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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Aérosols atmosphériques – Environnement"
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Tesis sobre el tema "Aérosols atmosphériques – Environnement"
Pellerin, Geoffrey. "Quantification des vitesses de dépôt par temps sec et documentation des processus d’émission des aérosols sur couvert naturel : du nanomètre au micron". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1086/document.
Texto completoThe particles emitted into the atmosphere during chronic or accidental release by the nuclear plants can be subjected, after dispersion, to vertical flows by dry weather: dry deposition and resuspension. Vertical flows in dry weather are characterized by the vertical transfer rate, which is the ratio between the particle flux and the atmospheric concentration of the aerosol in the vicinity of the surface. When this speed is positive, it is a dry deposition rate (Vd in m.s-1) and conversely, when it is negative, it is a transmission rate. It is important to study their dry deposition in a prairial environment. Indeed, the products resulting from this environment are a component of the human food chain via livestock. For particles less than 1 μm, there is a lack of experimental data, which results in uncertainty about the results of the models, which can reach up to two orders of magnitude. In addition, there are no in situ deposition rate measurement data available for particles less than 10 nm. These particles are derived from the gas / particle conversion (nucleation) and may relate to certain radionuclides such as iodine (129, 131I).After their deposition, these radionuclides can be resuspended under the effect of the stress submitted by the wind on the canopy. Such a phenomenon is suspected around the Fukushima nuclear power plant. The aerosol resuspension processes are characterized by the vertical transfer rate (m.s-1) but also by the re-suspension coefficient (Ks in m-1) which is the ratio of atmospheric concentration to surface concentration of particles. Relative uncertainties of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude on the resuspension coefficients exist. The resuspension concerns all the particles present on the canopy, whether they are inert or living (fungi, bacteria, yeasts, etc.). Unlike inert particles, these living particles can assimilate and concentrate radionuclides. However, there is very little data on the resuspension of microorganisms and bacteria in particular. In this context, the objectives of the thesis are to quantify the dry deposition rate as a function of the particle size and the main micrometeorological parameters in the range 1.5 nm - 1.2 μm. The second objective is to document the processes of emission of the bacteria
Fally, Sophie. "Composition, propriétés et comportement des aérosols atmosphériques, des brouillards, des rosées et des pluies en région bruxelloise". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211558.
Texto completoL'objectif du présent travail est de déterminer la composition chimique, les propriétés et le comportement des particules et des dépôts humides en Région bruxelloise. On a distingué les aérosols atmosphériques, les brouillards, les rosées (ou givres) récoltés à la fois sur les végétaux et sur un collecteur inerte, les pluies et les dépôts totaux (formés des pluies et des dépôts secs accumulés dans l'entonnoir de collecte en l'absence de pluie). Ce vaste objectif a été réalisé grâce à la collecte de nombreux échantillons sur une échelle de temps suffisante en différents endroits de la capitale, et à l'analyse de ces échantillons par des techniques variées et complémentaires (techniques classiques d'analyse d'échantillons liquides telles que spectrométrie d'absorption et d'émission atomique, chromatographie liquide, colorimétrie, ainsi que microscopie électronique et fluorescence des rayons-X). Trois collecteurs (pour le brouillard, la pluie et la rosée) ont été entièrement conçus et réalisés au laboratoire dans le cadre de ce travail. Les éléments suivants sont analysés: NO3, SO4, NH4, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, CI, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb.
