Literatura académica sobre el tema "Acte entrepreneurial"

Cet article a pour objet de proposer une autre manière d’appréhender le processus entrepreneurial que celle ancrée dans une vision individualiste. Pour ce faire, il documente une forme spécifique d’entrepreneuriat collectif, celle dans laquelle l’organisation impulsée est un contexte entrepreneurial (et non une entreprise ou une activité innovante). Il repose sur l’étude longitudinale d’une scène musicale locale reposant essentiellement sur les pratiques amateurs et le bénévolat. S’inscrivant dans l’approche processuelle en entrepreneuriat (Steyaert, 2007) et dans les travaux sur l’ancrage territorial de l’entrepreneuriat (Julien, 2005), il s’intéresse aux interactions entre acteurs et aux phénomènes d’encastrement pour répondre aux questions suivantes : comment se forme un tel contexte ? Que produit-il ? Quel est son processus d’organisation ? Les résultats défont l’évidence d’une vision causale et linéaire du processus entrepreneurial ; une telle approche ne permettant pas de saisir le phénomène collectif étudié. L’analyse montre un acte collectif de création que l’on peut qualifier d’auto-organisé et émergent. L’intérêt des résultats est alors à rechercher dans une meilleure compréhension de la complexité et de la créativité du processus entrepreneurial.

Purpose This study aims to examine whether the psychological capital of male and female university students explains the intention to undertake entrepreneurism. Following Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour, the aim was to study whether perceived behavioural control and subjective norms influence entrepreneurial intention and if subjective norms moderate established relationships, in both genders. Design/methodology/approach Structural equation modelling and analysis of variance was applied to test the hypotheses amongst students at a Spanish university. Findings The results showed that gender differences in psychological capital, in perceived behavioural control and in subjective norms existed between the male and female population, which explain gender differences in entrepreneurial intention. Similarly, subjective norms acted as a moderator in the relationship between psychological capital, the perceived behavioural control and entrepreneurial intention, with the moderating impact being higher on the female population. Practical implications The results obtained in this paper indicate that developing perceived behavioural control and the psychological capital of university students in training programmes of male and female students helps to promote their entrepreneurial intention. Similarly, the results suggest that building a support network, for instance of family and groups of friends is key to fostering entrepreneurial intention, particularly for women. Originality/value Entrepreneurship is key to the successful employability of current and future generations in the labour market. This study examined key antecedents of student’s entrepreneurial intention and how these are gendered. For both men and women (investing in) psychological capital is important. Informal social support was shown to play a key role in women’s entrepreneurial intention.

Résumé Après avoir longtemps considéré la création d’entreprise comme un acte solitaire, il est aujourd’hui acquis qu’il s’agit fréquemment d’une démarche collective. Cependant, peu de travaux ont examiné les raisons qui conduisent à la création en équipe. Nous montrons dans cet article comment les équipes apparaissent à partir de la cristallisation du réseau social du créateur, selon des logiques de constitution différentes. Le recours à la méthode des cas conduit à proposer une typologie des équipes entrepreneuriales, en mettant en avant les principes de constitution, les avantages et les risques de chaque forme.

This research aimed to analyze the effect of entrepreneurial orientation, absorptive capability, and networking capability on marketing performance; examine the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on marketing performance mediated by absorptive capability and networking capability. The sample in this research was 140 SME owners of tempeh chips in the Sanan Industrial Center, Malang. The sampling technique in this research used purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used Partial Least Squares (PLS). The results showed that entrepreneurial orientation had a direct positive effect on marketing performance; entrepreneurial orientation had a direct positive effect on absorptive capability; entrepreneurial orientation had a direct positive effect on networking capability; absorptive capability had a direct positive relationship to marketing performance; networking capability had a direct positive impact on marketing performance; entrepreneurial orientation had a positive effect on marketing performance through absorptive capability; entrepreneurial orientation had a positive effect on marketing performance through networking capability. Absorptive capability and networking capability acted as partial mediating variables.

Building on the active aging framework, the aim of this study, carried out between 2016 and 2018, is to analyze concrete experiences of older individuals acting as key players of social change in six local communities of five European countries (Bulgaria, Denmark, England, France, Spain). The 19 seniors involved in the study, according to social contexts, individual past experiences, knowledge, and motivations, acted as senior social entrepreneurs, trying to build a pathway towards social solutions for unmet social problems they detected in local communities. Data were collected via templates and questionnaires and analyzed using the thematic analysis. The results highlighted that the 16 local initiatives created by seniors concerned social problems such as food waste, social isolation, multicultural integration, etc. The social solutions implemented by seniors seemed to have the potential to produce social value and, to different degrees, encouraging results and impact. Since this “social experiment” provided evidence that senior social entrepreneuring could be a driver to solve societal problems, policy makers should sustain the spread of both social entrepreneurial mindset and practices at the European level, for catalyzing the active potential of older people for the benefit of European local communities.

Purpose: This study analyzed the mediation effect of human capital on the relationship between entrepreneurial competency and entrepreneurial performance using mediation model. Design/methodology/approach: This study was designed as a conceptual research model to verify the mediation effect of human capital on the relationship between entrepreneurial competency and entrepreneurial performance using mediation model. In order to design a conceptual research model, a total 24 items were investigated and the SEM method was verified using three latent variables. Findings: According to this study, human capital acted as a mediating effect in the relationship between entrepreneurial competency and entrepreneurial performance. This means that entrepreneurial competency has a direct effect on entrepreneurial performance and at the same time has an indirect effect through human capital, which means that it does not act as a partial mediating effect, but acts as a complete mediating effect through human capital. Research limitations/implications: The policy implications of this study are that it is necessary to create a virtuous cycle of the startup ecosystem of senior entrepreneurs by building and utilizing the human capital possessed by senior entrepreneurs, and the practical implications are that senior entrepreneurs must develop their entrepreneurial competency well to increase entrepreneurial performance. This is important, but more than anything, entrepreneurial performance increases when the human capital of senior entrepreneurs is actively utilized. In the process of carrying out this study, limited discussions were held on the selection of the sample to be investigated, the establishment of the research model and hypothesis, and the operational definition and measurement of variables. These issues need to be reflected in future research to improve the research. Originality/value: The main contribution of this study is to apply the dynamic capability theory to senior entrepreneurs to find that senior entrepreneurs strengthened their entrepreneurial competency through seizing, sensing, and transforming to increase entrepreneurial performance, and also to create a virtuous cycle in the senior startup ecosystem. The value of this study is that it found the importance of human capital to create a structure.

This study investigates when, how and why students use opportunity management behaviours (causation, effectuation and bricolage) within a fundraising project that acted as a microcosm of the entrepreneur’s world. Such a pedagogical device reveals students’ use of different opportunity management behaviours over the different stages of entrepreneurship. Although research has confirmed the use of these behaviours by entrepreneurs, how student entrepreneurs learn, and practice, them, remains underexplored. Causation is the predominant focus for university teaching, yet our data reveal that students adopted all three behaviours at different stages of the fundraising project as they responded to different contextual forces. Our findings suggest that opportunity management theories should take a more prominent role in the higher education entrepreneurship curriculum. Educators also need to provide a better means of facilitating students to learn about, and practice, a greater repertoire of opportunity management behaviours than is currently the case.

