internacional da propriedade intelectual, seus fundamentos no Pós-OMC/TRIPS e convergência das competências relacionadas à propriedade intelectual na ordem internacional. A segunda parte (O Passado Revisitado rumo ao Futuro dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual) aborda as implicações das tendências expansionistas e fortalecimento dos padrões de proteção da propriedade intelectual, concentrando-se em dois casos principais: a harmonização substantiva e os sistemas globais de proteção e observância dos direitos de propriedade intelectual. A terceira parte (Futuro dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual na Ordem Internacional) propõe a redefinição dos princípios e objetivos centrais do Direito Internacional da Propriedade Intelectual no Pós-OMC (equilíbrio, transparência, cooperação internacional e transferência de tecnologia) e a manutenção e expansão do domínio público, flexibilidades e opções para acesso aos bens da tecnologia e informação.After 15 years from its adoption by the Member States of World Trade Organization, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) still remains as one of the main pillars of the modern institutions of international intellectual property system and deserves a continuous assessment analysis of its overall impacts on developing countries, their innovation systems and developmental concerns. In this sense, expansionist trends and higher levels of protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in multilateral, regional and bilateral levels - are nevertheless confronted with the actual needs of developing countries in exploring existing and pending flexibilities within the international intellectual property legal regime. This appears to be true particularly after the post-transitional phase of TRIPS Agreement, where implementation of the multilateral obligations related to substantive protection and enforcement procedures gave rise to considerable contentious issues emerging from demands for access to global public goods, knowledge goods. This Doctoral Thesis offers a contribution to the current debate on International Intellectual Property Law in Post-WTO Era and proposes an analysis and reappraisal of its elements, principles and objectives. The work aims at focusing the imperative task of redefining the intrinsic balance of intellectual property and maintenance and expansion of the public domain as values of an international ordre public. In this context, we analyze the systemic objectives of a prospective international intellectual property regime, which were in part consolidated by the proponents of Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health of 2001 and WIPO Development Agenda. In the first part (Status Quo: Past and Present of Intellectual Property in International Order) we analyze the main development of the current international intellectual property regime, its foundations in Post WTO/TRIPS, and convergent intellectual property related competences in international legal order. The second part (Present revisited towards the future of intellectual property rights) approaches the implications of expansionist trends and strengthening of standards of IP protection. In this case, our work focuses on two particular cases: the substantive harmonization and global protection systems and enforcement of intellectual property rights. The third part (Future of Intellectual Property Rights in International Legal System) further analyses core objectives and principles of International Intellectual Property Law in Post-WTO (balance, transparency, international cooperation and transfer of technology) and proposals for the maintenance and expansion of public domain, flexibilities and options for the access to the knowledge goods.
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Mugambe, Lydia. "The exceptions to patent rights under the WTO-TRIPS Agreement : where is the right to health guaranteed?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/980.
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"The thesis of this study is that the flexibility within the exceptions to patent rights protecton under the TRIPS Agreement has not sufficiently been exploited at the national level. The study conceptualises the regimes for the protection of the right to health and IPRs not as mutually exclusive but as potentially reinforcing. The contention is therefore that the obligations in respect to the right to health limit the manner in which states can exercise the flexibilty within the patent regime of the TRIPS Agreement. Eventually the study seeks to answer the question: Where does the guarantee for the right to health lie in light of the TRIPS regime? ... The study is divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction. The introduction lays the background for te discussion. Chapter one deals with the definition of important concepts and provides the context in which the study is set. The chapter also discusses the background to the creation of the TRIPS Agreement, with an emphatic discussion on the involvement or lack thereof of Africn and other least developed and developing countries in this process. Chapter two discusses the patent rights exceptions clause under the TRIPS Agreement. Against this background, compuslory licensing, government use and parallel importing as means of making accessibility to drugs a reality under the TRIPS Agreement will be discussed. Chapter three identifies other means of making drugs more accessible and identifying places where they have worked well. In this chapter, generic substitution, establishemnt of a pricing committee, therapeutic value pricing, pooled procurement, negotiated procurement and planned donations will be discussed. Finally a conclusion will be drawn from the discussion and recommendations will be advanced." -- Chapter 1.Prepared under the supervision of Riekie Wandrag at the Community Law Centre, University of Western Cape, South Africa
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2002.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Zibetti, Fabíola Wüst. "Relação entre normalização técnica e propriedade intelectual no ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-06062013-160840/.
