Tesis sobre el tema "Aérosols atmosphériques – Propriétés physico-chimiques"
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Lupascu, Aurelia. "Modélisation des propriétés physico-chimiques des aérosols atmosphériques à haute altitude". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859915.
Texto completoRivellini, Laura-Hélèna. "Propriétés physico-chimiques, optiques et identification des sources des aérosols en Afrique de l’Ouest". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10177/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis consists in studying the chemical nature, the origins as well as the optical properties of aerosols in West Africa. We focused on establishing the links between the chemical composition of fine particles at surface and aerosols optical properties. Our study is based on measurements acquired during the SHADOW field campaign, implemented on the M’Bour (Senegal) site during two intensive observation periods: March to June 2015 (IOP-1) and November 2015 to January 2016 (IOP-2). For this purpose, an instrumentation allowing online chemical characterization of surface PM1 (ACSM, TEOM-FDMS, aethalometer), at high time resolution, was implemented in parallel with instruments measuring aerosols optical properties at surface (aethalometer, nephelometer) and along the atmospheric column by remote sensing (Lidar, photometer). The coupling of meteorological data with statistical tools allowed determining the local and/or regional contribution of the different species, and identifying the source areas responsible for the high concentrations observed on site. The source receptor model (PM) allowed to further investigate the submicronic organic fraction, highlighting a fast photochemistry and the influence of specific anthropogenic activities (waste burning, fish smoking). We were also able to characterize, per season, the type of aerosols contributing to the fine particle extinction measured at surface, as well as to show links/differences between remote sensing and surface chemical/optical properties of fines particles during the two IOP
Ricard, Vincent. "Aérosols dans l'Arctique européen : sources, transformations et propriétés optiques". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00701298.
Texto completoDubois, Clément. "Impact de la réactivité multiphasique sur la composition et les propriétés physico-chimiques de l’aérosol atmosphérique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LYO10223.
Texto completoUltrafine atmospheric aerosols are among the most abundant in the atmosphere. Their implications on the climate and air quality are proven. The various IPCC reports however, have shown that current knowledge is still insufficient to quantify with precision the impact of aerosols on the climate. These uncertainties come from the complexity of atmospheric aerosols and their importance in cloud formation. Indeed, the formation and evolution of these one in the atmosphere lead to changes their size, chemical composition, morphology, and therefore could have major repercussions on their physicochemical properties. Initially, this thesis work focused on the impact of chemical reactions on the physico-chemical properties of light scattering aerosols. Thus, the reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols on sulfated particles has been shown to reduce the backscattered intensity of the aerosols formed. In a second step, the work carried out during this thesis aimed to study the implication of the pressure on the chemistry in the condensed phase of ultrafine aerosols, in particular due to the Young-Laplace pressure which can be important for ultrafine aerosols (d < 100 nm). This thesis work started with the development and optimization of an experimental system to study chemical reactions at high pressure. It was thus demonstrated that the photodegradation reactions (here, for vanillin) could be greatly modified at high pressures comparable to those of ultrafine particles. All the results of this thesis work made it possible to highlight the entanglement of multiphase chemical processes on the physico-chemical properties of atmospheric aerosols
Duca, Dumitru. "Physico-chemical characterization of size-selected internal combustion engine nanoparticles and original method for measuring adsorption energies on carbonaceous surfaces by laser mass spectrometry". Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R019.
Texto completoEmission of carbonaceous aerosols by combustion-powered ground transport vehicles has a major impact on both global climate and human health. Intensive research efforts are dedicated to the development of robust procedures able to reliably measure particles as small as 10 nm in real-driving conditions, as current European Union regulations are limited to 23 nm. Within the H2020 PEMS4Nano project, we performed detailed physico-chemical characterization of size-selected particulate matter emitted by a gasoline direct injection engine. This included chemical characterization performed with mass spectrometry as well as structural/morphology data obtained with electron and atomic force microscopy together with Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. In addition, to gain insight into the interaction between the carbonaceous surface and adsorbed compounds, a novel laser-based method for determining the adsorption energy of chemical species on carbonaceous surfaces was developed
Deguine, Alexandre. "Propriétés optiques et chimiques des cendres volcaniques : mesures de laboratoire et applications à la télédétection spatiale". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R075/document.