Bien que l'importance de l'entrepreneuriat soit en constante augmentation et que des programmes de formation à l'entrepreneuriat se développent dans toute la France, les étudiants initient encore relativement peu de projets entrepreneuriaux pendant et après leurs études. Ces programmes sont mis en place en collaboration avec des acteurs économiques et politiques, qui ont généralement des attentes en termes de création d'entreprises et de génération d'emplois. L'échec du passage à l'acte entrepreneurial des étudiants-entrepreneurs demeure un sujet sensible et peu abordé par la littérature. Pour contribuer à la compréhension de ce phénomène au sein des PÉPITE (Pôles Étudiants pour l'Innovation, le Transfert et l'Entrepreneuriat), cette thèse propose une typologie des étudiants-entrepreneurs qui n'ont pas réussi à concrétiser leur projet entrepreneurial, ainsi qu'une grille de lecture opérationnelle à travers l'analyse des cartes cognitives. Pour ce faire, une étude de recherche qualitative à quatre étapes est mise en œuvre. Premièrement, une exploration préliminaire est menée pour établir une vue d'ensemble du phénomène étudié reposant sur 53 entretiens non directifs avec des experts, des témoins privilégiés et des étudiants-entrepreneurs. Deuxièmement, une compréhension plus approfondie du phénomène est développée à travers 18 entretiens ciblés avec des étudiants-entrepreneurs qui ont fait face à un échec du passage à l'acte entrepreneurial. Troisièmement, une identification des dimensions constitutives du phénomène étudié est élaborée en analysant en détail 10 cas d'échec. Enfin, l'étude qualitative est consolidée par une analyse de 7 cartes cognitives d'étudiants-entrepreneurs ayant vécu des diverses expériences d'échec, afin de déterminer les inter-liaisons entre ces dimensions. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'échec du passage à l'acte entrepreneurial est le résultat de l'interaction d'un ensemble des dimensions clés, à savoir l'instabilité de l'environnement entrepreneurial, le manque d'acquisition de compétences et de connaissances entrepreneuriales, la dégradation de la motivation, la dimension sociale, les traits de personnalité, l'abandon de l'acte entrepreneurial, et en particulier, la dimension temporelle, qui ajoute une compréhension significative aux expériences entrepreneuriales des étudiants-entrepreneurs
Although the importance of entrepreneurship is constantly increasing and entrepreneurship training programmesare developing throughout France, students still initiate relatively few entrepreneurial projects during and aftertheir studies. These programmes are set up in collaboration with economic and political players, who generallyhave expectations in terms of business creation and job generation. The failure of student-entrepreneurs to takethe entrepreneurial plunge remains a sensitive subject that has received little attention in the literature. To helpunderstand this phenomenon within PÉPITEs (Pôles Étudiants pour l'Innovation, le Transfert et l'Entrepreneuriat- Student Centres for Innovation, Transfer and Entrepreneurship), this thesis proposes a typology of student-entrepreneurs who have not succeeded in bringing their entrepreneurial project to fruition, as well as anoperational approach based on the analysis of cognitive maps. To this end, a four-stage qualitative research studywas carried out. Firstly, a preliminary exploration is carried out to establish an overview of the phenomenonstudied, based on 53 non-directive interviews with experts, privileged witnesses and student-entrepreneurs.Secondly, a more in-depth understanding of the phenomenon is developed through 18 targeted interviews withstudent-entrepreneurs who have experienced entrepreneurial failure. Thirdly, an identification of the constituentdimensions of the phenomenon studied is developed by analysing in detail 10 cases of failure. Finally, thequalitative study is consolidated by an analysis of 7 cognitive maps of student-entrepreneurs who have hadvarious experiences of failure, in order to determine the inter-linkages between these dimensions. The resultsshow that entrepreneurial failure is the result of the interaction of a set of key dimensions, namely the instabilityof the entrepreneurial environment, the lack of acquisition of entrepreneurial skills and knowledge, thedegradation of motivation, the social dimension, personality traits, the abandonment of the entrepreneurial act,and in particular, the temporal dimension, which adds significant understanding to the entrepreneurial

Le but de notre thèse est d'étudier l'émergence d'une vision partagée au sein des équipes entrepreneuriales associatives. Nous considérons tout d'abord l'approche traditionnelle militante qui met en avant des actions collectives des bénévoles et des salariés prenant part au développement de l'association. Nous intégrons ensuite la littérature sur l'entrepreneuriat social davantage orientée vers la réalisation efficace d'une finalité sociale. Nous considérons ces deux approches comme deux formes possibles de l'entrepreneuriat en association. Nous désignons en tant qu’équipe entrepreneuriale le groupe d'individus de taille variable, portant le projet et impulsant l'organisation vers sa réalisation. Nous étudions comment les membres de cette équipe se positionnent entre ces deux visions afin d'analyser les risques de divisions, mais aussi les possibilités d'émergence d'une vision partagée. Suivant une approche psychosociologique, nous conceptualisons la notion de vision en termes de représentation sociale. Nous analysons la confrontation entre ces deux représentations comme une étape d'un cycle à travers lequel les acteurs ajustent leur vision à la réalité. Nous expliquons ainsi comment des pratiques en provenance de l'entrepreneuriat social sont développées au sein des équipes entrepreneuriales associatives. Sur la base de 48 entretiens semi-directifs et d'une étude de cas complète, nos données permettent de comprendre les mécanismes suivant lesquels la vision émerge et évolue. Notre modèle de recherche part de l'écart existant entre l'idéal de la vision et la réalité des pratiques. Entre les deux, des mécanismes, à la fois opératoires et psychosociologiques, favorisent l'adaptation, autrement dit permettent « d'affronter » le réel à partir de l'idée. A partir des travaux de Weick (1979), nous montrons que face à des situations conflictuelles entre les membres porteurs des deux visions de l'association, la « rétention » de l'une ou de l'autre passe, au-delà des discussions, par leur « mise en acte » gestionnaire
The purpose of this thesis is to study how a shared vision can emerge among the members of the entrepreneurial teams managing nonprofit organizations. We first examine the grassroots approach that emphasizes the collective action of volunteers and employees working together in the development of the association. We then consider social entrepreneurship literature focusing on the effective achievement of social goals. We integrate these two visions as two possible forms of entrepreneurship in nonprofit organizations. We identify the entrepreneurial team as a group of individuals working together toward the development of the objectives of the nonprofit organization and their achievement. We analyze how the different members of the team position themselves with regard to these two visions to analyze the risk of divisions, but also the possibility of the emergence of a shared vision. Adopting a socio-psychological approach, we conceptualize the notion of a shared vision in terms of social representations. We integrate the confrontation between these two representations as part of a cycle through which actors adjust their vision to fit reality. We then go on to study and explain how social entrepreneurship practices are introduced and develop within the entrepreneurial team of nonprofit organizations.Based on 48 semi-structured interviews and a full case study, the data collected contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms through which the shared vision emerges and evolves. Our research model highlights the distance between the ideal of the vision and the reality in practice. Between this ideal and the reality, operational and psychological processes are at work. Drawing on Weick (1979), when members of the entrepreneurial team are divided between two visions of their non-profit organization, the “retention” of one or the other is the consequence of managerial “enactment” rather than discussion