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Nas últimas décadas, a importância da normalização técnica para comércio internacional aumentou consideravelmente. Segundo dados da OCDE, estima-se que um total de 80% do comércio global na atualidade seja afetado por normas e regulamentos técnicos. Esse cenário justifica a preocupação dos Membros da OMC em incentivar o estabelecimento de padrões tecnológicos comuns nos diversos países, como um instrumento para evitar o incremento das barreiras técnicas e promover a facilitação do fluxo internacional de bens, serviços, investimentos e tecnologias. Contudo, o crescente envolvimento de direitos de propriedade intelectual nas normas técnicas internacionais tem preocupado algumas nações, principalmente em decorrência dos elevados custos, tensões e conflitos que resultam dessa situação, impactando de forma negativa o comércio. Sob a perspectiva do ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional, o conflito revela-se no conjunto de obrigações que os Membros assumem no âmbito da OMC. Se os países devem obrigatoriamente utilizar como base as normas técnicas internacionais para estabelecer suas normas e regulamentos domésticos, e aquelas se encontram revestidas de direitos exclusivos privados, sua efetiva aplicação no plano doméstico depende da licença dos titulares desses direitos, nos termos e condições por eles impostos. No entanto, uma vez que eles não estejam dispostos a conceder licenças em termos razoáveis e não discriminatórios, ou se recusem a conferir a autorização, os países encontram dificuldades ou, ainda, ficam impossibilitados de implementar de forma plena as obrigações assumidas na OMC. A partir dessa hipótese, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar como se encontra regulada a relação entre a normalização técnica e a propriedade intelectual no ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional. Esta tese confirma que as tensões inerentes à relação entre propriedade intelectual e normalização técnica alimentam um conflito sob a perspectiva do ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional, que não possui regras específicas para regular a questão. Este conflito se traduz na dificuldade que os países têm na implementação plena das obrigações assumidas na OMC. Para a mitigação dos problemas que emergem desse conflito, observa-se que se destacam duas tendências seguidas pelos Membros da Organização. Uma delas consiste em incrementar as flexibilidades do Acordo TRIPS, como se verifica nos Estados Unidos, União Europeia e Índia. Outra opção observada é o afastamento das normas técnicas internacionais em prol da adoção de normas e regulamentos técnicos domésticos baseados em tecnologias nacionais ou não proprietárias com fundamento nas flexibilidades dos acordos TBT, SPS e GATS. Casos nesse sentido são identificados em países como China. Em certas circunstâncias, a preferência pelo estabelecimento de normas e regulamentos técnicos baseados essencialmente em tecnologias nacionais protegidas por direitos de propriedade intelectual pode robustecer as barreiras técnicas ao comércio. Diante disso, com o propósito de assegurar a efetividade dos acordos multilaterais de comércio e garantir segurança jurídica, entende-se necessário a adoção de medidas claras e adequadas, que busquem eliminar ou reduzir as tensões e conflito, e garantir a previsibilidade do Sistema Multilateral de Comércio. Importa, ainda, que tais medidas sejam estabelecidas de forma a facilitar o comércio internacional e promover a concorrência leal, a inovação, a transferência da tecnologia e o desenvolvimento das nações.In recents decades, the importance of technical standards for international trade has increased substantially. According to OECD data, it is estimated that around 80% of global trade is affected by standards and technical regulations. This scenario justifies the concerns of WTO Members to encourage the settlement of common technological standards in different countries, as a tool to prevent the rise of technical barriers and promote the facilitation of the international flow of goods, services, investment and technology. However, the increasing involvement of intellectual property rights in international standards has concerned some nations, mainly due to high costs, tensions and conflicts that result from this situation, adversely impacting trade. From the perspective of international trade law, the conflict is revealed in the set of obligations that States assumed in the WTO. If countries must use international standards as a basis to establish technical regulations and norms, and those are covered by private exclusive rights, its effective implementation at the domestic level depends on the approval of rights holders, according the terms and conditions imposed by them. However, since the rights holders are not willing to grant licenses on reasonable and non-discriminatory conditions, or refuse to grant the licenses, countries may find difficult or even remain unable to fully implement their obligations in the WTO. From this hypothesis, this study aims to analyze as it is regulated the relationship between technical standards and intellectual property in international trade law. This thesis confirms that the tensions inherent in the relationship between intellectual property and technical standardization feed a conflict from the perspective of international trade law, which has no specific rules to regulate this question. This conflict is reflected in the difficulty countries have in the full implementation of the obligations assumed in WTO. In order to mitigate the problems that emerge from this conflict, it is observed that there are two trends followed by the Members of the Organization. One is to enhance the flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement, as is the case in the United States, European Union and India. Another option is the deviation of international standards in favor of domestic standards and technical regulations based on national or non proprietary technologies founded on the flexibilities of TBT, SPS and GATS. Such cases are identified in countries like China. In some circumstances, the preference for the creation of standards and technical regulations based mainly on national technologies protected by intellectual property rights can strengthen the technical barriers to trade. Therefore, in order to ensure the effectiveness of multilateral trade agreements, it is necessary to establish clear and appropriate measures, which seek to eliminate or reduce tensions and conflict, and ensure the predictability of the multilateral trading system. It is also important that such measures are established to facilitate international trade and promote fair competition, innovation, technology transfer and development of nations.
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Musungu, Sisule Fredrick. "The right to health in the global economy : reading human rights obligations into the patent regime of the WTO-TRIPS Agreement". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/931.
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"The implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, within the wider context of globalisation, has brought about a conflict between the obligation of states to promote and protect health and the achievement of economic goals pursued under the WTO regime. Since trade is the driving engine of globalisation, it is imperative that, at the very least, rules governing it do not violate human rights but rather promote them. The problem of IP and the right to health therefore lies in ensuring that the integration of economic rules and institutional operations in relation to IPRs coincide with states’ obligations to promote and protect public health. ...
This study centres on the specific debate about health and IPRs in the context of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the WTO rules on IP protection. In terms of a human rights approach to the TRIPS Agreement, the ICESCR has been chosen for several reasons. First, the ICESCR specifically recognises both the right to health and the right to the protection of inventions in clearer terms than any other human rights instrument. Secondly, at least 111 of the state parties to the ICESCR are also members of the WTO including a large number of developing countries. Thirdly, if one sees the ICESCR as a vehicle for the fulfilment of the obligation to promote and protect human rights under the United Nations Organisation’s (UN) Charter, it can be argued that in line with article 103, the implementation and interpretation of TRIPS by all UN members states must take into account basic human rights. However, even with primary focus being on the ICESCR, most of the discussion on practical issues will focus on the experiences in Sub-Saharan Africa because the inequalities and problems of access to health care are most dramatically played out in this part of the world.
The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between the obligation of states to progressively realise and guarantee the right to health, and the IP rules under the TRIPS Agreement. The specific objective is to examine the relationship between the exceptions under the TRIPS Agreement and the obligation to protect health and the identification of a consistent way of achieving a convergence between the implementation and interpretation of the rules of the two regimes in the area of health." -- Chapter 1Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2001.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Чибісов, Дмитро Михайлович, Дмитрий Михайлович Чибисов y Dmytro M. Chybisov. "Охорона прав інтелектуальної власності в рамках Світової організації торгівлі". Thesis, Одеса, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/7382.
