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1
Neaga, Diana Elena. Gen şi cetăţenie în România: Între formal şi substanţial, normal şi normativ. Iaşi: Polirom, 2013.
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Strüver, Anke y Sybille Bauriedl, eds. Platformization of Urban Life. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839459645.
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The increasing platformization of urban life needs critical perspectives to examine changing everyday practices and power shifts brought about by the expansion of digital platforms mediating care-services, housing, and mobility. This book addresses new modes of producing urban spaces and societies. It brings both platform researchers and activists from various fields related to critical urban studies and labour activism into dialogue. The contributors engage with the socio-spatial and normative implications of platform-mediated urban everyday life and urban futures, going beyond a rigid techno-dystopian stance in order to include an understanding of platforms as sites of social creativity and exchange.
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Yurchuk, Ol'ga, Ol'ga Ul'yanina, Yuliya Tukfeeva, Nataliya Dmitrieva, Ekaterina Nikiforova, Oleg Hazimullin, Kseniya Semenova y Anastasiya Trofimova. Professional activity of a teacher-psychologist: organizational basis and work protocols: methodological recommendations. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02123-1.
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The methodological recommendations consider a wide range of aspects concerning the organizing of psychological and pedagogical support for participants in educational relations. The list of normative legal documents regulating the activity of an educational psychologist (psychologist in the field of education) is presented. Goals and objectives, main types and directions of teacher-psychologist’s activity are given. Forms of reporting documentation based on the results of the professional activity of an educational psychologist (psychologist in the field of education) are presented. The algorithm of interaction between an educational organization and a psychological-medical-pedagogical commission, the algorithm of interdepartmental interaction in case of an emergency involving minors are described.
The recommendations make it possible to develop unified approaches to psychological and pedagogical support for participants in educational relations and to optimize the activities of an educational psychologist (psychologist in the field of education) by enriching and standardizing methodological tools. Interaction algorithms can be used to organize joint activities of various experts in order to guarantee the legitimate rights and interests of students and other participants in educational relations.
The publication is intended for educational psychologists, employees and heads of centers for psychological, pedagogical, medical and social assistance. It can be useful for teaching staff, researchers, and administrative and managerial staff in the field of education.
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Conférence, internationale du travail (91e 2003 Genève Suisse). Activités normatives de l'OIT dans le domaine de la sécurité et de la santé au travail: Étude approfondie en vue de l'élaboration d'un plan d'action : sixième question à l'ordre du jour. Genève: Bureau international du travail, 2003.
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5
Romanov, Aleksandr. Penal law of the Russian Federation: General and Special parts. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/925785.
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The focus is on the subject and objectives of penal law of the Russian Federation, its sources and methods, types of penal norms, history and types of penal systems, the provisions of the Criminal Executive code of the Russian Federation, other penal laws and normative legal acts on the activities of bodies in charge of execution of punishments, exercising control and supervision over conditionally sentenced persons and persons with a suspended sentence. The characteristic of organization and activity of criminal-Executive system of the Russian Federation, highlights the issues of its reforms. Detail the issues of legal status of convicts established the order and conditions of execution and serving sentences, the use of other measures of criminal-legal nature, means of correction of convicts, providing medical care to prisoners, the performance requirements for the serving of sentences, organisation of support of liberated and control over them.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
For students of law faculties of educational institutions of higher education, enrolled in the academic programs of bachelor, specialist, master and post-graduate students, teachers, practical workers of law enforcement bodies and all those interested in issues of corrections, legal status of prisoners, the penal laws and the application of other measures of criminal-legal nature.
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McPherson, Tristram. Authoritatively Normative Concepts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823841.003.0012.
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This chapter offers an analysis of the authoritatively normative concept PRACTICAL OUGHT that appeals to the constitutive norms for the activity of non-arbitrary selection. It argues that this analysis permits an attractive and substantive explanation of what the distinctive normative authority of this concept amounts to, while also explaining why a clear statement of what such authority amounts to has been so elusive in the recent literature. The account given is contrasted with more familiar constitutivist theories, and briefly shows how it answers “schmagency”-style objections to constitutivist explanations of normativity. Finally, the chapter explains how the account offered here can help realists, error theorist, and fictionalists address central challenges to their views.
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Ackerly, Brooke A. Feminist Grounded Normative Methods for Just Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662936.003.0006.
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One of the core challenges of grounded normative theory is to deploy a methodology for theorizing that guides us to seek insight from lived experience even though our knowledge of that experience can be only partial, incomplete, even flawed. Grounded normative theory is a broad methodological approach that requires specific methods for developing the empirical basis appropriate to each normative inquiry. Chapter 5 describes the specific methods I used to develop the theory of just responsibility. It provides an argument for drawing on the strategic initiatives of human rights activists and describes the research–activist partnership from which the normative theory presented here derives.
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Ginsborg, Hannah. Empiricism and Normative Constraint. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809630.003.0006.
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McDowell holds that our thinking, in order to have intentional content, must stand in a normative relation to empirical reality. He thinks that this condition can be satisfied only if we adopt “minimal empiricism”: the view that beliefs and judgements stand in rational relations to perceptual experiences, conceived as passive. I raise two complementary difficulties for minimal empiricism, one challenging McDowell’s view that experiences, conceived as passive, can be reasons for belief, the other challenging his view of experience as presupposing conceptual capacities. I go on to argue that minimal empiricism is not necessary for satisfying the condition that thinking be normatively related to the empirical world. There is another way of understanding the relation between thought and reality which construes it as normative without being rational: we can understand it as the world’s normative constraint on the activity through which empirical concepts, and hence empirical thinking, become possible.