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la contingence culturelle de l'intention-action de création d'entreprise. Elle met en oeuvre une recherche empirique qui permet, au travers de la démarche de triangulation, d'explorer le rôle de la culture nationale dans ces notions. Une analyse théorique des principaux concepts dans le domaine de l'entrepreneuriat et de la culture nationale, permettra de mettre en évidence un cadre conceptuel adapté à l'étude de la contingence culturelle de l'intention entrepreneuriale. En effet, ce dernier propose une approche intégrant les différents niveaux d'analyse de la culture nationale et leurs incidences sur la formation de l'intention entrepreneuriale. La thèse présente son projet en termes de problématique et de méthodologie, au travers d'un processus de collecte de données, par entretiens et questionnaires, sur 35 études de cas de créateurs de TPE en provenance de la région Lorraine (France) et de la région Grand Tunis (Tunisie). Les traitements de ces données (analyses qualitative et quantitative) conduisent à adopter la contingence culturelle de la désirabilité et de la faisabilité perçues de se lancer en affaires. La recherche suggère aux acteurs décideurs que l'intention entrepreneuriale ne peut-être considérée comme universelle. En revanche, elle peut être investie au travers de certaines caractéristiques culturelles spécifiques, notamment les valeurs et croyances culturelles, le contexte relationnel, les motivations, les modèles d'entrepreneurs, etc. Ainsi, cette étude met en avant l'imbrication de la culture nationale et la culture entrepreneuriale
This thesis is dedicated to study a cultural contingency of the entrepreneurial intention-action. It uses empirical research which permits, through a triangulation method, to explore the role of national culture in these notions. A theoretical analysis of main concepts on entrepreneurship and national culture enables to suggest an adapted conceptual framework for studying cultural contingency on entrepreneurial intention. In fact, this framework proposes an approach that permits to integrate different analysis levels of national culture and their effects on the entrepreneurial intention formation. The thesis presents its problematic and methodological project, through interviews and questionnaires applied in 35 case studies of small business creators, coming from "Lorraine" region (France) and "Grand Tunis" region (Tunisia). The data treatment (quantitative and qualitative analysis) brings to adopt the cultural contingency of perceived desirability and feasibility to start a business. The research suggests that intention of business creation can't be considered as universal. On the other hand it can be surrounded according to specific cultural characteristics, particularly, cultural values and beliefs, relational context, motivations, entrepreneurs' roles models, etc. It defends also the imbrication's entrepreneurial and national cultures

Cette thèse aborde le problème de l’abondance des activités dans l’économie informelle en Afrique qui échappent au contrôle et à la régulation de l’état. L’objectif est de participer par l’intermédiaire d’un débat juridique d’une dimension continentale, à l’analyse du rôle de l’entrepreneur en matière de développement économique. Dans un contexte d’évolution du droit des affaires il est particulièrement important de s’intéresser au rôle de l’entrepreneur en tant qu’acteur économique. Nous proposons une approche comparative à la lumière du droit français pour encourager la création d’entreprise dans les états de l’Afrique de l’ouest. Dans cette optique le législateur OHADA intervient en vue de mettre en place une réglementation simplifiée permettant aux particuliers de se lancer dans la vie des affaires, sans se soumettre à des contraintes sévères de légalité. L’intégration de l’Entrepreneuriat par le biais de la révision de l’acte uniforme sur le droit des sociétés et groupement d’intérêt économique du 31 janvier 2014, l’acte uniforme sur le droit commercial général du 15 décembre 2010, l’acte uniforme relatif au droit des sociétés coopératives du 15 décembre 2010, constitue un levier fondamental. Une nouvelle réglementation est désormais attribuée à des professionnels qui n’étaient pas régit par le droit commercial. Cette innovation majeure traduit cette volonté de faire participer l’ensemble des citoyens au développement économique. L’objet de la présente étude est d’analyser les avantages et les inconvénients de cette facilité de gestion qu’offre l’entrepreneuriat en droit de l’OHADA à travers une vision d’ensemble des actes uniformes intéressant la création d’entreprise. Nous discutons enfin de la pertinence de cette approche par une mise en parallèle avec le modèle français très avancé en matière d’entrepreneuriat. A travers l’importance accordée au micro crédit, à la diversification des modes de financement, au secteur formel, mais aussi et surtout au changement de statut. L’entreprenant en droit OHADA présente d’énormes similitudes avec le statut d’auto- entrepreneur résultant d’une innovation de la législation française par la loi de modernisation du 04 août 2008. De plus, des transitions peuvent être envisagées, à travers la création de société commerciale. En effet, la France offre une large gamme de modes transitoires allant de l’auto entrepreneur, l’entreprise individuelle, l’entreprise unipersonnelle à responsabilité limitée à la création de société commerciale. Il sera également question de souligner le caractère superficiel de certains aspects du statut juridique de l’entreprenant. Le champ d’application des règles régissant ce statut est souvent limité, car le législateur laisse le soin aux états membres de décider sur certains points. C’est sans doute ce qui est à l’origine de cette absence de conciliation des logiques nationales au dynamisme communautaire. La notion d’entreprenant suscite alors de nombreuses incertitudes, une synthèse de solutions pourrait favoriser le maintien de ce statut. La formalisation de l’informel constitue aujourd’hui un phénomène complexe, mais essentiel pour faire face à la faible croissance des économies africaines. L’auto-entrepreneuriat est généralement considéré en France comme source de complément de revenu, alors qu’en Afrique elle représente une part importante de l’économie de subsistance
This thesis addresses the problem of the abundance of activities in the informal economy in Africa that escape the control and regulation of the state. The objective is to participate through a legal debate of a continental dimension, to the analysis of the role of the entrepreneur in economic development. In the context of changing business law, it is particularly important to focus on the role of the entrepreneur as an economic actor. We propose a comparative approach in the light of French law to encourage business creation in the states of West Africa. With this in mind the OHADA legislator intervenes with a view to putting in place a simplified regulation allowing individuals to get into the business world, without subjecting themselves to severe constraints of legality. The integration of Entrepreneurship by the bill of revision of the Uniform Act on Company Law and Economic Interest Grouping of January 31, 2014, the Uniform Act on General Commercial Law of December 15, 2010, the Uniform Act relative to the law of cooperative companies of December 15, 2010, constitutes a fundamental lever.New regulations are now issued to professionals who were not governed by commercial law. This major innovation reflects this desire to involve all citizens in economic development. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the advantages and the disadvantages of this ease of management offered by OHADA law entrepreneurship through an overview of the uniform acts concerning the creation of a company. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this approach by comparing it with the very advanced French model of entrepreneurship. Through the importance given to micro credit, the diversification of financing methods, the formal sector, but also and above all to the change of status. The entrepreneur in OHADA law has enormous similarities with the status of auto-entrepreneur resulting from an innovation of French legislation by the law of modernization of August 4, 2008. Moreover, transitions can be envisaged, through the creation of commercial company.France offers a wide range of transitional modes ranging from the self-employed entrepreneur, the sole proprietorship, the one-man limited liability company to the creation of commercial company. It will also be necessary to emphasize the superficial nature of certain aspects of the entrepreneur's legal status. The scope of the rules governing this status is often limited because the legislator leaves it to the Member States to decide on certain points. This is undoubtedly what is at the origin of this lack of reconciliation of national logic with community dynamism. The concept of enterprising then raises many uncertainties, a synthesis of solutions could favor the maintenance of this status. The formalization of the informal economy is today a complex phenomenon, but essential to deal with the weak growth of African economies. Self-entrepreneurship is generally considered in France as a source of income supplement, while in Africa it is an important part of the subsistence economy