Afin de comprendre les causes de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des concentrations, l'influence de paramètres tels que la saison, la direction du vent, et le lieu de prélèvement a été examinée. De plus, dans le cas des pluies et des brouillards, l'étude de l'évolution des concentrations au cours d'un même épisode a permis d'investiguer les processus physico-chimiques qui contrôlent le dépôt humide. Elle a permis d'acquérir une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes d'incorporation des aérosols dans la phase aqueuse et du phénomène de lessivage de l'atmosphère. Tout au long de ce travail, les interactions entre la phase particulaire (aérosols) et les phases liquides (brouillards, rosées, pluies) ont été examinées. Une relation entre les concentrations en éléments dissous et le volume d'eau de l'échantillon a été établie dans le cas des pluies, des rosées et des brouillards. Cette relation traduit un effet de dilution et démontre l'importance du mécanisme de condensation-évaporation des gouttes d'eau. L'importance du phénomène de nucléation des sulfates, nitrates et chlorures d'ammonium constitutifs de la fraction fine de l'aérosol soluble a été démontrée. Ces sels d'ammonium sont formés secondairement par des réactions de conversion gaz-particules. L'abondance des ions ammonium, et l'importance de leur action de neutralisation de l'acidité, constituent une particularité de l'atmosphère bruxelloise.
L'identification des sources de particules et d'éléments en relation avec leurs propriétés chimiques et granulométriques a été réalisée en utilisant divers outils statistiques (corrélations entre éléments, analyse factorielle) et géochimiques (rapports de concentration, facteurs d'enrichissement, granulométrie). Les apports d'origine marine, continentale, biologique et anthropique (trafic, incinération des déchets, processus de combustion) ont ainsi été clairement mis en évidence dans l'aérosol et le brouillard bruxellois.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Percot, Stéphane. "Contribution des retombées atmosphériques aux flux de polluants issus d'un petit bassin versant urbain : cas du Pin Sec à Nantes". Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00851955.
Texto completoDubois, Clément. "Impact de la réactivité multiphasique sur la composition et les propriétés physico-chimiques de l’aérosol atmosphérique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LYO10223.
Texto completoUltrafine atmospheric aerosols are among the most abundant in the atmosphere. Their implications on the climate and air quality are proven. The various IPCC reports however, have shown that current knowledge is still insufficient to quantify with precision the impact of aerosols on the climate. These uncertainties come from the complexity of atmospheric aerosols and their importance in cloud formation. Indeed, the formation and evolution of these one in the atmosphere lead to changes their size, chemical composition, morphology, and therefore could have major repercussions on their physicochemical properties. Initially, this thesis work focused on the impact of chemical reactions on the physico-chemical properties of light scattering aerosols. Thus, the reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols on sulfated particles has been shown to reduce the backscattered intensity of the aerosols formed. In a second step, the work carried out during this thesis aimed to study the implication of the pressure on the chemistry in the condensed phase of ultrafine aerosols, in particular due to the Young-Laplace pressure which can be important for ultrafine aerosols (d < 100 nm). This thesis work started with the development and optimization of an experimental system to study chemical reactions at high pressure. It was thus demonstrated that the photodegradation reactions (here, for vanillin) could be greatly modified at high pressures comparable to those of ultrafine particles. All the results of this thesis work made it possible to highlight the entanglement of multiphase chemical processes on the physico-chemical properties of atmospheric aerosols
Rojo, Escude-Cofiner Carolina. "Impact environnemental des aérosols formés dans les panaches d'avions : modélisation et application à l'utilisation de carburants alternatifs". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF047/document.
Texto completoAircraft emit important amounts of particulate and gaseous matter in the atmosphere contributing on the one hand to local air pollution and on the other hand to the atmospheric radiative forcing and to climate change. Introducing alternative fuels in aviation can be considered as a viable option to reducing the impact of aviation, being economically and environmentally sustainable. These selected biofuels tend to have lower aromatic and sulphur contents inducing a simultaneous reduction in sulphuric acid and soot emissions. However modifying the nature and composition of the fuel used can entail unexpected consequences. It is therefore essential to study and determine the evolution of aerosols in the aircraft plume. To manage this task, a microphysical trajectory box, previously tested with standard kerosene, has been developed. After an assessment concerning the typical emissions from the combustion of biofuels in aviation, simulations have been undertaken in order to predict aerosol evolution. Several microphysical processes have been revised such as droplet homogeneous freezing or the behaviour of organic compounds
Richon, Camille. "Modélisation de l'impact du dépôt d'aérosols sur les cycles biogéochimiques de la mer Méditerranée". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV105.