Texto completoDuring a volcanic eruption, a huge amount of aerosols are emitted into the. By absorbing and scattering solar radiation, volcanic ashes influence strongly the Earth radiative budget. These particles may also affect human health and may perturb or interrupt air traffic. Aerosols can be detected by remote sensing using for example spectrometers embarked on satellites. These instruments record the extinction signal of an atmospheric column mixing gas and aerosols contributions. From these observations, the main objective is to estimate the chemical composition, the size and the concentration of particles. With the aim of estimating these parameters, the key is to determine the complex refractive index m. However, the complex refractive index is badly known and stay one of the main source of uncertainty. For this purpose, a new methodology has been applied in order to measure the extinction spectra of various sampling aerosols. Mechanical system is used to generate a cloud of volcanic. Then aerosols are directed through two spectrometers and a particle sizer recording respectively the extinction spectra from UV-visible to Infrared and the size distribution. A combination of experimental data and an iterative process is used in order to retrieve the optical constants n and k leading to the complex refractive index m. This methodology has been applied for six volcanic ashes samples collected from Chile, Iceland and Italy. Moreover, a chemical analysis has been performed for each sample using X-ray fluorescence in order to determine the link between chemical and optical properties. Results obtained through the methodology are used for the inversion of study cases from IASI
Wu, Junteng. "Theoretical and experimental studies on the hygroscopic properties of soot particles sampled from a kerosene diffusion flame : impact of the aging processes by O3 and SO2". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR035.
Texto completoFreshly emitted soot particles from combustion processes are hydrophobic. However, the aging process in the atmosphere can modify their size, morphology and surface chemistry and turn them into efficient cloud condensation (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN) that significantly contribute to the indirect radiative forcing of climate. For spherical and monodisperse aerosols, k-Köhler theory is often used in the literature to quantify the hygroscopic properties of aerosols. In this work, a combined theoretical and experimental approach is proposed to add to the theory the contributions of the particle size distribution and morphology. Hygroscopic properties of the particles are derived by measuring their activated fraction as a function of the water supersaturation using a CCN counter. The model developed in this work is first tested on dry ammonium sulfate particles (quasi spherical and non aggregating). Then, it is applied to soot particles that are complex aggregates of primary particles. Soot particles are generated from a laboratory diffusion jet flame supplied with kerosene, and aged with ozone and sulfur dioxide in controlled conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity to simulate their permanence in the atmosphere. The electrical mobility, morphology and chemical composition of fresh and aged soot are measured by scanning mobility particle sizing, electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry, respectively, before and after the aging and related to the activation process. From the comparison of the experimental activation curves and the model, the values of the hygroscopicity parameter k could be determined for a large variety of operating conditions
Plantamp, Alice. "Étude et modélisation du comportement chimique des aérosols issus d’un feu de sodium lors de leur dispersion atmosphérique". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0072/document.
Texto completoAs part of the development of 4th generation Sodium cooled Fast Reactors, studies are conducted on the consequences of a sodium fire, including the toxicological impact of possible releases of aerosols into the atmosphere. The carbonation of aerosols from a sodium fire results in a decreased toxicity, from their release point in sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The objective is to develop and experimentally validate a kinetics model of NaOH aerosols carbonation. The kinetic model based on the reactive absorption of atmospheric CO2 and using the double film theory enables to describe the carbonation of NaOH aerosols, initially formed as soda droplets. This model defines the initial aerosol characteristics of soda in equilibrium with the atmosphere. It is applied by considering the absorption of CO2 at the particle’s external surface. All the model variables are described and their equations explained. The validation of this kinetic model has motivated the development of an experimental device dedicated to the monitoring of physicochemical behavior of aerosols from a sodium fire with a better control of conditions of reactive atmosphere and of aerosols sampling. The new experimental data show the competition between the influence of temperature, partial pressure of water and of CO2. The comparison between the experimental results validates the kinetic model based on reactive absorption for relative humidity over 30%. Finally, the kinetic model was adapted into the form of an analytic expression for its use in association with the atmospheric dispersion calculation
Wu, Junteng. "Theoretical and experimental studies on the hygroscopic properties of soot particles sampled from a kerosene diffusion flame : impact of the aging processes by O3 and SO2". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R035.