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Turri, John. Sustaining Rules. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716310.003.0013.
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In this chapter, John Turri introduces an account of when a rule normatively sustains a practice. His basic proposal is that a rule normatively sustains a practice when the value achieved by following the rule explains why agents continue following that rule, thus establishing and sustaining a pattern of activity. He applies this model to practices of belief management and identifies a substantive normative connection between knowledge and belief. More specifically, he proposes one special way that knowledge might set the normative standard for belief: knowing is essentially the unique way of normatively sustaining cognition and, thereby, inquiry. In this respect, his proposal can be seen as one way of elaborating a “knowledge-first” normative theory.
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Barros, Sandro R., Rafael Ocasio y Angela L. Willis. The Dissidence of Reinaldo Arenas. University Press of Florida, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683402589.001.0001.
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Focusing on the didactic nature of the work of Reinaldo Arenas, this book demonstrates the Cuban writer’s influence as a public pedagogue, mentor, and social activist whose teachings on resistance to normative ideologies resonate in societies past, present, and future. Through a multidisciplinary approach bridging educational, historiographic, and literary perspectives, this book illuminates how Arenas’s work remains a cutting-edge source of inspiration for today’s audiences, particularly LGBTQI readers. It shows how Arenas’s aesthetics contain powerful insights for exploring dissensus, whether in the context of Cuba, broader Pan-American and Latinx-U.S. queer movements of social justice, or transnational citizenship politics. Carefully dissecting Arenas’s themes against the backdrop of his political activity, this book presents the writer’s poetry, novels, and plays as a curriculum of dissidence that provides models for socially engaged intellectual activism.
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Renault, Emmanuel y Franck Fischbach. Textes Cles de Philosophie du Travail: Activite, Technicite, Normativite. Vrin, Librairie Philosophique J., 2022.
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Levinson, Marjorie. What is New Formalism? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810315.003.0006.
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This chapter offers a critical review of the new formalist movement, especially in the first years of the twenty-first century. It explores new formalism’s embattled relationship to the new historicism, early and late, as well as to other forms of materialist critique. It distinguishes activist from normative new formalism. Activists want to restore to today’s reductive inscription of historical reading its original focus on form, traced most often to Marx, Freud, Adorno, and Jameson. Normative formalists campaign to bring back a sharp demarcation between history and art, discourse and literature, in which form is the prerogative of art. One strain of new formalism makes for a continuum with new historicism. The other, backlash, new formalism traces its position to Kant’s notion of form as the condition of aesthetic experience, understood as disinterested, autotelic, playful, pleasurable, consensus-generating, and thus both individually liberating and conducive to affective social cohesion.
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Chávez, Karma R. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038105.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter discusses the scope of queer activism during the previous decades and the myriad issues they tackled, most notably immigration rights for binational same-sex couples. It examines in brief the instances where migration politics and queer politics meet in ways that challenge the mainstream inclusionary strategy and shift the political focus to other sites of activism, situating queer migration politics through the analytic of the coalitional moment. The type of inclusionary strategy and narrowly normative vision of politics reflected in advocacy for the rights of binational same-sex couples is what prompts queer activists and theorists to respond to and critique contemporary mainstream gay and lesbian politics. The chapter also delves into an exploration of these critiques and situates this book's study within the larger umbrella of queer migration studies.
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Pineda, Erin R. Seeing Like an Activist. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526422.001.0001.
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There are few movements more firmly associated with civil disobedience than the civil rights movement. In the mainstream imagination, civil rights activists eschewed coercion, appealed to the majority’s principles, and submitted willingly to legal punishment in order to demand necessary legislative reforms—and facilitate the realization of core constitutional and democratic principles. Their fidelity to the spirit of the law, commitment to civility, and allegiance to American democracy provided the blueprint for activists pursuing racial justice and set the normative horizon for liberal philosophies of civil disobedience. Seeing Like an Activist charts the emergence of this influential account of civil disobedience in the civil rights movement and demonstrates its reliance on a narrative about black protest that is itself entangled with white supremacy. Liberal political theorists whose work informed decades of scholarship saw civil disobedience “like a white state”: taking for granted the legitimacy of the constitutional order, assuming as primary the ends of constitutional integrity and stability, centering the white citizen as the normative ideal, and figuring the problem of racial injustice as limited, exceptional, and all-but-already solved. In contrast, building on historical and archival evidence, this book shows how civil rights activists, in concert with anticolonial movements across the globe, turned to civil disobedience as a practice of decolonization in order to emancipate themselves and others from a racial order that needed to be fully transformed. We can recover this powerful alternative account only by adopting a different theoretical approach—one which sees activists as themselves engaged in the creative work of political theorizing.
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Chávez, Karma R. The Differential Visions of Queer Migration Manifestos. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038105.003.0002.