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Чибісов Д. М. Охорона прав інтелектуальної власності в рамках Світової організації торгівлі : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук : 12.00.11 / Д. М. Чибісов ; наук. кер. Т. С. Ківалова ; НУ "ОЮА". - Одеса, 2017. - 272 с.Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.11 – міжнародне право. – Національний університет «Одеська юридична академія» – Одеса, 2017. Дисертація присвячена охороні інтелектуальної власності в рамках СОТ. Сформульовано поняття та проведена періодизація становлення міжнародного інституційного механізму охорони інтелектуальної власності. Проаналізовано механізм охорони інтелектуальної власності СОТ, визначено особливості його правової природи. Визначено типи міжнародних механізмів охорони інтелектуальної власності, дана характеристика їх функціональному та інституційному взаємодії з механізмом охорони СОТ. Систематизовані принципи міжнародно- правової охорони інтелектуальної власності. Класифіковані режими охорони інтелектуальної власності відповідно до Угоди ТРІПС, виявлено їх недоліки та запропоновані рекомендації щодо їх усунення. Проаналізовано особливості правового режиму охорони винаходів згідно Угоди ТРІПС. Вказується, що Угода ТРІПС не відображає дуалістичну природу комп’ютерних програм, визначаючи їх суто як «літературні твори», що не дозволяє встановити критерії їх патентування. Обґрунтовано, що Угода ТРІПС не містить чітких критеріїв охорони винаходів у галузі біотехнологій. Проаналізовано особливості імплементації Угоди ТРІПС в ЄС. Обґрунтовано доцільність внесення змін до законодавства України з урахуванням практики ЄС в цьому напрямку. Вказується, що Угода про асоціацію між Україною, з одного боку, та Європейським Союзом, Європейським співтовариством з атомної енергії та їх державами-членами, з іншого боку зобов’язує Україну встановити більш високий рівень охорони винаходів в галузі біотехнологій та комп’ютерних програм ніж передбачено Угодою ТРІПС.
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.11 – международное право. – Национальный университет «Одесская юридическая академия» – Одесса, 2017.Диссертация посвящена охране интеллектуальной собственности в рамках ВТО. Сформулировано понятие и проведена периодизация становления международного институционального механизма охраны интеллектуальной собственности. Проанализирован механизм охраны интеллектуальной собственности ВТО, определены особенности его правовой природы. Выделены типы международных механизмов охраны интеллектуальной собственности, дана характеристика их функциональному и институциональному взаимодействию с механизмом охраны интеллектуальной собственности ВТО. Систематизированы принципы международно-правовой охраны интеллектуальной собственности. Классифицированы режимы охраны интеллектуальной собственности согласно Соглашению ТРИПС, выявлены их недостатки и предложены рекомендации по их устранению. Проанализированы особенности правового режима охраны изобретений согласно Соглашению ТРИПС. Отмечается, что Соглашение ТРИПС не отражает дуалистическую природу компьютерных программ, определяя их сугубо как «литературные произведения», что не позволяет установить критерии их патентования. Проанализированы особенности имплементации Соглашения ТРИПС в ЕС. Отмечается, что право ЕС уточняет и дополняет положения Соглашения ТРИПС. Разработаны предложения по приведению законодательства Украины в сфере охраны изобретений в области биотехнологии в соответствие с Соглашением ТРИПС и их регламентацией в ЕС. Указывается, что Соглашение об ассоциации между Украиной, с одной стороны, и Европейским Союзом, Европейским сообществом по атомной энергии и их государствами-членами, с другой стороны обязывает Украину установить более высокий уровень охраны изобретений в области биотехнологий и компьютерных программ, чем предусмотрено Соглашением ТРИПС.
The dissertation for achieving a scientific degree of the Philosophy Doctor in specialty 12.00.11 – International Law. – National University «Odessa Law Academy» – Odessa, 2017. The thesis is devoted to the protection of intellectual property in the WTO. The concept and periodization of international institutional mechanism 20 for protection of intellectual property are elaborated. WTO mechanism of intellectual property protection, its peculiarities and legal nature are analyzed. Types of international mechanisms for protection of intellectual property, their characteristics are provided and examined against functional and institutional relations with the WTO mechanism. Principles of international intellectual property protection under WTO are systematized. Provided classification as to regimes of intellectual property protection under the TRIPS Agreement, revealed their shortcomings and proposed recommendations to address them. The peculiarities of the legal regime of protection of inventions under the TRIPS Agreement are analyzed. It is noted that the TRIPS Agreement does not address the dual nature of computer programs, defining them as purely “literary works” that does not allow them to establish criteria for patenting. It is shown that the TRIPS Agreement does not contain clear criteria for protection of inventions in biotechnology sector, due to the lack of a unified approach of the WTO members to the moral and ethical exceptions laid down in the TRIPS Agreement. Peculiarities of the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement in the EU are analyzed. The expediency of amending the legislation of Ukraine with regard to EU practices in this area is noted. It is claimed that the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and its Member States, on the other hand requires Ukraine to establish a higher level of protection of inventions in biotechnology and computer software than provided by the TRIPS Agreement.
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Tan, Twan Eng. "Can Intellectual Property Rights form a part of the Salvors' Traditional Rights, and Can a Balance be achieved between them? The position of English, American and South African Salvors in the light of the recent decisions of the RMS Titanic cases in". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4567.
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A review of Salvage Law as it existed before the discovery of the RMS Titanic wreck, and the subsequent disputes about """"ownership"""" of the wreck. The laws of several maritime nations relating to Intellectual Property is examined, including Law of Copyright, of Trademarks and of Trade Secrets are examined and suggestions are made regarding the way forward.
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Domingues, Renato Valladares. "Propriedade intelectual e preservação do meio ambiente no sistema multilateral de comércio". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3829.
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As discussões sobre as relações entre o Acordo TRIPS e a Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica (CDB) encontram-se na agenda internacional desde a realização da IV Conferência Ministerial da Organização Mundial do Comércio, ocorrida em novembro de 2001, em Doha no Catar. Apesar da considerável atenção que o tema tem recebido nos fóruns internacionais, o debate sobre o tratamento adequado da questão persiste sem solução. A presente tese apresenta uma abrangente análise das conexões que existem entre a proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual e a conservação da diversidade biológica. Além disso, a partir de uma análise de conceitos de propriedade intelectual como patentes, indicações geográficas, transferência de tecnologia e propriedade comunitária de conhecimentos tradicionais, destacam-se elementos necessários para o uso sustentável e conservação dos recursos biológicos.The goal of establishing a positive relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity has been on the international agenda since the fourth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001. Despite a considerable amount of attention in the international forums, the debate about the appropriate parameter of this relationship persists without resolution. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the protection of intellectual property rights and the conservation of biological diversity. Furthermore, that upon analysis of concepts of intellectual property such as patents, geographical indications, technology transfer and communal property over traditional knowledge, issues are identified to support the conservation and sustainable use of the biological resources.
