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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "African Americans – Sports – History"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de julio de 2024

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1

Spotts, K. "Black American History and Culture: Untold, Reframed, Stigmatized and Fetishized to the Point of Global Ethnocide". European Journal of Philosophy, Culture and Religion 7, n.º 1 (19 de abril de 2023): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejpcr.1423.

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Purpose: A poetic work of fiction haunts the base of the Statue of Liberty. The act overshadowed the original tribute to the Civil War victory and the Emancipation Proclamation. Abraham Lincoln's praises of the Black American military fell silent. Eurocentrists shrouded centuries of genius and scaled-down Black American mastery. Sagas of barrier-breaking Olympians, military heroes, Wild West pioneers, and inventors ended as forgotten footnotes. Today, countries around the world fetishize Black American history and culture to the point of ethnocide. The real-time case study of Woni Spotts explores the phenomenon. Until ancient traditions evolve with authenticity, global cultures will wither and die. The presented research chronicles over half a millennium of archives. Lists with names, dates, and genealogies seal the Black American legacy in stone. Methodology: The presented research for case studies draws from archival data, dated events, news articles, and an interview with Woni Spotts. The case studies generated three lists. Fifty sports and competitions were dated and cataloged. The athletes were analyzed by a genealogist. Forty music and dance genres were cataloged by publishing or recording dates. The artists were analyzed by a genealogist. Copyright infringements were noted. Inventors were researched for U.S. patents. NASA astronauts and inventors were analyzed by a genealogist. Findings: The presented research showed centuries of untold, reframed, stigmatized, and fetishized Black American history and culture. In the case studies, foreigners of African descent (Africans, Caribbeans, Central Americans, and South Americans) practiced ethnocidal behavior in concert with European descendants. Prolific abolitionists, patriots, politicians, and inventors were written out of history. Superstar athletes were obstructed or outshined by fictional Recommendations: Case studies showed centuries of fragmented narratives created biases and distortions. Black Americans were written out of history, reframed as background characters, stigmatized with skewed statistics, and fetishized globally to the point of ethnocide. The presented research stands as a vital resource for preservationists. Music and dance genre architects were solidified by publishing and recording dates. Athletic events, inventions, and NASA scientists were recorded.

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2

Bunk, Brian D. "Harry Wills and the Image of the Black Boxer from Jack Johnson to Joe Louis". Journal of Sport History 39, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2012): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.1.63.

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Abstract The African-American press created images of Harry Wills that were intended to restore the image of the black boxer after Jack Johnson and to use these positive representations as effective tools in the fight against inequality. Newspapers highlighted Wills’s moral character in contrast to Johnson’s questionable reputation. Articles, editorials, and cartoons presented Wills as a representative of all Americans regardless of race and appealed to notions of sportsmanship based on equal opportunity in support of the fighter’s efforts to gain a chance at the title. The representations also characterized Wills as a race man whose struggle against boxing’s color line was connected to the larger challenges facing all African Americans. The linking of a sports figure to the broader cause of civil rights would only intensify during the 1930s as figures such as Joe Louis became even more effective weapons in the fight against Jim Crow segregation.

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3

Essington, Amy. "Commodified and Criminalized: New Racism and African Americans in Contemporary Sports". Journal of Sport History 39, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2012): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.1.182.

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4

Rahim, Raja Malikah. "“Our Life Out of the Dungeon”". Journal of Sport History 50, n.º 3 (2023): 412–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21558450.50.3.08.

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Abstract “Our Life Out of the Dungeon” examines the life and career of Robert L. Vaughan, the legendary and longtime head basketball coach at Elizabeth City State University, an Historically Black University, and explores the racial and cultural politics of Black college basketball in the twentieth-century United States. Using oral history and Vaughan's words, this article moves Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and Black college basketball to the forefront of African American history and sport history, providing a window onto the world of college basketball that existed on the other side of the color line and in the decades after segregation. African Americans at HBCUs revolutionized basketball and transformed the sport into a cultural staple that shaped Black people, communities, and institutions. Through Vaughan's words and experiences, we can understand the struggles and successes and the political and cultural language of Black college basketball within the context of what I call the “politics of Black athletic emancipation”—a Black athletic agenda that stood in opposition to racism and white supremacy and reverberated the ethos of self-determination and collective striving of African Americans who demanded the right to be free and the right to play basketball.

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5

Brooks, Scott N. y Dexter Blackman. "INTRODUCTION: AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE HISTORY OF SPORT—NEW PERSPECTIVES". Journal of African American History 96, n.º 4 (octubre de 2011): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.4.0441.

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6

Bebber, Brett. "Sports in African American Life: Essays on History and Culture". Journal of Sport History 48, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2021): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21558450.48.2.13.

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7

Raley, J. Michael y Lauren R. Rippy. ""We Have a Right to Live in This Country": Reverend Moses Broyles and the Struggle for Social Justice and Racial Equality in Nineteenth-Century Indiana". Indiana Magazine of History 120, n.º 1 (marzo de 2024): 32–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/imh.00002.

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ABSTRACT: Rev. Moses Broyles (1826–1882) ranks as a leading figure in Indiana's African American religious, political, racial, educational, and legal history. Born a slave in Maryland, he was sold as a child to John Broyles of Paducah, Kentucky, from whom he purchased his freedom in 1854. Thence he moved to Lancaster, Indiana, where he enrolled at the Eleutherian Institute. In 1857, he relocated to Indianapolis and joined the Second Baptist Church. Recognizing his oratorical skills and spiritual leadership, its members soon called Broyles as their pastor. As a bi-vocational minister, Rev. Broyles also taught at a private school for African American children and helped integrate Indianapolis High School. He was a fierce opponent of slavery who demanded equal rights and privileges for African Americans as U.S. citizens. Later, he served as a statewide leader in the Republican Party of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant even as he challenged Indiana's anti-Black laws.

