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Zhang, Hui y Junxian Jiang. "Evaluation of the Playing Time Benefits of Foreign Players in the Big-5 European Football Leagues". Journal of Human Kinetics 84, n.º 1 (25 de octubre de 2022): 238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-000072.
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Abstract To explore the benefits that foreign players bring to their clubs, this study used foreign players in the Big-5 European leagues (2013/2014-2017/2018 seasons) as samples and constructed a benefit model based on playing time and game points to evaluate the contribution of foreign players to their clubs in different leagues. The results showed the following: 1) from the 2013/2014 season to the 2017/2018 season, foreign players in the Bundesliga had the highest playing time benefits (PTBs) (0.526 ± 0.012), followed by foreign players in La Liga (0.523 ± 0.014), the Premier League (0.518 ± 0.011), Serie A (0.500 ± 0.012) and Ligue 1 (0.486 ± 0.011); 2) foreign players from South America had the highest PTBs in the Big-5 leagues, while those from Africa had the lowest PTBs. However, among the different leagues, there were no significant differences in the PTBs of foreign players from the same continent; 3) PTBs of foreign players in the forward position were lower than those of foreign players in the defender position; 4) the country that produced foreign players in the Big-5 leagues with the highest total PTBs was Brazil, followed by Argentina, Spain and France. Additionally, the top 15 countries by total PTBs qualified for either the 2014 or the 2018 World Cup Final.
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Kaluđerović, Željko. "HENRY'S "HAND OF GOD"". Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 4, n.º 2 (abril de 2014): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.041408.
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In this paper the author discusses the views and statements of the French football player Thierry Henry he gave after his illegal play during the playoff match between France and the Republic of Ireland to claim one of the final spots in the World Cup 2010 in South Africa. First, by controlling the ball with his hand before passing it on for the goal Henry has shown disregard for the constitutive rules of football. Then, by stating that he is "not a referee" he demonstrated that for some players rules are not inherent to football and that they can be relativized, given that for them winning is the goal of the highest ontological status. Furthermore, he has rejected the rules of sportsmanship, thus expressing his opinion that the opponents are just obstacles which have to be removed in order to achieve your goals. Henry's action has disrupted major moral values, such as justice, honesty, responsibility and beneficence. The rules of fair play have totally been ignored both in Henry's action and in the Football Association of France's unwillingness to comment on whether a replay should take place. They have ignored one of the basic principles stated in the "Declaration of the International Fair Play Committee", according to which, fair play is much more than playing to the rules of the game; it's about the attitude of the sportsperson. It's about respecting your opponent and preserving his or her physical and psychological integrity. Finally, the author believes that the rules, moral values and fair play in football are required for this game to become actually possible to play.
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Brown, James, Gino Kerkhoffs, Mike Lambert y Vincent Gouttebarge. "Forced Retirement from Professional Rugby Union is Associated with Symptoms of Distress". International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, n.º 08 (31 de mayo de 2017): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-103959.
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AbstractRugby has a higher injury burden than other popular sports, such as football. Athletes who are forced to retire as a result of injury are associated with poor mental health. With its high injury burden, professional rugby players might be at risk of mental health conditions associated with injury-related forced retirement. This study aimed to compare mental health between former professional rugby players who were and weren’t forced to retire. A questionnaire including the 4DSQ (distress), GHQ-12 (anxiety/depression), PROMIS short-form (sleep disturbance) and AUDIT-C (alcohol misuse) was completed by retired professional players from Ireland, France and South Africa. The questionnaire asked players whether or not they were forced to retire, as well as the reason for retirement. Players forced to retire were more than twice as likely to report symptoms of distress in comparison to those that retired voluntarily (odds ratio: 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.2–3.6, p<0.001). None of the other mental health measures (anxiety/depression, sleep disturbance or alcohol misuse) were associated with forced retirement. In conclusion, rugby players that were forced to retire may require support structures and longitudinal monitoring. Future studies should begin monitoring players during their careers to accurately assess the effect of retirement on mental health.
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Lebrun, Anne-Marie, Quentin Neveu y Patrick Bouchet. "Comparing perceived brand positioning through social representations among registered amateur football players". Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 10, n.º 2 (13 de marzo de 2020): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-08-2018-0061.
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PurposeThe objective of this research is to understand and compare the perceived brand positioning of two football megabrands (Adidas and Nike) for a specific social group, the registered amateur football players in France, using the social representation theory (SRT) as the theoretical framework and the free word associations as the main method.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted through face-to-face questionnaire among a convenience sample of registered amateur football players in France (n = 362) and for which 52 percent chose Adidas and 48 percent Nike.FindingsFindings demonstrated that Adidas and Nike have a different perceived brand positioning for the registered amateur football players in France. Adidas is perceived as more typical and positioned “inside the football ground” through main characteristics of its football goods for training and competition. Nike is more positioned “outside the football ground” through their sportswear goods for daily life and fashion.Originality/valueThe interest of this research is to be primarily inductive and focus on a specific group (membership of registered amateur football players) to understand the perceived brand positioning in the football market. The method allows activating the belonging with this group (higher level of practice with these brands) by using the SRT method of free word associations. Thanks to this original approach, results could help managers of Nike and Adidas reinforce their brand positioning and gain market share, as well as build their specific brand community like both megabrands did for the runners in France.
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Woodward, J. R. "Professional Football Scouts: An Investigation of Racial Stacking". Sociology of Sport Journal 21, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2004): 356–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.4.356.
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In this article the author examines sports guides that are dedicated to critiquing collegiate football players eligible for the annual National Football League amateur draft. An effort is made to assess whether the scouts in these guides describe collegiate players in ways that correspond with U.S. race logic as articulated by Coakley (1998). More specifically, the article focuses on the mental and physical descriptions of African American and White athletes by professional scouts. The results show that African American players are more likely to be described in physical terms (rather than mental terms) than are White players in the same positions.
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Ungruhe, Christian y Mads Backer Schmidt. "Why are East African Players Absent in European Football? Localizing African Football Migration Along Structural Constraints, Colonial Legacies and Voluntary Immobility". Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, n.º 5 (26 de mayo de 2020): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723520919820.
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While studies on transnational African football migration have increasingly attracted scholarly attention, little is known about the continent’s regional particularities. However, in contrast to the massive influx of footballers from West and North Africa, squads of European professional clubs seldom include players from East Africa. Yet, the concentration on West Africa in academic studies runs the risk of overgeneralizing certain practices on the African continent and, hence, of reproducing Africa’s standing as the homogeneous peripheral other. By analyzing the various historical, structural, and socio-cultural reasons for the general absence of migrant footballers from East Africa, we aim at contributing to a more nuanced picture of African football migration and further discuss the ambivalent consequences of players’ spatial immobility for East Africa’s football development.
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Strauss, Anita, Martinique Sparks y Cindy Pienaar. "Comparison of the Morphological Characteristics of South African Sub-Elite Female Football Players According to Playing Position". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 7 (31 de marzo de 2021): 3603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073603.