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Bagal, Monique. "La protection des indications géographiques dans un contexte global : essai sur un droit fondamental". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3077.
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Les négociations internationales concernant la protection des indications géographiques connaissent, depuis près de deux décennies, un blocage au sein de l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce opposant des pays défenseurs des indications géographiques, à des pays plus sceptiques. Résultant d’un compromis entre l’approche des pays de l’Union Européenne et celle des Etats-Unis, les standards minimum de protection des indications géographiques de l’ADPIC ont mis en lumière la diversité des approches juridiques en la matière et fait émerger un débat quasi-passionnel sur les moyens appropriés que l’Etat doit mettre en œuvre pour protéger les noms géographiques. L’histoire renseigne sur le fait que le plaidoyer pour ou le réquisitoire contre l’un ou l’autre camp ont toujours tourné autour des philosophies de la protection des indications géographiques : d’une part, les pays défenseurs des indications géographiques prônent à travers leur mise en œuvre, la protection d’industries plus vulnérables à la concurrence ; d’autre part, les pays sceptiques privilégient le plus possible, la liberté du commerce et de l’industrie et par ricochet, la libre exploitation des signes. Pour ces derniers, seule la reconnaissance par le consommateur d’une association qualité-origine du produit justifie une réservation du nom. Le régime multilatéral des IG issu de l’Accord sur les aspects de la propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce résulte donc d’un compromis entre ces deux philosophies de la protection. D’aucuns ont souligné le caractère insatisfaisant d’un tel compromis qui ne rend pas nécessairement compte de la nature réelle de ces signes géographiques. Ce travail tente de le transcender. Il est fondé sur le pari que, dans une perspective juridique, tout n’a peut-être pas été essayé. Dans un effort pour trouver un dénominateur commun et pour proposer une solution à l’impasse actuelle, cette recherche repose sur le rapprochement du régime de protection des indications géographiques, au régime de protection des droits de l’Homme. Non pas dans une perspective moralisatrice mais bien dans un effort pour déduire des solutions concrètes quant à la portée de la protection internationale des IG et du rôle des Etats dans la mise en œuvre de ces outils de propriété intellectuelle. L’article 15.1 c) du Pacte sur les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels prévoit : « Chacun a droit à la protection de ses intérêts moraux et matériels découlant de toute production scientifique, littéraire ou artistique dont il est l’auteur ». L’activation de cet article pourrait permettre de voir en les détenteurs d’IG non pas seulement les sujets bénéficiaires de la protection mais les sujets destinataires de politiques publiques. Il y aurait un donc un « droit de » bénéficier d’une certaine protection des IG et un « droit à » certaines prestations publiques. Au-delà de ce cadre en apparence rigide, le recours au droit international des droits de l’Homme rend la recherche d’un équilibre entre les droits de détenteurs IG et les droits du public plus intégratrice d’enjeux multiples et indispensable à la légitimité du régime multilatéral de protection des IGSince two decades, the international protection of geographical indications is characterized by a “blockage” in the negotiations at the World Trade Organization opposing the countries favorable to the protection of geographical indications to countries more skeptical in this regard. Deriving from a compromise between the European conception of the protection of GIs and the American one, the minimum standards of TRIPS have revealed the different legal options in this field and have resulted in a passionate debate over the appropriate role of the State. History shows that the advocacy for, or indictment against one or the other way of protecting GIs focuses essentially on the philosophy of protection in one or the other territories. As a reminder, the European Union “culture” is to protect industries far too exposed to competition while the American “culture” is to preserve economic freedom of operators and to grant monopoly on a geographical name only where such name has been tested on the market and is recognized by the “public” as having a geographical anchorage. Equally compelling, neither of these philosophies has allowed reaching the most acceptable balance for GI regime. This work seeks to transcend them. It bets that everything has not been tried yet, at least from a legal perspective. In order to find a common solution and a way forward to multilateral protection of geographical indications, the paper relies on the culture of “human rights”, not really with a view to “moralize” the field of study but more to deduct practical answers deriving from the international human rights law. As a matter of fact, article 15.1 c) of the Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides that “The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone […] to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author”. The activation of this article could allow approaching geographical indications operators, not only as beneficiaries of certain rights but also as beneficiaries of public policies. By virtue of article 15.1 c), there shall be a right to benefit from the GI protection (“right-liberty”) but also, a right to claim certain public policies (“right-debt”) in this regard. Beyond this seemingly strict framework for GIs, the reference to international human rights law proves to beneficial to the necessary balance between the rights of GI operators and the rights of the public. Incidentally, this balance is inclusive of multiple issues which is essential to the legitimacy of the multilateral regime of protection of GIs
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Garcia, Natanya. "Anti-circumvention technology legislation in Canada : drafting a new law in the wake of the DMCA". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19625.
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In becoming a signatory to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Treaties, Canada has undertaken the obligation to provide protection against the circumvention of technological measures designed to protect copyright works. While on its face the obligation appears simple, in reality it brings about an intersection of policy, law and technology; a complex situation with far reaching repercussions. The U.S., a co-signatory to the WIPO Treaties, responded to this tension by enacting the Digital Milennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which heavily regulated circumvention technology and garnered wide-spread criticism. Critics labeled the law as unpredictable and overbroad legislation, which has chilled free speech, violated fair use, stifled research and study and encouraged monopolies by eliminating competition. Drawing largely on the U.S. experience, this thesis aims to suggest a possible route for Canada to take when fulfilling its own obligations under the WIPO. It will begin with a review of the relevant provisions of the Treaties to determine the extent of Canada's obligation. It will then examine Canada's proposal papers and the responses of its citizens to the questioned posed regarding future anti-circumvention legislation. It will also examine the DMCA in detail and attempt to distil its flaws. Finally, it will investigate the extent of the need for new anti-circumvention legislation in Canada by examining Canada's existing laws dealing with the protection of technology measures. Such process will provide evidence that Canada has, to a large extent, complied with its obligations under the WIPO while maintaining the delicate balance between the stakeholders of copyright law. Thus while new anti-circumvention legislation may still be in order, Canada has the latitude to craft a law that fully recognizes the rights of all stakeholders in the copyright equation and is consistent with its own copyright policies.