The concept of entrepreneurship in research and society has been firmly rooted in the realm of economics and business. This narrow focus excludes a large number of entrepreneurial acts that occur outside of economic contexts. The discipline of high art music performance is rich with innovative acts that challenge the boundaries of conventional practices. However, these acts largely go unnoticed because of the strength of the bond between entrepreneurship and economics. In this research paper, a literature review will be used to examine how entrepreneurship can best be conceptualized in the discipline of high art music performance. It is argued here that a project-based view of entrepreneurship (Lindgren & Packendorff 2003) provides a valuable conceptualization to understand entrepreneurship in high art music performance. This conceptualization is then applied to three case studies of Canadian high art music performers. The case study uses the musicians' narrative accounts to provide illustrations of the project-based nature of entrepreneurship in music performance. It is hoped that the findings from this investigation provides further support for a project-based view of entrepreneurship and a starting ground to develop more effective tools to support and develop entrepreneurship in music through education and policy development.

Passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in 2010 prompted the question of how independent businesses may react to the employer mandate in the PPACA. The law is based on the theory of managed competition and it is more likely to affect businesses with fewer employees than to affect larger businesses that already offer health insurance. The purpose of this quantitative, pre-experimental study was to examine the strategic responses of independent retail business owners in Hillsborough County, Florida, regarding their perceptions of the employer mandate in the PPACA. Before 2014, there was a great deal of non-peer-reviewed literature in which researchers made predictions about the PPACA and independent business perceptions regarding the new law. To determine independent business owners' perceptions of and strategies for addressing the PPACA, a random sample of 309 independent retail businesses in Hillsborough County was invited by e-mail to participate in an online survey. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t tests for hypothesis testing, and chi-square goodness-of-fit analyses to confirm the results without using means. None of the alternative hypotheses were supported, indicating that the PPACA may not have an adverse effect on job creation for independent retail businesses in Hillsborough County. The findings of this study can indirectly promote positive social change by communicating to independent business owners and individuals that healthcare insurance options exist. This question was important to academics and business professionals, because the strategies employed by business owners may affect job creation.

Dans le contexte du programme de recherche scientifique autrichien en économie, le processus de marché doit être appréhendé par le prisme du concept d'entrepreneur. La fonction créative d'entrepreneur se présente comme un processus individuel largement épistémique, lequel s'élucide en une action à effet catallactique. Elle contribue à l'émergence spontanée de l`ordre, concrétisant ainsi l'évolutionnisme individuel et institutionnel. Or son apparition dépend de déterminants institutionnels particuliers. Par conséquent, le processus de marché, qui émerge des actions catallactiques, requiert un fondement institutionnel spécifique comme une condition sine qua non. En outre, notre analyse s'étend au processus politique à travers le prisme de l'action politique, afin d'examiner l'adéquation de cette action à la nature catallactique. Cette analyse permet aussi de décrypter les institutions qui régissent l'ordre politique confectionné. Cependant, cette investigation relève au cours du processus politique, la déficience du fondement institutionnel indispensable à l'émergence de la fonction d'entrepreneur dans l'action politique. Cela constitue une barrière infranchissable pour l'analogie catallactique dans la pratique politique, et contribue à expliquer la défaillance de la conjecture de marché politique, en raison de l'impossibilité de l'émergence d'un échange politique légitime. Du point de vue de l'éthique, l'action politique s'avère nocive à l'ensemble des droits individuels, voire aux droits de propriété privée. Elle diverge de celle entrepreneuriale car elle dénie la coordination. Par conséquent, cette réalité nous amène à réfuter la conjecture d'entrepreneur politique
In the context of the Austrian scientific research program in economics, our study deals with the market process through the prism of Entrepreneur`s concept. The creative entrepreneurial function emerges as an epistemic individual process, which contributes to a catallactic action. It strengthens the emergence of the spontaneous order, thus shaping individual and institutional evolutionism. The emergence of such action mainly depends on institutional determinants. Therefore, the market process, emerging from catallactic actions, requires a specific institutional foundation. Thereby, our analysis concerns the political process; this, through the prism of the political action, to match the adequacy of this action to the catallactic one. This analysis also decrypts the institutions which determine the political order. However, this introspection identifies the deficiency of the institutional foundation required for the emergence of the entrepreneurial function through the political action. This barrier of the catallactic analogy in the political practice contributes to the refutation of the political market conjecture. The main reason of this failure is the impossibility of a legitimate political exchange emergence. From the objective ethics perspective, the political action harms the individual rights in general and the private property rights in particular. By denying the coordination, this political action shows a divergent nature from the entrepreneurial one. Therefore, this reality leads to refute the political entrepreneur conjecture

Cette thèse inscrite dans la tradition intellectuelle de l’American Political Development analyse les liens dialectiques entre l’entrepreneuriat des présidents des États-Unis sur la question de l’assurance maladie, l’essor du système de santé américain contemporain et son produit le plus récent, le Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010). Il s’agit d’analyser les influences réciproques entre un exécutif qui subit de très fortes contraintes institutionnelles dans ce champ précis des politiques publiques et un système de santé dont les fondements et les contours sont en perpétuelle mutation. Les réformes de santé, de par leur nature transversale et polémique, leur complexité mais aussi leur poids dans l'économie américaine, agissent directement sur les équilibres de la gouvernance publique. Elles doivent être considérées comme un laboratoire et un accélérateur d’innovations pour la présidence, dans un système politique où sa sphère d’action est limitée, tant par les freins et des contre-pouvoirs que par l’influence d’autres entrepreneurs politiques dotés d’une légitimité d’action égale voir supérieure à se saisir de la question épineuse de la santé. L’adoption du PPACA, sa promulgation par un président démocrate après un siècle de rendez-vous manqués avec les réformes ambitieuses de l’assurance maladie, ainsi que sa mise en œuvre compliquée, offrent un cas d’étude de premier plan sur les évolutions de l'exécutif étasunien et sur la normalisation d’un entrepreneuriat présidentiel hétérodoxe
This dissertation which falls within the intellectual tradition of American Political Development explores the dialectical links between the entrepreneurship of US presidents on health care reform, the development of the American health care system and its latest product, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), which was signed into law in 2010. This work analyses the mutual forces of influence at work between a deeply constrained executive in this particular field of public policy and a health care system whose foundations and contours are in constant mutation. Given its controversial nature, its complexity and its weight in the US economy, health care reform directly affects the dynamics of public governance. Health care reform must therefore be considered as a laboratory and an accelerator of innovations for the presidency, in a political system in which its sphere of action is limited, as much by checks and balances as by the influence of other entrepreneurs who enjoy equivalent if not greater legitimacy than the executive branch to take action on the thorny issue of health care. The passage of the PPACA, the fact that it was signed into law by a democratic president after a century of failed attempts at ambitious reform as well as its arduous implementation, are a picture perfect case study on the evolutions of the presidential institution and on the routinization of heterodox presidential entrepreneurship