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Limited information is available on the morphological characteristics of adult female footballers, therefore the aim of this article was to examine if there are position-specific differences in the morphological characteristics of sub-elite female football players and to establish normative standards for this level of female football players. The morphological features of 101 sub-elite female football players (age: 21.8 ± 2.7 years) were assessed. Twenty anthropometric sites were measured for body composition and somatotype. The average value of body fat percentage was 20.8 ± 5.7%. The somatotype of the overall group was 4.0–2.4–2.1. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences were found between goalkeepers and outfield players in morphological characteristics. Goalkeepers were taller (166.2 ± 8.4 cm), heavier (66.5 ± 5.1 kg), possessed the highest body fat percentage (17.2 ± 6.2%) and showed higher values for all skinfold (sum of 6 skinfolds = 125.6 ± 45.9 cm), breadth, girth and length measurements. However, there were very few practically worthwhile differences between the outfield positions. Positional groups did not differ (p ≤ 0.05) in somatotype characteristics either. The study suggests that at sub-elite level there are mainly differences between goalkeepers and outfield players, but outfield players are homogeneous when comparing morphological characteristics. These results may serve as normative values for future comparisons regarding the morphological characteristics of female football players.
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Mkumbuzi, N. S. "Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nutritional supplements in Zimbabwean football". South African Journal of Sports Medicine 27, n.º 1 (29 de enero de 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2015/v27i1a485.
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Background. The use of medications by football players in many populations is known to be high. Data on African players are scarce. Objective. To determine the magnitude of use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and nutritional supplements by Zimbabwean football players. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study during the 2011/2012 Premier Soccer League football season. A total of 86 players responded to a self-administered questionnaire that assessed self-reported use of NSAIDs and nutritional supplements. Results. All the participants admitted to taking NSAIDs, with 44% self-prescribing. Nutritional supplements were taken by 56% of the respondents. Of these, 21% took them on a daily basis and 40% did so without professional advice. Conclusion. Regular, self-prescribed use of NSAIDs and nutritional supplements is high among Zimbabwean football players.
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Acheampong, Ernest Yeboah. "How does professional football status challenge African players’ behaviour?" Soccer & Society 21, n.º 2 (1 de noviembre de 2018): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2018.1541797.
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Hoare, Rachel. "From global phenomenon to framework for living: using the beautiful game creatively to provide therapeutic care for unaccompanied male adolescents seeking asylum in Ireland". International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 16, n.º 4 (16 de octubre de 2020): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-03-2020-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore, through the composite character of Jaheem, a 16-year-old unaccompanied male from sub Saharan Africa seeking asylum in Ireland (UMSA), the different ways in which football, experienced as a global physical pursuit, a lingua franca and an important site of participation and belonging, can facilitate the development of the therapeutic relationship and the building of coping skills in creative psychotherapy. Design/methodology/approach The composite narrative approach draws on notes taken by the author immediately after the psychotherapy sessions of seven UMSA between 2016 and 2019, for whom football became part of the therapy process. The experiences captured in the notes were combined and are re-presented and explored through the composite character of Jaheem. Findings Drawing on the different facets of football was a key factor in developing the therapeutic relationship. This progressed naturally into using player images to identify and explore the expression of difficult feelings, using football talk as a lingua franca and exploring experiences through football as a metaphor for life. Research limitations/implications The risk of Jaheem not being representative of the seven UMSA was mitigated by the psychotherapist’s expertise in this context which informed her judgement of what to include in a meaningful and representative composite. Originality/value Using the rarely used composite narrative approach to capture the potential of engaging with the football theme in a therapeutic setting with UMSA males.
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Sobol, Eduard, Andrii Svatyev y Eduard Doroshenko. "INDICATORS OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS’ MIGRATION IN LEADING EUROPEAN LEAGUES". Sport Science and Human Health 5, n.º 1 (2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2664-2069.2021.110.
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Introduction. Modern football is characterized by increasing trends in migration and transfer activity in the leading European football leagues and a decrease in the number of students of their own children's and youth academies of the leading football clubs of the European Championships for the period 2009-2019. The aim of the study is to investigate and determine the level of financial support for the migration of qualified players in leading European clubs on the basis of their transfer activities (according to open sources). Material and methods: analysis and generalization of data of scientific and methodical literature sources and the Internet, pedagogical observations, content analysis of materials of official websites of football clubs, UEFA and FIFA, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. In the «TOP-20» ranking of leading European football clubs at the end of 2019 in terms of total transfer costs, which determine the migration of qualified players, there is the following distribution: «Barclays Premier League» (England) – 8 football clubs (40%) with transfer costs € 4,726 million (43,40%); «Liga de Futbol Profesional, Primera Division» (Spain) – 4 football clubs (20%) with transfer costs of 2415 million € (22,17%); «Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A TIM» (Italy) – 4 football clubs (20%) with transfer costs of € 1,816 million (16,67%); «Le championnat de France de football» (France) – 2 football clubs (10%) with transfer costs of 1261 million € (11,58%); «Fußball-Bundesliga» (Germany) – 2 football clubs (10%) with a transfer cost of € 673 million (6,18%). Conclusions. Analysis of the structure of profits «TOP-20» ranking of leading European clubs, shows that the average is: about 44% – the sale of rights to telecast competitions, about 40% – advertising revenue and about 16% is the share of revenue from tickets and season tickets. Indicators of financial activity of leading European football clubs are monitored by UEFA and FIFA programs for compliance with the requirements and criteria of financial «Fair Play».
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Hatem, Belhouchet y Khatrouch Ikram. "A Methodology for Selection Starting Line-Up of Football Players in Qatar World Cup 2022". European Journal of Sport Sciences 2, n.º 2 (14 de abril de 2023): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2023.2.2.56.
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The process of player selection in multi-player sports is a complex multi-criteria problem. In Football, the role of a coach is selecting players as the starting line-up that is formed subjectively without regard to various criteria. The decision of the coach can impact team performance. This paper proposes a new model for selection starting line-up integrating criteria in FIFA World Cup 2022.The aim is to use MOORA method in football player selection process. We test the efficiency of the model using France National football team and we demonstrate how the methodology can facilitate decision making by selecting players.
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Junge, Astrid, Jiri Chomiak y Jiri Dvorak. "Incidence of Football Injuries in Youth Players". American Journal of Sports Medicine 28, n.º 5_suppl (septiembre de 2000): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/28.suppl_5.s-47.