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Bartoo, Debora S. "Financial Services Innovation: Opportunities for Transformation Through Facial Recognition and Digital Wallet Patents". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1370778739.
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Ruzek, Vincent. "Communautarisation et mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G009.
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L’internationalisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle, initiée à la fin du XIXe siècle, a pris depuis la fin du XXe siècle une toute nouvelle tournure avec son inclusion dans le champ des disciplines commerciales multilatérales. La signature de l’accord ADPIC marque en effet l’émergence d’une véritable gouvernance mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle : l’ambition affichée par l’OMC est d’encadrer, substantiellement parlant, la marge de manœuvre des membres dans la mise en place de leurs politiques de protection. Bien qu’initié plus tardivement, la communautarisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle revêt désormais une portée considérable : outre une conciliation effective des régimes nationaux de protection avec les principes cardinaux du traité, d’importantes directives d’harmonisation ont été édictées, et des titres européens de protection ont même été créés dans certains secteurs. Notre étude a pour vocation de montrer comment la communautarisation, au-delà de son rôle traditionnel de source du droit, officie comme un indispensable vecteur de structuration de la position européenne vis-à-vis de la mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans son versant ascendant tout d’abord – du local au global –, le vecteur communautarisation joue un rôle de mutualisation des objectifs à promouvoir sur la scène internationale. L’enjeu n’est autre que celui de façonner une gouvernance mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle qui corresponde au système d’intérêts et de valeurs de l’Union, conformément aux objectifs ambitieux assignés par le Traité. Ce processus de mutualisation n’a toutefois rien d’automatique : d’importantes contraintes institutionnelles – malgré plusieurs révisions du Traité et la progression graduelle de l’harmonisation en interne – contrarient l’émergence d’une véritable politique européenne extérieure intégrée. Mais c’est précisément à l’aune de ces contraintes qu’il convient d’apprécier la portée des accomplissements de l’UE, qui a su s’imposer comme un acteur central de la gouvernance mondiale du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans son versant descendant ensuite – du global au local –, le vecteur communautarisation s’accompagne d’une montée en puissance du juge de Luxembourg dans l’arbitrage des situations d’interactions normatives fréquentes et complexes entre le droit de l’Union et le droit international de la propriété intellectuelle. L’étude systématique de la résolution par la Cour de ces interactions normatives montre combien celle-ci s’attache à préserver l’autonomie de l’ordre juridique de l’Union, en ménageant une marge d’appréciation significative dans la mise en œuvre des obligations découlant de la mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Cette marge d’appréciation est mise à profit pour assurer la défense d’un modèle européen original en construction, tirant parti des flexibilités du cadre normatif mondialThe internationalization of IP Law, initiated at the end of the 19th century, has taken since the end of the 20th century a brand new twist with its inclusion in the field of multilateral trade disciplines. The signing of the TRIPS agreement marks the emergence of a global IP governance. Indeed, the ambition displayed by the WTO is to supervise the margin of maneuver of its Members in implementing their policies. Although Communitization of IP law started much later, it now has a considerable scope: national protection regimes have been conciliated with the cardinal principles of the Treaty, some important harmonization directives have been enacted, and various European titles of protection have even been created. Our study is designed to show how Communitization, beyond its traditional role of source of law, officiates as a necessary and efficient vector for structuring the European position towards the Globalization of IP Law. In its ascendant side first -- from Local to Global, the Communitization vector plays a role of merging the objectives to be promoted on the international scene. The issue at stake is to shape an IP global framework that corresponds to the system of interests and values of the EU, in accordance with the far-reaching objectives assigned by the Treaty. This merging process is, however, not automatic. In spite of several amendments to the Treaty and of the progress of internal harmonization, various institutional constraints thwart the emergence of a fully integrated external European policy in the field of IP. But it is precisely in light of these constraints that the scope of the achievements of the EU, which in now recognized as a central actor in the global IP governance, must be appreciated. In its down side then -- from Global to Local, the Communitization vector is accompanied by a rise of the European Court of Justice in arbitrating complex normative interactions between national, EU and International IP Laws. A systematic analysis of the resolution by the ECJ of these normative interactions reveals its determination to safeguard the autonomy of the EU legal order, by arranging for significant discretion in implementing international commitments. This margin of appreciation is used to defend an original European model under construction, taking advantage of the flexibilities of the global normative framework
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Soltmann, Wladimir. "Association de la norme technique à l'innovation. Étude de droit de la propriété intellectuelle et de droit de la concurrence". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30055.