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O conceito de Empreendedorismo não se restringe apenas ao processo de criação de novos negócios independentes, Covin e Slevin (1991), e tampouco ao estudo das características individuais do empreendedor, Gartner (1985), Lumpkin e Dess (1996). Miller (1983) concluiu que uma organização empreendedora desenvolve e foca três dimensões: Inovação; Capacidade de assumir riscos; e Proatividade. Tendo como contraponto que uma organização não empreendedora inova muito pouco, tem aversão a riscos, e não age proativamente perante seus competidores, é aquela que apenas imita os produtos e serviços existentes no mercado competidor. Os estudos de Miller (1983) e de Covin e Slevin (1989, 1990) serviram de base para que Lumpkin e Dess (1996) atribuíssem à concepção de espírito empreendedor a conceituação de Orientação Empreendedora, visando diferençá-la do conceito de Empreendedorismo, e incluíram as dimensões Autonomia e Competitividade agressiva às três dimensões atribuídas por Miller (1983). Estas dimensões podem ou não estar presentes quando uma empresa está em busca de um novo negócio, no entanto, novos negócios bem sucedidos também podem ser alcançados quando apenas alguns destes fatores ou dimensões estão presentes, pois eles variam de forma independente por serem influenciados pela diversidade de contextos ambientais e organizacionais aos quais as empresas estão sujeitas, Lumpkin e Dess (1996). A Orientação Empreendedora está sendo correlacionada com o desempenho favorável da organização, sugerindo que ela pode influenciar positivamente a performance da organização, destacamos os estudos de Miller (1983), Covin e Slevin (1991), Zahra (1993), Zahra e Covin (1995), Lumpkin e Dess (1996), Wiklund e Shepherd (2005). A Pesquisa de Campo realizada para perceber a presença ou não dos fatores da Orientação Empreendedora nas Unidades Lotéricas em São Paulo/SP na região de abrangência da SR Ipiranga, teve como resultado que os fatores que mais se destacam e contribuem para sobrevivência e êxito das UL são: Autonomia; Capacidade de inovar; e Competitividade agressiva. Por outro lado, os fatores que menos se destacam e contribuem para sobrevivência e êxito das Unidades Lotéricas em São Paulo/SP na região de abrangência da SR Ipiranga são: Capacidade de assumir riscos; e Capacidade de agir de forma proativa.