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8

Wiggins, David K. "African American Sports Greats: A Biographical Dictionary". Sport History Review 27, n.º 2 (noviembre de 1996): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.27.2.209.

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9

Smith, Maureen M. "The Strange Career of the Black Athlete: African Americans in Sport". Journal of Sport History 38, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2011): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.38.1.174.

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10

Mangharam, Mukti Lakhi. "“Ubuntu Sports Inc.”: The Commodification of Culture in South African and American Sports". Safundi 12, n.º 1 (enero de 2011): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17533171.2011.533911.

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11

Bond, V., P. Vaccaro, R. Adams, M. Caprarola, M. Roltsch, B. Hatfield, R. Blakely, J. Fairfax y B. D. Franks. "AEROBIC FITNESS LEVEL AND FAMILY HISTORY OF HYPERTENSION INFLUENCES BLOOD PRESSURE REACTIVITY TO MENTAL STRESS IN AFRICAN AMERICANS". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (mayo de 1999): S216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-01006.

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12

Gill, Diane L. "Kinesiology: Moving Toward Social Justice?" Kinesiology Review 11, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2022): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/kr.2021-0055.

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The theme of the 2021 National Academy of Kinesiology meeting and this special issue, “Kinesiology’s Social Justice Imperative,” suggests we are moving toward social justice. In this paper, I look at kinesiology’s social justice movement over the nearly 100 years of the Academy. More specifically, I consider the representation of women and racial minorities (specifically Black/African Americans) in kinesiology and the Academy throughout our history and social factors related to the changes (or lack thereof) in representation. To move toward social justice, we must learn from that history, highlight the social, and connect with our communities and professionals.

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13

Charitas, Pascal y David-Claude Kemo-Keimbou. "The United States of America and the Francophone African Countries at the International Olympic Committee: Sports Aid, a Barometer of American Imperialism? (1952-1963)". Journal of Sport History 40, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2013): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.40.1.69.

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Abstract In 1952, the new American president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), Avery Brundage, was confronted by the emergence of the Third World. This new development challenged the influence of the American and Soviet blocs. On June 6, 1962, the Committee for International Olympic Aid (CIOA) was created. The objective of this new institution was to lead the newly-independent African countries into the Olympic movement and to assist in the development of their sports institutions. The aim of this article is to analyze American policies towards the CIOA, in light of the independence process in the francophone countries of sub-Saharan Africa between 1952 and 1963. From the concept of power, we attempt to show the extent to which American sports aid within and outside the IOC constitutes a barometer of American cultural imperialism. For this purpose, we make use of a large corpus of archives, derived mainly from the Olympic Studies Centre in Lausanne, and the records of French cooperation over the period in question.

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14

Mills, Christopher. "Game of privilege: an African American history of Golf". Sport in History 38, n.º 4 (7 de agosto de 2018): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2018.1506895.

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15

Fonseca, Stanley. "Whiteness on the Green". Pacific Historical Review 90, n.º 4 (2021): 448–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2021.90.4.448.

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Between the early 1950s and 1970s, Palm Springs, California, a leisure and resort community in the Coachella Valley, entered into a dramatic era of growth driven by an unlikely factor: golf. Exclusive and elite country clubs employed new forms of environmental and social engineering as they transformed the arid landscape into lush, emerald fairways. The rapid rate of growth meant that courses were built without concern for significant social and ecological side effects. In particular, golf’s arrival brought new power dynamics to the valley that displaced and disenfranchised local communities of color, including the Agua Caliente band of Cahuilla Indians and a neighborhood of low-income African Americans and Mexican Americans who lived in the path of development. This expansion-oriented program of development is an example of what we might call the “leisure-industrial complex,” in which private enterprise, public policy, and cultural norms combined to create an economic machinery that soon commanded the Coachella Valley. As such, the history of Coachella golf is not just the history of a sport, but the history of how leisure came to dominate the landscape, the environment, and the people of the California desert.

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16

White. "Ebony Jr! Race, Meritocracy, and Sports in African American Children's Media". Journal of Sport History 47, n.º 2 (2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.47.2.0128.

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17

Crepeau, Richard C. "A Level Playing Field: African American Athletes and the Republic of Sports". Journal of Sport History 39, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2012): 342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.2.342.

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18

Black, Cameron. "A Managerial Fast Break". History of the Present 12, n.º 2 (1 de octubre de 2022): 207–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/21599785-9753131.

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Abstract In the mid- to late twentieth century, the field of professional sports underwent drastic cultural and economic change. No sports association was impacted as much as the National Basketball Association, which grew monumentally from 1975 to 1990. This article argues that the NBA’s growth stemmed from new collective bargaining agreements put in place during the 1980s to implement a workplace culture that fit within the broader conservative backlash during the decade. The NBA implemented punishments for drug-based and conduct-based offenses for its players and established a salary cap to regain control over players’ remuneration. This not only raised revenue but assimilated its growing population of African American players to traditional workplace norms that simultaneously attempted to counter racist stereotypes about their “natural” talents and legitimized ideas that Black players needed to be carefully managed.

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19

Sheppard, Samantha N. "Historical Contestants: African American Documentary Traditions in On the Shoulders of Giants". Journal of Sport and Social Issues 41, n.º 6 (10 de julio de 2017): 462–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723517719667.