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This chapter analyzes three manifestos linking queer politics with migration politics written and distributed in 2006 and 2007, and another, which builds upon two of those manifestos, published in 2011. The manifestos represent coalitional moments in that they supply visions for queer, migrant, and queer migrant activism, rights, and justice that point toward coalition. The visions of coalition differ widely from the inclusionary perspective, and yet the visions are offered in concrete and possible terms. In contrast to the normative and the utopian, the authors of these manifestos develop and advance a different political vision, a “differential vision” of queer migration coalitional politics. A differential vision reflects an impure political orientation, whereby activists seek relationships to others who may take different approaches but who resist hegemonic power systems.
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Schmidt, Susanne K. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717775.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 concludes with a summary of the book’s findings on whether the ECJ is activist. The impact of the ECJ does not require permanent activism, but rather the Court’s significance is tied to the constitutional nature of its case law. Incremental developments of a constitution have huge implications—those rulings that are deferential to member states cannot offset this importance. Because of the different time perspectives of judicial and political actors, the impact of case law is generally overlooked, as a result of its incremental nature. From a normative perspective, the ECJ’s impact on policy not only leads to further negative integration, but it also withdraws options from majoritarian decision-making. What can be learnt that can be applied to the study of international courts? The chapter closes with a few remarks on where European integration research should go from here.
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Moscowitz, Leigh. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038129.003.0006.
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This concluding chapter highlights the limits of commercial media as a route to social change and critiques the institution of marriage as a route to inclusive citizenship. It first considers how gay marriage in the 2000s was interpreted as a case of trouble for “straight America,” a reflection of the larger anxieties over an institution that appears to be fragile and falling out of favor. It then examines how the same-sex marriage debate also meant trouble for gay rights activists who sought to influence news frames and images and for the LGBTQ community more generally. It argues that the images and narratives employed in both activist strategies and news media discourses may unwittingly work to stigmatize (unmarried) gays and lesbians—and especially bisexual, transgender, and queer citizens—who do not fit the “normative” mold in this new era of visibility.
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Chávez, Karma R. Coming Out as Coalitional Gesture? University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038105.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses how appropriation of the LGBTQ rights strategy offers a unique way for understanding how coalitional rhetorics can both gesture to inclusionary and utopian politics and offer an alternative to both. It explores activism for the DREAM (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors) Act, which would provide a pathway to citizenship for select undocumented youth. Such activism has been both highly utopian in its deployment of the “DREAM” metaphor and simultaneously normative in the type of inclusion the DREAM Act seeks and to whom it would provide inclusion. DREAM activism has also spurred other uses of the coming out strategy, including the development of “undocuqueer” activism and counter-DREAM activism, both of which turn toward coalition beyond the initial appropriation.
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Herring, Christina. Neuromodulation in Psychiatric Disorders. Editado por Anthony J. Bazzan y Daniel A. Monti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190690557.003.0013.
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Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) is the transformation of the EEG by spectral analysis in which the amount of electrical activity at a particular frequency is determined and compared against a normative data base. EEG findings are specific for different psychiatric problems and help reveal brain abnormalities associated with psychological symptoms. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a system of delivering multiple pulses within a short time period that induce changes that outlast the stimulation period. Operant conditioning involves providing a reward to increase the probability of a certain behavior. Neurofeedback involves recording, analyzing, and presenting results of qEEG analyses in near real-time to patients in order to promote changes in brain electrical activity. This chapter reviews how neuromodulation works both clinically and from a neurophysiological perspective. This chapter also reviews current clinical data on the use of neuromodulation approaches for improving mental health and well-being.
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Kriegel, Uriah. Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791485.003.0010.
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What is good? Brentano’s formal answer is: that toward which it is fitting to take a pro attitude. But one may ask the question hoping also for a material answer. In other words: toward which things is it fitting to take a pro attitude? Brentano’s normative ethics offers an answer to this question. At the heart of his answer is a list of four things which are good in and of themselves. Abruptly put, they are: (i) conscious activity, (ii) pleasure, (iii) knowledge, and (iv) fitting attitudes. This chapter offers a critical fuller exposition of the ethics founded on these four goods.
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Miceli, Thomas J. Economic Models of Law. Editado por Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.003.
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This article discusses the use of economic models for understanding law. It begins by describing the nature of economic models in general, and then turns to the specific application of economic models to law. It distinguishes between ‘economic analysis of law’, which concerns the use of economic theory for describing the incentive effects of legal rules (positive analysis) and for prescribing better rules (normative analysis); and ‘law and economics’, which concerns the relationship between law and markets as alternative institutions for organizing economic activity. The article concludes with some comments on the actual process of building economic models of law.
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Ackerly, Brooke A. The Rights Kind of Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662936.003.0008.
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Just responsibility is a way of taking responsibility for all forms of global injustice (not just women’s human rights) and to all people, even those who consider themselves removed from the politics of global injustice (though they want to be engaged). Chapter 7 applies the theory to taking responsibility through the enactment of roles in the political economy—those of consumer, donor, worker, and activist—and beyond. It summarizes the view of political community, accountability, and leadership essential to transformative politics. Just responsibility is more than a normative theory of human rights principles. It is also a normative political theory of how to carry out those principles not only in the practices proscribed by our roles in the political economy, but also in imaginative practices that defy the boundaries of those roles in order to transform the political economy. Just responsibility is a human rights theory of global justice.
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Miller, Laura J. Psychological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Changes During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Editado por Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.002.
