Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Acknowledgement of debt"

Objective - The purpose of the paper is to discuss different forms or methods of acknowledging debt by the debtor. The paper analysis laws and cases decided by the Malaysian courts. Methodology/Technique - The methodology adopted in this study is by analysing court decisions in various cases on debt acknowledgement. Findings - The findings show that when there is acknowledgement of debt, there are several legal implications. Novelty – The paper Novelty - The paper is original since it focuses on different methods of debt acknowledgment accepted by the Malaysian courts and the legal implications or consequences resulting from such acknowledgement. As far as it is concerned, there is no specific study or compilation has been conducted on the above title. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Payment; Debt; Acknowledgement; Time Barred; Forms.

One of the forms of trust between one individual with the others is by making a mutual agreement that is outlined in a written agreement. In the process of it, there are certain conditions that might result in the termination of the agreement as there is default in the written agreement. One of the forms of written agreement that has been stated is debenture note. As if the case of Supreme Court Decision No. 3051/K/Pdt./2017 pertaining to creditor collect debt towards debtor in which the debtor has been negligent and not able to settle the debt throughout 3 (three) months successively as the debt acknowledgment letter has not ended with the result that creditor accuse the debtor to be seized its collateral. Research Methodology that is being used is, juridical normative law research methodology. Inasmuch as juridical normative law research methodology therefore sources and types of data focused on secondary data. Through this research it can be concluded that, debt acknowledgement letter that is made under consideration of Supreme Court Judge is not based on when is the end of the acknowledgement letter, but it is more to the substance of the contents of the debt acknowledgement letter which is the primary essence of the birth of its debt recognition, where both sides agreed the debt shall be collected immediately for 3 (three) months successively.

Veterans have served their nations and their people, and though some might argue that monuments and ceremonials may serve the glorification of war, it is important to separate political philosophies from the actions of those whose work allows national security decisions to be enacted. What is indisputable is that, along with respect, recognition, and acknowledgement of the service of Veterans, we owe a debt of gratitude that must translate into action.

Veterans have served their nations and their people, and though some might argue that monuments and ceremonials may serve the glorification of war, it is important to separate political philosophies from the actions of those whose work allows national security decisions to be enacted. What is indisputable is that, along with respect, recognition, and acknowledgement of the service of Veterans, we owe a debt of gratitude that must translate into action.

In paper considers the order of determination of bank assets losses and accordingly documentary acknowledgement of causing losses to it because of credit contracts conclusion when carrying out forensic economic examinations. A variety of credit contracts preconditions possibility of providing by banks of financial services in crediting on different conditions and with involving or without involving assuring, due to the conclusion of some of these there is possible causing of losses to bank. The contract of not renewed credit line in national currency of Ukraine is considered as an example. When performing a research on the specified question, the great value has determination, using registers of bank account, the debt receivable sum under credit contracts concluded with borrowers and definition that the debts against bank under such credit contracts as of concrete date are displayed as assets of bank and accordingly are not considered as hopeless. That is, the debts sum while there is a confidence of its repayment, cannot be defined as losses as there is a probability of reception by the enterprise of economic benefits in the future, and for the bank an economic benefit is a potential possibility of money resources reception on account of debts repayment that will lead to increase in its assets. Thus, for the determination of a damage size (causing of losses) for bank owing to the conclusion of credit contracts with borrowers, the presence of the following conditions is necessary: presence of assets losses; presence of the short-received incomes; presence of the established infringement of the legislation of Ukraine. Absence of documentary acknowledgement of the mentioned conditions (absence of the data certifying to causing of losses to bank as a result of the conclusion of credit contracts with borrowers) accordingly will affect upon the result of the expert research.

The determination of petroleum resources is a technical function executed by geoscientists and reservoir engineers. The determination and valuation of petroleum reserves is a commercial function that requires input from development and cost engineers, economists and financial and risk analysts. While the technical aspects of both determinations are generally carried out with diligence, the financial considerations are frequently given scant regard. Of particular note are the infrequent acknowledgement of risk and the application of appropriately considered discount rates.It can be demonstrated that inappropriate selection of the discount rate can create material distortions in the determination and valuation of reserves.Our proposition is that the rate at which the cash flows are discounted should reflect the reserves uncertainty, specifically the relationship between the proved reserves, which can be financed out of debt, and probable reserves that are typically financed out of equity. Specifically, for the valuation of proved+probable reserves, rather than use a corporate WACC, i.e. one which reflects the average ratio of the costs of debt and equity, investors should instead use a WACC which is based on the ratio of proved: probable reserves weighted cost of debt: equity.

It is only fair to readers that I declare my unusually personal interest in the book that is the principal subject of this review essay. I was a (overall favourable) reviewer of an early version of Plowshares into Swords—albeit for a university press other than the one finally chosen by Grant Hammond—as the author attests in a generous acknowledgement. In addition, and rather more to the point, Hammond suggests strongly that the conceptual provenance of his study owes some debt to a 1971 article of mine. In Hammond's words:

Linguistic studies of collective consciousness are practically nonexistent though insightful ideas are found in works of many linguists (Chomsky 1985, Fowler 1996). The central tenet of this paper is that archetypes (mental representations of concepts in collective consciousness) are built around socially significant experiences of people and comprise meanings which incarnate collective sentiments and ideologies. The number and composition of such meanings can change and vary due to an interplay of environmental factors – social, political, economic, cultural, etc. – and can be drawn from discourses which perform an ideational function concerned with the representation of world views in a language. Two propositions are preconditional for the present research: first, the acknowledgement of the force of authorial intent (intentionality) in discourse and, second, the assumption that over a long history, language has learnt to suit the needs of the society it functions in (mainly the needs of dominant social groups) by legitimatizing some meanings (conventional meanings) and rejecting others. The concept chosen for the analysis is monetary DEBT. Debt plays an important role both in the economic life of a country and in private lives of individuals. The attitude to debt has been changing throughout the history, and we hypothesize that economic discourses have had a major impact on collective perception of the concept in question.

As a serious subject of scholarly investigation modern Middle Eastern history is very young. It was only 50 years ago that the subject began to be studied by historians who were adequately equipped for the work. Its subsequent rapid progress to the position of respectability which it now occupies within the discipline of history owes much to the work of a handful of scholars among whom Albert Hourani and Elie Kedourie were especially conspicuous. The deaths of these two notable historians should not pass without an acknowledgement of the debt which we owe them and an appreciation of their contribution to the happy revolution in the branch of history which they adorned.

This article examines the relationship that Jacques Derrida and Sarah Kofman developed throughout their lifetimes, both as close friends and as philosophers who shared many common research interests. In his tribute to Sarah Kofman, published in Les Cahiers du Grif in 1997, Derrida stated that ‘These interests and exercises go far beyond the limits of a short narrative, indeed of a terminable analysis’, thus challenging the reader to delve into these ‘elliptical greetings’. The numerous interactions present in Kofman's and Derrida's respective bodies of work are not without conflicts nor dissymmetry, and their often oblique modes of acknowledgement are far from any ‘balance’ on either side. Revisiting some of the différends among two great thinkers of différance, this article highlights the Derridean logic of gift and debt at work between them. Focusing on the posthumous tribute Derrida pays to his friend (left untitled, which is itself a revealing gesture), one can sense that there is much at stake in that piece that touches on the major question of forgiveness and the affirmation of survie or living on, thus setting a scene of reading where Derrida's debt towards Kofman turns out to be more telling than one may have expected.

AbstractIn an effort to circumvent the constraints of Islamic inheritance law, a Muslim proprietor may attempt to shift assets to his or her desired heir/s by means of an inter vivos transaction, e.g., a gift, acknowledgement of a debt, sale, or creation of a family endowment. In the present essay, I analyze a case that occurred in fifteenth-century Tunis in which a father, taking advantage of his role as the guardian of his minor children, engages in a series of financial transactions that appear to have as their goal the disinheritance of certain other children. The differing responses to this case by two Mālikī jurists provides an opportunity to explore the relationship between the choice of a judicial style and the direction of a judicial outcome.

In this symposium, we highlight the importance of critical engagement with philosophical traditions in philosophy of education. On one hand, it is important to critique the exclusionary nature of canons of knowledge that have shaped both philosophy and education; on the other, we believe it is important to acknowledge that our thinking, as well as the thinking of philosophers of education before us, is undeniably and indelibly marked by these traditions. Framed by Jacques Derrida’s reflections on the “figure of the philosopher” and Michael Naas’s conception of “taking on the tradition,” David Burns invites us to revisit the Stoic conception of character as a counterpoint to current discourses of character education in Canadian schools; David Waddington examines how Thomas Jefferson’s writings influenced John Dewey’s conception of democracy and democratic education; and Ann Chinnery proposes acknowledgement of intellectual indebtedness as an essential scholarly disposition, looking specifically at the “difficult inheritance” of Emmanuel Levinas’s debt to Martin Heidegger.

AbstractI begin by thanking the Honorary Treasurer for his report for 2004. You will note that, sadly, this will be his last report to the Society's anniversary general meeting. During the coming year Kit Naylor will step down as Honorary Treasurer. He would like to do so now, but has very kindly agreed to see the Society through its move. This has the added benefit of permitting his intended successor, Brampton Mundy, to shadow him. Kit, the Society is hugely in your debt for the time, the judgement and the goodwill you have, over the past eight years, brought to its affairs. This meeting should know that Council has commissioned a portrait drawing of Kit with the Society's bust of Henry Thomas Colebrooke in the background. Colebrooke, you will recall, was the Society's first Director and is Kit's ancestor, to whom he bears an uncanny likeness. This is a personal acknowledgement by members of Council of Kit's contribution. The portrait will be on display upstairs.

Starting with Eliot’s own acknowledgement of a particular debt toward James Thomson, this study closely compares Eliot’s The Waste Land and Thomson’s The City of Dreadful Night, and examines how the two poets’ interest in London as a subject is manifested in their works and how the cityscape is embodied in each poem. It may be easy to find the thematic similarities from the sterile urban settings between the two poems: the speaker(s)’ quest, the hellish city reality, and the pessimistic overtones. Based on a detailed analysis of both poems, this paper also discusses the types of factors that make The Waste Land a modernist poem, and The City of Dreadful Night a Victorian poem regardless of the differing eras to which each author belongs. The particularized visual images and the acoustic modernity of The Waste Land will be emphasized, as its fragmented sonic dimension including its polyglot and dissonant idioms, songs and noises, and its differing and diverse voices, is strikingly innovative and unique.