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This case study of Deborah Morales’s On the Shoulders of Giants: The Story of the Greatest Team You’ve Never Heard Of (2011) examines African American documentary’s relationship to sports documentaries. On the Shoulders of Giants chronicles the experiences and cultural impact of the “Harlem Rens,” the first all-Black professional basketball team. Grounding the documentary in African American documentary film and video traditions, I explore how specific authorial, aesthetic, and representational practices and politics shape and structure the film’s historical interventions. Just as the documentary centers the Rens’s embodied (athletic and social) experiences, my study of these practices and politics privileges the real, represented, and referenced Black body/bodies in the film as a critical site of analysis for such interventions. In doing so, I read the Black sporting body as an expressive, communicative body with “critical muscle memory,” an embodied history represented on screen that goes beyond the film’s diegesis, that engages social issues, conditions, and changes specific to Black lived and imagined experiences. In turn, I suggest that Black sports documentaries are discourses that document, are indicative of, and construct critical muscle memory.

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20

Vina, E. R., D. Ran, E. L. Ashbeck y C. K. Kwoh. "Natural history of pain and disability among African–Americans and Whites with or at risk for knee osteoarthritis: A longitudinal study". Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 26, n.º 4 (abril de 2018): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.01.020.

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21

Cuddy, Elizabeth. "“Why, By Golly, They're Pirates”: Pirate Narratives, College Sports, and African‐American History in Hampton Roads, Virginia". Journal of American Culture 42, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2019): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jacc.13072.

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22

Waller, Steven N., Dawn M. Norwood, LeQuez Spearman y Fritz G. Polite. "Black American female Olympic Athletes have not reaped the same social standing and economic benefits that their counterparts have since the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City". Sport Science Review 25, n.º 1-2 (1 de mayo de 2016): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0003.

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Abstract This paper presents an abbreviated version of an ‘elite’ interview conducted with Madeline Manning-Mims. The 1968 Olympic protest was a pivotal moment in Olympic and American sports history. At the forefront of the protest was the pre-eminent sport sociologist Dr. Harry Edwards. Edwards’ leadership catalyzed the African American boycott of the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, however, Black female athletes were either silenced or recused themselves from the protest. A series of semi-structured, retrospective interview questions were posed to Manning-Mims to gather her perspectives on the progress that Black American, women Olympic athletes have made in the USA from 1968 to present. Analysis of the ‘expert’ interview with Mims indicated that: 1) the social conditions in the United States that have plagued Black female athletes in 1968 had changed for the better; 2) on the whole Black U.S. athletes in the second millennium have become “commoditized” after the Olympics and gain substantially from their celebrity; and 3) Black female athletes can become enslaved to the economics of their celebrity if they are not careful.

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23

Cooley, Will. "Sports and the Racial Divide: African American and Latino Experience in an Era of Change". Journal of Sport History 37, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2010): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.37.1.172.

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24

Heiskanen, Benita y Hannu Salmi. "“Lord Save Us from Champions like This”: The Sonny Liston-Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Championship Bouts as Transnational Sporting Culture in 1960s Finland". American Studies in Scandinavia 53, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2021): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v53i1.6225.

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The two championship bouts between Sonny Liston and Muhammad Ali in 1964 and 1965 are among some of the most controversial events in the history of boxing. While their significance has been interpreted in the United States against the backdrop of the Civil Rights era, this article opens up a pathway for discussing transnational meanings and functions that African American heavyweight champions assumed in faraway lands, such as Finland. Contextualized within a Transnational American Studies research paradigm, the article considers the multiple ways in which Finnish media reporting made sense of and imposed significance on transnational sporting culture in the 1960s. The article argues that prizefighting served as a lens through which reporters negotiated Euro-American relations, national identity, and the global spread of professional sports at the expense of amateurism. In addition to providing a site for negotiating ethnic and racial differentiation, the primary sources analyzed show the ways in which prizefighting offered a locus for constructing performative, class-based sporting whiteness.

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25

Bunt, Stephen C., Nyaz Didehbani, Cheryl H. Silver, Linda S. Hynan, Hannah E. Wadsworth, Hudaisa Fatima, Cason Hicks et al. "73 Sex and Race/Ethnicity in Reporting of Lingering Concussion Symptoms by Adolescents". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (noviembre de 2023): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561772300276x.