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Several authors have investigated the frequency of football injuries in youth players. However, the results of these studies are inconsistent because of the different age groups investigated and the different methods applied. The aim of the present study was to compare the incidence and characteristics of football injuries in youth players of two European regions. A total of 444 youth players from the Czech Republic and the Alsace region of France and Germany were followed weekly for 1 year. In 311 players (70%), complete weekly follow-ups over the 1-year period were available. The comparison of injury data revealed no substantial differences between players from the Alsace region and the Czech Republic in injury incidence per 1000 hours of exposure, degree of injury severity, or the circumstances in which the injuries occurred. However, players from the Czech Republic spent more time in training and playing football than did players from the Alsace region, and in the Czech Republic a higher proportion of injuries was caused by foul play. With only a few exceptions, the statistics were similar in the amount of football played as well as in the incidence of injury between different age and skill levels in both European regions.
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Chisati, Enock M., Dorothy Undi, Samuel Ulili, Sarai Nkhoma y Mathews Mlongoti. "Prevalence of performance enhancing substance use among elite football players in two super league teams in Blantyre, Malawi". Malawi Medical Journal 34, n.º 3 (5 de octubre de 2022): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v34i3.3.
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Background
Use of performance enhancing substances (PES) is common among athletes with a worldwide prevalence ranging from 5% to 31%. There has been little knowledge of PES use in African athletes with no available data for Malawian football players. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PESs use among elite football players in two super league teams in Blantyre, Malawi.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study conducted in two super league football teams in Blantyre, Malawi. A modified standard questionnaire obtained from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Social science research package was administered to collect data from a convenient sample of 43 elite football players on the characteristics of participants, prevalence of PESs use and reasons for using PES. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test.
Results
Out of 86 eligible football players, 43 with a mean age of 24 ± 4 years participated in the study. Many players (60%) had secondary education as their highest level of education and most players (86%) had played football for more than five years. Out of 43 participants, 39 (91%) had been using PESs while four (9%) had never used PESs. Out of 13 substances, caffeine (77%), herbal products (40%), and energy bars (40%) were the commonly used PESs while cocaine (2%) was the least used substance among the players. Improving performance was the most common reason (81%) why participants were using PESs followed by increase in lean body mass (35%).
Conclusion
The prevalence of PESs use among elite football players in two super league teams in Blantyre, Malawi is high. The most used PES are caffeine, herbal products and energy bars. Participants mainly use PESs for improved performance in football. Therefore, awareness among elite football athletes and stakeholders on adverse health effects of PES use should be promoted.
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Agergaard, Sine y Vera Botelho. "The way out? African players' migration to Scandinavian women's football". Sport in Society 17, n.º 4 (17 de julio de 2013): 523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2013.815512.
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Zuidema, Taylor R., Jiancheng Hou, Kyle A. Kercher, Grace O. Recht, Sage H. Sweeney, Nishant Chenchaiah, Hu Cheng, Jesse A. Steinfeldt y Keisuke Kawata. "Cerebral Cortical Surface Structure and Neural Activation Pattern Among Adolescent Football Players". JAMA Network Open 7, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2024): e2354235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.54235.
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ImportanceRecurring exposure to head impacts in American football has garnered public and scientific attention, yet neurobiological associations in adolescent football players remain unclear.ObjectiveTo examine cortical structure and neurophysiological characteristics in adolescent football players.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study included adolescent football players and control athletes (swimming, cross country, and tennis) from 5 high school athletic programs, who were matched with age, sex (male), and school. Neuroimaging assessments were conducted May to July of the 2021 and 2022 seasons. Data were analyzed from February to November 2023.ExposurePlaying tackle football or noncontact sports.Main Outcomes and MeasuresStructural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were analyzed for cortical thickness, sulcal depth, and gyrification, and cortical surface-based resting state (RS)–functional MRI analyses examined the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and RS-functional connectivity (RS-FC).ResultsTwo-hundred seventy-five male participants (205 football players; mean [SD] age, 15.8 [1.2] years; 5 Asian [2.4%], 8 Black or African American [3.9%], and 189 White [92.2%]; 70 control participants; mean [SD] age 15.8 [1.2] years, 4 Asian [5.7], 1 Black or African American [1.4%], and 64 White [91.5%]) were included in this study. Relative to the control group, the football group showed significant cortical thinning, especially in fronto-occipital regions (eg, right precentral gyrus: t = −2.24; P = .01; left superior frontal gyrus: −2.42; P = .002). Elevated cortical thickness in football players was observed in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex (eg, left posterior cingulate cortex: t = 2.28; P = .01; right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 3.01; P = .001). The football group had greater and deeper sulcal depth than the control groups in the cingulate cortex, precuneus, and precentral gyrus (eg, right inferior parietal lobule: t = 2.20; P = .004; right caudal anterior cingulate cortex: 4.30; P &lt; .001). Significantly lower ALFF was detected in the frontal lobe and cingulate cortex of the football group (t = −3.66 to −4.92; P &lt; .01), whereas elevated ALFF was observed in the occipital regions (calcarine and lingual gyrus, t = 3.20; P &lt; .01). Similar to ALFF, football players exhibited lower ReHo in the precentral gyrus and medial aspects of the brain, such as precuneus, insula, and cingulum, whereas elevated ReHo was clustered in the occipitotemporal regions (t = 3.17; P &lt; .001; to 4.32; P &lt; .01). There was no group difference in RS-FC measures.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study of adolescent athletes, there was evidence of discernible structural and physiological differences in the brains of adolescent football players compared with their noncontact controls. Many of the affected brain regions were associated with mental health well-being.
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Larsen, Torill, Aurelie Van Hoye, Hege Eikeland Tjomsland, Ingrid Holsen, Bente Wold, Jean-Philippe Heuzé, Oddrun Samdal y Philippe Sarrazin. "Creating a supportive environment among youth football players". Health Education 115, n.º 6 (5 de octubre de 2015): 570–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-04-2014-0054.
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Purpose – The health promoting benefits of sport participation are under-utilized and should be further developed, particularly at the grassroots level. The purpose of this paper is to examine how grassroots coaches in youth football perceive their coaching practices after participating in a community-based coach education program aimed at optimizing their experiences in youth sport, namely the Empowering Coaching™ training program, based on self-determination theory (SDT) and achievement goal theory (AGT). It compares French and Norwegian coaches to suggest whether the principles of the Empowering Coaching™ training program can be applied successfully in the two countries. Design/methodology/approach – The Empowering Coaching™ training program is a six hour workshop and was delivered at the beginning of the 2011 football season. At the end of the season, the grassroots coaches’ reflections on their coaching practices were examined through a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews of 18 coaches in France and Norway, applying a hybrid analyses and comparing country-wise. Findings – All coaches expressed the intention to embrace the philosophy of the program, and to apply several of the strategies they had learnt during the workshop. The coaches perceived that the program supported their efforts to develop and implement strategies to stimulate intrinsic motivation, enjoyment and long-term participation among the players. There were some differences between coaches from France and Norway (e.g. rules and involvement), but the similarities were more evident, supporting the universality of applying SDT in the youth sport setting. Social implications – The findings are encouraging for sport as a health promoting setting and for the development of the personal skills in grassroot coaches, as they imply that coaches who feel competent in how to structure practices and matches that provide the players with positive sport experiences are likely to enable players to feel supported and motivated. Originality/value – This study explores qualitatively the impact of an intervention based on SDT and AGT, focussing on football coaches’ reflections on their coaching practices.