Background: Schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder are chronic psychiatric illness that requires long term care. This study tends to measure psychological burden and factors associated with it among caregivers of these two illnesses.Methods: This is a cross- sectional study that included participants by purposive sampling method. Self designed performa was used to collect the socio-demographic details of the caregivers. Modified caregiver strain index was used to assess the overall stress. Beck`s depression inventory and Beck`s anxiety inventory was used to assess depression and anxiety respectively.Results: Hundred caregivers, 50 each of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder were enrolled. Seventy-two percent of caregivers were found to have higher level of stress. Twenty-five percent had depression and 29% anxiety related problems. Stress was found to be significantly associated with being in debt, longer duration of illness, education level, marital status, subjective feeling of psychological stress and self- acknowledgement of need of professional help. Caregivers of both group experienced similar level of stress.Conclusions: Psychological burden is seen to be high in caregivers of patients of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Affective Disorder.

Following the campaign by the #BlackLivesMatter movement, since the unlawful killing of George Floyd in the USA, there have been increasing public protests against the ongoing legacy of slavery. The toppling of the statue of Coulson in Bristol and defacing of many of the other prominent individuals/ families who benefited from the exploitation of humans is a beginning. However, there is little or no acknowledgement of the exploitation of over 3 million indentured labourers from India. A project by University College London has published the identities of 47,000 slave-owners who, at the abolition of slavery in 1833, claimed compensation of £20m for the loss of their “property”. The sum, around £2.6bn in today’s money, was 40 percent of Britain’s national budget at the time and it took until 2015 to pay off the debt. There are calls for reparation monies to be paid to the countries whose generations were ripped apart by slavery. A similar call will need to be raised for the exploitation of indentured labourers and perhaps a day will come when imperialist countries will acknowledge and offer due compensation to the countries of origin, which continue to suffer the socio-economic consequences of centuries of oppression and exploitation.

Abstract According to recent OECD statistics, Estonia is the European Union country with the highest income inequalities. Among all the ex-Warsaw bloc states, the Baltic country also has the highest household debt. Despite these dire socio-economic indicators, Estonia’s path to economic development, the adaptation of the purest forms of neoliberalism to be found in Europe, is often hailed among economists. Former prime minister Mart Laar, one of the key architects of what was dubbed by some the Estonian Economic Miracle, admitted that his guideline for the post-Soviet economic reform (and the only book he read on economics) was Milton Friedman’s Free to Choose. How does inequality, social exclusion and growing social stratification manifest itself in Estonian contemporary cinema? The debut films of three directors, Vallo Toomla, Mihkel Ulk and Toomas Hussar, which all have a contemporary setting, address the neoliberal transformation process to various degrees. All three debut films are genre films: Mushrooming (Hussar, 2012) is a comedy, Zero Point (Ulk, 2014) a high-school drama and The Pretenders (Toomla, 2016) a thriller. None of the films directly addresses the social stratification of Estonian society. The films engage the subject with a low level of politicization, yet each of the films is a chronotope of the engagement of the film medium with society. Especially the question of individual responsibility to society, accountability for social exclusion and possible alternatives to neoliberalism are either addressed in an apprehensive way or, through their absence, deemed irrelevant. How did Friedman’s claim that economic freedom equals political freedom, that the market is the only effective tool and that self-interest is the only acceptable driving force in society affect the Estonian cinemascape? This article argues that the chronotope of contemporary cinema in the small Baltic country is an outopia, a no-place, in which alternatives to the status quo have no more reference points. The outopian outlook on society is manifested either by an absence in the belief of the integrity of politics and media (Mushrooming), by an implicit acceptance of social exclusion (Zero Point) or by the acknowledgement that faking material wealth is the only tool for maintaining social relationships (The Pretenders).

Concepts of social justice have strong historical roots, while more contemporary notions of social justice coincide with human rights, equity, fairness and facilitation of social change with lasting impact. In higher education, evident examples of social justice include widened university access facilitating a diverse student body and graduate workforce who can, in turn, contribute to a more just society. University student identity in past eras has been synonymous with social activism. Equally, social work has a mandate to uphold social justice. Yet tertiary students’ own growing material hardships appear to constitute an unacknowledged injustice. While it is understood that tertiary study may mean short-lived poverty, more recent literature suggests that many university students are suffering mounting debt, increased mental health stress and vulnerability to withdrawal. In this article, the authors ponder social justice education by calling on specific results of a 2015 survey of 2320 Australian social work students. Findings revealed that for many students a juggling act of core study requirements, paid work, family commitments and affording necessities impacted their health, wellbeing and study success. Some astute students identified a disconnect between social work’s staunch social justice agenda and its lack of acknowledgement, empathy or action regarding student hardship. The findings have implications for curricula, universities, accrediting bodies and educators who want to facilitate social justice education.

In light of the wide acknowledgement that humanism influenced the Protestant Reformation, one must ask the question about how much of what Protestantism maintains owes a debt to this modern ideology often juxtaposed in contrast to Christianity. Given the remarkable role of such a controversial ideology during a seminal period of the modern church, this study seeks an answer to the following question: how did the humanism movement of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries impact the lives and work of the main Magisterial Reformers? This research is important and necessary because discovering the answer to this question leads to an understanding of the larger question of how humanism impacts the Protestant tradition. Understanding the nature of this impact sheds light on what Protestantism means and may induce some Christians to contemplate why they call or do not call themselves “Protestants” or “humanists.” This present study progressed through four phases. First, the study sought to describe the humanism of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Second, it sought to describe the impact this humanism had on society. Third, the study analyzed how the social impacts of the humanism of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries served to advance or hinder the causes of the main Magisterial Reformers. Finally, it synthesized the findings. This paper argues and concludes that the humanism of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries impacted the lives and work of the main Magisterial Reformers by facilitating their desire to include the common people in a religious world previously dominated by the elite.

UCEO decision procedural economy value expresses in possibility to enforce it as regular judgment. It is a dispositive principle given effect to use UCEO as an alternative to claim litigation in non-contentious debt recovery cases. For finding procedural simplification tools and judgment acceleration possibilities, it is necessary to value “litigation formalities” given advantages. The potential for procedural economy possibilities mainly gives the necessity only for optimal content of legal facts to ensure administration of justice. One of those optimal legal fact constructions, which give high dynamics of litigation, is court order. In this way V.V. Jarkovs has described UCEO similar proceeding in Russia procedural law. UCEO constricts necessary fact content and creates that minimum of precondition for judgment within simplifying procedural order. Preconditions for reaching UCEO procedural economy aim requires accelerated judgment (S.400 p.1, c.1, 405 p.1, c.3 of the CPL) and judgment on enforcing set amount of money (S. 195 of the CPL) equal legal consequences in law application process. The comprehensive UCEO judgment without enforcing limitations gives base for creditor neutral dispositive choice to select claim litigation or its simplified alternative. Such choice and debtor’s rights’ defence possibility (S. 406 of CPL) brings equal dispositive principle realization values. If the UCEO decision enforcement is limited to choose CPL provided enforcement modes, the mentioned principle balance will be lost and deficient procedural economy as its result will acquire. Concept of claim permanently is related to right protection in fair trial. Rights to bring a claim together realize a person’s constitutional rights for court protection. Litigation initiate rights are not identified as person’s broken subjective rights, but a possibility to get a right to protection in procedural law determined order. This legal science conclusion is consistently valid and reflects claim meaning provided by Section 1 of the CPL. Though in legal relations when a person’s rights have been broken, there exists a possibility for a situation without dispute. A debtor does not perform obligation and does not deny it. Debt acknowledgement itself does not guaranty enforcement, and executive document is required. If contract form is appropriate, these are the cases for UCEO to realize its procedural economy capability. The development of “alternative dispute resolution” demonstrates an official view that civil litigation may actually be unnecessary where nothing but the settlement of the parties’ dispute is in question. Section 400 Paragraph One Clause 1 limitation fully intercepts UCEO aim realization and the functioning of procedural economy mechanism. Judicial practice determines necessity for the additional claim litigation to collect pledge not covered debt, do not relieve but gives extra load to court system. Each UCEO application contains possibility for additional claim litigation. Situation shows courts dictated investigation and distrust to debtor’s dispositive choice not to appeal accelerated judgment. This demonstrates dispositive principle prohibition to arise civil case based on court’s initiative negligence. Dispositive principle disturbance has made a negative influence. Additional process takes place between the same parties, on the same legal facts. This litigation that way does not follow appropriate CPL prohibitions. Moreover, additional proceeding does not help clarify the truth because this process deals with facts already clarified in UCEO judgment and in auction verify decision. Therefore, such litigation is useless. Only civil procedural possibility for fact examination within adversary principle is Section 406 of the CPL provided appeal rights’ realization. Negative consequences are caused by derogation from the principle of disposition when the debtor’s choice to waive the rights to contest the UCEO judgment is not respected as the result of legitimate restricting the adversary principle. The result of the ‘pledge obligation’ is required by the applier of the law recurrent debt recovery between the same parties, the same object and on the same grounds, which constitutes opposite to the procedural economy effect.

According to the hypothesis known as the “resource curse”, natural resources abundance is a brake on economic growth of many Third World countries. But is it really so? The author believes there are deeper reasons why the Third World in general – regardless of the amount of raw material resources available in each country – cannot achieve the same level of welfare as the First World. The “resource curse” theory looks for the origins of the resourceful countries’ economic problems in the institutional sphere. But this seems misleading because of excessively narrow “here and now” approach. The economic and socio-political institutions of individual countries are regarded in short periods of time when “curse” declared itself. Its typical manifestations, such as rent-seeking, stagnation or degradation of the institutions, authoritarian power, snowballing public debt and symptoms of Dutch disease, were seen in many Third World countries long before the development of the major sources of raw materials and regardless of the availability or absence of them. Therefore, it seems appropriate to speak of a kind of “three-fold institutional curse” as an explanation of continuing underdevelopment of many countries and territories. Poor national institutions in the Third World countries are not actually caused by the presence or absence of concentrated natural resources. This is the result of prior historical development with series of discrete transitions from one condition to another: from colonial status – to independent statehood; from poverty – to unexpected wealth mostly based on the exploitation of the natural resources. Qualitative transformation of national institutions usually lags far behind. As a consequence, institutional development enters into a state of stagnation (inhibiting or destabilizing economic growth) that can stretch for very long periods of time. The author concludes that the presence or absence of resources, in fact, has no fundamental impact on the nature of socio-economic development of Third World countries. The major reason hindering institutional progress has external nature, that is heavy economic dependence on the First World (coupled with informal political subordination). This circumstance begets the “resource nationalism” by the developing countries – exporters of raw materials and fuel. History of “resource nationalism” provides a useful lesson for Russia whose economy is features by growing dependency on resources. Acknowledgement. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation. Project № 14-18-02345.