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Objective:Consideration of individual differences in recovery after concussion has become a focus of concussion research. Sex and racial/ethnic identity as they may affect reporting of concussion symptoms have been studied at single time points but not over time. Our objective was to investigate the factors of self-defined sex and race/ethnicity in reporting of lingering concussion symptoms in a large sample of adolescents.Participants and Methods:Concussed, symptomatic adolescents (n=849; Female=464, Male=385) aged 13-18 years were evaluated within 30 days of injury at a North Texas Concussion Registry (ConTex) clinic. Participants were grouped by self-defined race/ethnicity into three groups: Non-Hispanic Caucasian (n=570), Hispanic Caucasian (n=157), and African American (n=122). Measures collected at the initial visit included medical history, injury related information, and the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-5 Symptom Evaluation (SCAT-5SE). At a three-month follow-up, participants completed the SCAT-5SE. Pearson’s Chi-Square analyses examined differences in categorical measures of demographics, medical history, and injury characteristics. Prior to analysis, statistical assumptions were examined, and log base 10 transformations were performed to address issues of unequal group variances and nonnormal distributions. A three-way repeated measures ANOVA (Sex x Race/Ethnicity x Time) was conducted to examine total severity scores on the SCAT-5SE. Bonferroni post-hoc tests were performed to determine specific group differences. SPSS V28 was used for analysis with p<0.05 for significance. Data reported below has been back transformed.Results:A significant interaction of Time by Race/Ethnicity was found for SCAT-5SE scores reported at initial visit and three-month follow-up (F(2, 843)=7.362, p<0.001). To understand this interaction, at initial visit, Race/Ethnicity groups reported similar levels of severity for concussion symptoms. At three month follow-up, African Americans reported the highest level of severity of lingering symptoms (M= 3.925, 95% CIs [2.938-5.158]) followed by Hispanic Caucasians(M= 2.978, 95% CIs [2.2663.845]) and Non-Hispanic Caucasians who were the lowest(M= 1.915, 95% CIs [1.6262.237]). There were significant main effects for Time, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity. Average symptom levels were higher at initial visit compared to three-month follow-up (F(1, 843)=1531.526, p<0.001). Females had higher average symptom levels compared to males (F(1, 843)=35.58, p<0.001). For Race/Ethnicity (F(2, 843)=9.236, p<0.001), Non-Hispanic Caucasians were significantly different than African Americans (p<0.001) and Hispanic Caucasians (p=0.021) in reported levels of concussion symptom severity.Conclusions:Data from a large sample of concussed adolescents supported a higher level of reported symptoms by females, but there were no significant differences in symptom reporting between sexes across racial/ethnic groups. Overall, at three-months, the African American and Hispanic Caucasians participants reported a higher level of lingering symptoms than Non-Hispanic Caucasians. In order to improve care, the difference between specific racial/ethnic groups during recovery merits exploration into the factors that may influence symptom reporting.

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26

Jackson, E. M. y R. K. Dishman. "CARDIOVASCULAR REACTIVITY TO MENTAL STRESS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN WITH A PARENTAL HISTORY OF HYPERTENSION". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, n.º 5 (mayo de 2002): S161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200205001-00903.

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27

Panayi, Monica y Lei Guo. "Cognitive Impairment Among Collegiate African American Student-Athletes Who Have One Or More Concussions". International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2021): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss8.3313.

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The purpose of this research was to examine concussion induced cognitive impairment among collegiate athletes for a long term. This study attempted to determine if there was a significant decrease in cognitive function in student-athletes with a history of concussion after one year of concussion. Totally 46 student athletes who were qualified was included in this study. Of all the 46 student athletes, 14 are females, and 32 males from the following sports: Women’s Basketball (n=3), Men’s Basketball (n=2), Football (n=30), Softball (n=7), Women’s Tennis (n=2), and Women’s Volleyball (n=2) (Table 1). The age range was18-23 years old. Seven of them had two or more concussions Results of this study showed that while all the scores of the ImPACT test improved after one year of concussion for the student-athletes with one or more concussions, there was significant improvement only in the processing speed. For the student-athletes with two or more concussions, the processing speed score after one year of concussions was a little lower even than the score after initial concussion, but it is not statistically significant.

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Mukhortov, Denis S. y Yana S. Malyavina. "Cross-situational Consistency of Female Politicians’ Language Use". RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2019): 1021–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-4-1021-1036.

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This article seeks to study political discourses of American female politicians, specifically Madeleine Albright, the first female United States Secretary of State in the history of the United States of America, from 1997 to 2001, Condoleezza Rice, the 66th United States Secretary of State, and Hillary Clinton, the 67th United States Secretary of State. Different in age, ethnicity, political views, educational and social backgrounds, they reveal that in order to succeed in the political arena, women are bound to hide their female personality. Examples in question are Madeline Albright and Condoleezza Rice, recurrent users of such male discursive features as rhetorical questions, logical order of arguments, conceptual metaphors of war, sports, and hunting. Gender-marked female discourse is characterized by hesitation, use of standard speech, cognitive, social words, and hedges. Research shows that Hilary Clinton is a typical example of the female-marked political discourse. This has enabled her to pursue, among others, a feminist agenda, which has proved an efficient communicative tactic. Drawing on the socialization specifics of Albright, Rice, and Clinton, the paper explains why Albright and Rice tend to have a male-marked discourse and Clinton a female-marked discourse, as the first female Secretary of State, Albright simply had no female role models, with only male predecessors before her. She seeks to make her speech as neutral as possible, just at times exploiting female discursive patterns. Condoleezza Rice, Albright’s successor, uses characteristically male discourse the most. It can be attributable to the fact that she belongs to two ‘minority’ groups: women and African Americans. Sounding femalish might have weakened her chances to stay the strong Secretary of State that the geopolitical situation would demand. It is noteworthy that female politicians can, or have to, switch between male-marked and female-marked discourses in order to achieve certain goals and preserve their current status.

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Branchik, Blaine J. y Judy Foster Davis. "From servants to spokesmen". Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 10, n.º 4 (19 de noviembre de 2018): 451–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-07-2017-0043.

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Purpose This paper aims to track how African-American or black male advertising models are viewed by male consumers within the context of dramatic ongoing cultural and legal change. It provides broader implications for other ethnic minorities. Design/methodology/approach A content analysis of black male advertising images culled from over 60 years of issues of two male-targeted magazines assesses these changes. The analysis contextualizes the imagery in African-American history and general media portrayals periodized into seven historical phases. Findings Results indicate that the number of black male advertising representations has exploded in the past 30 years from virtual invisibility to over 20 per cent of all male ad images. Roles have migrated from representations of black ad models as servants and porters to a wide range of images of black men in professional contexts. However, black males, relative to white males, are disproportionately presented in ads as athletic figures and celebrities and rarely depicted in romantic situations. Research limitations/implications This research focuses on two popular male-targeted publications, thereby limiting its scope. Relatively few black male images (relative to white male images) are to be found in print advertisements in these publications. Practical implications This research assists business practitioners as they create business and marketing strategies to meet the needs of an ever more diverse marketplace. Social implications The disproportionately large number of black male depictions as athletes and sports celebrities is indicative of remnant racism and minority stereotyping in American society. Originality/value This research builds upon work done by Kassarjian (1969, 1971) on black advertising images. Its originality stems from a specific focus on male models as viewed by male consumers, the addition of historic context and periodization to this history and the updating of past research by almost half a century.