Texto completoObservations and experiments showed that aerosol deposition can increase the amount of bioavailable nutrients and favor biological production of the Mediterranean Sea. In this context, the present study yields for the first time a quantification of the effects of aerosol deposition from various sources thanks to the coupled physical-biogeochemical model NEMOMED12/PISCES. This study consists in modeling and analyzing the effects on the Mediterranean biogeochemistry of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphate from various natural and anthropogenic sources. For this purpose, regional and global atmospheric models representing aerosol deposition were evaluated and selected. The NEMOMED12/PISCES model was modified to take into account these new nutrient sources. The analysis of the simulations showed that atmospheric deposition accounts for approximately 10 % of total external nitrate supply and 5 to 30 % of phosphate supply on average over the entire basin. Aerosol deposition can also increase biological production up to 50 % thanks to the lowering of nutrient limitations. The maximal fertilizing effects are observed during the stratied period which, in the Mediterranean region, is summer. The effects of climate change may be particularly important in sensitive regions such as the Mediterranean. Therefore, the evolutions of basin scale biogeochemistry were evaluated under a climate change scenario. The NEMOMED8/PISCES model was used with physical and biogeochemical forcings for the IPCC A2 climate change scenario. This study shows a reduction in basin scale surface productivity by approximately 10 % triggered by warming and stratification. Nutrient limitations are modified and the Mediterranean Sea sensibility to atmospheric deposition changes. The results of this thesis underline the importance of atmosphere as a nutrient source, in particular for nitrogen and phosphate. Deposition effects vary according to the season and the location. They are more important during the stratied period, when surface water is nutrient limited. Also, any change in biological productivity is quickly transfered along the biological chain. To refine the results, the atmospheric models could be improved and more knowledge on deposition fluxes and physical and chemical transformations of aerosols before and after deposition would be necessary. Moreover, more precise scenarios concerning climate change effects would be necessary in order to study the future evolutions of biogeochemical conditions in the Mediterranean. Finally, the recent developments on the PISCES model make new studies possible in a non redfieldian context. Preliminary results indicate that the productivity of the different phytoplanktonic groups varies with intracellular C/N/P ratios
Tidiga, Mariam. "Contenu et variabilité des aérosols de la stratosphère : impact des éruptions volcaniques sur la période 2013-2019". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ORLE2011.
Texto completoLarge volcanic eruptions affect the climate by injecting sulphur dioxide gas into the stratosphere which is converted to sulphate aerosols. These aerosols have the power to warm the stratosphere, cooling the troposphere by reflecting solar radiation. Since the Pinatubo eruption in 1991, which resulted in a global cooling of 0.4◦C, observations have shown that the stratosphere has been regularly impacted by volcanic eruptions of moderate magnitude on a hemispheric scale, but that these events have been less well documented in the tropics. During our research, we carried out simulations by the global model WACCM-CARMA, including chemical and microphysical cycles of Sulphur to study the variability of stratospheric aerosol content in the tropics over the period 2013-2019. The simulations show that the volcanic events of the period (Kelud, Calbuco, Ambae, Raikoke and Ulawun) have significantly influenced the aerosol layer in the tropics, either by direct injection or by transport from distant latitudes
Rouspard, Pierre. "Etude phénoménologique du dépôt sec d’aérosols en milieu urbain : Influence des propriétés des surfaces, de la turbulence et des conditions météorologiques". Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAM0007/document.
Texto completoAerosol dry deposition is not much known for urban areas due to the lack of data. Knowledge on this phenomenon is necessary to understand pollutant fluxes in cities and to estimate inhabitant exposition to ionizing radiation of radioactive aerosols. A data providing could enable to enhance dry deposition models for these areas. An original experimental approach is performed to study submicron aerosol dry deposition on urban surfaces. Wind tunnel coupled to in situ experiments give results to study different physical phenomen on governing dry deposition. Dry deposition velocities are measured using aerosol tracers. These data are associated to turbulent and meteorological measured conditions. This database permits to classify the principal physical phenomenon for each experiment type. Finally, different phenomenon must be considered for chronic and acute exposition of urban surfaces to atmospheric particles
Gallou, Guillaume. "Etude et optimisation de la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS) pour le suivi en continu des polluants émis par les sources fixes". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10153.