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Mukharji, Projit Bihari. "‘Feeble Bengalis’ and ‘big Africans’: African players in Bengali club football". Soccer & Society 9, n.º 2 (14 de enero de 2008): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970701811198.
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Lazarević, Snežana, Jelena Lukić y Vladimir Mirković. "Role of football scouts in player transformation process: From talented to elite athlete". Sport — nauka i praksa = Sport — Science And Practice 10, n.º 2 (2020): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/snp2001065l.
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Revenues generated by football clubs belonging to one of the socalled "The Big Five" leagues (England, Germany, Spain, Italy and France) give a strong argument by claiming that modern football has become a very organized, but also profitable business. In the football clubs of the mentioned European countries, the most famous players of today are "super heroes" and they are the reason why massive numbers of football fans visit football stadiums. All players, who today identify themselves as elite athletes, were at the beginning of their sports careers merely talented individuals with more or less pronounced psycho-physical predispositions for playing sports. This paper will present the basic characteristics of the profession of professional scouts as one of the key persons in recognizing talents and their transformation into top athletes. Also, the paper emphasizes the necessary skills that these sports experts should possess, but also points out the importance of decisionmaking in terms of often difficult and complicated decisions in the process of identifying talented individuals in sports.
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Kamal, Prof Dr Syed Arif, Shahid Ali Khan y Prof Dr Soniha Aslam. "A Model Football Academy for residents of Lyari Town, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan". SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS), n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/the-sky.v4i1.813.
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This paper reviews and analyzes factors contributing to the rise and the fall of football game in Lyari Town. This town has the passion and the talent for football, which should be groomed to produce international players. A model football academy on the pattern of Grêmio (Brazil), Altınordu (Turkey), La Masia (Spain) and INF Clairefontaine (France) is proposed with football- oriented curriculum and international-level-football-training facilities on a green campus. The players are to be inducted at the age of 5 years after rigorous psychological and physical examinations as well as fitness testing. They study and play football here till they pass their Higher Secondary Certificate Examination. Measures are suggested for safety and security at campus as well as use and abuse of controlled substances. A survey was conducted to obtain opinions of footballers, coaches and general public in order to determine causes of decline of football in Lyari. The questionnaire was divided into 3 parts — lack of physical resources, noises influencing football game and shortage of human resources. The responses were indicative of the community‟s strong feeling that Lyarites can become international- standard footballers, if they are given the infrastructure and the facilities combined with motivation to achieve distinction. The proposed football academy should be the first step to change mindset of Lyarities from indulging in drugs and crime to healthy sport activities.
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Faller, Helge. "Part of the Game: The First Fifty Years of Women’s Football in Ireland and the International Context". Studies in Arts and Humanities 7, n.º 1 (3 de junio de 2021): 58–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18193/sah.v7i1.202.
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Women’s football in Ireland started in 1895 when the British Ladies’ Football Club (BLFC) visited Belfast for the first time and was followed by a tour the next year, which included some matches labelled ‘Ireland vs. England’. After two decades of silence, World War I saw the restart of women’s football, thanks to Mrs Walter Scott, and this time it was played seriously. Right from the start, the focus was not only on local exhibition matches but also on international selective matches. On Boxing Day in 1917, women’s football history was written, with the first international match of two selected teams in Belfast. After the war, Ireland became part of the international women’s football boom, played several international matches and had close ties to the French Federation. After some years of decline, the 1930s saw the most flourishing years in Irish women’s football before World War II, culminating in the first Irish full international in France, against France, in 1936. After the war, Irish women’s football was back on the international scene again. In this piece, I will show that Ireland—like France, Belgium, Austria and England—was one of the key international players in women’s football history up to the early 1950s. As soon as serious football was played by women, starting in World War I, the Irish ladies were part of the international movement and played international selective matches. This distinguished them from other nations in the 20s and 30s, where women’s football was seen as a show-act and not as a serious sport.
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Wilkerson, Gary B., J. Todd Bullard y David W. Bartal. "Identification of Cardiometabolic Risk Among Collegiate Football Players". Journal of Athletic Training 45, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2010): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.1.67.
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Abstract Context: Excessive fat mass clearly has adverse effects on metabolic processes that can ultimately lead to the development of chronic disease. Early identification of high-risk status may facilitate referral for definitive diagnostic tests and implementation of interventions to reduce cardiometabolic risk. Objective: To document the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among collegiate football players and to develop a clinical prediction rule that does not require blood analysis to identify players who may possess a high level of cardiometabolic risk. Design: Cross-sectional cohort study. Setting: University athletic training research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Sixty-two National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Championship Subdivision football players (age = 19.9 ± 1.2 years, height = 182.6 ± 6.1 cm, mass = 97.4 ± 18.3 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s): Anthropometric characteristics associated with body fat, isokinetic quadriceps strength, and biometric indicators associated with metabolic syndrome were measured. Participants were classified as high risk or low risk for future development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the cohort was 19% (12 of 62), and 79% (49 of 62) of the players exceeded the threshold for 1 or more of its 5 components. A 4-factor clinical prediction rule that classified individuals on the basis of waist circumference, blood pressure, quadriceps strength, and ethnic category had 92% sensitivity (95% confidence interval = 65%, 99%) and 76% specificity (95% confidence interval = 63%, 86%) for discrimination of high-risk or low-risk status. Conclusions: The risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease appears to be exceptionally high among collegiate football players. A lack of race-specific criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome almost certainly contributes to an underestimation of the true level of cardiometabolic risk for African American collegiate football players.
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Dulibskyy, Andriy. "Features of the organization sport selection to the club and national football teams of France". Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), n.º 8(168) (23 de agosto de 2023): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2023.8(168).11.
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Ahead of the 2016 European Football Championship held in France, the Ministry of Education together with the French Football Federation (FFF) and school sports associations approved the program "Foot à l'école" ("Football at school"), which operates in all schools in the football country. The main goal of the national program is to strengthen and consolidate the practical relationship between school and the favorite activity of many children - playing football. The program enables children to play football at school and makes the game not only an element of sports selection, but also one of the tools for academic success of schoolchildren.
For this purpose, the French Football Federation trained qualified specialists and provided schools with the necessary sports equipment, high-quality playing uniforms and methodological support. The main and emphasized essence of the program is focused on entertaining and educational aspects that involve in the process of playing football all children who dream of big football, regardless of gender and football playing skills or competitive achievements. The goal of this program is to involve the largest number of children in football lessons.
The development structure of both youth and professional football in France is constantly being improved, including because it is economically and image-wise very profitable for French football clubs to invest in their future. After all, young talented players usually go to play on the basis of signed large professional contracts in the more powerful football leagues of Europe (England (EPL), Spain (Primera), Italy (Serie A), Germany (Bundesliga)), so a constant influx of qualified football personnel is needed in their place.