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Wiese, Brian W., Kevin Miller y Eduardo Godoy. "A Buford Complex in a Division I Collegiate American Football Player". International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 25, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2019-0044.

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A 19-year-old African-American male Division I collegiate American football player with no prior history of shoulder injury presented with right shoulder pain after making a tackle during a game. He was initially diagnosed with a rotator cuff strain with potential underlying labral pathology. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging arthrogram showed no labral tearing, though a Buford complex was identified. A Buford complex is a normal anatomical labral variant where the anterior labrum is absent and the middle glenohumeral ligament is “cord-like” in structure. This case was managed conservatively since surgical intervention is only recommended if there is a secondary pathology to the shoulder (e.g., type II superior labrum anterior to posterior [SLAP] lesions). Clinicians should be aware of Buford complexes because they can predispose athletes to secondary injuries and can be managed successfully with a conservative rehabilitation approach in the absence of secondary pathology.

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31

Brown, Evan DiPrete. "Playing on Grassroots: The Anti-Apartheid Movement, Arthur Ashe, and the Sport Boycott". American Quarterly 75, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2023): 633–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aq.2023.a905867.

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Abstract: The history of campaigns against apartheid through sport reveals messy relationships between athletes and social movements, advancing recent debates over the possibilities and constraints of sport politics. The anti-apartheid movement coalesced around a transnational sporting boycott to isolate South Africa, but the American tennis icon Arthur Ashe made a series of visits to compete there in the 1970s. Ashe believed in participation as the primary mechanism for change through sport, only later embracing the boycott. When tennis tournaments and rugby tours brought South Africans to the United States, anti-apartheid organizations mobilized their own confrontational protests to interrupt play. As the growing movement won over athletes and South African propaganda turned toward commercial sport spectacle, the special position that athletes occupied provided leverage. However, their magnified legacy also obscured how resistance to apartheid through sport found success in the first place. Despite the appeal of participation as the natural path of progress, strategies of confrontation often proved more effective in the struggle against apartheid. Questioning the politics of participation and widening the frame to consider confrontation changes our understanding of sport politics, looking beyond individual athletes and bringing everyday people off the sidelines.

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Whiting, Gilman W. y Julia L. Nyberg. "Why We Can’t Wait: A Guide for Black Student Achievement Programs". Education Sciences 14, n.º 1 (8 de enero de 2024): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci14010072.

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Black student achievement is vital. There must be a focused national effort to establish and sustain Black Student Achievement Programs (BSAPs). The development of BSAPs centers on African American history, culture, language, knowledge, and values. This article describes Black Student Achievement Program standards and the components of service design, curriculum and instruction, scholar identity development, and social and emotional needs, connecting the home and community for Black students in K-12th grade settings. Educators can play a vital role in the efforts to build and sustain BSAPs at their school sites and school districts.

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Muniowski, Łukasz y Tomasz Jacheć. "Illusory Facets of Sport: The Case of the Duke University Basketball Team". Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 75, n.º 1 (1 de octubre de 2017): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0021.

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AbstractIn the society of the spectacle, illusion is an omnipresent phenomenon. It is used to distract the masses from issues crucial to their existence and to support a system of oppression. However, there is also a “lighter” side of illusion: it creates celebrities and helps sell products (films, music albums, sneakers, etc.). While the connotation is that spectacle uses illusion in order to present the ordinary or negative as extraordinary and positive (e.g., promiscuous athletes talking about family values), it is also possible for a reverse illusory process to take place, resulting in the regular being presented as irregular (e.g., a physical player presented as “aggressive”, such as Kermit Washington). Unlike the deliberate use of illusion by the architects of the spectacle, this reverse process happens spontaneously.This spontaneously generated illusion is especially evident in the world of sports. In this study, we focus on the Duke basketball team during the Mike Krzyzewski era. Since the early 1990s, Duke’s basketball team has been considered a team of unathletic, clean-cut, and well-off individuals. As these qualities are stereotypically associated with white players or “white America” in general, Duke was categorized as a white, privileged team, with its African American players being perceived as tokens or “Uncle-Toms.” We are not calling these illusions – at least not yet – as the validity of that opinion needs to be measured first. Before making our definite claim, we will analyze Duke’s history during the era of Krzyzewski in order to determine whether the common perception regarding the roster (mostly white and privileged) is true or just an illusion. Our aim is to present why both the hate and reverence of the Duke University basketball team are caused by various illusions concerning the team in particular and academic sports in general.

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Shotwell, Trent. "Book Review: History of African Americans: Exploring Diverse Roots". Reference & User Services Quarterly 58, n.º 4 (25 de octubre de 2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.58.4.7164.

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History of African Americans: Exploring Diverse Roots by Thomas J. Davis chronicles the remarkable past of African Americans from the earliest arrival of their ancestors to the election of President Barack Obama. This work was produced to recognize every triumph and tragedy that separates African Americans as a group from others in America. By distinguishing the rich and unique history of African Americans, History of African Americans: Exploring Diverse Roots provides an account of inspiration, courage, and progress. Each chapter details a significant piece of African American history, and the book includes numerous concise portraits of prominent African Americans and their contributions to progressing social life in the United States.