Introduction The Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network 1102 study (BMT CTN 1102, NCT02016781) was a multicenter, biologic assignment trial, where patients aged 50-75 with intermediate-2 or high risk de novo myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) were assigned to reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) or best supportive care (non-alloHCT) based on donor availability. A parallel economic evaluation was performed alongside BMT CTN 1102. Here, we report on the financial impact of the treatment protocol on patients using a prospective cost diary study conducted within the trial. Methods BMT CTN 1102 enrollees were offered the option to participate in the parallel cost diary study at the same time of primary study enrollment. The cost diary survey instrument, comprised of 19 questions, covered the domains of out-of-pocket (OOP) costs of healthcare and financial hardship indicators. Surveys were distributed at 1- (1M), 7- (7M), and 19-months (19M) after enrollment. Study participants were grouped by actual treatment received, rather than group assignment. Responses were analyzed using univariate Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests for association. Results Out of 216 enrollee invitations, 138 patients (64%) returned at least one survey. Total completed surveys at the 1M, 7M, and 19M timepoints were 103 (39%), 93 (35%), and 71 (27%), respectively. 50 (36%) completed only one survey, while 41 (39%) completed surveys at all three timepoints. Of all respondents, median age was 67.7 years (IQR: 64.8-70.3), 88 (64%) were male, 128 (93%) white, and 126 (91%) were non-Hispanic. Among respondents of the 1M, 7M and 19M surveys, 82 (80%), 78 (84%), 65 (92%) received alloHCT, respectively. Mean OOP costs by category are presented in Table 1. While alloHCT patients experienced higher OOP costs compared to non-alloHCT patients across all categories (outpatient services, prescription medications, and accommodations for healthcare), none of the comparisons were statistically significant. However, total OOP costs were significantly higher among alloHCT patients at 1 and 7 months (mean over past 30 days, 1M: $889 vs. $217, p=0.046; 7M: $678 vs. $349, p=0.03; 19M: $328 vs. $103, p=0.15). Financial hardship indicators are presented in Table 2. While alloHCT patients experienced greater financial hardship compared to non-alloHCT patients across all categories (mobilized reserve funds, borrowed money to pay for care, developed debt due to care), none of the comparisons were statistically significant. However, alloHCT patients were significantly more likely to experience at least one of these factors of financial hardship at 7 months (1M: 38% vs. 19%, p=0.13; 7M: 42% vs. 13%; p=0.04; 19M: 37% vs. 0%, p=0.08). Discussion Patients with MDS who received alloHCT incurred substantially more OOP costs overall compared to patients who did not receive alloHCT, most notably for accommodations related to alloHCT. Similarly, alloHCT patients were more likely to develop financial hardship, including mobilizing reserve funds, borrowing money, and developing debt. These findings demonstrate that treatment-related OOP expenditures associated with alloHCT are substantial and may pose significant burdens for some populations receiving alloHCT. Financial navigation and assistance, which have been shown to help patients address cost burden in solid tumor settings, should be considered for MDS patients prior to alloHCT. Small final sample sizes limited our analyses significantly; further research into OOP costs and financial hardship among larger cohorts of alloHCT patients are necessary to confirm these findings. Acknowledgement Support for this study was provided by grants #U10HL069294 and #U24HL138660 to the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Cancer Institute. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

Learning outcomes On completion of the case study, students will understand the following learning objectives: the characteristics of quantitative easing (QE) and when it may be appropriate to implement QE; how QE differs from a conventional bond purchasing programme; the impact of direct financing of the fiscus by the central bank on its independence; how the macro-economic and political environments affect and influence national economic policy; the difference between traditional and unconventional monetary policies and potential implications for an economy like South Africa. The learnings from this case study can be used in other global economic environments, particularly in emerging markets. This case study provides valuable insights into decision-making, institutional independence, policy coordination, deficit financing, causes and consequences of price inflation, risks relating to monetary instability and the correct application of monetary policy. Case overview/synopsis After the announcement of the COVID-19-related lockdown in March 2020 and the subsequent slow-down of economic activity in South Africa, the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) had to consider appropriate macro-economic tools to ensure both price and financial stability in South Africa. The macro-economic policy tools had to be considered in light of the South African economic context, which included acknowledgement of South Africa’s debt crisis and slow economic growth. The central bank responded by introducing the following measures: reducing interest rates to a record low of 3.5% to give consumers financial relief and to promote spending in the economy; purchasing government bonds in the secondary markets to stabilise financial markets; facilitating the loan guarantee scheme that was aimed at providing financial relief to small- and medium-sized enterprises; relaxing the capital and liquidity adequacy requirements that commercial banks are required to meet; and ensuring availability of liquidity to banks through facilities such as the weekly repo auctions. However, despite introducing these interventions, the SARB faced calls from politicians, analysts and academics to do more. Various commentators argued that the SARB could introduce QE and directly finance government spending by purchasing government bonds. Some commentators argued that the reluctance of the SARB to pursue these suggestions was a result of the close alignment and relationship between the SARB and National Treasury. The dilemma faced by Governor Lesetja Kganyago of the SARB was threefold, namely, whether it was appropriate for the central bank to pursue the initiatives and, if so, whether the bank could pursue them without compromising its independence, and if the introduction of those initiatives would not adversely affect the ability of the central bank to fulfil its mandate of price stability and financial stability. In this regard, the governor and his executive team were required to consider the long-term implications of introducing the initiatives on consumer price inflation, independence of the SARB and the appropriate use of monetary policy tools to fulfil the central bank’s mandate. But the question was: What policies should the governor favour? Complexity academic level This case study is based on various macro-economic theories. Therefore, it would be useful to teach this case study in macro-economic courses in the following programmes: master’s in business administration, bachelor of commerce, bachelor of economic sciences and business science studies, as well as on executive education programmes, which consider macro-economic policy. In general, students who undertake economics, business and general management, finance, legal, commerce and banking studies could learn from this case study. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

Abstract This paper edits and studies four Arabic legal documents, written on two papyri, now housed in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. The documents belong to a certain ʿAmmār b. Salama b. ʿAbd al-Wārith, a merchant from al-Bahnasā. Document 1 (P.CTYBR inv. 1720 verso) records a contract of sale of two inherited portions belonging to a Copt with double names, a Christian and a Muslim one. The contract touches on two significant socio-religious subjects: 1. name change after religious conversion, and 2. the loss of paternal filiation (nasab) of children born outside wedlock or in wedlock but their paternity was disavowed via the Islamic procedure of liʿān “oath of condemnation” or upon evidence of certain circumstances that prove impossibility of paternity. Documents 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 (P.CTYBR inv. 1715 recto and verso) contains three debt acknowledgements recording payments in coin and in kind. All documents date to the year 297/909–910.

Over the past three decades, economic transformations and dynamic growth in a number of developing countries have led to a significant increase of their role in the global economy. However, despite the shift in the centre of global economic activity from West to East, the US dollar continues to dominate the international monetary system. The COVID 19 pandemic has disrupted sustainable trade and financial flows, limiting the access of governments and companies in developing countries to international liquidity. The global recession has increased the importance of regional and local factors in the recovery of global economic growth. The current trends in the regionalization of international economic relations, along with the need to finance external debt, create objective prerequisites for a more active use of the currencies of developing countries in the international monetary system. To identify this potential, the authors conducted a comparative analysis of the current positions of developed and developing countries in the world economy and world finance. Internationalization of developing countries› currencies in the international monetary system depends on creation of a number of favourable macroeconomic, institutional and structural conditions. Macroeconomic conditions are: control over the dynamics of nominal per capita income to ensure competitive advantages for exporters; an increase in the share of sovereign debt obligations as a potential reserve asset in the total volume of external debt; improving the performance of the international investment position by increasing the share of high-yield assets of developing countries. Institutional conditions include the internationalization of high-tech companies and the creation of nationally oriented mechanisms and standards for regulating financial markets. The development of existing and creation of new payment and settlement systems based on digital currencies and distributed ledger technology are the main structural conditions for increasing the international competitiveness of the developing countries’ currencies. The authors conclude that only a comprehensive implementation of these conditions will provide a more decentralized nature of the international monetary system in the long term. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared based on the results of studies carried out at the expense of budgetary funds on the state assignment of the Financial University for fundamental research work “Competition of currencies in the international monetary system”.

This paper is the preface to a special Issue of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A reporting selected proceedings of the international conference marking the 150th anniversary of James Clerk Maxwell's professorial debut at Marischal College, Aberdeen. Following an introduction to Marischal College, a brief historical note summarizes Maxwell's life prior to his entering the college as professor of natural philosophy. The preface provides a short summary of the event and overviews the contributed papers devoted to subjects covering a wide range of Maxwell's research interests and their modern developments. The mixture of review and research papers reflects both the fundamental importance and the diverse applicability of Maxwell's works in electromagnetics, colour science, dynamics and kinetics. Acknowledgements are given to the individuals and bodies who made the conference the success that it was.

Disability is a long-standing area of digital inclusion finally emerging out of the shadows. In this article, we argue that a critical understanding of digital media from the perspectives of disability and intersectionality will offer generative insights for framing the terms and agenda of digital inclusion in the next decade. With a focus on the area of automated decision-making (ADM) in social and welfare services, we reflect upon the controversial 2015–2020 Australian government programme widely known as ‘Robodebt’ that recovers putative debts from support recipients – and we discuss implications for Indigenous Australians with disabilities in particular. We contrast the ‘Robodebt’ programme with explicit digital inclusion policy on disability in Australia, noting that such digital inclusion policy does not specifically acknowledge yet alone address ADM or other aspects of automation. Here, there is a major opportunity for overdue acknowledgement of disability and intersectionality to spur and shape an affirmative and just agenda on people with disabilities’ digital inclusion, ADM and other associated areas of automated technologies.