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Becoming pregnant and giving birth can lead to considerable psychological, behavioral, and cognitive transformation. The nature and scope of change varies a great deal from woman to woman. This chapter summarizes qualitative and quantitative research on normal psychological adaptation to pregnancy, including recognition and acceptance of the pregnant state, experience of the boundary between self and fetus, and body image changes. It reviews research on internal representations of the fetus and fetal and neonatal attachment. Perinatal changes in stress reactivity and coping style are reviewed. The chapter explains the influence of women’s prenatal expectations about labor and delivery on subsequent experiences and reactions and describes normative postpartum mood reactivity. Perinatal effects on sleep, physical activity, sexual activity, and eating patterns are described. Controversies about the effects of pregnancy on cognition are examined. The chapter also covers topics related to the transition to motherhood, including influences on maternal self-esteem and self-efficacy.
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Summerfield, Christopher y Tobias Egner. Attention and Decision-Making. Editado por Anna C. (Kia) Nobre y Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.018.
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This chapter reviews formal models of the decision process in humans and other primates, and discusses divergent accounts of how attention might intervene to bias or facilitate judgements about sensory stimuli. The review covers established decision-theoretic models, such as signal detection theory and serial sampling models, and other computational accounts that draw upon psychophysical and neurobiological mechanisms of early vision. It considers whether such decisions are limited by attentional capacity, or by noise, as suggested by normative models of choice. The authors revisit a debate concerning whether attention acts to boost inputs, enhance activity, or reduce noise. Finally, the authors consider the relationship between attention and expectation in perceptual decision-making.
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Lopes, Dominic McIver. To Seize upon the Applause of the Heart. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827214.003.0004.
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The main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains the facts about aesthetic activity than does its rival, aesthetic hedonism. Aesthetic hedonism reduces aesthetic values to hedonic values, which naturally figure in practical reasons. That an item offers an agent pleasure is always reason for them to access the pleasure. Most philosophers add that aesthetic values are subject to a standard. On the best contemporary account, the standard is represented by an ideal aesthetic appreciator. An argument is given to explain why the standard represented by an ideal aesthetic appreciator is normative for all aesthetic agents. Finally, aesthetic hedonism befits a desire-based theory of value.
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Bratman, Michael E. Agency, Time, and Sociality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867850.003.0005.
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Our planning capacities are a fundamental ground of our capacities for temporally extended agency, shared intentional activity, and self-governance. This is the fecundity of planning agency. This essay explores relations between our planning capacities and this further trio of basic capacities. In particular, a defense of this connection to self-governance involves a development of a Frankfurtian model of self-governance, one that draws on resources from the planning theory of our agency. This connection with self-governance, both at a time and over time, helps explain the normative force of the rationality norms involved in our planning agency. This leads to a sketch of a defense of a norm of intention stability over time, a norm that involves a kind of practical conservatism.
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Chrisman, Matthew. Belief, Agency, and Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898852.001.0001.
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Epistemology is not just about the nature of knowledge or the analysis of concepts such as ‘knows’ and ‘justified’, it’s also about what we ought to believe and how we should investigate and reason about what is the case. This is a book focused on these normative aspects of epistemology. More specifically, it is concerned with the nature of epistemic norms and the relation these have to the value of knowledge and the structure of doxastic agency. The first part develops a theory of doxastic agency according to which believers exercise agency with respect to their beliefs primarily in the always ongoing activity of maintaining systems of belief. The second part develops an account of the grip epistemic norms have on us and the nature of our epistemic values, which explains these in terms of the way a state, such as a person’s belief, can be subject to robust “state norms” and valued accordingly for its stability within the practices constitutive of epistemic communities. The third part proposes inferentialist foundations for a meta-epistemological theory of epistemic discourse that takes seriously the idea that knowledge attributions are partly normative and hence should be partly classified on the ‘ought’ side of the division between claims about what reality is like and claims about what people ought to do, think, and feel.
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Weinrib, Ernest J. Reciprocal Freedom. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754183.001.0001.
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Abstract This book continues a decades-long exploration of the theory of private law. Two previous books, The Idea of Private Law and Corrective Justice had presented, respectively, the theory of corrective justice and the analysis of a wide range of specific issues in private law. The present book starts with corrective justice as the structure of the private law relationship and gradually moves outward to situate private law within the wider world of law, dealing with the state’s role in forwarding distributive justice, the horizontal application of constitutional rights to private law, and the rule of law. The book draws on Kant’s legal philosophy to exhibit law, both private and public, as the necessary medium for the reciprocal freedom of all. Central to this enterprise is what Kant called ‘public right’, with its system of public institutions. Throughout these books, four ideas about private law have consistently been in play: (1) fair and coherent reasons for liability are correlative in structure; (2) rights and their correlative obligations provide the content for this structure; (3) the activity of theorizing about private law involves not the construction of a utopia but the understanding of an ongoing normative practice; and (4) a theory of private law is concerned not with producing a determinate code of law, but with explicating the conceptual structure and normative presuppositions of the phenomenon of liability.
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Chávez, Karma R. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038105.003.0006.
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This concluding chapter returns to the question of coalition as an alternative to normative and utopian approaches, and it offers some final thoughts about the importance of queer migration politics as a lens for thinking about politics. This activist rhetoric has provided an opportunity to view and understand the complexity and variety of coalitional moments. It has also supplied a way to witness the possibilities that coalitional moments engender for practicing and envisioning politics and making lives more livable. The chapter further remarks on the status of a rhetorical perspective for intervening in constructions of national rhetorical imaginaries that can both open and limit the possibilities for political orientations, modes of belonging, and tactical strategies.