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La norme technique exige parfois de lui associer des innovations faisant l’objet de droits privatifs, au bénéfice de la réalisation de sa mission. De prime abord, la propriété intellectuelle apparaît comme étant un élément perturbateur, impliquant désormais d’examiner l’ « économie » de la norme au moment de son élaboration et de son utilisation et non plus uniquement la technique. Pour éviter la corruption de la norme par des droits privatifs trop contraignants, les organismes de normalisation exigent que seuls les droits privatifs « essentiels » soient associés à la norme. Les critères de l’adhérence réciproque de la norme et de l’innovation structurant leur association, justifient au nom de son « utilité sociale », une adaptation réciproque des régimes juridiques attachés à ses deux composantes. Ainsi l’ « utilité sociale » incarnée par la norme technique impose une adaptation du régime des droits de propriété intellectuelle. Symétriquement, l’innovation « essentielle » à la norme suppose une adaptation du régime de la norme technique à la propriété intellectuelle. Cela donne naissance à deux régimes juridiques substantiellement interpénétrés et structurellement interdépendants. D’une part, les droits privatifs étant « essentiels » à la norme, peuvent être considérés comme des « infrastructures essentielles », justifiant une érosion systémique de leur portée dans le cadre de leur association à la norme. Dans le cadre de l’application de règles de concurrence, cette érosion résulte d’une approche ex post à laquelle se conjugue une approche ex ante, conceptualisée par les conditions FRAND. D’autre part, l’association s’évalue également à l’aune de la propriété privée. Il apparaît que la norme technique devrait être considérée comme étant une chose commune imposant d’aménager, au bénéfice de ses utilisateurs, un accès et une utilisation libre. Cela suppose d’envisager alors l’émergence d’un droit d’utilisation de l’innovation associée à la norme techniqueTechnical standards may sometimes be associated to innovations covered by proprietary rights. In this case, intellectual property appears to embody a quite disturbing component within the partnership between standardization and innovation. We are thus led to analyse the association economy ; it must be construed as of the creation and the use of the standard rather than to insist on its sole technical aspects. In order to avoid the corruption of the standard by over-restrictive IP rights, standard-setting-organizations require that only "essential" proprietary rights can be associated to a technical standard. Economical and technical criterias of the mutual adherence of the technical standard and the owned innovation – structuring their association – justify in the name of its "social utility", a mutual adaptation of their legal regimes. Therefore, the technical standard’s "social utility" requires an adaptation of the IP rights legal regime. Symmetrically, the essential innovation, included in the standard, requires its fitting to the technical standards legal regime. This results in the rise of two regimes naturally interpenetrated, and structurally interdependent. On the one hand, IP rights "essential" to the standard, can be considered as "essential facilities", justifying a systematic erosion of their spectrum. As part of competition rules implementation, this erosion results from an ex post approach as well as an ex ante approach conceptualized by FRAND terms. On the other hand, the association is also evaluated through the private property perspective. It appears that the technical standard should be considered as a "common", assuming a free access and a free use. It contributes to create a right of use of the owned innovations integrated in technical standard
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Bursuc, Vlad A. "Amateurism and Professionalism in the National Collegiate Athletic Association". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1374144535.
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Farah, Paolo Davide. "L'intégration de la Chine dans l'Organisation mondiale du commerce". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32085.
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Notre thèse a pour but de réfléchir à cette question majeure, de tenter de résoudre cette impasse : le droit du commerce international contemporain a été élaboré à partir de principes libéraux pour réaliser la libre circulation des marchandises et des services (OMC, GATT, GATS…), sans toutefois tenir compte des différentes barrières culturelles internes des pays (par exemple en Chine), ni de considérations « autres que d’ordre commercial ». Comment dépasser les barrières internes ? Comment intégrer les valeurs non commerciales ? La Chine est à la fois une partie du problème et une partie de la solution à cette question. Une partie du problème en ce que les frictions entre les principes de libre circulation et les habitudes propres à une aire culturelle donnée sont particulièrement vivaces dans le cas de la Chine et font sans cesse surface dans le cadre des exigences de régulation. Une partie de la solution aussi en ce que son engagement pour les technologies vertes et les énergies renouvelables donne plus poids à la nécessité d’élargir les lois étroites du commerce pour prendre en compte les considérations autres que commercialesThis doctoral thesis will aim at addressing the following problematic issue: contemporary international trade law has been established on liberal (free trade) principles in order to allow the free movement of goods and services (WTO, GATT, GATS, etc.), without taking into account other countries internal cultural barriers (for example in China), or non-trade concerns (NTCs). How to overcome internal barriers? How to integrate non-trade concerns? China is part of the problem as well as part of the solution. On one hand frictions between global free-trade principles and local cultural habits are overwelhming present in China and continuously interfere with the requirements of trade regulation. On the other China’s involvement in green technology or renewable energies give more weigth to the necessity of extending the international trade framework to include non-trade concerns in its definition
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Barreto, Ana Cristina Costa. "A flexibilização do acordo TRIPS e a necessidade de respeito aos direitos humanos nas regras da OMC: o humanismo nas relações internacionais". Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2769.
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CAPES
The global transformations occurring in modernity have led to the emergence of new challenges and the need to search for new perspectives on stakeholder participation in the international system. Particularly, the inclusion of new issues within the WTO rules, within the multilateral trading system is fundamental to the pursuit of well-being of people take a central role in the discussions, and sustainable development is achieved from the respect and balance between human beings and the market. The paper attempted to analyze the TRIPS Agreement and its relationship with the right to access to medicines, assessing the possibility that the relaxation of its rules be considered a demonstration of the relevance of human rights in international trade. To achieve this objective, the first analysis of the evolution of the system of protection of intellectual property was critical to understanding the formation of the international IP regime that culminated in the TRIPS Agreement. In sequence, the problem of access to medicines was presented from the considerations about the social responsibility of the pharmaceutical industry and the implications caused by the TRIPS Agreement, regarding the need to be envisioned an international policy aimed at ensuring universal access to products the pharmaceutical industry, thus revealing the existence of a relationship between the work of international organizations, including the World Trade Organization and Human Rights. Finally, from the point of view of modern cosmopolitanism from the demonstration that the internationalization of human rights can be understood as a reassertion of humanism found that to change the paradigms of intellectual property and particularly patent pharmaceutical, it is essential to define the social role of the pharmaceutical industry, understanding the conditions of access to drugs is regarded as a matter subject to humanitarian protection.