Should a Christian forgive seventy-seven or seventy-eight times (Augustin)? Did the evangelists deliberately disregard a limit to forgiving in Jesus’ teaching about forgiveness? Must the sinner first repent before he receives forgiveness? Is forgiveness possible if the sinner does not accept the gift of forgiveness? Finally, is it possible to forgive debts done to another person? This article narrowly focusses on the gift of forgiveness one person offers another from the point of view of forgiveness as a theological social ethical norm. Starting with the reality of a low occurrence of forgiveness, the essay moves on to evaluate the nature, origin and limits of forgiveness, in the light of the gospel imperative to forgive, the disposition to forgive as well, and the sinner’s acknowledgement of guilt. The last section of the essay presents the proprium of the gospel regarding the social ethical norm of forgiveness. That is, a Christian must take the initiative in forgiveness, even if the sinner lacks repentance and thus imitating the initiative God in reconciling himself to his fallen image bearer.

Abstract Through a corpus of notarial deeds issued by the maḥākim šarʿiyyah of Algiers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, we will tackle the relationship between emancipated slaves and legal authorities. In its daily life, the community of emancipated slaves resorted to the judicial body for many different reasons, first, for the issue of status. In order to become emancipated, the slave had to obtain a deed: a testament or a declaration that justifies his access to this new status. Second, for deeds of civil status, deeds of marriage and divorce, deeds recording property in case of acquisition or transmission, acknowledgements of debts and so forth. If for the majority of people resorting to the legal authorities for questions of civil status, identity, property and other issue is usual, it is different for the community of emancipated slaves as their relationship to the judicial body quite complex. We will use samples of the archives of the legal authorities of the period in order to dissect the daily life of this community, and analyze their complex and confused relationship to the judicial body by tackling the different facets that crystallize this relationship.

This article investigates the relation between science and nation, class and gender respectively in the televised Nobel Banquet. The purpose is to show how different power structures intersect at political, cultural and social levels. The body of the Swedish Queen is used as a lens in order to analyse intersectional power dimensions. Drawing on cultural studies, media studies, and gender studies, this article examines the mediated persona of the Queen in the televised Nobel Banquet via contextualised textual analysis. The televised Nobel Banquet, like the awards ceremony preceding it, provides representations of both science and a social elite. But not all representatives of the Swedish elite equally attract the gazes of the cameras: the focus of attention is in particular on the Swedish queen, who since her Nobel debut in 1976 has received more TV time than anyone else – male or female, scientist or not, from the banquet. How is her body represented in the televised Nobel Banquet? And what are the consequences of these representations for the image of science? The analysis shows that the body of the Queen signifies that ideal femininity, heterosexuality, class affiliation, and nationality are important and normative factors in the discourse of science; its findings destabilise notions of objectivity and neutrality. In the televised Nobel Banquet, her body is a symbol of the aspired status of science, representing its desire to belong among the heterosexual and white elites as well as an acknowledgement of a traditional, ideal femininity.

Health psychology's public debut may be historically identified as having occurred in 1978 internationally and in 1989 in South Africa. It has since developed its own important role in disease prevention and health enhancement due to several good reasons highlighted in this article. This includes an increased sophistication in health-care consumerism which has also found expression in a renewed awareness of accepting personal responsibility for one's health because of the acknowledgement that lifestyle and behaviour change play crucial roles in health and disease. These developments have unfolded within an ever rapidly changing arena of health care. Both health-risk behaviour and lifestyle diseases have been identified as critical areas which have to be addressed in southern Africa. Although health psychology has made significant strides it remains in its early development stages in southern Africa, and thorough conceptual and methodological foundations continue to be required for its effective development. There are many challenges facing the health-care needs of South Africans, and health psychology researchers are in an excellent position to make a meaningful contribution in the ‘New South Africa’ to the health-care priorities of the Government of National Unity's Reconstruction and Development Programme, and to dealing with or preventing potential psychological problems that might arise from the transitional phase the country is going through. In line with international developments, increased accountability of health psychologists and a research and clinical focus on emotions, stress-induced immunomodulation and psychological intervention to modify the course of disease are likely to become major trends in southern Africa as we enter the 21st century.

The "age of austerity", which followed the global financial and economic crisis of 2008–2009 and the Eurozone debt crisis, has substantially increased a scholarly interest in domestic determinants of international development cooperation policies, and especially in the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations – changes in GDP per capita, output gap, unemployment rates, budget deficit levels, etc. – on aid efforts. Numerous rigorous studies have followed one another, and a whole new strand of literature has come into being. Almost all distinguished scholars run complex multivariate regressions, using trustworthy OECD data and econometric techniques, including the most advanced ones, but their findings appear extremely contradictory and even puzzling. This paper provides an in-depth survey of this novel strand of literature, which yet remains totally unknown to the Russian development community. It comes to a conclusion that this heterogeneity of results can be partially explained by apparent differences in data (samples of donors, time spans, and dependent variables – disbursements vs. commitments, gross ODA vs. net ODA), and also by the fact that none of studies (even the most recent ones) examine the "age of austerity" and its impact on the aid flows. Paradoxically unconvincing results hint at an apparent flaw in general methodological approaches failing to account for an inherent interdependence between external and internal factors of donor behavior, on one hand, and socio-political/economic variables, on the other hand. Another deficiency seems to be the scholars’ exclusive focus on aid efforts and their unwillingness to examine the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations not only on donor generosity, but also on the aid management and trends in allocation of aid across different regions, sectors, types, modalities and channels as well. This opens up a distinctive path for future research based on comparative in-depth studies of various country cases, using predominantly qualitative methods. Acknowledgements. The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities, project № 15-07-00061.

The recent death of J. B. Priestley, in the same year as that of the finest exponent of his plays, Sir Ralph Richardson, seems to signal the close of an era. We had hoped in an early issue of New Theatre Quarterly to arrange an interview with the playwright to coincide with his ninetieth birthday, and although generous tributes have been paid to Priestley's work in the theatre, two aspects of this work (incidentally of crucial importance to the policy of this journal) have been somewhat neglected. After the end of the Second World War, during the discussions and plans for building the new Britain (and by extension Europe) from the ruins of the old, Priestley stood for a particular kind of integrity in the British theatre: and his role in the creation of the International Theatre Institute and his own conception of the British Theatre Conference of 1947 raised many interesting questions about the social, national, and international role that theatre could play. If the intervening years have not seen developments to match that vision, our theatre nevertheless owes a great deal to the various reforms that have followed from such initiatives, and in future issues we intend to return to those ideals and ideas – to see what basis they constitute for a critique of our own time, and to assess what continuing relevance they have for our future. Any theatre journal today also owes a debt to Priestley for his pioneering championship and criticism of the various forms of popular entertainment in which he so delighted, and in which he discerned strong social values – essentially, the inspiration for a line of criticism carried forward brilliantly by Raymond Williams and others over the last three decades. Tragically, two of the great comedians who earned his admiration, Tommy Cooper and Eric Morecambe, departed before him, too far short of his own fullness of years. The world's stock of laughter has slumped since their passing and, as Priestley showed us, we have lost two innovators in the art of theatre. Tommy Cooper's deconstruction, if not demolition, of the stage was a masterly exposure of the polished sales techniques of showbusiness, and his exploitation of the art of anti-climax showed new ways through which to hold an audience and relate to them. Eric Morecambe, equally ruthless and proficient at puncturing the pretensions and posturings of glib naturalism and pseudo-aestheticism, had also the self-deflating wisdom of the true philosopher. One day, when we have grown over-familiar with the reruns of the reruns of the shows he has left behind, a retrospective examination of all the work of Morecambe and Wise will surely show that, underlying the technical brilliance of the comic playing, there is also a serious progression through the process of ageing, as brash optimism is tempered by the disillusionment of experience in the struggle to survive and extract what advantages one can from life. We learned a great deal about theatre from Tommy Cooper, and a lot about living and growing older from Eric Morecambe: they have gone leaving that education unfinished, but to commemorate them in the power of their effect, and to remind us of our debt to Priestley, we reproduce here the two pieces he wrote about them as living performers in the collection of essays Particular Pleasures, published in 1975 by Heinemann (to whom our grateful acknowledgements are extended).

One of the main UN Summit 2015 outcomes is the adoption of global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) built on achievements of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to guide the path of sustainable development in the world after 2015. World leaders gathered at the United Nations to take responsibility for the implementation of 17 Sustainable Development Goals – a truly universal and transformative global development agenda. The article analyzes main common features and distinctions of SDGs and MDGs. It addresses priorities for the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development and primary SDG targets. The SDGs are intended to go beyond the MDGs and apply in general terms to all countries, including developed states, emerging economies and developing countries. At the same time, examining the main achievements of MDGs on national and international levels, the authors stress their importance. SDGs provide a framework for every country to create focused and effective implementation strategies and plans within its own domestic context. The article demonstrates the importance for Russian Federation under its UN obligations to elaborate two documents: Sustainable Development Strategy of the Russian Federation and the 2030 SDGs adapted to national priorities. The authors develop main principles of SDGs adaptation to national priorities, conditionally dividing them into two groups: "internal" (combating poverty, education, health, sustainable production and consumption) – Russia has to realize them drawing on its own potential, and "external" (combating climate change, enhancing a global partnership for sustainable development) – Russia can play an important role in the world coordinating with other countries. The article, while demonstrating the importance of climate change issues for Russia after weather and climatic anomalies caused huge social, economic and ecological damages, discusses possible economic tools, such as carbon taxes, introducing the price of carbon, Stock Exchange for carbon trading. The article investigates two large components of global partnership support in international policy of the Russian Federation: financing the assistance to the international development, and forgiveness of considerable debts to developing countries. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the Russian Scientific Foundation Project No. 15-17-30009.

The article considers in details the economic sanctions imposed in 2014-2015 against Russian Federation by the governments of USA, EU and some other nations. First of all, the author gives a theoretical and historic background of the problem, in particular, classification of the main types of economic sanctions applied in the world, the issues of their legitimacy and effectiveness, as well as the concrete experiences of the recent decades. On this basis an in-depth analysis of their immediate impact on the Russian economy and its future development is elaborated. Particular attention is paid to the influence of sanctions on the investment situation in the Russian economy. It is concluded that the current sanctions contributed to an increase of the inflation rate, deteriorated the investment prospects and stimulated capital outflow. They promoted depreciation of Ruble and reduction of the Russian international reserves, worsened the conditions for servicing the external debt. Along with sanctions, a strong effect on the state of the Russian economy was produced by the drop in international oil prices. These two factors accelerated the onset of economic recession in this country. However, it is stated that the fundamental factors of ongoing recession lie not in the cooling of political relations with Western governments or in the volatility of market prices but in an unsatisfactory institutional structure of the domestic economy. Respectively, the economic prospects of Russia for the nearest year are evaluated by the author as unfavorable. Further extension of sanctions will lead to further worsening of Russia’s investment attractiveness, braking down of the structural adjustments and technological development. It will also narrow opportunities for the Russian companies in their efforts to establish cooperative relations with the leading foreign counterparts and to integrate into the global value-added chains (VACs). Since the role of transnational production in the world economy is on the increase, the extent of participation in VACs will define the position of the country in the world market. Continuing difficulties in this area will deteriorate long-term prospects of the economic development of Russia. Generally, it is stated that even though the recent sanctions have not played a decisive role in the current recession their influence is quite notable. Most importantly, they brought to surface the fundamental structural problems that hold back a steady economic development of Russia. Acknowledgements. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project № 14-28-00097 “The optimization of Russian foreign investment ties in the context of deteriorating relations with the EU”).