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Scholes. "Pray the White Way: Religious Expression in the NFL in Black and White". Religions 10, n.º 8 (6 de agosto de 2019): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10080470.
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Athletes, particularly players in the National Football League, have repeatedly invoked God in order to glorify, praise, or even credit the divine with success on the field. This essay examines the ways in which different types of religious language used to bring God onto the gridiron are received and evaluated along racial lines. I seek to show that speech by athletes, in particular black football players, that communicates a God who is partisan and intervenes in action on the field is routinely dismissed by fellow players, the media, and religious authorities who favor a God who either intervenes softly and generally or is above the game altogether. I contend that a double standard is applied to this theological debate due to a disregard of historical African American theology and to hegemonic white evangelical norms that police such discourse.
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Ndlovu, Jenitha. "Spectator Violence in Football Matches in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province". International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, n.º IX (2023): 734–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70962.
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Spectator violence is a phenomenon that has been associated with professional football in Europe. Issues of hooliganism, tribal tendencies and insecurity have found their place in African football. This paper interrogates issues of spectator violence in football in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province. The paper is grounded on frustration-aggression theory (Miller & Dollard, 1939) in trying to determine the causes, nature and impact of violence in sports. A descriptive qualitative approach was adopted in which interviews were conducted to collect views, attitudes and opinions of the spectators, players, referees, and football clubs’ management. Document analysis augmented findings from interview schedules. Expert purposive sampling technique recruited thirty participants comprising of referees, managers, coaches, players, and spectators to establish causes of spectator violence in football. Participants were voluntarily selected and protected as they were assured of their anonymity and confidentiality. Findings from interviews and document analysis point out that spectator violence seems to be influenced by hooliganism, escapism, tribalism, and frustration in football among other issues. Seventy percent (70%) of the participants also indicated that matches are a representation of historical and ethnic conflicts between tribal groups, hence these tendencies trigger violence in form of hooliganism. On the other hand, 85 % of football managers pointed out that songs and chants in the stadia by football spectators trigger violence. There were 65% of the spectators who pointed to unfair calls by referees as an indicator of football violence. Similarly, 86% of the referees indicated that frustration and escapism by spectators promotes football violence when spectators try to settle scores and vent their anger through sports. Based on the findings, the study recommends that football should be taken as an industry where outreach programmes are held to educate the football players, spectators, managers, referees, and the nation at large. Conduct of the different personalities at matches should be imparted at grassroots level through schools, clubs, and media.
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Van der Meij, Nienke, Paul Darby y Katie Liston. "“The Downfall of a Man is Not the End of His Life”: Navigating Involuntary Immobility in Ghanaian Football". Sociology of Sport Journal 34, n.º 2 (junio de 2017): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0101.
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The burgeoning number of football academies in Africa are widely understood by young aspiring players and their family members as a conduit for transnational migration and a professional career in the game. However, for the vast majority of academy recruits the stark reality is involuntary immobility. While there is a growing literature on African football migration, the experiences of young players from the continent who are unable to translate their academy training into a professional career overseas has been neglected. This article addresses this lacuna by focusing on how this process is experienced and navigated by a cohort of former Ghanaian academy players. These experiences are positioned within the context of the intergenerational contract, a pervasive social norm in West Africa that places considerable expectations on young adults to reciprocate materially to their household. The analyses here are based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in Ghana totalling 12 months, conducted between January 2008 and July 2015.
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Moneghetti, Kegan James, Tamanna Singh, Kristofer Hedman, Jeffrey W. Christle, Zoe Kooreman, Yukari Kobayashi, Sara Bouajila et al. "Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Remodeling in American Style Footballers". International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, n.º 01 (2 de diciembre de 2019): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1014-2994.
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AbstractSeveral athletic programs incorporate echocardiography during pre-participation screening of American Style Football (ASF) players with great variability in reported echocardiographic values. Pre-participation screening was performed in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I ASF players from 2008 to 2016 at the Division of Sports Cardiology. The echocardiographic protocol focused on left ventricular (LV) mass, mass-to-volume ratio, sphericity, ejection fraction, and longitudinal Lagrangian strain. LV mass was calculated using the area-length method in end-diastole and end-systole. A total of two hundred and thirty players were included (18±1 years, 57% were Caucasian, body mass index 29±4 kg/m2) after four players (2%) were excluded for pathological findings. Although there was no difference in indexed LV mass by race (Caucasian 78±11 vs. African American 81±10 g/m2, p=0.089) or sphericity (Caucasian 1.81±0.13 vs. African American 1.78±0.14, p=0.130), the mass-to-volume ratio was higher in African Americans (0.91±0.09 vs. 0.83±0.08, p<0.001). No race-specific differences were noted in LV longitudinal Lagrangian strain. Player position appeared to have a limited role in defining LV remodeling. In conclusion, significant echocardiographic differences were observed in mass-to-volume ratio between African American and Caucasian players. These demographics should be considered as part of pre-participation screening.
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Njororai Simiyu, Wycliffe W. "Players of African descent representing European national football teams: a double-edged sword". Soccer & Society 22, n.º 4 (30 de marzo de 2021): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2021.1906539.
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Calligeris, T. "The incidence of injuries and exposure time of professional football club players in the Premier Soccer League during football season". South African Journal of Sports Medicine 27, n.º 1 (29 de enero de 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2015/v27i1a484.
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Background. Data on the incidence of football injuries and exposure time of players during matches and training in the South African (SA) Premier Soccer League (PSL) are lacking. Objective. To calculate the incidence of injuries and the exposure time (practice and match) of the players of a PSL team over a full season. Methods. Injury and training data of the players in the squad (N=32) were recorded on a daily basis by the medical support staff, according to the methods of the Football Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) protocol. Results. One hundred and thirty injuries were recorded in the season. The most affected body parts were the thigh (n=27, 21%) and ankle (n=27, 21%). The overall incidence was 13.4 injuries per 1 000 player-hours. The incidence during training was 6.6 injuries/1 000 playerhours and during matches 88.9 injuries/1 000 player-hours. The most frequent injury was haematoma/contusion/bruising (n=43, 33%). Of the total injuries, 12% were recurrent. Injury through contact with another player was high (62%). Seventy-six per cent of the injuries were not associated with any violation of the laws of the game. The average time off due to injury was 8 days. The total exposure time over the full season resulted in a combined average of 18 162 minutes (~303 hours). Conclusion. These data differ from the data in European studies. Injury and exposure data measured throughout the season have the potential to identify risks and mechanisms of injuries. This study highlights the necessity for all clubs in the PSL to adopt a standardised injury monitoring programme, using standardised methodology, so that the management of professional players in SA may be improved.
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Dowson, D. J. "Hip and groin pain in sub-elite South African footballers". South African Journal of Sports Medicine 27, n.º 4 (25 de mayo de 2016): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2015/v27i4a1265.