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Teel, S. C. "Beyond Victimization: African Americans". OAH Magazine of History 10, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 1995): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/10.1.17.

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Rozmiarek, Mateusz y Arkadiusz Włodarczyk. "Ostrich Hunting as a Form of Sporting Pursuit in the Nineteenth-Century British Press". Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 7, n.º 1 (2024): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2024.01.01.

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Since ancient times, animals have been used by man for a variety of purposes. Among these were birds, including flightless birds, led by the ostriches. This article attempts to show the importance of ostrich hunting in different cultures of the world in the nineteenth century, based on publications in the British press. The historical method was used to write the article and the source material for the research was press releases published in Britain. The analysis of the sources showed that English-speaking readers were familiar with the ostrich-hunting customs of various peoples living in South American and African areas. The press materials allowed readers to learn in detail about the course of the hunt or the techniques used to carry it out, which could also indirectly contribute to the inclusion of ostriches as attractions in circus staging programmes. On the other hand, the nomenclature used by the authors of the press articles clearly indicates that ostrich hunting was described as a sport that constituted both high-class entertainment and a profitable enterprise.

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37

Matitu, Bayani, Rosalinda Santiago y Michael Pasco. "Athletes After Retirement: How are they Doing?" Bedan Research Journal 4, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2019): 136–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.58870/berj.v4i1.7.