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The growing presence of legal entities under the private law regime exercising functions and activities usually performed by legal entities under the public law regime has been presenting relevant challenges to the study of Law. The work of the Support Foundation in the assistance to Brazilian Federal Public Universities is an example. From a spontaneous phenomenon, barely regulated by Law no. 8.958/1994, they transformed into a diversified universe, in which their acting before Federal Institutions of Higher Education is questioned. When performing public functions and activities of aid to Federal Universities, they utilize budget public resources and from funding agencies. The questioning of the requirement of such entities to undertake the prior bidding process for hiring third parties in their support activities to the Federal Universities, the need of compliance with the rules of return of public funds to the National Treasury!s Single Account, and the possibility of hiring staff without public tenders to work in assistance activities are part of the controversies faced by the present work. This study aimed to reflect on this phenomenon from three fronts, a proposal to analyze the phenomenon of foundations, in which support foundations are understood as intermediary organizations between universities and companies, a survey of the main issues of compatibility between the system of public law and the activities of foundations in the context of assistance on technological development to the Federal Public Universities, and lastly, the study of a case where there is compatibility between a model of support foundation and the system of public law, the Institutional Support Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development (FAI), from Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR). We propose a specific focus for the study of the assistance performed by support foundations, characterizing them as intermediary organizations of cooperation between universities and companies, for we believe that, given the significant number of changes in the role of research universities in industrial production, a new understanding of the form of intermediation is required for comprehending the role and mission of Research Universities in the country's economic development. Universities, as well as forming of skilled labor and knowledge generation, are becoming centers of creation of technology, approximating the industry, replacing, in part, the old departments of research and development of domestic industries, while also play a part in facilitating the generation of innovative companies, creating business incubators and facilitating the exchange between teachers and technicians and professionals of the industrial matrix of countries. In Brazil, this transformation is faced with an important gap. The country, through its public universities acts as a producer of knowledge, with a significant number of international academic publications. However, Brazil has failed to convert this knowledge into industrial application in technological innovation, as measured by patenting and technology transfer to industry. Secondly, the innovation law (Law No. 10.973/2004), as the first attempt to develop ways to reduce such gap, created legal instruments to authorize the cooperation between Federal Public Universities and National Companies, placing the support foundations as intermediating the relationship between University and Business, alongside with Innovation Centers. The Law on the one hand, was able to create the legal instruments for the lawful cooperation between the Public University and National Company, however, failed to face significant legal issues, besides the questions about the application of public law regime in the intermediation conducted by support foundations, also did not define the role of such support foundations in the capture and management of technology projects, or management of intellectual property and its relationship with the Innovation Centers, or participation in the formation of innovative companies through the process of business incubation in Federal Universities. It was the National Court of Audit, as an organ of control of the use of public funds, the principal place of debate on the legal disputes involving the relationship between Support Foundations and Federal Universities. In our view, the Court in Decision No. 655/2002, began a process of reconciling the work of the support foundations and the system of public law, by defining support foundations related to development and technology transfer projects from Federal Universities as intermediary organizations. However, it regressed in in Judgment No. 2.731/2008, by broadly defining the concept of public resources and recommend to the Ministries of Education and Science and Technology to prohibit the direct transfers of resources from Funding Agencies to Support Foundations at the federal level. The FAI example is paradigmatic of the, as not only is a case that reinforces our assessment that there may be compatibility between the system of public law and the activities of support foundations, but also suggests solutions of institutional design solutions relevant to the debate on regulation of support foundations at the federal level. FAI, as a foundation for the Federal University of Sao Carlos is able to fulfill with the potential of a foundation to contribute to the technological development of Federal Public Universities, since it functions as an 'alter ego' of UFSCAR, a positive double, carrying out activities that, if performed by the University would not have been equally fast, or even would not be conducted.
A presença crescente de pessoas jurídicas sob o regime de direito privado exercendo funções e atividades desempenhadas por pessoas jurídicas sob o regime de direito público tem apresentado desafios importantes para o estudo do Direito. A atuação das Fundações de Apoio no auxílio às Universidades Públicas Federais brasileiras são um exemplo disso. De um fenômeno espontâneo, timidamente regulado pela Lei n.º 8.958/1994, transformaram-se em um universo diversificado, em que se questiona a sua atuação junto à Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior. Ao desempenhar funções e atividades de auxílio à Universidades Federais, executam recursos públicos orçamentários e de Agências de Fomento. O questionamento da obrigatoriedade destas entidades realizarem prévio procedimento licitatório para contratação de terceiros quando estiverem auxiliando às Universidades Federais, a necessidade de cumprimento das regras de recolhimento de recursos público à Conta Única do Tesouro Nacional e a possibilidade de contratação de pessoal sem concurso público para trabalhar nas atividades de auxílio fazem parte das controvérsias enfrentadas no trabalho. Este trabalho procurou refletir sobre este fenômeno a partir de três frentes, uma proposta de análise do fenômeno fundacional, em que fundações de apoio são compreendidas como organizações de intermediação entre universidade e empresa, um levantamento das principais questões de compatibilização entre o regime de direito público e a atuação das fundações no contexto de auxílio ao desenvolvimento tecnológico das Universidades Públicas Federais e, por fim, o estudo de um caso em que há a compatibilização entre um modelo de fundação de apoio e o regime de direito público, o caso da Fundação de Apoio Institucional ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (FAI) da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR). Propomos um recorte específico para o estudo do auxílio realizado pelas fundações de apoio, caracterizando-as como organizações de intermediação da cooperação entre universidade e empresa, pois acreditamos que dado o conjunto significativo de transformações no papel desempenhado por universidades de pesquisa no âmbito da produção industrial, uma nova forma de leitura da intermediação é necessária para a compreensão do papel e da missão das Universidades de Pesquisa no desenvolvimento econômico do país. As universidades, além de formadoras da mão de obra especializada e da geração de conhecimento, passam a ser centros de geração de tecnologia, se aproximando da indústria, pois substituiria em parte os antigos departamentos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de indústrias nacionais, ao mesmo tempo que também desempenharia o papel de fomentadora da geração de empresas de inovação, criando incubadoras de empresas e facilitando o intercâmbio entre seus professores e técnicos e profissionais da matriz industrial dos países. No Brasil, esta transformação se depara com um hiato importante. O país, por meio de suas Universidades Públicas é produtor de conhecimento, com um número significativo de publicações internacionais, contudo, não tem conseguido converter este conhecimento em aplicação industrial, em inovação tecnológica, medida pelo registro de patentes e pela transferência de tecnologia para a indústria. Em segundo lugar, a Lei de Inovação Tecnológica (Lei n.º 10.973/2004) como a primeira tentativa de estabelecer formas de reduzir este hiato, criou instrumentos jurídicos para permitir a cooperação entre Universidades Públicas Federais e Empresas Nacionais, posicionando as fundações de apoio como intermediadoras da relação entre Universidade e Empresa, ao lado dos Núcleos de Inovação. A Lei, por um lado, foi capaz de criar os instrumentos jurídicos para que a cooperação entre Universidade Pública e Empresa Nacional seja lícita, contudo, não enfrentou questões jurídicas importantes, além das questões sobre incidência do regime de direito público na intermediação realizada pelas fundações, também não definiu a função das fundações de apoio na captação e gestão de projetos de tecnologia, ou na gestão da propriedade intelectual e sua relação com os Núcleos de Inovação, ou a participação das fundações na formação de empresas de inovação por meio do processo de incubação de empresas nas Universidades Federais. Foi o Tribunal de Contas da União, como órgão de controle do emprego dos recursos públicos, o principal local de debate sobre as controvérsias jurídicas envolvendo a relação entre Fundações de Apoio e Universidades Federais. Em nosso entendimento, o Tribunal na Decisão n.º 655/2002, iniciou um processo de compatibilização entre a atuação das fundações de apoio e o regime de direito público, ao definir as fundações de apoio ligadas à projetos de desenvolvimento e transferência de tecnologia das Universidades Federais como organizações de intermediação, contudo, retrocedeu no Acórdão n.º 2.731/2008, ao definir de forma ampla o conceito de recurso público e recomendar aos Ministérios da Educação e da Ciência e Tecnologia que proibissem os repasses diretos de recursos de Agências de Fomento à Fundações de Apoio no âmbito federal. O caso da FAI é paradigmático, pois não apenas é um caso que reforça a nossa avaliação de que é possível haver compatibilidade entre o regime de direito público e a atuação das fundações apoio, como sinaliza para soluções de desenho institucional relevantes para a reflexão sobre a regulação das fundações de apoio no âmbito federal. A FAI como uma fundação voltada para a Universidade Federal de São Carlos é capaz de cumprir com as potencialidades de uma fundação almeja contribuir para o desenvolvimento tecnológico de Universidades Públicas Federais, uma vez que funciona como um 'outro eu' da UFSCAR, um duplo positivo, executando atividades que se fossem feitas pela Universidade não teriam a mesma agilidade ou até não seriam realizadas.

This book presents entrepreneurship as networking as a perspective. Persistent problems around the dominant “individual-opportunity” approach in the entrepreneurship field motivated the authors to focus on the social-interactive aspects and action orientation of entrepreneurship. The work promises to address the challenge of providing a more integrated account in which the entrepreneur’s agency is combined with a greater emphasis on the social environment. The importance of social relations and the associated interactions between entrepreneurs and their environment give insight into key entrepreneurial processes. The authors address the guiding questions of what a viable network is for (nascent) entrepreneurs and how networking activities affect their entrepreneurial endeavors. Therefore, they first create a synthesis of key network mechanisms and networking dynamics. This allows them (a) to shed new light on the origins of opportunities and improve understanding of how entrepreneurs access resources and subsequently mobilize and deploy them, and (b) to explain how entrepreneurs build legitimacy, facilitating them to act on perceived new combinations and thereby exploit their potential. Thus, this book highlights how networking is a central constitutive force in entrepreneurship. Previous work showed how networks can or will lead to entrepreneurial action as a facilitator. Going one step further, the authors posit that networking is entrepreneurial action, and entrepreneurial action is networking, thereby opening an entirely new research agenda.

Law plays a key role in determining the level of entrepreneurial action in society. Legal rules seek to define property rights, facilitate private ordering, and impose liability for legal wrongs, thereby attempting to establish conditions under which individuals may act. These rules also channel the development of technology, regulate information flows, and determine parameters of competition. Depending on their structure and implementation, legal rules can also discourage individuals from acting. It is thus crucial to determine which legal rules and institutions best enable entrepreneurs, whose core function is to challenge incumbency. This volume assembles legal experts from diverse fields to examine the role of law in facilitating or impeding entrepreneurial action. Contributors explore issues arising in current policy debates, including the incentive effect of legal rules on startup activity; the role of law in promoting or foreclosing market entry; and the effect of entrepreneurial action on legal doctrine.