Texto completoFreshly emitted soot particles from combustion processes are hydrophobic. However, the aging process in the atmosphere can modify their size, morphology and surface chemistry and turn them into efficient cloud condensation (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN) that significantly contribute to the indirect radiative forcing of climate. For spherical and monodisperse aerosols, k-Köhler theory is often used in the literature to quantify the hygroscopic properties of aerosols. In this work, a combined theoretical and experimental approach is proposed to add to the theory the contributions of the particle size distribution and morphology. Hygroscopic properties of the particles are derived by measuring their activated fraction as a function of the water supersaturation using a CCN counter. The model developed in this work is first tested on dry ammonium sulfate particles (quasi spherical and non aggregating). Then, it is applied to soot particles that are complex aggregates of primary particles. Soot particles are generated from a laboratory diffusion jet flame supplied with kerosene, and aged with ozone and sulfur dioxide in controlled conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity to simulate their permanence in the atmosphere. The electrical mobility, morphology and chemical composition of fresh and aged soot are measured by scanning mobility particle sizing, electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry, respectively, before and after the aging and related to the activation process. From the comparison of the experimental activation curves and the model, the values of the hygroscopicity parameter k could be determined for a large variety of operating conditions
El, Hajj Danielle. "Aerosol hygroscopic properties : a laboratory approach for single and multi-component inorganic particles of atmospheric relevance". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R009/document.
Texto completoAerosols play vital roles in energy balance of the Earth and also have a significant impact on human health. The last assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), states that the uncertainty in the total radiative forcing is mainly dominated by the high uncertainty in the aerosol radiative forcing. This is mainly caused by the poorly understood and quantified aerosol effects. Indeed, high relative humidity (RH), promotes water uptake by atmospheric aerosol particles, which modifies their size, morphology and chemical composition and therefore their optical properties. In-situ measurements of aerosols properties (scattering and absorption coefficients, size distribution) are usually performed at dry conditions (RH <40%). However, aerosols are present in a humid atmosphere. Knowing the physical, chemical and optical properties of the aerosol particles at ambient RH is thus crucial in order to improve the estimation of the aerosol direct radiative forcing. The aim of this work is to study the evolution of aerosols optical (scattering and absorption) and physical (size) properties at different RH. Our study is based on laboratory measurements at controlled humidity. Pure aerosols were generated, such as amorphous silica (SiO2), sodium chloride (NaCl), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4 ), sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium chloride (KCl). The study was first conducted under dry conditions (≈ 35% RH), then measurements were performed at higher RH (from 40 up to 90%) using two different experimental setups. The exchange of water vapor that causes a change in size and refractive index (RI) of aerosol particles and therefore directly influences their optical properties is computed using E-AIM thermodynamic model. Zdanovskii–Stokes Robinson (ZSR) approach is applied on aerosols mixtures and compared with the experimental measurements. The discrepancies found will be presented and should be used to better understand the influence of water uptake on the aerosol radiative forcing estimated by climate models
Bègue, Nelson. "Evolution des propriétés physico-chimiques des aérosols désertiques issus de l'outflow africain". Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01056960.
Texto completoBrasse, Coralie. "Les aérosols organiques de Titan : leurs propriétés physico-chimiques et leurs possibles évolutions chimiques à la surface". Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1084/document.