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George, Tracey E. y Taylor Grace Weaver. The Role of Personal Attributes and Social Backgrounds on Judging. Editado por Lee Epstein y Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.3.
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Social background theory formalizes and tests the intuition that judges’ attributes and experiences will affect their rulings. Attributes can include race, gender, sexual orientation, sexual identity, religion, and socioeconomic background. Experience can include education, occupation, and political activism. Social background theory is a positive theory rather than a normative one: it treats these factors as an explanation for a judge’s actions. Social background theory has a history of intentional scholarly integration of ideas and methods in other fields. The theory can be seen as evolving through four stages tied to that integration: Legal Realism, behavioralism, new institutionalism, and computation. After briefly assessing the contributions and limitations of the theory, the chapter ends with a proposal for a relevancy threshold for social background research.
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Chávez, Karma R. Coalitional Politics on the US-Mexico Border. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038105.003.0005.
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This chapter offers an extended look at two Tucson-based organizations, Wingspan and Coalición de Derechos Humanos (CDH), both of which have an avowed coalition to jointly fight oppression. The groups have constructed a coalition that refuses the master's tool of divide and conquer by actively taking up the many forms of difference in the service of coalition. Sometimes venturing into both normative and utopian realms with their tactical strategies, the activism of Wingspan and CDH starkly reveals the fraught nature of coalition. This coalition provides insight into the specific kind of strategies that local groups can utilize to foster unlikely political coalitions and educate communities in order to shift local, state, and national ways of thinking, even as these strategies are imperfect and sometimes fail.
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Schliesser, Eric. Adam Smith’s Foundations for Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690120.003.0007.
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This chapter sketches Adam Smith’s political philosophy, which is the activity of a citizen belonging to a particular community at given time and place. This project is neither exclusively descriptive nor only focused on what is commonly thought attainable. For Smith, the historical baseline of one’s time has normative significance. He does not resist changes from the status quo, but whatever changes he proposes are constrained by existing institutional arrangements. Part of the philosopher’s task is to offer visions of society that, while not impossible, are more just and more reasonable. One way in which such a vision can be offered is via historical narrative, which reveals the nature of that baseline and makes visible a second-order reflection on the ways it might be altered. In doing so, the philosopher offers an image that may speak simultaneously to one’s own society and those in others, including future ones.
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Hofmann, Ursign y Pascal Rapillard. Post-Conflict Mine Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784630.003.0017.
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Contamination from remnants of conflict is a legacy of many armed conflicts, threatening the environment and human security. Addressing these hazards, reopening access to resources and livelihoods and re-establishing basic security, mine action is a critical activity in the transition from conflict to peace. Yet, clearance of remnants on land may also lead to environmental damage. Furthermore, residual risks remain after clearance and states and mine action organizations may face liability in case of accidents. This chapter examines the negative environmental impact of remnants of conflict and discusses the normative framework and good practice aimed to ensure that clearance does not further harm the environment. It is also demonstrated how mine action illustrates and is relevant to a holistic jus post bellum framework. This chapter finally scrutinizes the different challenges related to addressing liability for environmental degradation and damage to individuals from remnants of conflict and from their removal.
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Ruiz, Sandra. Ricanness. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479888740.001.0001.
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This book argues that Ricanness is a continual performance of bodily endurance against US colonialism, unfolding via aesthetic interventions in time. Uncovering what’s at stake politically for the often unwanted, colonized, racialized, and sexualized enduring body, Ricanness moves among theater, experimental video, revolutionary protest, photography, poetry, and durational performance art. Ricanness stages scenes in which the philosophical, social, and psychic merge at the site of aesthetics and temporality. Analyzing the work of artists and revolutionaries like ADÁL, Dolores “Lolita” Lebrón, Papo Colo, Pedro Pietri, and Ryan Rivera, Ricanness imagines a Rican future through the time travel extended in these artists’ and activists’ work, illustrating how they reformulate time itself through nonlinear aesthetic practices. Either stopping or waiting with time, or running from exhaustion, or dragging the spectator through dread and despair, all of these artists and activists live at the horizon of existence. Consequently, Ricanness reshifts the colonization of time and normative assumptions of death through spaces of negation, incompletion, violence, and endurance, alongside moments of pleasure and redemption. Theorizing an existential entry into the Rican future, Ricanness traverses aesthetic strategies and nonlinear time.
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Ackerly, Brooke A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662936.003.0009.
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Just responsibility is a transformative human rights politics for taking on the complexities, power inequalities, and social normalization of injustice itself. Just responsibility is a human rights theory of political responsibility in which we understand human rights as enjoyed and shared throughout political community (and human rights entitlements as a tool toward that end), political community as defined by its web of networks, not its boundaries, accountability as a political process of discernment, not a power relation, and leadership as a quality of political community, not of individuals within it. Found within and supported by the principles-in-practice of women’s human rights activists, this grounded normative theory of responsibility guides us in a human rights enhancing way to be accountable leaders in political transformation, taking responsibility for global injustice in a just way.
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Westphal, Kenneth R. Hegel’s Natural Law Constructivism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778165.003.0014.