The choice of the countries of Southeast Asia as an example for analyzing the nature of interaction between developing countries and China within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative is not accidental. The very logic of China’s stated goals of gaining dominant positions in the world economy and politics makes it inevitable that the countries of Southeast Asia located in geographic proximity to it are included in its long-term economic and political plans. The question, however, is to what extent do they meet the interests of the Southeast Asian countries themselves? The solution to this question is the main subject of research in the article. There are objective prerequisites for mutually beneficial cooperation. The Belt and Road projects are viewed by China as a tool for economic expansion into the region with the prospect of taking a leading position there, using the interest of Southeast Asian countries in the inflow of foreign investment to create modern infrastructure, the lack of which narrows their opportunities for further economic growth, maintaining competitiveness and developing integration ties within ASEAN Community. Expert assessments made by international organizations confirm the positive impact of OBOR projects on the economic development of Southeast Asian countries and although today it is too early to draw any conclusions, since the initiative is only at the initial stage of its implementation in the region, nevertheless the case studies presented in the article indicate a mismatch in the positions of the parties on a number of issues related to the financing of projects, their lack of transparency. non-compliance with environmental and social requirements. The support of the initiative on the part of the Southeast Asian countries does not automatically mean their acceptance of the terms of the agreements proposed by China, which are far from always consistent with their national interests and give rise to fears in society about its expansionist intentions. Therefore, in many Southeast Asian countries, participation in OBOR projects is turning into a subject of political discourse, which reflects the presence of disagreements in society and confrontation of interests regarding the advisability of rapprochement with China, given the associated economic and political risks. The countries of Southeast Asia can be conditionally divided into two groups according to their relation to the Belt and Road initiative. The first group includes Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar, whose position can be described as national pragmatism. While supporting the Chinese initiative in general, they nevertheless assess the possible risks of their participation in projects and seek to reduce them. The second group is represented by Laos and Cambodia, whose leadership unconditionally supports the Chinese initiative, guided by the interests of their own survival, which largely depends on Chinese assistance. Therefore, the prospect of falling into a debt trap and increasing economic dependence on the PRC and even the threat of losing sovereignty does not deter them from participating in highly controversial projects from a commercial point of view. Based on the analysis made, the author comes to the conclusion that, given the existing alignment of political forces in Southeast Asia, China can count on promoting its initiative in the region, which, however, does not automatically lead to an increase in its political influence and to the creation of a China-centric model of regional order. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the project “Post-crisis world order: challenges and technologies, competition and cooperation” supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation program for research projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (agreement № 075-15-2020-783).

Among the hydrogen-based energy conversion devices, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has shown some advantages in high conversion efficiency, no polluted gas generation, and low-temperature operation, which made it possible to be applied in many fields[1]. To date, Pt/C catalysts are still regarded as one the most promising catalysts for the PEMFC. However, for the real application of platinum, the activity will be influenced by the operation environment, like the specific adsorption of the sulfo group in the Nafion ionomer, which is critical to applying the Pt/C as practical electrocatalysts in PEMFC[2]. Recently, the two-dimensional material overlayers like nitrogen-doped carbon shells have shown the function to tune the electronic statement of the metal surface, which was considered to originate from the strong p-d coupling between the doped nitrogen and the platinum nanoparticles and could optimize the O binding energy to improve the activity[3]. In this research, the nitrogen-doped carbon-coated platinum (PTCN) was synthesized by facile thermal treatment from the polydopamine to carbon shells with tunable thickness. To measure the electronic statement change on the catalysts modified with Nafion ionomer during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was applied at BL36XU in Spring-8. After being coated with the nitrogen-doped carbon shell, the specific activity of PTCN increased by 1.3 times higher than commercial Pt/C catalysts, which could be originated from the interaction between the nitrogen-doped carbon shell and the platinum surface atom. It could be identified by the changes after coated with a nitrogen-doped carbon shell from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and XAS N K-edge results. To explore the protective effect of nitrogen-doped carbon shell against the specific adsorption by Nafion ionomer, different amount of ionomer was modified onto the Pt/C and PTCN catalysts, of which the specific activity showed a 16 % decay on Pt/C, however, almost no changes on PTCN. To illustrate this protection effect, the CO displacement charge test was applied to quantitatively analyze the adsorbed species coverage on the platinum surface, and increased coverage of anion species was observed on the higher amount of ionomer additive for Pt/C, however, it showed slight changes on PTCN varying different ionomer content, which suggested the sulfo-group from ionomer could hardly be absorbed on the platinum surface after coated with nitrogen-doped carbon shell. Furthermore, since the CO will get oxidation on the platinum surface from 0.6 V (vs. RHE), the Operando XAS was applied to measure the electronic statement and structure changes during the reaction potential range (0.5 V – 1.1 V vs. RHE). It also showed less change on the 5d vacancy for PTCN. These results showed potential for using carbon-coated catalysts in solving the specific adsorption problem from Nafion ionomer and promoting the large-scale application for the PEMFCs. Figure 1. Influence of the I/C ratio on the specific activity of Pt/C and PTCN at 0.90 V vs RHE. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the project (JPNP20003) and a NEDO FC-Platform project commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). And China Scholarship Council (CSC) was acknowledged for the doctoral scholarship of Yunfei Gao (202006270046). Reference s : 1. Debe, M. K. Nature 2012, 486 (7401), 43-51. 2. Kodama, K.; Nagai, T.; Kuwaki, A.; Jinnouchi, R.; Morimoto, Y., Nature Nanotech . 2021, 16 (2), 140-147. 3. Gan, T.; Yang, J.; Morris, D.; Chu, X.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, W.; Zou, Y.; Yan, W.; Wei, S.-H.; Liu, G., Commun. 2021, 12 (1), 2741. Figure 1

Abstract Accumulating physical and hematologic toxicities make the indefinite use of chemotherapy unfeasible for many patients with metastatic/recurrent HER2– IBC or TNBC. Whether maintenance immunotherapy has a role in the treatment of these patients is unclear. We conducted a single-arm phase II trial of pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with metastatic/recurrent HER2– IBC or TNBC (regardless of their PD-L1 expression status) and report here the clinical data from this trial. Methods: Eligible patients were enrolled between 2015 and 2022 and had had a CR, a PR, or SD after a minimum of 3 cycles of chemotherapy for metastatic/recurrent disease. PD-L1 expression status was not used to determine eligibility. Patients received 200 mg of pembrolizumab every 3 weeks (q3w) until disease progression, intolerable toxicity, or 2 years. In late 2021, the study was amended to allow patients who had received ≥8 cycles of q3w therapy to transition to q6w dosing (400 mg), based on the FDA’s approval of both dosing regimens across all indications. The primary endpoint was the 4-month disease control rate (DCR); exploratory endpoints included safety and correlative biomarkers from tissue and blood to ascertain associations between clinical response and PD-L1 expression, T-cell clonality, and immune profiling. Results: Of 43 patients (median age, 54 years; range, 34-77 years), 11 had IBC (10 with triple-negative IBC and 1 with ER+ HER2– IBC), and 32 had TNBC. The 4-month DCR was 58.1% (95% CI: 43.4%-72.9%). During a median follow-up of 11.4 months, 25 patients died. The entire cohort’s median OS and PFS times were 26.0 months (95% CI: 11.0-33.5 months) and 4.8 months (95% CI: 3.0-7.1 months), respectively. The median OS times of the IBC and TNBC groups did not differ significantly, nor did those of the CR, PR, and SD groups. The median PFS times of the IBC group (2.2 months) and TNBC group (4.8 months) did not differ significantly (p = .12), but those of the CR, PR, and SD groups did (not reached, 10.3 months, and 3.4 months, respectively; p = .01). Among the 37 patients who are off study treatment, most patients (84%; n=31/37) discontinued treatment owing to disease progression rather than toxicities (n=2), and the toxicities overall were consistent with the known profile of single-agent anti-PD1. Five patients had grade 3 events; there were no grade 4 or 5 events. Three patients had irreversible endocrinopathies (thyroiditis and adrenal insufficiency) requiring hormone replacement, but only 1 patient discontinued pembrolizumab because of these events. One patient discontinued treatment because of optic neuritis requiring steroids. Four patients completed 2 years of treatment without disease progression. Conclusions: Pembrolizumab maintenance therapy achieves acceptable disease control after induction chemotherapy. The PFS in this trial compares favorably to the expected durations of response to later lines of therapy. The toxicity profile of pembrolizumab compares favorably with those of chemotherapy and ADCs, which may provide a rationale for the use of ICIs in this setting. However, whether pembrolizumab maintenance therapy is helpful in TNBC patients who have received concurrent pembrolizumab with neoadjuvant chemotherapy is unknown, as these patients were excluded from the trial. Acknowledgements: This trial was supported by Merck. Citation Format: Toshiaki Iwase, Angela Alexander, Vivian Chiv, Megumi Kai, Kumiko Kida, Charla Parker, Angela N. Marx, Evan Cohen, Hui Gao, James Reuben, Xiaoping Wang, Savitri Krishnamurthy, Diane Liu, Yu Shen, David Ramirez, Debu Tripathy, Daniel Booser, Clinton Yam, Vicente Valero, Bora Lim, Naoto T. Ueno, Jie S. Willey. Phase II study of Pembrolizumab Maintenance treatment in patients with HER2-negative inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) after response to chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-02-04.