Texto completoTitan, the largest moon of Saturn, is one of the key planetary objects in the exobiology field. Its dense, nitrogen-rich atmosphere is the site of intense organic chemistry. This PhD work focuses on the organic aerosols which are produced in Titan's atmosphere. They play an important role in atmospheric and surface processes but also in its organic chemistry of exobiology interest. At first, in order to produce reliable laboratory analogs (“tholins”) of these aerosols, a device for the synthesis of clean tholins has been developed, tested and optimized. Then two complementary aspects of Titan aerosols have been studied :- Their optical properties. Indeed, their knowledge is prime importance to analyze and to better interpret many of Titan's observational data. A detailed and critical review of all available data on refractive indices was conducted. The lacks in this field have been highlighted. In parallel, direct experimental measurements were used to determine the scattering matrix at two wavelengths and for a wide range of scattering angles. The obtained results show that the tholins do not have the shape of aggregates such as Titan aerosols although the acquired data seem to match with observational data.- Their potential chemical evolution at Titan surface, in particular, the possible interaction between aerosols and putative ammonia-water cryomagma. Modelings of Titan formation have recently permitted the characterization of a composition in salts of the subsurface ocean and the cryolave. From this new and original chemical composition, a laboratory study of several hydrolyses of tholins has been carried out. The obtained results show the formation of many organic compounds, among them, species identified only in the presence of salts. In addition, a list of potential precursors of these compounds has been established
Coll, Patrice. "Modélisation expérimentale de l'atmosphère de Titan : production et caractérisations physico-chimiques d'analogues des aérosols et de la phase gazeuse enfin représentatifs". Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120057.
Texto completoBescond, Alexandre. "Contribution à la métrologie des nanoparticules de suie et à la caractérisation des particules produites par un générateur de référence". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES063.
Texto completoIn the context of the civil aviation impact on the environment, the French aerospace and environment thematic network (called RTAE) of the French council for civil aeronautics research (CORAC) launched a study on contrails formation. The environmental impact of the induced cirrus generated by air traffic in altitude was also analyzed. The project in which this thesis is carried out (MERMOSE project, financed by the French general council of civil aviation) aims to characterize the particles emitted by an aeronautic engine and to study the soot reactivity with water. First of all, the work presented in this manuscript contributes to the improvement of the metrology of aerosol produced by combustion (soot). Furthermore, tools are designed and implemented to accurately characterize the nanoparticles produced by a reference aerosol combustion generator (miniCAST 5201c) and by an aircraft engine. Significant metrology means have been used to characterize the morphological, physico-chemical and optical properties of soot nanoparticles. Besides the use of standard commercial devices (SMPS sizer, mass concentration TEOM, Transmission Electronic Microscopy TEM …), optical techniques have also been used (depolarization of light, extinction spectra). The coupling of those techniques leads, for example, to the determination of the effective density or to the determination of optical properties. The exploitation of the obtained results has been carried out by using theories, modelling or methods that have been proposed (modelling of the effective density, automatized processing of TEM images) or improved (theory of light interaction with aggregates RDG-FA with the taking into account of internal multiple scattering). Accordingly, these new findings intend to improve the accuracy of the previously developed techniques. For example, the impact of accounting for a realistic morphology of aggregates (overlapping and necking between primary particles) has been studied. The use of the aforementioned techniques or methods permitted to reach key parameters such as the size distribution of primary particles, the fractal dimension of aggregates, the bulk density of primary spheres and their optical properties, opening the way to an optical speciation of soot nanoparticles by their organic compounds content and microstructure (amorphous or graphitic). The miniCAST generator allows to produce soot nanoparticles with a great stability and repeatability with various morphological and physico-chemical (and by the way optical) properties. This generator can be used as a surrogate of soot generated by different sources
Lintis, Laura. "Étude des phénomènes de sorption de l’eau sur des aérosols solides émis lors d’un incendie : identification des paramètres physico-chimiques d’influence". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0304/document.