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Legend has it that, in principle, Hegel’s Philosophical Outlines of Justice cannot afford any progress in morals, nor any progressive politics, either because his moral philosophy is derived a priori from his first principles, or because his putative theory of ‘justice’ must simple endorse whatever lurch the Weltgeist next takes. Hegel’s methodology and his Science of Logic are important to understanding his moral philosophy. This chapter details four related methodological precautions that must be observed. It then considers some substantive fundamentals of Hegel’s moral philosophy, central to his version of ‘Natural Law Constructivism’. Thus prepared, the chapter details several specific regards in which Hegel’s normative social morality is progressive both principally and practically, and concludes by reflecting on Hegel’s career of public activism on behalf of liberal republican reform.
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Heathcote, Gina. Feminist Perspectives on the Law on the Use of Force. Editado por Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the use of force from a feminist perspective and its prohibition in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. Using structural bias feminism, it demonstrates how the gendering of international legal categories contributes to the harm and discrimination experienced by women worldwide. The chapter cites UN Security Council action in Libya in 2011 as an example of the normative and organizational exclusion of women and the justification of the use of force. It discusses the relationship between race and gender privilege in international law and argues that the Council’s resolutions on women, peace, and security, support, and legitimate use of force undermine feminist peace activism. It proposes a transformative approach to the foundations of international law that articulates the prohibition on the use of force as a useful first step for imagining the potential of humanity rather than justifying further force, further violence, or further destruction.
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Lopes, Dominic McIver. Being for Beauty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827214.001.0001.
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One question that leads us into aesthetics is: why does beauty matter? Or, what do aesthetic goods bring to my life, to make it a life that goes well? Or, how does beauty deserve the place we have evidently made for it in our lives? A theory of aesthetic value states what beauty is so as to equip us to answer this question. According to aesthetic hedonism, aesthetic values are properties of items that stand in constitutive relation to pleasure. Contemporary versions of aesthetic hedonism don’t explain what makes aesthetic values aesthetic, but they do explain what makes them normative, stating what makes it the case that aesthetic value facts lend weight to what an agent should do, for the fact that acting yields pleasure is always a reason to act. This book introduces and defends an alternative to aesthetic hedonism. According to the network theory, aesthetic value facts lend weight to its being an achievement for an agent to act. Since agents achieve by acting in coordination with one another, the theory takes seriously the sociality of aesthetic activity. The main argument for the network theory is that it better explains six facts about aesthetic activity than does aesthetic hedonism. The book also discusses the relationship between aesthetic value and pleasure, the point and distinctive character of aesthetic discourse, and the metaphysics of aesthetic value. Two final chapters use the network theory to shed light on how aesthetic value matters to us as individuals and as members of collectives.
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Lépinard, Éléonore. Feminist Trouble. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077150.001.0001.
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For more than two decades Islamic veils, niqabs, and burkinis have been the object of intense public scrutiny and legal regulations in many Western countries, especially in Europe, and feminists have been actively engaged on both sides of the debates: defending ardently strict prohibitions to ensure Muslim women’s emancipation, or, by contrast, promoting accommodation in the name of women’s religious agency and a more inclusive feminist movement. These recent developments have unfolded in a context of rising right-wing populism in Europe and have fueled “femonationalism,” that is, the instrumentalization of women’s rights for xenophobic agendas. This book explores this contemporary troubled context for feminism, its current divisions, and its future. It investigates how these changes have transformed contemporary feminist movements, intersectionality politics, and the feminist collective subject, and how feminists have been enrolled in the femonationalist project or, conversely, have resisted it in two contexts: France and Quebec. It provides new empirical data on contemporary feminist activists, as well as a critical normative argument about the subject and future of feminism. It makes a contribution to intersectionality theory by reflecting on the dynamics of convergence and difference between race and religion. At the normative level, the book provides an original addition to vivid debates in feminist political theory and philosophy on the subject of feminism. It argues that feminism is better understood not as centered around an identity—women— but around what it calls a feminist ethic of responsibility, which foregrounds a pragmatist moral approach to the feminist project.
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Bogg, Alan, Jennifer Collins, Mark Freedland y Jonathan Herring, eds. Criminality at Work. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836995.001.0001.
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There has been a growing interest in the disciplinary ‘autonomy’ of labour law. The chapters in this book examine the interface between criminal law and theory and the regulation of labour markets, given the importance of this interface in the twenty-first century. The four chapters in the first section of the book are concerned broadly with the normative questions concerning the legitimacy of criminalisation in the regulation of social activity. It is a fundamental feature of liberal theories of criminalisation that the legitimate use of the criminal sanction requires special justification. The criminal law is coercive, punitive, and stigmatic. Each chapter examines the normative issue of criminalisation from a different perspective. The second section examines the distinctiveness of the criminal law as a form of regulation, especially compared with civil enforcement. The third section is concerned with criminal law, vulnerability, and precarious work relations. Recent scholarship in labour law has been intensively concerned with the concepts of vulnerability and precariousness in labour market relations. There is now a significant literature on these concepts from legal, economic, and social-scientific perspectives. The chapters in this section provide a novel theoretical perspective on those concepts by examining the distinctive role of the criminal law in respect of vulnerability and precarious work relations. The fourth section is concerned with contexts of criminalisation. The chapters in this section explore the different labour market contexts in which criminalisation has occurred. The fifth section is concerned with criminalisation and enforcement, and it examines the variety of ways in which the criminal law is being used as an enforcement tool, either as an auxiliary support to civil enforcement or as a substitute for civil enforcement. Finally, the last section provides two comparative chapters by leading scholars in the US and Canada. These chapters provide a comparative perspective on the role of penal policy in labour law.