As transformações globais ocorridas na modernidade têm provocado o surgimento de novos desafios e a necessidade de busca por novas perspectivas na participação dos atores no sistema internacional. Particularmente, a inclusão de novos temas no âmbito das regras da OMC, dentro do sistema multilateral de comércio, é fundamental para que a busca pelo bem-estar do homem tome papel central nas discussões, e o desenvolvimento sustentável seja alcançado a partir do respeito e do equilíbrio entre ser humano e mercado. A dissertação se propôs a analisar o Acordo TRIPS e sua relação com o direito ao acesso a medicamentos, avaliando a possibilidade de que a flexibilização de suas normas ser considerada uma demonstração da relevância dos Direitos Humanos no âmbito do comércio internacional. Visando tal objetivo, inicialmente a análise da evolução do sistema de proteção da Propriedade Intelectual foi fundamental para compreender formação do regime internacional de PI que culminou com o Acordo TRIPS. Em sequência, a problemática do acesso a medicamentos foi apresentada a partir das considerações acerca da responsabilidade social da indústria farmacêutica e das implicações provocadas pelo Acordo TRIPS, no que tange à necessidade de ser vislumbrada uma política internacional que vise a garantia do acesso universal aos produtos da indústria farmacêutica, evidenciando assim a existência de uma relação entre a atuação de organismos internacionais, entre os quais a Organização Mundial do Comércio e os Direitos Humanos. Por fim, sob o ponto de vista do cosmopolitismo moderno, a partir da demonstração de que a internacionalização dos Direitos Humanos pode ser compreendida como a reafirmação do Humanismo constatou-se que para a mudança dos paradigmas relativos à propriedade intelectual e, particularmente, à patente farmacêutica, é imprescindível a definição do papel social da indústria farmacêutica, a compreensão de que as condições de acesso a medicamentos sejam consideradas matéria sujeita à proteção humanitária.
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Буднік, І. В. y I. V. Budnik. "Обліково-аналітичне забезпечення управління нематеріальними активами". Diss., Одеський національний економічний університет, 2021. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12834.
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У дисертації висвітлені теоретичні, методичні та практичні засади обліково-аналітичного забезпечення управління нематеріальними активами, а також сформульовано висновки та рекомендації, спрямовані на застосування методики в діяльності підприємств у сучасних умовах.
Розкритий взаємозв’язок між ринковою, балансовою вартістю великих компаній України та США, а також питомою вагою нематеріальних активів у складі балансової та ринкової вартості підприємств. Проведено порівняльний аналіз на базі фінансової звітності досліджуваних підприємств, що дозволило прослідкувати тенденцію щодо впливу наявності нематеріальних активів на прибутковість акцій та інвестиційну привабливість суб’єктів господарюванняThe dissertation reveals the theoretical, methodological and practical principles of accounting and analytical support of intangible assets management, as well as formulates conclusions and recommendations aimed at applying the methodology in the activities of enterprises in modern conditions. The connection between the market and book value of large companies in Ukraine and the United States was researched, as well as the share of intangible assets in the book and market value of enterprises. A comparative analysis was conducted on the basis of the financial statements of the surveyed enterprises, which allowed to trace the trend of the impact of the presence of intangible assets on the profitability of shares and investment attractiveness of economic entities. The approaches to understanding the essence of intangible assets by Ukrainian and foreign scientists are analyzed, as well as the definitions of this concept given in domestic and international regulations are studied and revealed. Based on the research, the author's approach to the formulation of the term "intangible assets" is proposed, the purpose of which is to better understand this concept and eliminate differences that arise in its interpretation on the basis of the existing legal framework.
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Senate, University of Arizona Faculty. "Faculty Senate Minutes October 2, 2017". University of Arizona Faculty Senate (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626015.
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Chen, Ying-hsuan y 陳穎萱. "The New Development of International Intellectual Property Law through World Intellectual Property Organization". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cnhx9x.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
96
The World Intellectual Property Organization (hereinafter referred “WIPO”), which is one of specialized agencies of the United Nations, is in charge of any matter regarding the protection of intellectual property and cooperates with the U.N., the World Trade Organization and the European Union, therefore it is undoubtedly that the WIPO is the most important institution around the globe in the field of intellectual property protection. Since the establishment of the WIPO, numerous IP-protection conventions have been concluded. Subject to the title “The New Development of International Intellectual Property Law through World Intellectual Property Organization,” the core of this thesis is emphasized in chapter three “The Legal Sources of International Intellectual Property Law” and chapter four “The Operation of WIPO.” The author first discusses the source of international intellectual property law and then analyze three categories of treaties (IP protection treaties, global protection system treaties and classification treaties) administered by the WIPO in chapter three. Furthermore, the author introduces the institutional framework of the WIPO as well as its operation and working programmes in chapter four either to facilitate us to apprehend the WIPO or to know the future development of international intellectual property legal systems through the WIPO’s operation. Accordingly, the WIPO along with multilateral treaties adopted by the WIPO constitutes a crucial international regime for intellectual property protection. Taiwan is neither a member of the WIPO nor a contracting party of any treaty adopted by the WIPO. However, based on Taiwan’s membership of the WTO and legal obligations imposed in the TRIPS, Taiwanese municipal laws stipulate the application of the international treaties adopted by the WIPO. Moreover, in order to face the impact of globalization and to increase trade volume of Taiwan and attract more foreign direct investment, it is inevitably important to reform our legal environment, particularly intellectual property protection laws. Consequently, in chapter five “The Relationship between International Intellectual Property Law and National Law,” the author reviews whether or not the latest amendments of the Patent Law, the Trademark Law and the Copyright Law refer to the provisions of the WIPO-administered treaties and in line with international trends. It is hard for Taiwan to apply for a member of the WIPO based on Article 5 of the WIPO Convention; nevertheless, the government may actively participate in the WIPO’s activities and its legislation through submitting relevant proposals which calls upon the Council on TRIPS incorporate the provisions of the WIPO-administered Treaties into the TRIPS. In order to prevent Taiwan from being marginalized in the sphere of international intellectual property protection, the government should enhance the protection of Taiwan’s worldwide well-known IT brands or trademarks by concluding FTA/RTA or bilateral information technology cooperation agreement with other states and embodying the basic principles of WIPO-administered treaties into relevant chapters.
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Hurter, Eddie. "Aspects of the nature and online resolution of domain-name disputes". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5589.
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The thesis analyses selected aspects of domain-name law, mainly from the perspective
of trade-mark law. It discusses the evolution of the domain-name system and how it
operates as background to a more detailed discussion of the theoretical classification
of domain names. The thesis then examines the interplay between trade marks and
domain names, and the resolution of domain-name disputes resulting from the inherent
tension between these two systems. The main principles of domain-name dispute
resolution are identified by way of an analysis of the panel decisions handed down in
terms of the international Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) and the South
African domain name dispute resolution regulations. This analysis always addresses,
too, the extent to which national trade-mark law principles (with reference to the laws
of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America) apply, and the
extent to which this is appropriate.Private Law
LL.D.