Texto completoDuring a fire in a nuclear plan, the high efficiency particle air (HEPA) filters are clogged by a deposit (or “cake”) of soot, the latter corresponding to carbonaceous nanoparticles aggregates. The effect of humidity, observed on the filters by the presence of condensed water, is still not considered in the clogging models developed in scientific community. In this context, the aim of this study consists on a better understanding of the water sorption on the soot. The experimental approach was first the production of “analytical” soot with different isolated fuels and at different dioxygen concentrations, and of “fire” soot at large scale with different ventilations and complex elements (glove boxes, electrical cables, hydraulic oil). The physicochemical properties (morphology, porosity, specific surface area, elemental and chemical composition) and the water sorption isotherms, for samples at compacted pellet and powder state, have been determined. The parameters from the model of Dubinin-Serpinski, obtained for a first class of hydrophobic soot, enabled to propose a relevant model, characteristic of the analytical soot. Furthermore, water sorption isotherms on soot cake, coming from realistic fires and fuels, have been modeled with the D’Arcy and Watt (DW) equation. For this second class of hydrophilic soot, the DW parameters appear relatively more dispersed. This relative dispersion is due to the different properties of the fire soot and especially to the presence of high amounts of oxygen and halogens (chlorine, phosphor). This study enabled to highlight a more significant water adsorption on fire soot, leading to the capillary condensation, which is favored for soot compacted into pellet. Soot chemical a and elemental composition appeared to be the most influencing parameter on water sorption phenomenon
Fournel, Sébastien. "Combustion à la ferme de cultures énergétiques : influence de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques sur les émissions atmosphériques, prédiction de la composition des gaz et cadre de qualité de la biomasse agricole". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6832.
Texto completoIrimiea, Cornelia. "Characterization of soot particles and their precursors by coupling laser-based techniques". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10066.
Texto completoCombustion impacts many important aspects of our life like the air quality, the local and global climate and the use of energy sources. In the last decades, an outstanding progress towards cleaner combustion has been achieved. However, the reaction pathways leading to the formation of some pollutants, especially particulate matter (soot) resulting from incomplete combustion, are still elusive. In this work, we aim to investigate specific aspects of soot and its precursors formation in laboratory flames for a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms leading from the gas phase up to the mature particulate found in the exhausts. This objective is also pursued in field-campaigns to assess the potential impact of soot surface properties on the environment. Following this approach, experimental techniques like in-situ laser induced incandescence and fluorescence, and ex-situ laser desorption and secondary ion mass spectrometry are used to target specific properties of soot and its precursors. Notably, the evolution of the complex refractive index of soot is measured as a function of soot maturity, and the implications on both the flame physico-chemistry and the analytical techniques applicability are discussed. Additionally, a new detection method for soot and precursors based on simultaneous excitation at one wavelength is developed. In parallel, two campaigns are dedicated to the analysis of the surface chemistry of soot sampled from airplane and car exhausts. Statistical methods as multivariate analysis are used to identify patterns and differences within sets of samples by assessing the influence of the combustion parameters or the role of the fuel
Bègue, Nelson. "Évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques des aérosols désertiques issus de l’outflow africain". Thesis, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0009/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the evolution of the dust physical and chemical properties through a case of long-range transport of Saharan dust over Northern Europe. This episode of May 2008 is considered as the strongest event of Saharan dust transport to Europe observed since these last five years. This spread of dust is investigated by combining observations (ground-based, airborne, satellite) and the meso-scale model Méso-NH.The analysis of the removal processes reveals that the amounts lost by dry and wet deposition represent 7 and 40 % the total dust emitted respectively. The observed aerosol optical thickness ranged from 0.1 to 0.8 at the wavelength of 440 nm, with a maximum value close to 1 is found over the Netherlands. Over that site, the dust layer was mainly located between 2.5 and 5.2 km, moreover dust was also present at 0.5 km. The concentration of dust inside these two layers is estimated to 350 and 450 ��g.m-3 respectively. Nevertheless, the usual optical characteristics of Saharan dust were not observed. In particular, the scattering coefficient measurements revealed a strong spectral dependence observed during the 30th May, close to Cabauw. The analysis of the numerical experiements revealed that this was due to high precipitation scavenging efficiency for the coarse mode. The presence of Saharan dust coincides with an increase of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration. Our results suggest that the mixing processes between the Saharan dust and anthropogenic particles have led to an increase of the Saharan dust hygroscopic properties. Thus, this thesis confirms that physical and chemical conditions of the atmosphere govern the life cycle of dust
Tremblay, Samantha. "Caractérisation des propriétés chimiques, physiques et optiques des matières particulaires atmosphériques dans le Grand Nord canadien". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20666.
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