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performance of current athletes by building confidence and contributing to favorable conditions of retired athletes. This study investigated the influences of the years of retirement and physical self-inventory on human sufferings experienced by the retired athletes. Based on the literature review, there were limited empirical studies on the conditions of former athletes after years of retirement, their glory, physical inventory, and sufferings, and the relationships among these characteristics. Using mixed research methods, this research studied the conditions of retired athletes in Metro Manila. The study confirmed that physical self-inventory influenced post-retirement human suffering. Post-retirement athletic identity, financial status and decisions to voluntary retire were observed to be the most prevalent experiences related to human suffering. However, retired athletes enjoy experiences with their educational status, other career benefits, health condition, control of lives, management of changes, and the warm support of their families and colleagues. References Bernes, K. B. (2009). Life after sport: Athletic career transition and transferable skills. Journal of Excellence, 13, 63-77. Retrieved from http://opus.uleth.caBlanco, D. V. (2016). Sports governance stakeholders, actors and policies in the Philippines: Current issues, challenges and future directions. Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080.21640599.2016.1227544Brinkman, S. (2014). Languages of suffering. Theory and Psychology, 24 (5), 630-648. DOI: 10.1177/0959354314531523Brand, S., Gerber, M., Beck, J., Hatzinger, M., Puhse, U., & Holsboer-Trachsler, E. (2010). High exercise levels are favorable to sleep patterns and psychological functioning in adolescents: A comparison of athletes and control. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, 133-141. DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.018Beehr, T. A. & Bennett, M. M. (2015). Working after retirement: Features of bridge employment and research directions. Work,Aging and Retirement, 1(1), 112–128. DOI:10.1093/workar/wau007Bollousa, D. A., Abreu, L., Varela-Sanz, A. & Mujica I. (2013). Do Olympic Athletes train in the Paleolithic era? Sports Medicine,43, 909-917. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0086-1Cloninger, C. R. & Zohar, A. H. (2011). Personality and the perception of health and happiness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 128, 24-32. Doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.012Cosh, S., Crabb, S. & LeCouteur, A. (2012). Elite athletes and retirement: Identity, choice and agency. Australian Journal of Psychology, 2012, 1-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-9536.2012.00060.xCosh, S., Crabb, S. & Tully, P. J. (2015). A champion out of the pool? A discursive exploration of two Australian Olympic swimmers'transition from elite sport to retirement. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 19(2015), 33-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.02.006Cover, R. (2017). The lived experience of retired college athletes with a history of 1 or more concussions. South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. Retrieved from: h8p://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etdDaigle, B. (2016). Longitudinal examination of perceived stress and depression symptomology in Division I Student- Athletes. South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. Retrieved from: h8p://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etdDebois, N., Ledon, A. & Wylleman, P. (2014). A lifespan perspective on the dual career of elite male athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.011De Bosscher, V., Shibli, S., Van Bottenburg, M., De Knop, P. & Truyens, J. (2010). Developing a method for comparing the elite sport systems and policies of nations: A mixed research methods approach. Journal of Sport Management, 24, 567-600. Retrieved from https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/203933/567-600[1].pdf?sequence=1DosSantos, A. L. P., Nogueira, M. DP. G. R. & Bohme, M. T. S. (2016). Elite athletes’ perception of retirement support systems. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 3(1), 192-199. P-ISSN: 2394-1685Effelsberg, D., Solga, M., & Gurt J. (2014). Getting followers to transcend their self-interest for the benefit of their company: Testing a core assumption of transformational leadership theory. Journal of Business Psychology, 29, 131-143. DOI: 10.1007/s10869-013-9305-xEmile, M., Chalabaev, A., Stephan, Y., Corrion, K. & d’Arripe-Longueville, F. (2013). Aging stereotypes and active lifestyle: Personal correlates of stereotype internalization and relationships with level of physical activity among older adults. Psychology of sport and exercise, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.11.002 Fox, K. R. & Corbin, C. B. (1989). The physical self-perception profile: Development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 408-430. Doi: 10.1123/jsep.11.4.408Golden, C. R. (2011). Student athletes' perceptions of academic support, career support and personal support. Unpublished paper.Retrieved from: h7p://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/153Hernandez, M. (2012). Toward an understanding of the psychology of stewardship. Academy of Management Review, 37(2), 172-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0363Hatamleh, M. R. (2013). The life transitions of high performance athletes retirement from sport. European Scientific Journal, 9,11. ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431Iglesias-Gutierrez, E., Garcia-Roves, P. M., Garcia, A., & Patterson, A. M. (2008). Food preferences do not influence adolescent highlevelathletes’ dietary intake. Appetite, 50, 536-540. DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2007.11.003Kadlcik, J. & Flemr, L. (2008). Athletic career termination model in Czech Republic: A qualitative exploration. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 43(3), 251-269. Retrieved from: http://irs.sagepub.comKlassen, R. M., Krawchuck, L. L., Lynch, S. L. & Rajani, S. (2008). Procrastination and motivation of Undergraduates with learning disabilities: A mixed-methods inquiry. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 23 (3), 137–147. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/Koonce, G. E. J. (2013). Role transition of National Football League retired Athletes: A grounded theory approach. 23 MarquetteSports Law Review, 23 (2), 250-338. Retrieved from: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/sportslaw/vol23/iss2/10Li, L. (2017). Study on Chinese retired athletes job placement countermeasure based on Bayes Discriminant Analysis classification method. Revista de la Facultad de Ingeniería U.C.V., 32(5), 416-422.Li, Y. R., Niu, C. & Quian, J. X. (2016). Dissociation and Missing: Evaluation of Athletes' Disability Security System in China. 2016 2nd International Conference on Modern Education and Social Science (MESS 20160). ISBN: 978-1-60595-346-5.Maiano, C., Morin, A. J. S., Ninot, G., Monthuy-Blanc, J., Stephan, Y., Florent, J. F., & Vallee, P. (2008). A short and very short form of the physical self-inventory for adolescents: Development and factor validity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 830–847. Doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.10.00McKnight, K. M., Bernes, K. B., Gunn, T., Chorney, D., Orr, D. T., & Bardick, A. D. (2009). Life After Sport: Athletic Career Transition and Transferable Skills. Journal of Excellence, 13, 63-77. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10133/1175McMillan, W. (2016). The phenomenological analysis of psychospiritual transformation in athletic retirement and everyday narcissism in former athletes. University of Lethbridge Research Repository. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10133/4450Maffulli, N., Longo, U. G., Spiezia, F. & Denaro V. (2010). Sports injuries in young athletes: Long-term outcome and prevention strategies. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 2 (38), 29-34. ISSN – 0091-3847Mohamed, Z. (2017). The reflection physical education and sports on configuration self- physical in adolescents. International Journalof Fitness Health, Physical Education and Iron Games, 4(2), 62-69. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325742983O'Brien, J. C. & Eller, C. (2016). Representing retired athletes. Arts, Sports & Law. Hennepin Lawyer, 12-14. Retrieved from: thl@hcba.orgPark, S. & Lavallee, D. (2015). Roles and influences of Olympic athletes’ entourages in athletes’ preparation for career transition out of sport. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 11 (1), 3-19. ISSN: 1745-4980.Park, S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2012). Athletes’ career transit ion out of sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 22-53.Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2010). Generalization in quantitative and qualitative research: Myths and strategies. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 1451-1458. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.06.004 Potgieter, S. (2013). Sport nutrition: A review of the latest guidelines for exercise and sport nutrition from the American College of Sport Nutrition, the International Olympic Committee and the International Society for Sports Nutrition. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 26(1), 6-16.Runeson, P., & Host, M. (2009). Guidelines for conducting and reporting case study research in software engineering. Empirical Software Engineering, 14(2), 131-164. doi:10.1007/s10664-008-9102-8Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2010). Research Methods for Business Students (5th ed.). Philippines: Pearson Education. Thompson, W. R. (2018). Worldwide survey of fitness trends: The CREP edition. American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM's) Health and Fitness Journal.Tshube, T. & Feltz, D. L. (2015). The relationship between dual- career and post-sport career transition among elite athletes in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe. Psychology of Sport & Exercise. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.05.005Tulle, E. (2008). Acting your age? Sports science and the ageing body. Journal of Aging Studies, 22, 340-347. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2008.05.005Wessa P. (2017). Cronbach alpha (v1.0.5) in Free Statistics Software (v1.2.1), Office for Research Development and Education. Retrieved from: https://www.wessa.net/rwasp_cronbach.wasp/Villanova A. & Puig, N. (2014). Personal strategies for managing a second career: The experiences of Spanish Olympians. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 1–18. DOI: 10.1177/1012690214536168Wiles, R., Crow, G., Heath, S., & Charles, V. (2008). The management of confidentiality and anonymity in social research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(5), 417-428. Retrieved from http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/651/1/The_Management_of_Confidentiality_and_Anonymity_in_ Social_Research.pdf

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Philipp, Steven F. y Sherie Brezina. "Differences among African Americans and Euro-Americans in Reasons for Sports Participation". Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, n.º 1 (agosto de 2002): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.1.184.

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Findings from 829 respondents from the southern United Slates (323 African American, 506 Euro-American adults) in 64 nonschool leisure locations participating in 19 different sports showed that the African American and Euro-American groups differed significantly on the importance given to 2 of 6 reasons offered for their sports participation, “socializing with others” and “improving skills.” Both reasons were rated as of greater importance by African-American respondents. These findings have implications for designing, marketing, and evaluating adult sports opportunities.