The article presents the newly discovered archival data relating to the marangoni and lapicide recorded in Trogir’s notarial books between 1420 and 1450 (see the Appendix: Overview of archival records mentioning lapicide and marangoni in Trogir from 1420 to 1450). It also includes few already known data published by Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, Cvito Fisković and Danko Zelić, as well as those recorded by Ivan Lucić and Pavao Andreis in their Trogir history books (from the 17th century), and the records from the canonical visitation of Bishop Didak Manola. The sources consist of a handful of documents recording the commissions, and a large number of documents through which marangoni and lapicide arranged their private affairs or acted as witnesses. Out of sixty six recorded, thirty four were marangoni. Among these, twenty five were from Trogir and the same can be assumed for six of them whose origin was not mentioned, one was from Šibenik and two from Zadar. The overall number illustrates the need for such craftsmen in contemporary Trogir: the variety of tasks marangoni could perform was extremely wide and ranged from wood carving to the construction of stone buildings. However, it is likely that individual marangoni tended to specialize only in one of these fields. The documents mention twenty seven lapicide, six of which were from Trogir, four of unknown origin, three were mentioned as living in Trogir without an indication of their origin, five were from Venice, three from Dubrovnik, two from Šibenik, and one from Split, Zadar, Adria, Bosnia and Hvar respectively. Through the analysis of the collected information and how it relates to the records about contemporary building projects such as new structures and the remodellings of old ones, the article aims to outline their different roles in the building works in Trogir from 1420 to 1450. The projects of that time included the construction of Dominican monastery in the suburb and the Franciscan one on the mainland. They both were demolished by the citizens attempting to improve the city defence in the early 15th century. During the attack of the Venetian fleet in 1420 numerous buildings were damaged and in need for reparations that often led to their remodelling as well. That was the case with the Benedictine monastery in the town centre and many private houses and especially included the renovation of the Cathedral and the continuation of the building works on it. Following the introduction of Venetian rule to Trogir in 1420, a number of new structures and repair works had to be done in the newly created circumstances the aim of which was the consolidation of Venetian presence. Among these, the most important projects were the construction of a citadel for Venetian military crew, also known as the Kamerlengo, and the remodelling of the municipal palace. The whole new Observant Dominican monastery and the Church of the Holy Cross were constructed as well. The preserved archival data, however, cannot give us the clear answers of all the builders that were employed on those works.Among the recorded marangoni and lapicide, the most capable builders can be identified in two ways: through the contracts for the building of vaults, that is, the construction of vaulted spaces, and through the use of the title of protomagister regardless of whether, as E. Hilje explained, they refer to a builder who is also a designer/an architect or a builder who is simultaneously a foreman/site manager, or even the leading figure/authority chosen by the local craftsmen among themselves. Those master builders knew about the construction, and this knowledge enabled them to take on demanding tasks and roles. On that level, their primary education did not matter: vaults were constructed by both marangoni and lapicide and both of them had the protomagister titles indicating their tasks and roles. An additional criterion should be taken into account when attempting to identify the most capable master builders, that is, the training contracts which imply that the teacher was not only skilled but busy because otherwise he could not have been in a position to train an apprentice during all work phases or provide him with food and lodgings.Among the marangoni and lapicide from Trogir (meaning being born, living and working in that town) there were those who were capable of producing drawings, organizing and managing a building site, carrying out demanding constructions and carving architectural sculpture, but also those who were responsible for the building works considered minor but necessary. The reason for the influx of a large number of craftsmen from other towns – nineteen of them were lapicide, while two out of three marangoni were definitely responsible for demanding constructions in stone – lies in the scope of the building projects in Trogir between 1420 and 1450. Even the meagre preserved records relating to specific commissions demonstrate that out of twenty three newcomers, as many as fourteen had work contracts before they arrived and the same can be suggested for another two. This means that they did not arrive in search of a job but were hired beforehand. Although the priority was always given to local builders, that is, to those who had already worked at Trogir, given that the construction of the Kamerlengo and the remodelling of the municipal palace demanded a large number of builders, they were procured by Venetian officials, while the Observant Dominican monks used their connections in Šibenik and Dubrovnik. Once in Trogir, some master builders accepted other commissions. On the basis of the information about their skills, this article attributes a number of undocumented local works to those masters. At the same time, we do not have enough information about the work of the carpenters and stonemasons native to Trogir, especially the work of the three recorded protomagistri. We have established that the reason for this, both in Trogir and in other towns, was the well-known and widespread (particularly in Trogir) practice of writing internal acknowledgements of debt and confirmations instead of recording contracts in notarial ledgers. Because of this, we have no information about the organization and division of tasks at building sites. Only one document testifies to the fact that the lapicide and marangoni who took on the contracts for the construction of buildings had to guarantee that the building process would be done properly and with a set time frame. This, however, did not mean that they themselves carried out the works; instead, they delegated, supervised, organized and co-ordinated the tasks. Given that we know of no other similar subcontract (most of them were probably internal as well and not recorded in notarial books), it can only be said that apprentices took part in the building projects which were contracted by the masters who were training them.Therefore, the analysis of the collected information does not provide clear answers to the numerous questions regarding the output and authorship of the master builders, some of which were already posed by Lj. Karaman (1933). Instead, it opens up new problems which we have addressed by arguing for a number of hypotheses on the basis of the available information. We have suggested that several master builders remained in Trogir for a longer period of time than the one recorded in the surviving documents, and one should also bear in mind that the preserved sources probably do not contain records about every single stonemason or carpenter who was active in Trogir at the time. The sources illustrate the main reasons lying behind the arrival of builders, stonemasons and carpenters from other towns but also that their place in the hierarchy of contemporary marangoni and lapicide depended on their skills and knowledge. It can be safely assumed that, depending on their abilities, all the builders, stonemasons and carpenters listed in this article took part in the building campaigns and works (taken in its broadest sense) and by doing so, contributed to the construction of building projects in Trogir between 1420 and 1450.