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Background. Groin injuries are common in football. This can be attributed to the nature of the sport involving rapid accelerations, decelerations, abrupt directional changes and kicking. Groin injuries require lengthy rehabilitation times and predispose players to further injuries. Previous groin injury is a risk factor for future groin injuries, suggesting players are inadequately rehabilitated or the original cause has not been addressed. Objectives. To describe the prevalence, nature and treatment patterns of groin injuries in sub-elite players, and to investigate differences in hip strength and range of motion between players with and without a history of groin injury. Method. Thirty sub-elite, senior university male players were interviewed and questioned regarding groin injuries sustained in the preceding three years. They were assessed using the HAGOS questionnaire, and underwent isokinetic hip flexion/extension strength, adductor squeeze and range of motion tests. Results. Seventeen players (57%) reported having a previous groin injury, with an average score of 83 (16) [mean (SD)] on the HAGOS, compared with 92 (5) for non-injured players. Of the previously injured players, 29% did not seek treatment from a medical professional. Injuries included adductor strain (35%), inguinal-related (18%), iliopsoas-related (12%) and hip joint pathology (6%). The average time off was 25 days. There were no significant differences in isokinetic hip flexion/extension strength, adductor strength and range of motion. Conclusion. The prevalence of groin injuries in this population is relatively high (57%) and requires lengthy rehabilitation time. The HAGOS is a suitable tool to identify groin pain in this population within the sports and recreation and quality of life subscales. Isokinetic hip strength and range of motion testing lacked sensitivity in detecting deficits in players with a previous groin injury. Only two-thirds of injured players consulted a medical practitioner, increasing the likelihood that rehabilitation was inadequate. It is therefore recommended that player/coach education regarding injury management improve in order to reduce subsequent injuries. Keywords. HAGOS, groin injury, prevalence, range of motion, isokinetic strength
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Mkumbuzi, Nonhlanhla Sharon, Andrew Massey, Samuel Kiwanuka Lubega, Ben Sorowen y Enock Madalitso Chisati. "FIFA football nurse – A task sharing approach in sports and exercise medicine practice in grassroots women’s football in low- and middle- income settings. A study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 9 (21 de septiembre de 2023): e0278428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278428.
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Football (soccer) is a very popular team sport among African women and girls, with player numbers continuing to rise at all levels of the sport. Whereas the participation in football and associated injuries are on the rise, there are not enough sports and exercise medicine (SEM) personnel to attend to these women football players. While Africa may not currently have enough SEM trained medical doctors and/or physiotherapists, it has relatively higher numbers of other healthcare workers; for example, nurses, who lead healthcare services provision from community to tertiary levels. The primary objective of this study will be to compare sports medicine practices; injury prevention behaviours; injury risk parameters; incidence and prevalence of injuries and illnesses in teams with and without a Football Nurse during one competitive season in Malawi’s Women’s football league. This study will be a cluster randomised control trial will recruit 24 teams from the Women’s Football League in Malawi, which will be randomised to either the intervention group or the control group. A cohort of 12 nurses will receive training in basic football medicine; after which they will be attached to a total of 12 women’s football teams (intervention group) during one competitive season. The Football Nurses will be directly report to a physiotherapist or doctor in their district to whom they will refer serious injuries for investigations, or further management. The teams with Football Nurses will be compared to other teams that will not have Football Nurses. We expect to develop a low cost, sustainable and context relevant solution to manage the treatment gap of football injuries/illnesses in underserved communities such as women’s football. Trial registration number: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR202205481965514).
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Felipe, Jose Luis, Alvaro Fernandez-Luna, Pablo Burillo, Luis Eduardo de la Riva, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez y Jorge Garcia-Unanue. "Money Talks: Team Variables and Player Positions that Most Influence the Market Value of Professional Male Footballers in Europe". Sustainability 12, n.º 9 (3 de mayo de 2020): 3709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093709.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse different interactions of the variables (age, position, or quality of the team and the league) and the crowdsourcing Transfermarkt values of male players in the top European leagues. All players (n = 2259) in the five most highly valued European leagues—Spain, England, Italy, France, and Germany—from the 2017/2018 season were included in this study. Data were retrieved from the open-source football database (Transfermarkt). The present economic value (VPRESENT) and maximum economic value (VMAX) of all players with professional contracts were registered. Regression analysis evidenced a significant influence of the level of the team, the birth month, the league, the playing position and the age of the player on mean and maximum economic value (p < 0.05). This analysis confirms that the players participating in the UEFA Champions League, Premier League teams, playing as attacking midfielders, and born in the first quarter of the year are the most economically valued in terms of both current value (R2 of 0.33) and maximal value (R2 of 0.36). Therefore, international football entities must take into account the financial balance between competitions—and not only at the domestic level, as the attractiveness and balance of European competitions may be directly affected.
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Sobol, Eduard, Andrii Svatyev, Igor Doroshenko, Svitlana Kokareva, Nataliya Korzh y Eduard Doroshenko. "Formation of National Teams Taking into Account the Factors of Football Players’ Club Migration". Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ 21, n.º 4 (25 de diciembre de 2021): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.4.15.
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Purpose. To determine the parameters of club migration of highly skilled legionary footballers when forming national teams for participation in official international competitions.
Materials and methods. Population: 496 highly skilled football players ‒ participants of the 2022 World Cup group stage qualifiers.
Results. The winning national teams with high UEFA coefficients have a smaller percentage of legionnaires than the group of winning teams with lower UEFA coefficients: 45.05% (coefficient 3.8) and 85.94% (coefficient 14.8), respectively. The indicators of dual citizenship have no significant impact on the formation of national teams, although the national teams of Wales, Turkey, and Scotland showed rather high values ‒ 9 (32.14%), 7 (28.00%), and 5 (20.00 %) of football players, respectively. Legionary footballers from the top six European leagues (England, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Portugal) account for 87.50% of the total number of legionnaires who participated in the 2022 World Cup group stage qualifiers.
Conclusions. Migration processes have an impact on the development of football at various levels of functioning: children and youth, reserve, student, amateur, semi-professional, and professional. Club migration, which is typical of highly skilled legionary footballers, has an indirect impact on the formation of national teams.
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Winograd, Ken. "Sports biographies of African American football players: the racism of colorblindness in children’s literature". Race Ethnicity and Education 14, n.º 3 (junio de 2011): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2010.519983.
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Gouttebarge, Vincent, Christa Janse van Rensburg y Gino Kerkhoffs. "No time to waste: necessary health support for retired professional rugby players". South African Journal of Sports Medicine 33, n.º 1 (28 de mayo de 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2021/v33i1a10651.