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Ackerly, Brooke A. Just Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662936.001.0001.
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When disaster strikes, what is the just thing to do? When local or global crisis threatens the human rights of large parts of humanity, what is the just thing to do? Can we respond to injustices in the world in ways that do more than simply address their consequences? Just Responsibility provides a human rights theory of global justice that guides how we, each in political community together, can take responsibility for injustices wherever they are. Using empirical research into the ways that women’s human rights activists have done so under conditions of little political privilege, Just Responsibility offers a theory of global injustice and political responsibility that can guide the actions of those who are relatively privileged in relation to injustice, whether they are citizens, activists, academics, policymakers, or philanthropists. We can take responsibility for the power inequalities of injustice, what, following John Stuart Mill, the author calls “injustice itself,” regardless of our causal responsibility for the injustice and regardless of the extent of our knowledge of the injustice. Using a feminist critical methodology, Just Responsibility offers a grounded normative theory for taking political responsibility. The book integrates these ways of taking political responsibility into a rich theory of political community, accountability, and leadership in which taking responsibility for injustice itself contributes to and transforms the fabric of our political life together.
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Brandzel, Amy L. In and Out of Time. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040030.003.0005.
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This chapter uses the Supreme Court decisions that were announced in June of 2013 to showcase the anti-intersectionalities of citizenship and the ways in which anti-intersectionality functions through temporality. While many gays, lesbians, and their allies celebrated two decisions (United States v. Windsor and Hollingsworth v. Perry) for upholding same-sex marriage rights, indigenous and antiracist activists, scholars, and allies bemoaned the decisions that dismantled the Voting Rights Act (Shelby County v. Holder), delimited affirmative action programs (Fisher v. University of Texas), and eroded indigenous sovereignty (Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl). The cases elucidate the ways in which the temporality of racialized discrimination has been used to dismantle racial reparations and indigenous rights, while simultaneously being used to grant gays and lesbians a limited form of membership into the exclusive rights of citizenship. In this way, these cases demonstrate how differently devalued and valued subjects are marked as in and out of time, and in the process, subjected to the temporal violence of normative citizenship.
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Hintz, Lisel. Taking the Theory “Outside”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655976.003.0007.
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This chapter shows how identity contestation theory extends to state and non-state actors outside of Turkey, aiding understanding of how identity struggles spill over into foreign policy. It focuses on (1) the Israeli Likud Party’s efforts to shore up hardline, anti-Iran support in the US Congress; (2) India’s foreign policy shifts under the Hindu nationalist BJP; (3) Iranian moderates’ use of the nuclear deal as Western engagement to advance their position back home; and (4) anti-apartheid activists’ normative suasion tactics to force the United States to discontinue support of South Africa’s apartheid regime. The chapter demonstrates how these groups can also use foreign policy as an arena via institutions, diaspora groups, and transnational civil society to circumvent identity-based obstacles back home. These cases include the ongoing diplomacy of Turkey’s Kurdish movement with EU institutions and the Gülen movement’s efforts to spread Turkish Calvinism through its vast institutional network abroad.
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Hammack, Phillip L. Social Psychology and Social Justice: Critical Principles and Perspectives for the Twenty-First Century. Editado por Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.1.
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This introduction presents the concept of social justice as an idea (and ideal) linked to Enlightenment philosophies and their realization in modern democracies. The historical emergence of social psychology as a discipline is discussed in relation to twentieth-century movements for postcolonial independence and civil rights, the demise of the eugenics movement, and challenges to ideologies of ethnic hierarchy. Five principles of a social psychology of social justice for the twenty-first century are proposed, orienting empirical work toward (1) a critical ontological perspective, (2) assumption of a normative stance toward justice, (3) alliance with the subordinate, (4) analysis of resistance, and (5) commitment to public science and scientific activism. Chapters within the volume are situated in relation to six areas of inquiry: (1) critical ontologies, paradigms, and methods; (2) race and ethnicity; (3) gender and sexuality; (4) class and poverty; (5) globalization and conflict; and (6) intervention, advocacy, and social policy.
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Gaiha, Raghav, Raghbendra Jha, Vani S. Kulkarni y Nidhi Kaicker. Diets, Nutrition, and Poverty. Editado por Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.029.