Covid 19 – living the experience As I sit at my desk at home in suburban Brisbane, following the dictates on self-isolation shared with so many around the world, I am forced to contemplate the limits of human prediction. I look out on a world which few could have predicted six months ago. My thoughts at that time were all about 2020 as a metaphor for perfect vision and a plea for it to herald a new period of clarity which would arm us in resolving the whole host of false divisions that surrounded us. False, because so many appear to be generated by the use of polarised labelling strategies which sought to categorise humans by a whole range of identities, while losing the essential humanity and individuality which we all share. This was a troublesome trend and one which seemed reminiscent of the biblical tale concerning the tower of Babel, when a single unified language was what we needed to create harmony in a globalising world. However, yesterday’s concerns have, at least for the moment, been overshadowed by a more urgent and unifying concern with humanity’s health and wellbeing. For now, this concern has created a world which we would not have recognised in 2019. We rely more than ever on our various forms of electronic media to beam instant shots of the streets of London, New York, Berlin, Paris, Hong Kong etc. These centres of our worldly activity normally characterised by hustle and bustle, are now serenely peaceful and ordered. Their magnificent buildings have become foregrounded, assuming a dignity and presence that is more commonly overshadowed by the mad ceaseless scramble of humanity all around them. From there however the cameras can jump to some of the less fortunate areas of the globe. These streets are still teeming with people in close confined areas. There is little hope here of following frequent extended hand washing practices, let alone achieving the social distance prescribed to those of us in the global North. From this desk top perspective, it has been interesting to chart the mood as the crisis has unfolded. It has moved from a slightly distant sense of superiority as the news slowly unfolded about events in remote Wuhan. The explanation that the origins were from a live market, where customs unfamiliar to our hygienic pre-packaged approach to food consumption were practised, added to this sense of separateness and exoticism surrounding the source and initial development of the virus. However, this changed to a growing sense of concern as its growth and transmission slowly began to reveal the vulnerability of all cultures to its spread. At this early stage, countries who took steps to limit travel from infected areas seemed to gain some advantage. Australia, as just one example banned flights from China and required all Chinese students coming to study in Australia to self-isolate for two weeks in a third intermediate port. It was a step that had considerable economic costs associated with it. One that was vociferously resisted at the time by the university sector increasingly dependent on the revenue generated by servicing Chinese students. But it was when the epicentre moved to northern Italy, that the entire messaging around the event began to change internationally. At this time the tone became increasingly fearful, anxious and urgent as reports of overwhelmed hospitals and mass burials began to dominate the news. Consequently, governments attracted little criticism but were rather widely supported in the action of radically closing down their countries in order to limit human interaction. The debate had become one around the choice between health and economic wellbeing. The fact that the decision has been overwhelmingly for health, has been encouraging. It has not however stopped the pressure from those who believe that economic well-being is a determinant of human well-being, questioning the decisions of politicians and the advice of public health scientists that have dominated the responses to date. At this stage, the lives versus livelihoods debate has a long way still to run. Of some particular interest has been the musings of the opinion writers who have predicted that the events of these last months will change our world forever. Some of these predictions have included the idea that rather than piling into common office spaces working remotely from home and other advantageous locations will be here to stay. Schools and universities will become centres of learning more conveniently accessed on-line rather than face to face. Many shopping centres will become redundant and goods will increasingly be delivered via collection centres or couriers direct to the home. Social distancing will impact our consumption of entertainment at common venues and lifestyle events such as dining out. At the macro level, it has been predicted that globalisation in its present form will be reversed. The pandemic has led to actions being taken at national levels and movement being controlled by the strengthening and increased control of physical borders. Tourism has ground to a halt and may not resume on its current scale or in its present form as unnecessary travel, at least across borders, will become permanently reduced. Advocates of change have pointed to some of the unpredicted benefits that have been occurring. These include a drop in air pollution: increased interaction within families; more reading undertaken by younger adults; more systematic incorporation of exercise into daily life, and; a rediscovered sense of community with many initiatives paying tribute to the health and essential services workers who have been placed at the forefront of this latest struggle with nature. Of course, for all those who point to benefits in the forced lifestyle changes we have been experiencing, there are those who would tell a contrary tale. Demonstrations in the US have led the push by those who just want things to get back to normal as quickly as possible. For this group, confinement at home creates more problems. These may be a function of the proximity of modern cramped living quarters, today’s crowded city life, dysfunctional relationships, the boredom of self-entertainment or simply the anxiety that comes with an insecure livelihood and an unclear future. Personally however, I am left with two significant questions about our future stimulated by the events that have been ushered in by 2020. The first is how is it that the world has been caught so unprepared by this pandemic? The second is to what extent do we have the ability to recalibrate our current practices and view an alternative future? In considering the first, it has been enlightening to observe the extent to which politicians have turned to scientific expertise in order to determine their actions. Terms like ‘flattening the curve’, ‘community transmission rates’, have become part of our daily lexicon as the statistical modellers advance their predictions as to how the disease will spread and impact on our health systems. The fact that scientists are presented as the acceptable and credible authority and the basis for our actions reflects a growing dependency on data and modelling that has infused our society generally. This acceptance has been used to strengthen the actions on behalf of the human lives first and foremost position. For those who pursue the livelihoods argument even bigger figures are available to be thrown about. These relate to concepts such as numbers of jobless, increase in national debt, growth in domestic violence, rise in mental illness etc. However, given that they are more clearly estimates and based on less certain assumptions and variables, they do not at this stage seem to carry the impact of the data produced by public health experts. This is not surprising but perhaps not justifiable when we consider the failure of the public health lobby to adequately prepare or forewarn us of the current crisis in the first place. Statistical predictive models are built around historical data, yet their accuracy depends upon the quality of those data. Their robustness for extrapolation to new settings for example will differ as these differ in a multitude of subtle ways from the contexts in which they were initially gathered. Our often uncritical dependence upon ‘scientific’ processes has become worrying, given that as humans, even when guided by such useful tools, we still tend to repeat mistakes or ignore warnings. At such a time it is an opportunity for us to return to the reservoir of human wisdom to be found in places such as our great literature. Works such as The Plague by Albert Camus make fascinating and educative reading for us at this time. As the writer observes Everybody knows that pestilences have a way of recurring in the world, yet somehow, we find it hard to believe in ones that crash down on our heads from a blue sky. There have been as many plagues as wars in history, yet always plagues and wars take people equally by surprise. So it is that we constantly fail to study let alone learn the lessons of history. Yet 2020 mirrors 1919, as at that time the world was reeling with the impact of the Spanish ‘Flu, which infected 500 million people and killed an estimated 50 million. This was more than the 40 million casualties of the four years of the preceding Great War. There have of course been other pestilences since then and much more recently. Is our stubborn failure to learn because we fail to value history and the knowledge of our forebears? Yet we can accept with so little question the accuracy of predictions based on numbers, even with varying and unquestioned levels of validity and reliability. As to the second question, many writers have been observing some beneficial changes in our behaviour and our environment, which have emerged in association with this sudden break in our normal patterns of activity. It has given us the excuse to reevaluate some of our practices and identify some clear benefits that have been occurring. As Australian newspaper columnist Bernard Salt observes in an article titled “the end of narcissism?” I think we’ve been re-evaluating the entire contribution/reward equation since the summer bushfires and now, with the added experience of the pandemic, we can see the shallowness of the so-called glamour professions – the celebrities, the influencers. We appreciate the selflessness of volunteer firefighters, of healthcare workers and supermarket staff. From the pandemic’s earliest days, glib forays into social media by celebrities seeking attention and yet further adulation have been met with stony disapproval. Perhaps it is best that they stay offline while our real heroes do the heavy lifting. To this sad unquestioning adherence to both scientism and narcissism, we can add and stir the framing of the climate rebellion and a myriad of familiar ‘first world’ problems which have caused dissension and disharmony in our communities. Now with an external threat on which to focus our attention, there has been a short lull in the endless bickering and petty point scoring that has characterised our western liberal democracies in the last decade. As Camus observed: The one way of making people hang together is to give ‘em a spell of the plague. So, the ceaseless din of the topics that have driven us apart has miraculously paused for at least a moment. Does this then provide a unique opportunity for us together to review our habitual postures and adopt a more conciliatory and harmonious communication style, take stock, critically evaluate and retune our approach to life – as individuals, as nations, as a species? It is not too difficult to hypothesise futures driven by the major issues that have driven us apart. Now, in our attempts to resist the virus, we have given ourselves a glimpse of some of the very things the climate change activists have wished to happen. With few planes in the air and the majority of cars off the roads, we have already witnessed clearer and cleaner air. Working at home has freed up the commuter driven traffic and left many people with more time to spend with their family. Freed from the continuing throng of tourists, cities like Venice are regenerating and cleansing themselves. This small preview of what a less travelled world might start to look like surely has some attraction. But of course, it does not come without cost. With the lack of tourism and the need to work at home, jobs and livelihoods have started to change. As with any revolution there are both winners and losers. The lockdown has distinguished starkly between essential and non-essential workers. That represents a useful starting point from which to assess what is truly of value in our way of life and what is peripheral as Salt made clear. This is a question that I would encourage readers to explore and to take forward with them through the resolution of the current situation. However, on the basis that educators are seen as providing essential services, now is the time to turn to the content of our current volume. Once again, I direct you to the truly international range of our contributors. They come from five different continents yet share a common focus on one of the most popular of shared cultural experiences – sport. Unsurprisingly three of our reviewed papers bring different insights to the world’s most widely shared sport of all – football, or as it would be more easily recognised in some parts of the globe - soccer. Leading these offerings is a comparison of fandom in Australia and China. The story presented by Knijnk highlights the rise of the fanatical supporters known as the ultras. The origin of the movement is traced to Italy, but it is one that claims allegiances now around the world. Kniijnk identifies the movement’s progression into Australia and China and, in pointing to its stance against the commercialisation of their sport by the scions of big business, argues for its deeper political significance and its commitment to the democratic ownership of sport. Reflecting the increasing availability and use of data in our modern societies, Karadog, Parim and Cene apply some of the immense data collected on and around the FIFA World Cup to the task of selecting the best team from the 2018 tournament held in Russia, a task more usually undertaken by panels of experts. Mindful of the value of using data in ways that can assist future decision making, rather than just in terms of summarising past events, they also use the statistics available to undertake a second task. The second task was the selection of the team with the greatest future potential by limiting eligibility to those at an early stage in their careers, namely younger than 28 and who arguably had still to attain their prime as well as having a longer career still ahead of them. The results for both selections confirm how membership of the wealthy European based teams holds the path to success and recognition at the global level no matter what the national origins of players might be. Thirdly, taking links between the sport and the world of finance a step further, Gomez-Martinez, Marques-Bogliani and Paule-Vianez report on an interesting study designed to test the hypothesis that sporting success within a community is reflected in positive economic outcomes for members of that community. They make a bold attempt to test their hypothesis by examining the relationship of the performance of three world leading clubs in Europe - Bayern Munich, Juventus and Paris Saint Germain and the performance of their local stock markets. Their findings make for some interesting thoughts about the significance of sport in the global economy and beyond into the political landscape of our interconnected world. Our final paper comes from Africa but for its subject matter looks to a different sport, one that rules the subcontinent of India - cricket. Norrbhai questions the traditional coaching of batting in cricket by examining the backlift techniques of the top players in the Indian Premier league. His findings suggest that even in this most traditional of sports, technique will develop and change in response to the changing context provided by the game itself. In this case the context is the short form of the game, introduced to provide faster paced entertainment in an easily consumable time span. It provides a useful reminder how in sport, techniques will not be static but will continue to evolve as the game that provides the context for the skilled performance also evolves. To conclude our pages, I must apologise that our usual book review has fallen prey to the current world disruption. In its place I would like to draw your attention to the announcement of a new publication which would make a worthy addition to the bookshelf of any international sports scholar. “Softpower, Soccer, Supremacy – The Chinese Dream” represents a unique and timely analysis of the movement of the most popular and influential game in the world – Association Football, commonly abbreviated to soccer - into the mainstream of Chinese national policy. The editorial team led by one of sports histories most recognised scholars, Professor J A Mangan, has assembled a who’s who of current scholars in sport in Asia. Together they provide a perspective that takes in, not just the Chinese view of these important current developments but also, the view of others in the geographical region. From Japan, Korea and Australia, they bring with them significant experience to not just the beautiful game, but sport in general in that dynamic and fast-growing part of the world. Particularly in the light of the European dominance identified in the Karog, Parim and Cene paper this work raises the question as to whether we can expect to see a change in the world order sooner rather than later. It remains for me to make one important acknowledgement. In my last editorial I alerted you to the sorts of decisions we as an editorial and publication team were facing with regard to ensuring the future of the journal. Debates as to how best to proceed while staying true to our vision and goals are still proceeding. However, I am pleased to acknowledge the sponsorship provided by The University of Macao for volume 42 and recognise the invaluable contribution made by ISCPES former president Walter Ho to this process. Sponsorship can provide an important input to the ongoing existence and strength of this journal and we would be interested in talking to other institutions or groups who might also be interested in supporting our work, particularly where their goals align closely with ours. May I therefore commend to you the works of our international scholars and encourage your future involvement in sharing your interest in and expertise with others in the world of comparative and international sport studies, John Saunders, Brisbane, May 2020

In banking practice, a loan is usually realized in form of an agreement of acknowledgment of debt by debtor to creditor, in which the creditor acknowledges to have made a loan of some amount of money to a bank, under particular terms. When a debtor defaults, a creditor can file a request to Head of Court for execution of the contents of their agreement with a grosse deed because it has executorial force. However, in this research, the creditor does not directly execute the guarantee when the debtor defaults. Instead, they issue a Letter of Declaration of Willingness to discharge the rights over the collateral that is guaranteed and signed by the debtor. The research problems are how about the legal force of execution of collateral in a deed of acknowledgement of debt in a loan agreement, how about the legal consequences for the debtor in the deed of acknowledgement of debt in case of a default in a loan agreement in Matang Geulumpang Dua Village, and how about the legal efforts that can be made by the creditor in the execution of the collateral in the deed of acknowledgment of debt in the loan agreement.

The aim of the paper is to present an alternative interpretation of the article 449 of the Polish Civil Code. In contrast to the most common, literal interpretation thereof, the paper offers a purposive interpretation taking into account ratio legis of the provision at stake. This tool enables to cast away some interpretative doubts which are constantly raised in the literarure. For inastance, it leads to the conclusion that the acknowledgement of debt which (according to the article 449 of the Polish Civil Code) renders the claims for damages assignable shall be limited to the acknowledgement in the strict meaning of the term, that is to the acknowledgement understood as a contract between creditor and debtor, and shall determine a sum of the acknowledged claim. The paper concludes that the article 449 of the Polish Civil Code, thanks to its purposive interpretation, may effectively protect assignors from assigning their claims for damages for the price which is far lower than the value of damages to which the assignor was entitled. This conclusion put in the context of ongoing works on the new law regulating the compensation agencies makes the article 9 of this law (which exludes the possibility of assignement of claims for damages) redundant.

In the 2021 June issue of the Journal (NS 33), Anna Green announced that it was to be her final issue as editor, a role she took up in 2013. The December issue last year was a Special Issue with a particular focus on Pacific Research in Aotearoa, so it is appropriate to begin this open issue with an acknowledgement of Anna’s exceptional work as editor of what is the most significant journal of New Zealand studies. Only those who have themselves edited a journal over any length of time fully appreciate the challenges of the task—the more so when it evolves from a print journal to one that is wholly online. Anna’s stewardship of the Journal through that time has been exemplary, and that it remains a strong and vibrant home for the publication of research in New Zealand studies is its own tribute to her energy and her scholarly care for the field. Readers of the Journal are very much in her debt.