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Lai, Chau-yun y 賴秋雲. "Research on the Setup of the Monopoly Organization of Intellectual Property Rights in R.O.C". Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25279043367102144192.
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Erasmus, Norman. "The impact of the Intellectual Property Rights Act for publicly funded research and development on technology transfer offices at South African universities". Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25024.
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The impact of the Intellectual Property Rights Act for publicly funded research and development on technology transfer offices was studied, using a questionnaire survey and guided interviews of six technology transfer officers. The survey requested technology transfer officers to express the impact level of each of the eleven impact elements on the four stages of intellectual property development – these being intellectual property creation, disclosure, protection and commercialisation. The set of data was weighted for each element, by intellectual property development stage, and analysed using frequency tables. The impact elements of „structural and resource requirements to commercialise and manage intellectual property‟, „intellectual property detection process by the technology transfer officers‟, and‟ disclosure process‟ were ranked as the top three impact elements, in that respective order. Narrative inquiry and theme extraction allowed further elaboration of the impact elements. Comparison with Staphorst‟s (2010) results showed that the impact elements were different for science councils, pointing to unique requirements by universities in their intellectual property management systems. The results of this analysis clearly indicate that the Intellectual Property Rights Act enforcement and execution will demand a high degree of structural and resource requirements, particularly, and most importantly, at the intellectual property disclosure stage of intellectual property development. CopyrightDissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Sozumert, Sait. "China’s standardization & intellectual property policies : in light of WTO regime and membership". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3476.
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China's policy makers see international standards as a barrier to their country's economic development, more importantly, as an offence to the country's national pride. This belief has been reinforced by the view that multi-national companies have used international standards to force developing countries to deprive them of the ability to enter the international markets by forcing them to pay high royalty rates, due to the patents incorporated in these standards. Moreover, these standards, as they believe, have been created at international standards setting platforms dominated by multi-national companies and developed countries. In return, China has launched several initiatives to create home-made Chinese standards free from patent claims of these companies. China's home-madestandards, some of which differ significantly from international standards, also reportedly serve to protection of its domestic market. China's accession to the WTO was formally approved in November 2001 and China became the WTO's 143rd member on December 11, 2001. WTO membership opened a new era for China. In spite of the international expectations for removal of all trade protection mechanisms which are incompatible with the international trade regime, China is reported to have sought to reform its policies by employing new strategies concerning IPR and standards. The thesis of this report is that China has not diverged significantly from developing home-made Chinese standards after the country’s entry into the WTO, but Chinese authorities have adopted more flexible strategies to implement this policy. Accordingly, this report is about change in policy strategies. I argue that China has continued to enforce its own will upon foreign companies with a strong self-confidence stemming from its ability to negotiate on unequal terms with foreign companies, owing to its sheer market size. However, China's new strategies have been shaped by weak coordination and disagreement among government agencies and institutions. To illustrate the potential explanatory power of this account, I have examined two important home-made standards initiatives by China; Wireless Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) and Audio Video Coding Standards (AVS). From the examination of the WAPI and AVS cases, I conclude that China's strategies have continued to evolve through disagreements and negotiations between Chinese government institutions within policy boundaries set by China's WTO membership and increasing international criticism.text
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Enga, Kameni Innocent. "Implementation of trips public health flexibilities in the African Intellectual Property Organisation (OAPI) region : problems and prospects". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52384.
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Countries that are members of the African Intellectual Property Organisation (OAPI) are facing many problems with regard to facilitating access to medicines in their respective territories. These problems have been caused by both internal and external factors. Central to these problems have been the perceived inability and unwillingness of OAPI to put in place a regional intellectual property (IP) framework conducive to the promotion and protection of access to medicines. This has been an unwelcome development, not least because neither OAPI members that are least-developed countries (LDC)s, nor those that are developing countries, have taken full advantage of the flexibilities negotiated within the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). This unfavourable development is neither justifiable nor sustainable, especially at a time when many African countries (non-OAPI members) are in the forefront of protecting access to medicines through law reforms.
This thesis traces the origins of OAPI from its inception in 1962 to the present. It looks, in particular, at the successive OAPI patent regimes and discusses their impact on access to medicines. The overall conclusion drawn is that successive amendments to the initial agreement have strengthened patent rights. This in turn has stymied access to medicine initiatives in the OAPI region because it has, for instance, limited the use of compulsory licences. However, it is submitted that the current situation can be changed through a combination of policy initiatives, including using a human rights approach to access to medicines; getting non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved and, above all, reforming the entire patent regime under the Bangui Agreement.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Centre for Human Rights
LLD
Unrestricted
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Lenkabula, Puleng. "Bioprospecting and intellectual property rights on African plant commons and knowledge: a new form of colonization viewed from an ethical perspective". Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/719.
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This study engages in an ethical examination of contemporary socio-ecological and economic issues which takes seriously the plight of Africa, African communities, indigenous knowledge and biodiversity. It studies the impact of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights regimes on the protection, use, access to, and conservation of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge in Africa. The study also examines the ways in which northern multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and their agents prospect and convert African resources (biological commons and indigenous knowledge) into their intellectual property as well as private property. It argues that the transfer of African biological commons and indigenous knowledge is exacerbated by economic globalisation and the neo-colonial mentality of conquest concealed under the guise of commerce.
The study demonstrates through concrete case studies the tactics used by northern multinational corporations to claim these resources as their intellectual property rights and private property. It observes that the privatisation of biological commons and indigenous knowledge only brings about nominal or no benefits to African communities who have nurtured and continue to nurture them. It also observes that this privatisation results in fewer benefits for biodiversity as they lead to the promotion of monoculture, i.e. commercialisation of all things. To address the injustice and exploitative implications of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights, the study recommends the adoption and implementation of the African model law, the establishment of defensive intellectual property rights mechanisms, and the strategy of resistance and advocacy. It suggests that these measures ought to be grounded on the African normative principle of botho and the Christian ethical principle of justice.Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics
D.Th.(Theological Ethics)