Texto completoIn the context of the prevention of atmospheric pollution and air quality improvement, measurement of the stationary sources emission appears as a key component to evaluate the concentration of one or many pollutants and also to estimate the annual flows. Analytical techniques of atmospheric pollutants must on principle permit to control the safety concentration limits fixed by order. To that end, laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) appears to be a good technique. Indeed, this multielementary analysis technique requires no sample preparation, is quantitative, fast (< 1 min), and can be performed at remote distance. The objective of this work, supported by ADEME and run by CEA and INERIS, is to develop and optimise LIBS technique to measure in-situ and in real time metallic pollutants in particulate forms emitted by stationary sources. During this study, two experimental approaches were carried out simultaneously: the first one, realized in CEA, consists to collect micrometric metallic particles generated by ultrasonic nebulizer on filter and then to analyse those filters with adapted LIBS device. In parallel, the second device is realised in INERIS to analyse the same particles by focusing the laser directly (direct analysis) on the flowing aerosol inside an analysis cell. To evaluate correctly the analysis LIBS devices as well as the acquisition and data treatment protocols adapted to aerosols analysis, specific experimental setup of generating and characterising metallic aerosol is designed and implemented. Then, experimental results are optimized and compared. After those developments and tests in laboratory, in-situ measurements are realized in the "Centre Technique des Industries de la Fonderie (CTIF)" in Sèvres. Measurements were performed on melting process to analyse in-situ and in real time concentration of metallic particles emitted during copper melt
Richon, Camille. "Modélisation de l'impact du dépôt d'aérosols sur les cycles biogéochimiques de la mer Méditerranée". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV105/document.
Texto completoObservations and experiments showed that aerosol deposition can increase the amount of bioavailable nutrients and favor biological production of the Mediterranean Sea. In this context, the present study yields for the first time a quantification of the effects of aerosol deposition from various sources thanks to the coupled physical-biogeochemical model NEMOMED12/PISCES. This study consists in modeling and analyzing the effects on the Mediterranean biogeochemistry of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphate from various natural and anthropogenic sources. For this purpose, regional and global atmospheric models representing aerosol deposition were evaluated and selected. The NEMOMED12/PISCES model was modified to take into account these new nutrient sources. The analysis of the simulations showed that atmospheric deposition accounts for approximately 10 % of total external nitrate supply and 5 to 30 % of phosphate supply on average over the entire basin. Aerosol deposition can also increase biological production up to 50 % thanks to the lowering of nutrient limitations. The maximal fertilizing effects are observed during the stratied period which, in the Mediterranean region, is summer. The effects of climate change may be particularly important in sensitive regions such as the Mediterranean. Therefore, the evolutions of basin scale biogeochemistry were evaluated under a climate change scenario. The NEMOMED8/PISCES model was used with physical and biogeochemical forcings for the IPCC A2 climate change scenario. This study shows a reduction in basin scale surface productivity by approximately 10 % triggered by warming and stratification. Nutrient limitations are modified and the Mediterranean Sea sensibility to atmospheric deposition changes. The results of this thesis underline the importance of atmosphere as a nutrient source, in particular for nitrogen and phosphate. Deposition effects vary according to the season and the location. They are more important during the stratied period, when surface water is nutrient limited. Also, any change in biological productivity is quickly transfered along the biological chain. To refine the results, the atmospheric models could be improved and more knowledge on deposition fluxes and physical and chemical transformations of aerosols before and after deposition would be necessary. Moreover, more precise scenarios concerning climate change effects would be necessary in order to study the future evolutions of biogeochemical conditions in the Mediterranean. Finally, the recent developments on the PISCES model make new studies possible in a non redfieldian context. Preliminary results indicate that the productivity of the different phytoplanktonic groups varies with intracellular C/N/P ratios