The winding up of companies is dually governed by the Companies Act (71 of 2008, hereinafter “the Companies Act 2008”) and the relevant provisions of the repealed Companies Act (61 of 1973, hereinafter “the Companies Act 1973”). Thus, the winding up of solvent companies is dealt with under the Companies Act 2008 while insolvent companies are still wound up under the Companies Act 1973. Accordingly, the Companies Act 2008 does not have specific provisions that deal with the winding up of insolvent companies. Nonetheless, the Companies Act 2008 has made transitional measures that enable chapter 14 of the Companies Act 1973 to continue to govern the winding up of insolvent companies. Despite these transitional measures, most provisions of chapter 14 of the Companies Act 1973 are only applicable to the winding up of solvent companies where it is necessary to give full meaning and/or effect to the provisions that govern the winding up of solvent companies under the Companies Act 2008. This dual approach has at times given rise to the inconsistent application of the relevant provisions that deal with the winding up of both solvent and insolvent companies by the courts. Such inconsistencies are exacerbated by the different approaches that are confusingly employed by the courts, especially, in winding-up proceedings involving contingent creditors of persons that are commercially and/or factually insolvent. To this end, the recent decision in Absa Bank v Hammerle Group (2015 (5) SA 215 (SCA), hereinafter the “Hammerle Group case”) has usefully exposed some of the challenges encountered by the courts when enforcing winding-up proceedings involving contingent creditors and commercially insolvent persons in South Africa. This judgment is crucial because it has satisfactorily addressed the following concerns: (a) whether contingent creditors have locus standi to apply for the winding up of their insolvent debtors; (b) whether mere subordination of a contingent creditor’s owed debt to the debts of other creditors of the same debtor could render it undue and not payable in winding-up proceedings; (c) whether contingent creditors are entitled to institute winding-up proceedings on the basis of the debtor’s commercial insolvency; (d) whether statements made without prejudice during bona fide negotiations for the settlement of disputes are inadmissible in winding-up proceedings; (e) whether the debtor’s unequivocal acknowledgement of its indebtedness to the creditor could interrupt the running of prescription in respect of the debt owed to that creditor; and (f) whether a debtor’s debt restructure could constitute an act of insolvency. Accordingly, the article discusses these concerns in light of the Hammerle Group case judgment. This is done to explore whether contingent creditors’ rights with regard to commercial insolvency winding-up proceedings are consistently recognised by the relevant courts in South Africa. The article also examines whether such rights are adequately protected under chapter 14 of the Companies Act 1973.

There have been various approaches to the transmission and transformation of systems, practices, knowledge and concepts in higher education in recent decades, chief among which are drives towards indigenisation, on the one hand, and towards internationalisation, on the other. After briefly discussing and dispensing with radical versions of these, theories that reject any claim to validity or legitimacy by the rival approach, this article examines more nuanced accounts that deserve appropriately serious consideration. Thus, in the former instance, there is an emphasis on the local that nonetheless acknowledges a debt to the global, whereas conversely the emphasis on the global is seen as compatible with an acknowledgement of diversity, difference and particularity. What is gained and what is lost in these various approaches to educational transmission and transformation? After reflecting, in this regard, on lessons from both Africa and Europe – in particular, on the debates in South Africa around Africanisation and decolonisation, and in Germany around global interdependence – I cautiously endorse the idea of ‘transculturality’ (as contrasted with ‘multiculturality’ and ‘interculturality’) as a promising philosophical perspective on transmission of knowledge and practices, and as conceptualising transformation of higher education. The role of philosophy, in particular, consists in part in counteracting the hegemony of both traditional and homogenising (‘colonising’) authority.

This edition has been many years in the making and has left me with numerous debts. I first began working with Anne Bacon's letters during my doctoral research. After my initial despair over the indecipherable nature of Anne's handwriting, the correspondence formed an important part of my thesis and subsequent monograph. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to Felicity Heal, who supervised my doctoral studies and who has been kind enough to guide and encourage my labours ever since. The suggestion that I should compile an edition first came from James Daybell, over a cup of tea in Blackwell's coffee shop in Oxford. I am very much indebted to James for his support of the project ever since and for generously sharing his expertise in early modern epistolary culture. Lynne Magnusson and Alan Stewart both read the edition in its entirety at a particularly busy point in the academic year. I am hugely grateful for their herculean efforts; their erudition and detailed knowledge of the Bacon archive has saved me from countless errors. As literary director for the Camden series, Ian Archer has shown unstinting patience as more letters were discovered and deadlines were revised; I am grateful too for his perceptive comments on various letters. Many other scholars were generous with advice and references, including Timothy Barnes, Susan Brigden, Susan Doran, Clive Holmes, Diarmaid MacCulloch, Michael McVaugh, Alison Wall, and Alison Wiggins. My colleagues at both Pembroke College and, more recently, the Open University have encouraged my labours with the letters; I am most grateful to them all and in particular to Eleanor Betts, Amanda Goodrich, Helen King, Anne Laurence, Donna Loftus, Rosemary O'Day, and Gabriella Zuccolin. I must also acknowledge the patience shown by my students, for indulging my enthusiasm when Anne Bacon letters made appearances in tutorials.

PurposeThe author advances a theory of white generosity, a product of whiteness and of hierarchised relationships between races characterised by the giving to the racialised person that which has not been asked for and which has no practical immediate purpose, which can be used by anti-racist scholars as a framework for analysing racial oppression.Design/methodology/approachUsing postcolonial and cultural studies and deconstructionist techniques in tandem with autoethnography, the author uses textual readings to examine instances of “giving” shaped by white generosity, drawing on Jacques Derrida's work on the gift in order to deconstruct the structure and rhetorical moves of white generosity.FindingsWhite generosity demands gratitude in excess of the value of the thing given. If for Derrida the gift is given unconditionally, becoming devalued as soon as it demands acknowledgement or draws attention to itself as gift, white generosity is the gift's inverse: a “giving” that manifests itself only as a demand for its supposed recipient's gratitude. Emancipation is no gift at all; simply a deferral of debt. The “gifts” of diversity, decolonisation, widening participation or access are all objects of brokerage in a system that is inherently unequal and violent for black folx.Originality/valueWhite generosity is related to theoretical constructs, such as white fragility, that have commanded significant scholarly engagement. However, it has not previously been named or analysed in a systematic way. This article offers a theoretical framework for use by anti-racist activists and scholars to name, interrogate and deconstruct a powerful narrative used in the continued marginalisation of non-white folx.

PurposeResearch on financing for entrepreneurship has consolidated over the last decade. However, one question remains unanswered: how does the combination of external finance, such as equity and debt capital, and internal finance, such as working capital, affect the likelihood of grant funding over time? The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between different sources of financing and firms' ability to fundraise via innovation grants and to examine the role of female chief executive officer (CEO) in this relationship. Unlike equity and debt funding, innovation grants manifest a form of innovation acknowledgement and visibility, recognition of potential commercialization of inovation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use firm-level financial data for 3,034 high-growth firms observed in 2015, 2017 and 2019 across 35 emerging sectors in the United Kingdom (UK) to test the factors affecting the propensity of high-growth firms to secure an innovation grant as a main source of fundraising for innovation during the early stages of product commercialization.FindingsThe results do not confirm gender bias for innovation fundraising in new industries. This contrasts with prior research in the field which has demonstrated that access to finance is gender-biased. However, the role of CEO gender is important as it moderates the relationship between the sources of funding and the likelihood of accessing the grant funding.Research limitations/implicationsThis study does not analyse psychological or neurological factors that could determine the intrinsic qualities of male and female CEOs when making high-risk decisions under conditions of uncertainty related to innovation. Direct gender bias with regards to access to innovation grants could not be assumed. This study offers important policy implications and explains how firms in new industries can increase their likelihood of accessing a grant and how CEO gender can moderate the relationship between availability of internal and external funding and securing a new grant.Social implicationsThis study implicates and empirically demonstrates that gender bias does not apply in fundraising for innovation in new industries. As female CEOs represent various firms in different sectors, this may be an important signal for investors in new product development and innovation policies targeting gender bias and inclusion.Originality/valueThe authors draw on female entrepreneurship and feminist literature to demonstrate how various sources of financing and gender change the likelihood of grant funding in both the short and long run. This is the first empirical study which aims to explain how various internal and external sources of finance change the propensity of securing an innovation grant in new industries.

This volume has been many years in preparation and accordingly numerous debts of gratitude have been incurred along the way. Three such debts should be warmly and gratefully acknowledged at the outset, for without them this project could not have proceeded. Firstly, the Henry Cromwell correspondence transcribed and annotated here is contained in three volumes of the Lansdowne Collection held by the Department of Manuscripts of the British Library and I am most grateful to the British Library in general, and to the Head of Administration of Western Manuscripts in particular, for granting permission for this material to be published. The correspondence formed the basis of a Master of Letters thesis by Clyve Jones, awarded by the University of Lancaster in 1969 and comprising in large part an annotated transcript of the majority of the letters. Having decided not to prepare a scholarly edition for publication himself, Dr Jones strongly supported my own proposal to work on the material afresh and to prepare an edition for publication. Thus, secondly, I am enormously grateful to Dr Jones not only for his approval and endorsement of my taking on this project – without it, I could not and would not have taken the idea any further, as he had undertaken detailed work on the manuscript well ahead of me – but also for his unfailing help and encouragement throughout its lengthy gestation. Thirdly, I am enormously grateful to a trio of senior academics for the encouragement, help, and support that they offered at the outset, as I framed a formal publication proposal and embarked upon the work: to the late Professor Austin Woolrych, who had himself worked on the correspondence and had supervised Dr Jones's Masters thesis; to Professor Ivan Roots, who supervised my own doctoral thesis on Protectoral central government and who has remained a valued friend and mentor ever since; and to Professor Blair Worden, who was the pre-1700 literary director for the Royal Historical Society at the time that my proposal was submitted and accepted and as serious work began.

Starting at the beginning, one does not always pay much attention to Acknowledgements but it came as a surprise to find two paragraphs in the Acknowledgements of this book concerning the author’s debt to music. He writes history with headphones on. Fair enough; the reviewer listened to Ravi Shankar when studying Indian history.