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39

Wilson, Jackie Napolean. "African Americans In Early Photography". Historian 57, n.º 4 (1 de junio de 1995): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1995.tb01362.x.

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Cutler, Jody B., Richard J. Powell, Jock Reynolds, Juanita M. Holland y Adrienne L. Childs. "African Americans and American Art History". Art Journal 59, n.º 1 (2000): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/778087.

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Caccese, Jaclyn B., James T. Eckner, Lea Franco-MacKendrick, Joseph B. Hazzard, Meng Ni, Steven P. Broglio, Thomas W. McAllister, Michael McCrea y Thomas A. Buckley. "Clinical Reaction-Time Performance Factors in Healthy Collegiate Athletes". Journal of Athletic Training 55, n.º 6 (22 de abril de 2020): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-164-19.

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Context In the absence of baseline testing, normative data may be used to interpret postconcussion scores on the clinical reaction-time test (RTclin). However, to provide normative data, we must understand the performance factors associated with baseline testing. Objective To explore performance factors associated with baseline RTclin from among candidate variables representing demographics, medical and concussion history, self-reported symptoms, sleep, and sport-related features. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Clinical setting (eg, athletic training room). Patients or Other Participants A total of 2584 National Collegiate Athletic Association student-athletes (n = 1206 females [47%], 1377 males [53%], and 1 unreported (<0.1%); mass = 76.7 ± 18.7 kg; height = 176.7 ± 11.3 cm; age = 19.0 ± 1.3 years) from 3 institutions participated in this study as part of the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education Consortium. Main Outcome Measure(s) Potential performance factors were sex; race; ethnicity; dominant hand; sport type; number of prior concussions; presence of anxiety, learning disability, attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, or migraine headache; self-reported sleep the night before the test; mass; height; age; total number of symptoms; and total symptom burden at baseline. The primary study outcome measure was mean baseline RTclin. Results The overall RTclin was 202.0 ± 25.0 milliseconds. Female sex (parameter estimate [B] = 8.6 milliseconds, P < .001, Cohen d = 0.54 relative to male sex), black or African American race (B = 5.3 milliseconds, P = .001, Cohen d = 0.08 relative to white race), and limited-contact (B = 4.2 milliseconds, P < .001, Cohen d = 0.30 relative to contact) or noncontact (B = 5.9 milliseconds, P < .001, Cohen d = 0.38 relative to contact) sport participation were associated with slower RTclin. Being taller was associated with a faster RTclin, although this association was weak (B = −0.7 milliseconds, P < .001). No other predictors were significant. When adjustments are made for sex and sport type, the following normative data may be considered (mean ± standard deviation): female, noncontact (211.5 ± 25.8 milliseconds), limited contact (212.1 ± 24.3 milliseconds), contact (203.7 ± 21.5 milliseconds); male, noncontact (199.4 ± 26.7 milliseconds), limited contact (196.3 ± 23.9 milliseconds), contact (195.0 ± 23.8 milliseconds). Conclusions Potentially clinically relevant differences existed in RTclin for sex and sport type. These results provide normative data adjusting for these performance factors.

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Cooper, Joseph N., Charles Macaulay y Saturnino H. Rodriguez. "Race and resistance: A typology of African American sport activism". International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54, n.º 2 (7 de julio de 2017): 151–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690217718170.

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Historically, sport has been viewed as an apolitical space where organizers, managers, coaches, spectators, and sponsors expected athletes to focus solely on their performance and adhere to functionalist origins of the activity, including physical fitness benefits, character building, teamwork, and social entertainment. Despite these various positive attributes, the institution of sport does not operate in isolation from broader society. Instead, sport serves as a site where societal inequalities such as racism, sexism, economic stratification, and other forms of oppression are reproduced, exacerbated, and/or ignored. Throughout history, several African American athletes, sport scholar activists, sport institutions, and entrepreneurs have critically reflected upon this arrangement and courageously engaged in actions to promote social justice within and beyond sporting spaces. Recent actions by African American athletes across participation levels have raised questions about the term activism and how it is applied to certain actions. In an effort to foster a deeper understanding of this phenomenon, the purpose of this article is to present a typology that delineates different forms of African American sport activism. The proposed typology outlines five categories: (1) symbolic activism; (2) scholarly activism; (3) grassroots activism; (4) sport-based activism; and (5) economic activism. Implications for future engagement and research are discussed.

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Durr, Marlese y Wornie Reed. "African Americans: Essential Perspectives." Social Forces 74, n.º 2 (diciembre de 1995): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2580510.

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Whitman, Mark, John Hope Franklin y Genna Rae McNeil. "African Americans and the Living Constitution." Journal of Southern History 62, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1996): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2211150.

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Walter, John C., Monroe Lee Billington y Roger D. Hardaway. "African Americans on the Western Frontier". Western Historical Quarterly 30, n.º 3 (1999): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971380.

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Foote, Thelma Wills. "Music of African Americans in California". Pacific Historical Review 69, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2000): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3641239.

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Howard-Hassmann, R. E. "Getting to Reparations: Japanese Americans and African Americans". Social Forces 83, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2004): 823–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2005.0012.

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Knight, Frederick. "African Americans and Africa: A New History". Journal of American History 107, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 2020): 438–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa238.

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Malott, Curry Stephenson. "African Americans and Education: A Contested History". Souls 12, n.º 3 (20 de agosto de 2010): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10999949.2010.499783.

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Satcher, Robert L. "African Americans and Orthopaedic Surgery". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 362 (mayo de 1999): 114???116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199905000-00019.

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