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There has been increasing scrutiny of professional rugby following the concern that retired players might face several negative health conditions. Currently, support measures addressing the health of retired professional rugby players are not systematically implemented. This is unusual as professional rugby stakeholders have the duty of care to protect and promote the long-term health of retired players. Professional football has a health programme for retired players that is implemented globally. This programme formed the basis for the After Rugby Career Consultation (ARCC) which was developed to empower the sustainable health and quality of life of retired professional rugby players. The ARCC relies on information from three sources: (1) educational material, (2) medical examination, and (3) guidance, referral and/or monitoring. The South African rugby stakeholders have connected to pilot the ARCC as there is no time to waste: a step towards necessary health support for retired professional rugby players is needed.
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Bullough, Steve y Richard Coleman. "Measuring player development outputs in European football clubs (2005-2006 to 2015-2016)". Team Performance Management: An International Journal 25, n.º 3/4 (10 de junio de 2019): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tpm-03-2018-0023.
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Purpose The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) legislative intervention around “home-grown” player quotas came into effect for the 2006-2007 season, aiming to protect playing opportunities and the development of indigenous talent. Previous research has identified clear differences between clubs and club types regarding opportunities for academy players. This paper aims to examine the outputs from six European leagues (France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain and England), identifying differences between national associations, club type, and on an individual club level. The paper investigates different league structure (in terms of allowing reserve teams in the professional leagues) and assesses UEFAs legislation in relation to programme theory (expected outcomes). Design/methodology/approach The study is based on playing data from 200 clubs and 3,329 indigenous players making their debut in one of the six leagues since 2006, and includes ten seasons of competition to 2015-2016. Findings The number of players produced and playing opportunities offered since 2006 are more prominent in the Spanish, The Netherlands, French and German leagues compared to Italy and England. For those clubs competing in all ten seasons, a similar pattern emerges with those four nations producing greater outputs. Four clubs significantly outperform others in terms of producing players reaching any top-six league first team, and for their own academy graduates. Additionally, the four leagues allowing reserve teams in their professional structure have a higher level of “output” for their academy players. Originality/value The paper discusses issues in the design of the legislation (not making nationality a factor and being unable to control other dominant variables) as key weaknesses to influencing change, and achieve the rationale cited by UEFA for its introduction.
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Dudnik, Elizaveta. "The Evolution of Violence Structures in Sports: From Colonialism to Asian-Oriented Capitalism". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2022, n.º 4 (8 de diciembre de 2022): 412–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2022-7-4-412-424.
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The author adopted the postcolonial perspective to analyze how sport has affected the destruction of violence structures, the emancipation, and the voice of subalterns since the decolonization. Having summarized the imperial sports policy, the article introduces 4 major trends in sports after decolonization. Nationalization is described through the prism of Indonesian badminton, Moroccan football, and petanque in Pondicherry. Integration is illustrated by the participation of former colonies in the Olympic Movement, world football, and IOC statistics. Commercialization is exemplified by the growing influence of new actors, i.e., non-traditional states, non-governmental organizations, multinational companies and by the migration of African footballers, Indonesian badminton players and rugby players from Oceania. The rise of Asian countries is revealed by means of the analysis of rankings of the highest-paid female athletes and leading sports manufacturers, LPGA Tour statistics on players’ origins, the geography of international tournaments, and the case of subaltern athlete P. V. Sindhu. The researcher concludes that the growing number and the changing nature of violence structures keeps subaltern athletes in a dependent and vulnerable position, forcing them to follow the rules set by longstanding and emerging centers of power, both politically and economically.
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Cevik, Ilkay y Bin Wang. "Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Impact on Collective Efficacy – towards Team Cohesion". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 4, n.º 4 (2018): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.44.2003.
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This study attempts to investigate the relationship between Collective Efficacy and Team Cohesion in the performance of youth football teams in France. Also, we are going to examine the influence of role ambiguity and role conflict on collective-efficacy. Furthermore, we will evaluate the significance of collective-efficacy impacting team cohesion and will provide a deeper insight into the study of French football teams. Moreover, the goal was also to describe and specify the profile of the questionnaire respondents that were included in the study and indicated why they were selected in the data collection process. Role ambiguity was found to be significant in affecting the players’ perception of efficacy but in a positive way. However, that contradicts to our theoretical assumption, stating that role ambiguity has a negative impact on collective efficacy. Individual perceptions of the players’ regarding their role do not seem to change the collective perception, taking into account the ambiguity factor. The sample of young football shows that there is a limited number of studies on this relationship among this age group. Therefore, it can be tested as a moderating factor of forming efficacy-cohesion relationship and more research should be provided in this topic, as it is new in contemporary studies.
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Pérez-Sabater, Carmen y Ginette Maguelouk-Moffo. "Online Multilingualism in African Written Conversations". Studies in African Linguistics 49, n.º 1 (31 de mayo de 2020): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v49i1.122272.
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The objective of this research is to analyse current written practices within the global South. Specifically, we examine language mixing phenomena in written online texts publicly displayed on the official Facebook page of one of the two most important football players in the history of Cameroon, Samuel Eto’o. By means of a quantitative and languaging analysis proposed by Androutsopoulos (2014), we see that indigenous Cameroonian languages are now being written in public spaces. Instances of lexical items in these languages are sometimes inserted in Facebook comments to establish local/national identity, to emphasise the fact that the player is a Cameroonian. However, Cameroonian national identity still is usually constructed through the exclusive use of English and French. Interestingly, the study shows that code-switching (CS) to a particular language may function as a distancing technique, an impoliteness strategy towards the player.
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Yang, Kaijie y Lianjin Wang. "Study on the Cooperative and Win-Win Relationship between the Introduction of African Football Players in Chinese Professional Football League". OALib 09, n.º 07 (2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109027.
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Menon, Dilip. "An Ordinary Country". Journal of Asian Studies 69, n.º 3 (agosto de 2010): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002191181000207x.
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South Africans see themselves as a nation that loves sport, but with the World Cup in football imminent, there appears to be a sense of exhaustion both in the media and among the population. One important reason is that football does not dominate the public imagination of sport, as cricket and rugby do. The game is played and loved in the black townships, the fortunes of African football-playing nations are followed devotedly, and players such as Didier Drogba have a larger-than-life standing in the country. But football has not become a metaphor for the nation, as rugby and cricket have become. Whether this reflects a racial affiliation alone is hard to get at, because the local team, Bafana (which could be genially translated as “the boys”), are eighty-eighth in the FIFA rankings, without a ghost of a chance of winning the Cup, while at rugby and cricket, South Africa are world beaters.
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Buraczewski, Tomasz, Leszek Cicirko y Damian Gawlik. "DIFFERENTIATED ANALYSIS OF OFFENSIVE ACTIONS BY FOOTBALL PLAYERS IN SELECTED MATCHES FROM THE EURO 2008". Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 20, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2013): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2013-0017.