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This chapter addresses a persistent tension in current debates over food security, with illustrative data from India. The case allows us to disaggregate concepts in food policy that are often lumped together, so as to better understand what is at stake in rapidly changing economies more generally. Despite rising incomes, there has been sustained decline in per capita nutrient intake in India in recent years. The assertion by Deaton and Dreze (2009) that poverty and undernutrition are unrelated is critically examined. A demand-based model in which food prices and expenditure played significant roles proved robust, while allowing for lower calorie “requirements” due to less strenuous activity patterns, life-style changes, and improvements in the epidemiological environment. This analysis provides reasons for not delinking nutrition and poverty; it confirms the existence of poverty-nutrition traps in which undernutrition perpetuates poverty. A new measure of child undernutrition that allows for multiple anthropometric failures (e.g., wasting, underweight, and stunting) points to much higher levels of undernutrition than conventional ones. Dietary changes over time, and their nutritional implications, have welfare implications at both ends of the income and social-status pyramids. Since poverty is multidimensional, money-metric indicators such as minimum income or expenditure are not reliable, because these cannot adequately capture all the dimensions. The emergent shift of the disease burden toward predominately food-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) poses an additional challenge. Finally, the complexity of normative issues in food policy is explored. Current approaches to food security have veered toward a “right-to-food” approach. There are, however, considerable problems with creating appropriate mechanisms for effectuating that right; these are explored briefly. Cash transfers touted to avoid administrative costs and corruption involved in rural employment guarantee and targeted food-distribution programs are likely to be much less effective if the objective is to enable large segments of the rural population to break out of nutrition-poverty traps. The chapter ends by exploring an alternative model, based on the same normative principle: a “right to policies,” or a “right to a right.”
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Polikhun, Nataliia, Kateryna Postova, Iryna Slipukhina y Lesia Horban. Project of educational program for institutions of specialized education of scientific direction. Institute of Gifted Children of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32405/978-617-7734-30-6-2021-48.
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The project of the educational program for establishments of specialized education of a scientific direction is the normative document containing a complex of educational components for achievement by pupils of education of the results of training defined by the Standard of specialized education of a scientific direction. The project is the basis for integration processes between formal and non-formal education, convergence of educational systems, different types of educational institutions and institutions that can provide educational services. It contributes to the creation of optimal conditions for the implementation of specialized education in the scientific field and the development of an integrated educational space of relevant educational institutions. The key goal of the project program is to ensure the development of research competence through the direct involvement of students of basic and specialized schools in educational research, design, invention and exploration activities in accordance with the Standard of specialized education. The project is developed on the basis of modern state educational policy and strategy of reforming the education system of Ukraine. The project of the educational program for institutions of specialized education of scientific direction is an open, dynamic resource intended for creative pedagogical communities ready to carry out innovative activity on development of specialized education of scientific direction.
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Ewing, Adam. Global Garveyism. Editado por Ronald J. Stephens. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056210.001.0001.
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Garveyism was carried across the globe following the First World War, generating the largest mass movement in the history of the African diaspora. Throughout Africa and Europe, the Americas and Oceania, the ideas and praxis of Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey and his followers sparked anti-colonial and anti-racist mobilizations, both within Garvey’s organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, and without. This volume—the first edited collection devoted to Garveyism studies in three decades—showcases original essays by scholars working in Africa, the West Indies, the Hispanic Caribbean, North America, and Australia. The work in this volume and elsewhere has rendered untenable the longstanding idea that Garveyism was a brief and misguided phenomenon, or that it was a sideshow to the normative political trajectories of African American, Caribbean, African, and global history. The essays in this volume instead encourage students and scholars to rethink the emergence of black nationalism and modern black politics in a manner that moves Garveyism from the margins of analysis to the center. They suggest the need to revisit local, regional, national, and global histories in light of what Garveyism scholars have uncovered.
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Bianchi, Andrea y Moshe Hirsch, eds. International Law's Invisible Frames. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847539.001.0001.
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Law as a social process carried out by human beings is a stimulating object of investigation for those who would like to analyse social cognition and knowledge production processes. Humans acquire and form their knowledge through cognitive processes and in turn form a representation of reality by processing and using this knowledge through different mental channels. To better conceive the invisible frames within which international law moves and performs, we must understand how psychological and socio-cultural factors can affect decision-making in an international legal process, identify the groups of people and institutions that may shape and alter the prevailing discourse in international law at any given time, and unearth the hidden meaning of the various mythologies that populate and influence our normative world. Through illustrations across different areas of international law and insights from various fields of knowledge, this book seeks to investigate the mechanisms that allow us to apprehend and intellectually represent the social practice of international law, to unveil the hidden or often unnoticed processes by which our understanding of international law is formed, and to make us unlearn some of the presuppositions that activate automatic cognitive processes and inform our largely unquestioned beliefs about international law.
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Cohen, Julie E. Between Truth and Power. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190246693.001.0001.
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This book explores the relationships between legal institutions and political and economic transformation. It argues that as law is enlisted to help produce the profound economic and sociotechnical shifts that have accompanied the emergence of the informational economy, it is changing in fundamental ways. We are witnessing the emergence of legal institutions adapted to the information age, but their form and their substance remain undetermined and are the subjects of intense struggle. One level for legal-institutional transformation involves baseline understandings of entitlement and disentitlement. Both lawyers and laypeople tend to think of legal entitlements as relatively fixed, but the ongoing transformation in political economy has set things in motion in ways that traditional accounts do not contemplate. In particular, the datafication of important resources and the shift to a platform-based, massively intermediated communications environment have profoundly reshaped both the organization of economic activity and the patterns of information exchange. The authority of platforms is both practical and normative, and it has become both something taken for granted and a powerful force reshaping the law in its own image. Another level for legal-institutional transformation involves the structure and operation of regulatory and governance institutions. Patterns of institutional change in the networked information era express a generally neoliberalized and managerialist stance toward the law’s projects and processes. They reflect deeply embedded beliefs about the best uses of new technological capabilities to manage legal and regulatory processes and account for activities of legal and regulatory concern.