Books, magazine articles, and educational programs on entrepreneurship are all based on the idea that anyone can be an entrepreneur—that entrepreneurs are made, not born. Well, maybe not. In a study of 234 CEOs funded by the Kauffman Foundation, James L. Fisher and James V. Koch came up with a surprising conclusion: Some individuals are simply more naturally fitted to become entrepreneurs than others. They are pre-wired. Because of heredity, some people are much more likely to become successful entrepreneurs or pursue entrepreneurial strategies within a corporate setting profitably. By recognizing that, this book will significantly improve corporate selection processes, strengthen entrepreneurship programs, and boost the confidence of aspiring entrepreneurs through invaluable insights. Among other things, Fisher and Koch show that true entrepreneurs not only see the world differently—they act differently. Compared with corporate managers, for example, they are more confident, more decisive, more likely to upset the apple cart, and more energetic. They love to compete but are notable for the partnerships they are able to fashion with friend and foe alike. Such conclusions are remarkable. Why? Because they are based on the only empirical comparison study yet conducted on entrepreneurship. The insights are not based on personal opinion or case studies but on valid and reliable personality indicators. Because the book shows that certain kinds of people will find it much easier to found successful companies than others, it has many practical applications. It will help organizations fit the right people into jobs requiring an entrepreneurial bent. It will challenge corporations to hire entrepreneurial CEOs who will transform businesses rather than maintain the status quo. And it will speak directly to entrepreneurs and those contemplating starting a business, who will learn if they have the right stuff to start and sustain a business. In short, this book provides insights into the entrepreneurial soul that can change the fortunes of individuals and companies for the better.

This book is motivated by a belief that theories of economic development can move beyond the generally known factors and mechanisms of such development. It establishes a behavioural theory of economic development illustrating that differences in human behaviour across cities and regions are a significant deep-rooted cause of uneven development. Fusing a range of concepts relating to culture, psychology, human agency, institutions, and power, it proposes that the uneven economic development and evolution of cities and regions within and across nations are strongly connected with the underlying forms of behaviour enacted by humans both individually and collectively. Integrating theoretical and empirical analysis, the book builds upon entrepreneurial and innovation theories of economic evolution to make sense of the cultural, psychological, and agentic components and elements of city and regional economic ecosystems that lead to long-term differentials in development. For social scientists with an interest in understanding the nature of uneven economic development, the book provides a novel theory of the role of human behaviour, psychocultural context, and institutions in the evolution and uneven development of cities and regions. This human behaviour is framed in the form of the ‘behavioural profile’ of cities and regions encompassing citizens in terms of their personalities, cultural histories, aspirations, and perceived opportunities, as well as their broader propensities to act in certain ways.

AbstractThis chapter intends to analyze and develop the concept of the entrepreneurial university and social innovation ecosystem from multiple viewpoints, including HEI regional knowledge spillover and social innovation ecosystem theoretical approaches, as well as policy and research views. The emerging perspectives of the entrepreneurial universities in the knowledge economy are considered as an instrument for “innovation and development” that acts as an elixir for the social innovation paradigm. Due to its vital position in the horizon EU strategy, respectively entrepreneurial universities and the social innovation ecosystem are gaining increasing importance in the EU’s regional knowledge-based economic growth policy discourse. Since then, they’ve been used by policymakers around the world as building blocks for executing various innovation policies, including research and innovation, smart inclusive regional knowledge growth, social innovation, industrial development, and regional development policies. The responsiveness of entrepreneurial universities and the social innovation ecosystem is envisioned in this chapter as a “facilitator” for increasing knowledge-based economic development and innovation-driven regional growth.

AbstractAn entrepreneurial mindset is a special attitude or cognitive pattern enabling people to recognize opportunities in changes, and act in uncertain environments and without regard to the resources that are currently under their control. People with an entrepreneurial mindset actively shape their own future and our society. Fostering an entrepreneurial mindset is therefore not only relevant for the education of future founders; it is the key to harnessing the opportunities of technological development in such a way that we change our society for the better. This chapter discusses the significance, antecedents, and elements of an entrepreneurial mindset, and explores which didactic methods can be used to promote it in higher education. The authors describe their own experiences with the method of challenge-based learning, a further permutation of experiential learning that supports the development of an entrepreneurial mindset. The benefits of the approach will be discussed in the context of related educational theory and educational psychology to show that challenge-based learning can lead to innovative formats and can also be integrated into traditional settings, including courses that are not related to entrepreneurship at all.

The historical phase we are living, which is characterized by change management and the continuous redefinition of skills (Fiore et al. 2021), invites the university to question itself on the central role it plays for the formation of current and future. The work of the European Commission to address the improvement and adaptation of the skills of European citizens provides clear guidelines on which Higher Education is also called to commit. Among them, this paper focuses on the development of entrepreneurial skills, i.e. the ability to act on opportunities and ideas and to transform them into value for others. The Commission calls for the development of these competences at all levels of education, giving rise to entrepreneurial education training offers (Lackéus 2015). For this reason, and in order to respond to this need, since 2013 the Italian Ministry of University has established the Contamination Labs, places of contamination between students, teachers and local stakeholders aimed at developing interdisciplinary entrepreneurial education, which is also the subject of this research.

Once having reconstructed the founding premises of the concept of subordinate work, as a legal instrument functional to the governance of work in business organization, the essay focuses on the limitation of entrepreneurial powers created by the Workers’ Statute to protect worker freedom and dignity and on recent legislative changes introduced by the so-called Jobs Act.

AbstractIn a large-scale agile environment, a Product Owner receives requests from many different directions. Freedom to influence the direction of the product and push ideas forward sometimes requires saying “no”. This is a case study that has been made by interviewing several Product Owners or people working in a Product Owner type of role. The case company, which is a large financial organization, encourages Product Owners to take responsibility by valuing an entrepreneurial mindset. This research examines whether it is possible to exercise entrepreneurial freedom in the Product Owner’s work, and how much freedom the Product Owner has in the direction of the product, i.e. whether they have the freedom to say “no”. A total of 18 Product Owners, and those in similar roles, as well as managers from the case company, were interviewed. The findings show that the role of the Product Owner needs to be clarified in order to have more freedom to act. Prioritizing is difficult and saying “no” is more difficult than desired. Product Owners find the urge for an entrepreneurial attitude understandable, however, it does not seem to fit perfectly into the everyday work life of a Product Owner in a large-scale set-up. When the understanding of the role deepens, Product Owners could have greater freedom to make their products successful.

AbstractContinuing with the co-sensing idea of ‘connecting with people and ideas to learn more about how things work’, entrepreneurs need to act quickly and continuously. But first, as entrepreneurs, we need to know what we are going to do, what to start with, and what to do next. We need to plan our priorities. Although a lengthy business plan does not guarantee that the business will succeed, it is important to have a clear outline of its vision and action steps. This is where it helps to create a business model canvas. This chapter describes aspects relating to the SHAPE Four-Quadrant Business Model Canvas and shows how we can put our ideas into entrepreneurial action.

The Republic of Moldova is the country with the lowest level of gross domestic product and living standards among the European countries, a situation which, although improved in dynamics, has not comparatively meliorated in the regional context. On the contrary, the development discrepancies that the country registers have become even more acute, the nation is still behind in terms of economic development even considering the regional context of the Eastern Europe. The main goal of the present study is to comprehensively assess and carry out a thorough analysis of the quality and competitiveness of the entrepreneurial and business environment of the Republic of Moldova, considering the regional context. Particular objectives of the study include: the analysis of the extent to which the entrepreneurial environment in the Republic of Moldova facilitates economic activity and individual initiative. Also, it is sought to perform a comparative analysis of the entrepreneurial competitiveness of the Republic of Moldova as compared to the rest of the Eastern European countries, including members and non-members of the European Union. At the same time, it is aimed to analyse the weakest positions of the entrepreneurial competitiveness of the Republic of Moldova that undermine the economic growth potential.