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Abstract Introduction. Football training should be organized in view of the requirements of contemporary sports and should be analyzed based on data obtained by observing the best teams in action. The goal of this study was to compare the frequency and effectiveness of selected tactical and technical actions performed by footballers from winning and losing teams in selected matches from the Euro 2008. Material and methods. The study involved close observation of performances by 166 players from 11 countries in 8 matches (Turkey-Czech Republic 3:2; Turkey-Switzerland 2:1; Italy- France 2:0; Holland-France 4:1; Sweden-Greece 2:0; Spain-Sweden 2:1; Germany-Portugal 3:2; Spain-Germany 1:0). The total amount of game observation time equaled 720 minutes. Analysis was conducted by repeatedly viewing DVDs of matches and coding the results on a detailed observational spreadsheet containing a detailed breakdown of offensive actions such as attempting goals, passing the ball or 1v1 attacking. Results and conclusions. Analysis showed that winning teams were more effective in seven out of eight indexes, i.e.: overall effectiveness in offense, effectiveness in attempting goals, overall effectiveness in passing, effectiveness in passing in easy situations, and effectiveness in 1v1 attacking. Losing teams were more effective solely in the index for passing in difficult situations.
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Abdoulaye, Ba, Khadir Sow Abdou, Diaw Mor, Ouedraogo Valentin, Tour eacute Ma iuml mouna, Jean Florent Tiendrebeogo Arnaud, Loubano voumbi Ghislain et al. "Comparative study of three methods for QT interval correction in African national level football players". Journal of Physiology and Pathophysiology 7, n.º 2 (31 de marzo de 2016): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jpap2015.0101.
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Macaulay, Charles, Joseph Cooper y Shaun Dougherty. "High School Football and the Athletic-Market Economy: Recruiting, Producing, and Manufacturing Talent". Sociology of Sport Journal 36, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2019): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2018-0102.
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There are two cultural narratives often purported within the American sports cultures of basketball and football. First, those participating within these sports are African American athletes from poor communities lacking educational and economic opportunities. Second, the meritocratic myth perpetuating American society feeds the notion no matter where an individual is from their talent will elevate them to the next level. There have already been a few studies who have challenged these myths. This study seeks to continue the conversation by collecting community data on 7,670 high school football recruits for the years 2000 to 2016. This study seeks to provide a broad overview of the interscholastic football landscape as well as determine production levels of schools. This study finds that while players are recruited from a diverse range of communities and school types, as a school becomes more productive they tend to be located within wealthier urban communities, have a diverse student body, and have a higher likelihood of being a private school.
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Kotrba, Vojtěch. "Nationality-Based Prejudice in Sports: Fan Demand for Foreign Athletes in the Czech". International Journal of Sport Finance 16, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2021): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/161.022020.01.
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This paper aims to answer the question of whether fans discriminate against foreign athletes. It uses data from the fantasy sports environment. The sample consists of 11 rounds in the football competition in Czechia during the 2015–2016 season. A total of 8,036 people participated in the game, and they completed a total of 53,951 squads. The final dataset consists of 3,741 observations of a specific footballer in a single round. The results show that Czech fantasy sports users prefer domestic players. The influence of the players’ origin varies depending on the region they are from. The results show that Asian and Eastern European countries, namely Croatia, Serbia, and Slovakia, present a negative influence. On the other hand, Czechs prefer players from South America and Russia. In the case of African and Western European countries, the influence is insignificant in the models. Performance, however, influences the demand for athletes the most.
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Spurgin, Earl. "ARE AFRICAN AMERICAN ATHLETES AND CELEBRITIES OBLIGATED NOT TO USE THE N-WORD?" Public Affairs Quarterly 32, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2018): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26897021.
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Abstract In 2014, the leadership of the National Football League instructed the league’s game officials to penalize players who use the n-word on the field. The league’s action sparked another installment of the long-running public debate over whether African Americans should use the n-word. The parties to the debate often adopt contrasting positions on whether African American athletes and celebrities are obligated morally not to use the term. This paper examines the most significant arguments, revealed by the public debate, in favor of such an obligation. By demonstrating that all of those arguments fail, I conclude that unless there is a sound argument for the obligation that I have overlooked, African American athletes and celebrities have no obligation that prohibits them from using the n-word.
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Montez de Oca, Jeffrey y Stephen Cho Suh. "Ethics of patriotism: NFL players’ protests against police violence". International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, n.º 5 (24 de enero de 2019): 563–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690218825210.
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This article traces debates about African American professional football players’ protests during the national anthem. After reviewing over 400 media texts, we found that each side operates from mirrored ethical positions that lead to competing conceptions of patriotism. We use the term “patriarchal patriotism” for people opposed to the protests since they hold that institutions of authority protect citizens, and therefore citizens owe them loyalty and deference. We use “constructive patriotism” for protest supporters since they hold that citizens have an ethical obligation to oppose inequities and work on the nation through protest and dissent. Each position, however, operates as two sides of the same racial–patriotic coin. We argue that the strategic embrace of patriotism by protest proponents limits the radical, transformative potential of the protests by operating on a nationalistic political terrain that suggests the racial state can operate for racial benevolence.
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Clark, R. Randall, Jacqueline M. Kuta y Jude C. Sullivan. "Cross-Validation of Methods to Predict Body Fat in African-American and Caucasian Collegiate Football Players". Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 65, n.º 1 (marzo de 1994): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1994.10762204.
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Mkumbuzi, Nonhlanhla S., Fidelis Chibhabha, Fredrick M. Govere, Matthew Chiwaridzo y Brenda Oulo. "Anthropometric and physical performance characteristics in African women football players: A prospective, cross-sectional pilot study". Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine 40 (2022): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/cej.2022.4-01.
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Ndlovu, Sifiso Mxolisi. "FIFA and the South Africa question: The 1976/1977 football unity talks and their impact on the development of professional football in South Africa". International Area Studies Review 16, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2013): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2233865913500660.
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The football unity talks which formally began in October 1976 were important because sport was integral to the debate about the national question in South Africa. At the time, football as a sport code was designated in negative and racist undertones as a ‘sport for blacks’ and rugby, golf, athletics, hockey, cricket and swimming were regarded as sporting codes reserved for white South Africans. These sports benefited immensely in terms of generous funding, infrastructure and facilities provided by the apartheid regime. This paper will be based on the following themes. First, it will focus on the broad legislative measures which reinforced separate development and racism in South Africa and how these laws impacted on the development of sport. Second, it will scrutinize the role of the multilateral, worldwide antiapartheid movement and boycott movement, Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the Confederation of African Football (CAF) in using football sanctions as a tool to fight apartheid and racism in sport. Third, the football unity talks of 1976 will be analysed. This discussion will focus on issues inside the boardroom, the football field and what took place outside the boardroom and off the football field. Lastly, the impact of the unity on the players and the public at large-including the development of professional football since 1976 will be reviewed. A major theme which runs through the different sections is defined by the use and abuse of football as a tool for public and sport diplomacy. This was because the football unity talks in South Africa were as a result of what was taking place in the world of international, continental, national and local politics.