Recent decades have brought significant changes all over the world in terms of space mobility. In this context, from an economic perspective, the first question that arises is related to the correlation that exists between this phenomenon and the economic growth of the country of origin, respectively that of the destination of immigrants. The initiation of an entrepreneurial act, beyond a series of qualities that the individual must possess, also highlights the need for the existence of an economic and social framework conducive to such an approach. When the issue of immigrants is discussed, this becomes even more obvious, because in most cases, they do not have the citizenship of the country of destination and do not enjoy the same rights as their citizens. This article seeks to clarify the relationship between migration and entrepreneurship from the perspective of the existence of equal opportunities between the population of that country and the immigrant population regarding the start-up of entrepreneurial activities.

Instruments for developing super-professional skills, such as entrepreneurial activity, creativity, teamwork, communication skills, are especially necessary for graduates whose professions are at risk of a decrease in employment opportunities in a changing labor market due to a pandemic. The problem is especially acute for graduates of areas related to services, tourism, catering and others. The paper presents the Lobachevsky University experience in the implementation of mass education competition of projects with use online platform i-generation. Such tools are important for gifted students, which motivation depends on the recognition and validation of their high results, from professional and behavioral content that help identify giftedness.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the business activity of small and medium enterprises in the Statutory City of Karviná in the Czech Republic. With regard to the objective of the work, a questionnaire survey focused on small and medium-sized enterprises in Karvina was carried out. Secondary data are obtained from the Czech Statistical Office. Within Karvina, the number of registered entities is approximately half the number of registered entities every year, except for cooperatives. Enterprises of natural persons doing business under the Trade Licensing Act have a considerable advantage over legal entities. The main motivating factors for entrepreneurship are the influence of “self-fulfillment” when entrepreneurs engage in entrepreneurial activity to achieve their inner satisfaction. The second main motive is the possibility to organize your time and take responsibility for yourself. From the perspective of barriers to starting a business, the most important factor is the bureaucracy and redundant administration.

In terms of defining and implementing new and innovative ideas, creativity and entrepreneurship are inextricably linked. In this context, creativity and entrepreneurship inevitably form sub-functions of each other in terms of performance. Because both concepts are carried out in uncertain and dynamic situations, their qualities mutually complement each other. However, it is not always possible for every creative person to be an entrepreneur or vice versa.Design is a creative process in which ideas originate from a combination of professional experience, intuition, and the knowledge required. The design process takes place in an uncertain environment, and design concepts do not emerge in a vacuum; they are frequently the product of the creative synthesis of earlier experiences with knowledge, insight, and entrepreneurship that have contributed to the development and success of many businesses. Design encompasses not only creative thinking but also innovative, productive, and compositional activities as part of entrepreneurship with a mix of rational, ideal, and pragmatic inquiry. Therefore, designers not only must be creative in the design phase but also need to act as entrepreneurs/intrapreneurs as they seek to identify and address customer needs and effectively communicate and prototype their ideas to potential customers. The most creative part of the design process is identifying problems and developing solutions for analysis, evaluation, and selection to help businesses improve their operations and efficiency. To achieve these goals, designers may need to assume certain roles.The concept of entrepreneurship essentially contains positive and privileged meanings. For this reason, many people believe that they have entrepreneurial characteristics and want to be mentioned as entrepreneurs. Some professions, such as industrial design, naturally claim to be entrepreneurial because of their activities. Due to the positive meaning of entrepreneurship, designers are concerned about developing and transforming their practices within the principles of entrepreneurship. Moreover, current design discourses imply that design thinking will help entrepreneurs in the generation and selection of innovative ideas. Simply put, design entrepreneurship is the collection of correct skills and abilities required to develop the right ideas and market them as successful design products. However, to be an entrepreneur, some entrepreneurial personality traits must be present in addition to the establishment of some pre-existing conditions.Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to compare the creative and innovative roles identified in the literature and attributed to designers with the competencies needed for entrepreneurship and identify possible intersections. The first stage of the study attempted to identify the roles attributed to designers and entrepreneurship competencies. The following stage of the review aims to determine the major or key roles of the designers. The next stage of the research focuses on 41 entrepreneurship competence frameworks under four main headings. The study's last section contrasted 83 creative and innovative role and definition contents assigned to designers with 41 entrepreneurial competence definitions using NLP-based text similarity measurement, and the text mining results were evaluated through correspondence analysis.

The importance of entrepreneurship and the dynamics of the SMEs sector upon economic growth, innovation, employment, decreasing regional disparities is undeniable, but all these effects are neither inevitable nor easily attainable. Thus, decision makers, researchers and the entrepreneurs themselves are committed to promoting and supporting the creation of new businesses as a means to stimulate and encourage development, and for this purpose, business and start-up accelerators, business incubators and/or business angels act as good case examples. By encouraging valuable business ideas, by easing the transition that exists between the moment of generating an idea to actually setting up a business and then supporting its rapid growth can be a viable means for realizing the ambitions and performances of new companies and, implicitly, for ensuring economic growth, general and individual prosperity. In this paper, by using the results and information from a survey applied to a considerable number of start-ups around the world and made available by the Entrepreneurship Database Program (EDP), we have attempted to identify the existence of a correlation between the profit margin aspirations and the potential benefits that are typically associated with entrepreneurial accelerators. Our results show that there are certain expectations regarding the usefulness and utility of entering acceleration programs and that these expectations may be correlated to the ambitions of future performances/activities. In the same time, there is a certain misalignment between how the image of entrepreneurial success is perceived, the demands and requirements of accelerator programs and the expectations of young entrepreneurs.

The Glorious Revolution of 1688/1689 set in train changes in English political and economic culture that acted as a significant catalyst for the development of deep copper mining in Cornwall. The adoption of improved water engines and, latterly, atmospheric engines was fundamental in meeting the drainage challenges faced as miners delved ever deeper in their search for copper ore. The increasing application of pumping technology required significant capital investment which was not available from inside Cornwall. Much of the capital to develop copper mining was supplied by Bristol merchants and industrialists who were benefiting from an economic boom occasion by the aforementioned economic and political changes. Most notable was the deregulation of the slave trade which allowed Bristol to eclipse London as England's primary slaving port turning Bristol into an economic powerhouse. A less quantifiable but nonetheless important factor was a growth in confidence in the stability of the post-revolution economy and amongst the entrepreneurial classes giving them the confidence to invest in Cornish deep mining.

This article discusses the concept of the social orientation of activity and the entrepreneurial approach at the level of the Russian Federation, including a number of aspects of the legal regulation of public relations between organizations of state power and social entrepreneurs. The main problem of the study is the study of the sequence of the assignment of the status of a social enterprise by the authorities Russia at the federal level. Currently, the question is being raised about the adoption of a separate federal legislative act "On the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Russian Federation." The introduction of the relevant law is necessary, since the reasons are the basis for the inevitability of consideration of public problems and the adoption of relevant official documents in all regions of the Russian Federation.